|
on Central Banking |
| By: | Edda Claus ; Mardi Dungey |
| Abstract: | This paper extracts measures of monetary policy surprises for Australia, Canada and the United States using a latent factor framework. We distinguish monetary policy surprises which occur when central banks report new assessments of the economy (or do not reinforce changes expected by market assessments) from those when policy makers appear to change their preferences. Changing policy preferences are evident in all jurisdictions, particularly during periods of stress. No-change policy announcements have distinctly differing impacts across the three countries; in Canada these have the same impact as policy changes, in Australia they are not discernibly different to a normal trading day and the US market lies between these scenarios. The revealed differences in size and type of the policy surprise outcomes for these operationally similar central banks suggests that the role of transparency policy is more subtle than previously appreciated. |
| Keywords: | monetary policy, central banks, latent factor model |
| JEL: | E43 E52 C38 |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2015-05&r=cba |
| By: | Marcel Fratzscher ; Malte Rieth |
| Abstract: | The paper analyses the empirical relationship between bank risk and sovereign credit risk in the euro area. Using structural VAR with daily financial markets data for 2003-13, the analysis confirms two-way causality between shocks to sovereign risk and bank risk, with the former being overall more important in explaining bank risk, than vice versa. The paper focuses specifically on the impact of non-standard monetary policy measures by the European Central Bank and on the effects of bank bailout policies by national governments. Testing specific hypotheses formulated in the literature, we find that bank bailout policies have reduced solvency risk in the banking sector, but partly at the expense of raising the credit risk of sovereigns. By contrast, monetary policy was in most, but not all cases effective in lowering credit risk among both sovereigns and banks. Finally, we find spillover effects in particular from sovereigns in the euro area periphery to the core countries. |
| Keywords: | Credit risk, banks, sovereigns, monetary policy, bank bailout, heteroscedasticity, spillovers |
| JEL: | E52 G10 E60 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1448&r=cba |
| By: | Davis, J. Scott (Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas ); Fujiwara, Ippei (Keio University ) |
| Abstract: | Central banks that lack credibility often tie their exchange rate to that of a more credible partner in order to “import” credibility. We show in a small open economy model that a central bank that displays “limited credibility” can deliver significant improvements to a social welfare function that contains no role for exchange rate stabilization by maximizing an objective function that places weight on exchange rate stabilization, and thus the central bank with limited credibility will peg their currency to that of a more credible partner. As the central bank’s credibility improves it will place less weight on exchange rate stabilization in its objective function and thus loosen the peg. When the central bank is perfectly credible its objective function and the social welfare function are identical; it places no weight on exchange rate stabilization and allows the currency to freely float. Empirical results using a panel of both developed and developing countries show that as central banks become more independent they tend to allow more currency flexibility. |
| JEL: | E30 E50 F40 |
| Date: | 2015–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:feddgw:224&r=cba |
| By: | Shaista Amod and Shakill Hassan |
| Abstract: | At what level does a currency’s volatility become ‘excessive’, in a concrete sense? Any claim that an exchange rate is excessively volatile needs a benchmark for ‘normal’variability. We compute variance bounds implied by exchange rate models as the norm, for a set of particularly volatile emerging market currencies; and a…nd that long-run exchange rate volatility does not breach the upper bound implied by the present value of underlying fundamentals –for each currency in our sample, except the Brazilian real. However, nominal exchangerate variances get closer to implied upper bounds under in‡inflation targeting. We also find a reduction in real exchange rate misalignment under inflation targeting. |
| Keywords: | Currency volatility, variance bounds, monetary exchange rate models, Inflation targeting, emerging markets |
| JEL: | F31 E52 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rza:wpaper:489&r=cba |
