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on Corporate Finance |
| By: | Alexander Buryak; Ivan Guo |
| Abstract: | The issue of developing simple Black-Scholes type approximations for pricing European options with large discrete dividends was popular since early 2000's with a few different approaches reported during the last 10 years. Moreover, it has been claimed that at least some of the resulting expressions represent high-quality approximations which closely match results obtained by the use of numerics. In this paper we review, on the one hand, these previously suggested Black-Scholes type approximations and, on the other hand, different versions of the corresponding Crank-Nicolson numerical schemes with a primary focus on their boundary condition variations. Unexpectedly we often observe substantial deviations between the analytical and numerical results which may be especially pronounced for European Puts. Moreover, our analysis demonstrates that any Black-Scholes type approximation which adjusts Put parameters identically to Call parameters has an inherent problem of failing to detect a little known Put-Call Parity violation phenomenon. To address this issue we derive a new analytic approximation which is in a better agreement with the corresponding numerical results in comparison with any of the previously known analytic approaches for European Calls and Puts with large discrete dividends. |
| Date: | 2014–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1407.7328&r=cfn |
| By: | Vimpari, Jussi; Junnila, Seppo |
| Abstract: | It seems that there is not a clear consensus among industry professionals on how green certificates should be valued, even though, there seems to be a consensus that certified properties are potentially valued higher than non-certified properties. This study aims to find out whether the potential extra value of a green certificate could be measured with real option valuation (ROV). Data was gathered from industry professionals using a standard discounted cash flow valuation method constructed in a spreadsheet. ROV was applied in the data using Collan's pay-off method. The results show that an average real option value of 985,000 Euro (or 8.8% premium to the average property value) was found for the green certificate. The main finding is that by examining the certificate as a real option, the potential extra value of a green certificate could be added into min and max case scenarios, thus, making it not necessary to alter the normal cash-flow scenario that should be based on the comparable data available from the market which is scarcely available for certified buildings. |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2013_198&r=cfn |
| By: | Hohenstatt, Ralf; Steininger, Bertram |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a dynamic multi-equation model based on a balance sheet identity, where technical aspects of capital structure are highlighted through separately observing debt and equity and their relationship to investment. Additionally, leverage dynamics are interpreted in their role for liquidity management. Interactions of leverage with lines of credit (LOC) and cash are considered in the light of financial flexibility. The major findings obtained by observing US REITs and REOCs from 1995 to 2010 are as follows. In accordance with the existing literature, cash and LOC reveal a substitute relationship. However, the calculus of financial flexibility and our findings suggest that leverage positively drives cash, which is consistent with Gamba and Triantis (2008), and also with the accepted perspective of debt minus cash being net debt (Spotlight A). Consequently, the very robust results indicate that leverage eliminates a significant amount of information. Further mechanical relationships, especially for market leverage, are suggested (Spotlight B). |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2013_203&r=cfn |