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on Confederation of Independent States |
| By: | Steven Nafziger; Peter H. Lindert |
| Abstract: | Just how unequal were the incomes of different classes of Russians on the eve of Revolution, relative to other countries, to Russia’s earlier history, and to Russia’s income distribution today? Careful weighing of an eclectic data set provides provisional answers. We provide detailed income estimates for economic and social classes in each of the 50 provinces of European Russia. In 1904, on the eve of military defeat and the 1905 Revolution, Russian income inequality was middling by the standards of that era, and less severe than inequality has become today in such countries as China, the United States, and Russia itself. We also note how the interplay of some distinctive fiscal and relative-price features of Imperial Russia might have shaped the now-revealed level of inequality. |
| JEL: | N30 N33 O15 |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:18383&r=cis |
| By: | Simachev, Yuri; Kuzyk, Mikhail; Ivanov , Denis |
| Abstract: | In recent years the Russian innovation policy has made a significant progress that manifests in developing its ‘tool kit’, increasing resource base, etc. However it has not yet succeeded in improving business innovation activities that remain local thus not giving prerequisites to transform the general macroeconomic context. Basing on a survey of more than 600 Russian industrial enterprises the authors analyze key features of innovation in Russian companies under economic recovery, as well as stimuli and obstacles for innovation activities. In particular, the paper shows that lack of competition is the key factor discouraging innovation and that the most limiting constraints to business innovation activities are instable economic environment and intra-corporate bureaucratization. Significant attention is paid to the analysis of the use of various instruments of state support for innovation and their beneficiaries. One of the findings is that Russian innovation policy is "neutral" to the size of companies, but there is a lack of instruments engaging new companies in innovation activities. The authors also discuss two possible models of government support for innovation: the former relies on international innovation spillover and the latter on domestic innovation and import-substitution. |
| Keywords: | industrial innovation; research and development; innovation policy |
| JEL: | O38 O31 |
| Date: | 2012–09–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:41284&r=cis |
| By: | Alexandra Bratanova (Department of Economics, University of Queensland); Jacqueline Robinson (Department of Economics, University of Queensland); Liam Wagner (Department of Economics, University of Queensland) |
| Abstract: | Russia is frequently referred to as a country with sufficient energy efficiency potential. Although an improvement has been shown (energy-GDP ratios were improved by 35% between 2000-2008 [2]), the contribution of technological progress is estimated to account for only 1% of the energy-GDP ratio reduction, the existing share of renewable energy sources (RES) based electricity generation is estimated at 0.1%. Analysis shows that regional and federal levels of governance in Russia are missing efficient mechanisms for stimulation of energy saving and technological development [7]. This research aims to develop an analytical tool for energy sector economic analysis for technological development planning to support policy decision making. The paper adapts the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) methodology of Wagner and Foster [9], which has been upgraded to facilitate combined energy generation processes, to examine the cost structures associated with energy system and applies it to a Russian regional case study. The model run for two fuel price scenarios allowed us to conclude that the regional energy supply system is dependent on natural gas price. Strong political and financial support is needed to boost technological development and RES application. |
| Keywords: | Russian Electricity Sector; Levelised Cost of Energy; Electricity Generation; |
| JEL: | Q40 G12 Q48 |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qld:uqeemg:9-2012&r=cis |
| By: | Harin, Alexander |
| Abstract: | В настоящей заметке, для удобства российских и русскоговорящих читателей, на русском языке кратко рассмотрено содержание книги "Введение в Суб-Интервальный Анализ и его Приложения" (в английском варианте – "Introduction to Sub-Interval Analysis and its Applications"). Книга представлена в открытом доступе в виде избранных глав "Введение в Суб-Интервальный Анализ и его Приложения (Избранные Главы)", в английском варианте – "Introduction to Sub-Interval Analysis and its Applications (Selected Chapters)". -- -- In this post, the contents of the book "Introduction to Sub-Interval Analysis and its Applications" are briefly reviewed in the Russian language for the convenience of Russian and Russian-speaking readers. |
| Keywords: | sub-interval analysis; mean value; moment; rupture; probability theory; utility theory; economics; modeling; |
| JEL: | E0 C9 D0 F0 A1 C02 C1 |
| Date: | 2012–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:41361&r=cis |