| By: | Helali, Kamel ; Kalai, Maha ; Boujelben, Thouraya |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the impact of the exchange rate fluctuations in the short and long-runs in Tunisia under a pure commitment policy through two channels. The first is the Structural Vector Autoregression used to analyze the short run effects of the exchange rate on the industrial production index and on the consumer and import price indexes. The second is the Vector Error Correction Model used to examine the long run dynamic effects of the exchange rate upon the same variables relying on Tunisian monthly data during the period January 1993 to June 2011. Unlike several empirical studies, which show that the impact of the exchange rate movements on prices has been reduced over the past few years in the industrialized countries, the exchange rate is found to be a potential source not only of production but also of inflation reduction in Tunisia. Indeed, the direct channel of the exchange rate seems to have a significant impact on production and inflation in the long-run, whereas the indirect one has no effect on the money supply. These results strongly support the monetary policy of the central bank targeting the exchange rate because there is a strong correlation between this rate and prices. |
| Keywords: | Exchange rate Pass-through; domestic prices; short and long run analysis; Tunisia. |
| JEL: | C32 E31 F31 F43 |
| Date: | 2014–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:62204&r=cba |
| By: | Yuichio Waki ; Richard Dennis ; Ippei Fujiwara |
| Abstract: | This paper considers the optimal degree of discretion in monetary policy when the central bank conducts policy based on its private information about the state of the economy and is unable to commit. Society seeks to maximize social welfare by imposing restrictions on the central bank's actions over time, and the central bank takes these restrictions and the New Keynesian Phillips curve as constraints. By solving a dynamic mechanism design problem we nd that it is optimal to grant \constrained discretion" to the central bank by imposing both upper and lower bounds on permissible in ation, and that these bounds must be set in a history-dependent way. The optimal degree of discretion varies over time with the severity of the time-inconsistency problem, and, although no discretion is optimal when the time-inconsistency problem is very severe, our numerical experiment suggests that no-discretion is a transient phenomenon, and that some discretion is granted eventually. |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gla:glaewp:2015_02&r=cba |
| By: | Pawel Baranowski (Faculty of Economics and Sociology, University of Lodz ); Pawel Gajewski (Faculty of Economics and Sociology, University of Lodz ) |
| Abstract: | Credible forward guidance should reduce the perceived impact of macroeconomic variables on the interest rate. Using a micro-level dataset we test the perception of monetary policy in Poland among professional forecasters and find evidence for forward guidance credibility. |
| Keywords: | minimum wages, survey data, forward guidance, Taylor rule, expectations |
| JEL: | E44 E52 E58 |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ann:wpaper:2/2015&r=cba |
| By: | Jakob Palek (University of Kassel ) |
| Abstract: | Recent work on financial frictions in New Keynesian models suggest that there is a sizable spread between the risk-less interest rate and the borrowing rate. We analyze the optimal policy mix of monetary and fiscal authorities in a currency union with a country-specific credit spread by introducing a cost channel differential. The cost channel decreases the efficiency of monetary policy and increases the need for fiscal stabilization. We show that the importance of fiscal policy in stabilizing shocks increases, when there is a gap in the inflation differential due to a relative shock, an idiosyncratic shock or a credit spread differential. The welfare losses will be increasing (decreasing) in the size of the cost channel, if the nominal interest rate is a demand- (supply-) side instrument. |
| Keywords: | cost channel; financial frictions; credit spreads; optimal monetary policy; fiscal policy; monetary union |
| JEL: | E31 E52 E62 E63 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:201506&r=cba |
| By: | Charles Engel |
| Abstract: | This paper surveys the current state of the literature on international monetary policy coordination. It relates recent policy discussions to the lessons from the literature. It proposes several avenues for future research. |
| JEL: | F41 F42 |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:20952&r=cba |
| By: | Kawai, Masahiro (Asian Development Bank Institute ); Liu, Li-Gang (Asian Development Bank Institute ) |
| Abstract: | This paper first reviews recent developments in exchange rate regimes, capital account liberalization, interest rate liberalization, and monetary policymaking in the People's Republic of China (PRC). It then observes that the PRC's monetary policy autonomy may have been reduced with falling capital control effectiveness and a rigid exchange regime that is still tightly managed against the United States (US) dollar. This hypothesis is investigated empirically using both the Taylor rule and the McCallum-like rule to test whether the PRC's money market interest rate and/or quantity of money supply are being increasingly influenced by the US interest rate or reserve accumulation. The paper concludes that there is considerable evidence suggesting diminishing monetary policy autonomy in the PRC. To regain policy autonomy, the monetary authority needs to substantially increase exchange rate flexibility of the renminbi as long as it continues to pursue capital account opening. |
| Keywords: | trilemma challenges; exchange rate regimes; monetary policy autonomy; peoples republic of china; taylor rule; mccallum rule |
| JEL: | E52 E58 |
| Date: | 2015–02–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0513&r=cba |
| By: | Norhana Endut (Bank Negara Malaysia ); James Morley (School of Economics, Australian School of Business, the University of New South Wales ); Pao-Lin Tien (Wesleyan University ) |
| Abstract: | We examine the relative importance of the interest rate, exchange rate, and banklending channels for the transmission mechanism of monetary policy in the United States over the past 50 years. Our analysis is based on a structural vector autoregressive model that includes bank loans and uses sign restrictions to identify monetary policy shocks. Given these identified policy shocks, we quantify the relative importance of different transmission channels via counterfactual analysis. Our results suggest a nontrivial role for the bank-lending channel at the aggregate level, but its importance has been greatly diminished since the early 1980s. Despite the timing, we find no support for a link between this change in the transmission mechanism and the concurrent reduction in output volatility associated with the Great Moderation. There is, however, some evidence of a link to the reduction in inflation volatility occurring at the same time. |
| Keywords: | Bank-Lending Channel, Sign Restrictions, Great Moderation |
| JEL: | C32 E52 |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:swe:wpaper:2015-03&r=cba |
| By: | Doh, Taeyoung (Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City ); Park, Woong Yong ; Bong, Kwan Soo |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model in small open economies using the yield curve data as well as standard macro data. The DSGE model is estimated on the data of three inflation-targeting small open economies (Australia, Canada, and New Zealand) using Bayesian methods. We find that the long-end of the yield curve is highly correlated with the current and future short-term interest rates determined by domestic central banks. Yield curve data are particularly informative about the future stance of monetary policy in Australia and Canada in that the correlation between the model-implied monetary policy expectations and the ex-post realized policy interest rates increases when the yield curve data are used in estimation. Unlike the estimation results solely based on the macro data that imply the cental bank’s relatively strong focus on inflation stabilization, our results using yield curve information suggest that even inflation-targeting central banks have a significant concern for output stabilization. We also document that persistent domestic shocks, not foreign disturbances, drive the average level of the yield curve in these three countries |
| Keywords: | dynamic general equilibrium model; small open economy model; yield curve; monetary policy expectations |
| Date: | 2014–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedkrw:rwp14-13&r=cba |
| By: | Anamaria Illes ; Marco Lombardi ; Paul Mizen |
| Abstract: | The global finance crisis prompted central banks in many countries to cut short-term policy rates to near zero levels. Yet, lending rates did not fall as much as the decline in policy rates would have suggested. We argue that comparing lending rates to policy rates is misleading: banks do not obtain all their funds at policy rates, and after the crisis, costs of funding rose substantially. Comparing lending rates with a weighted average cost of funds suggests that banks did not substantially change their rate setting behaviour after the financial crisis: interest rate pass-through relationships across eleven countries in Europe appear to have remained stable. |
| Keywords: | lending rates, policy rates, panel cointegration, financial crisis |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:486&r=cba |
| By: | Garcia Fortuny, Judit |
| Abstract: | In the last two decades, cases of corruption have been unveiled in different countries, raising public awareness and reinforcing a trend in which society expects more from their leaders. Our objective in this paper is to examine the effects of corruption and seigniorage on inflation and growth rates. The model used in this article is an extension of the model used by Huang and Wei (2006). We find interesting results and one of them is that, under some conditions, corruption has a positive impact on the growth rate. JEL classification : D73, E52, E58, E62. Keywords : Corruption; Fiscal Policy; Growth; Monetary Policy; Seigniorage. |
| Keywords: | Corrupció, Política monetària, Bancs centrals, Política fiscal, Creixement econòmic, |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:urv:wpaper:2072/246961&r=cba |
| By: | Bjarni G. Einarsson |
| Abstract: | Using monthly data on 230 subcomponents of the consumer price index, a new measure of core inflation in Iceland is proposed based on a dynamic factor model. The measure is then compared along several dimensions to the set of core inflation measures currently monitored by the Central Bank of Iceland (including both exclusion and statistical measures). This comparison indicates that the dynamic factor measure outperforms other core inflation measures for the period March 1997 to July 2014 in terms of matching the mean of CPI inflation while having lower volatility. When examining subsamples determined by the availability of other measures of core inflation, the results are less clear-cut - the measures that match the mean of CPI inflation provide little or no reduction in volatility, while the dynamic factor measure does not match the mean of inflation perfectly but has the advantage of lower volatility. An evaluation of whether the core inflation measures are unbiased predictors of future inflation indicates that, of all the measures examined, only the dynamic factor measure and one exclusion measure (core index 1) are unbiased predictors, both of them weakly exogenous. A potential drawback of the dynamic factor model approach is that its core inflation estimate may be subject to large revisions when new data become available. However, the results indicate that the dynamic factor measure is quite robust to the addition of new data. Thus the results of the paper indicate that the dynamic factor measure of core inflation may be a valuable complement to the set of measures of core inflation currently monitored by the Central Bank of Iceland. |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ice:wpaper:wp67&r=cba |
| By: | Alessi, Lucia ; Antunes, Antonio ; Babecky, Jan ; Baltussen, Simon ; Behn, Markus ; Bonfim, Diana ; Bush, Oliver ; Detken, Carsten ; Frost, Jon ; Guimaraes, Rodrigo ; Havranek, Tomas ; Joy, Mark ; Kauko, Karlo ; Mateju, Jakub ; Monteiro, Nuno ; Neudorfer, Benjamin ; Peltonen, Tuomas ; Rodrigues, Paulo ; Rusnak, Marek ; Schudel, Willem ; Sigmund, Michael ; Stremmel, Hanno ; Smidkova, Katerina ; van Tilburg, Ruben ; Vasicek, Borek ; Zigraiova, Diana |
| Abstract: | Over the recent decades researchers in academia and central banks have developed early warning systems (EWS) designed to warn policy makers of potential future economic and financial crises. These EWS are based on diverse approaches and empirical models. In this paper we compare the performance of nine distinct models for predicting banking crises resulting from the work of the Macroprudential Research Network (MaRs) initiated by the European System of Central Banks. In order to ensure comparability, all models use the same database of crises created by MaRs and comparable sets of potential early warning indicators. We evaluate the models’ relative usefulness by comparing the ratios of false alarms and missed crises and discuss implications for pratical use and future research. We find that multivariate models, in their many appearances, have great potential added value over simple signalling models. One of the main policy recommendations coming from this exercise is that policy makers can benefit from taking a broad methodological approach when they develop models to set macro-prudential instruments. |
| Keywords: | Early warning systems, financial crisis, Bayesian model averaging |
| JEL: | G01 |
| Date: | 2015–02–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:62194&r=cba |
| By: | Thomas I. Palley |
| Abstract: | The Federal Reserve is a hugely powerful institution whose policies ramify with enormous effect throughout the economy. In the wake of the Great Recession, monetary policy focused on quantitative easing. Now, there is talk of normalizing monetary policy and interest rates. That conversation is important, but it is also too narrow and keeps policy locked into a failed status quo. There is need for a larger conversation regarding the entire framework for monetary policy and how central banks can contribute to shared prosperity. It is doubtful the US can achieve shared prosperity without the policy cooperation of the Fed. That makes understanding the Federal Reserve, the policy issues and institutional challenges, of critical importance. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imk:wpaper:146-2015&r=cba |
| By: | Frost, Joshua (Federal Reserve Bank of New York ); Logan, Lorie (Federal Reserve Bank of New York ); Martin, Antoine (Federal Reserve Bank of New York ); McCabe, Patrick E. ; Natalucci, Fabio M. ; Remache, Julie (Federal Reserve Bank of New York ) |
| Abstract: | We review recent changes in monetary policy that have led to development and testing of an overnight reverse repurchase agreement (ON RRP) facility, an innovative tool for implementing monetary policy during the normalization process. Making ON RRPs available to a broad set of investors, including nonbank institutions that are significant lenders in money markets, could complement the use of the interest on excess reserves (IOER) and help control short-term interest rates. We examine some potentially important secondary effects of an ON RRP facility, both positive and negative, including impacts on the structure of short-term funding markets and financial stability. We also investigate design features of an ON RRP facility that could mitigate secondary effects deemed undesirable. Finally, we discuss tradeoffs that policymakers may face in designing an ON RRP facility, as they seek to balance the objectives of setting an effective floor on money market rates during the normalization process and limiting any adverse secondary effects. |
| Keywords: | repo; reverse repo; overnight RRP; monetary policy; interest on excess reserves; money market funds; Federal Reserve Board; Federal Reserve System |
| JEL: | E52 E58 G21 G23 |
| Date: | 2015–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsr:712&r=cba |
| By: | Dorota Zuchowska (College of Social and Media Culture in Torun ) |
| Abstract: | In the years 2004-2014 the Lithuania’s exchange rate policy was based on a rigid currency board system. After a period of uncontested success in the fight against inflation in the first decade of the transition and economic growth, entering the ERM II in 2004 and efforts to adopt the euro were treated as an optimal exit strategy from the currency board system. However, the consequences of this exchange rate system in the following years (until 2014) prevented Lithuania from meeting the economic convergence criteria. The starting point for the research is based on the theoretical analysis of literature studying benefits and risks associated with the use of the currency board system by the monetary authorities. The empirical analysis refers to the case of Lithuania and covers the years 2004-2014. The purpose of this analysis is to look at the effects of the use of the currency board system from the perspective of the convergence criteria of monetary nature and the extent of their implementation in the absence of opportunities for autonomous monetary policy. |
| Keywords: | Currency Board; Inflation;Euro Adoption; Lithuania |
| JEL: | E31 F31 F36 |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pes:wpaper:2015:no10&r=cba |
| By: | Hyejin Cho (Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne ) |
| Abstract: | The motivation of this article is to induce the bank capital management solution for banks and regulation bodies on commercial banks. The goal of the paper is intended to mitigate the risk of a banking area and also provide the right incentive for banks to support the real economy. |
| Keywords: | Demand deposit, On-balance-sheet risks and off-balance-sheet risks, Portfolio composition, Minimum equity capital regulation. |
| JEL: | C62 C63 D01 G10 G21 |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mse:cesdoc:15021&r=cba |
| By: | Smith, Andrew Lee (Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City ) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a nancial mechanism which integrates housing and the real econ- omy through housing-secured debt. In this environment, movements in home prices are ampli ed through both borrowers and banks' balance sheets, leading to a self-reinforcing credit/liquidity crunch. When placed within a traditional business cycle model, this - financial structure quantitatively captures empirical relationships the traditional nancial accelerator mechanism struggles to explain and the qualitative predictions of the model are consistent with dynamic responses from a VAR. The model provides a framework to examine the ability of QE policies and equity injections into big banks to mitigate a housing bust. Although both are e ective, the nuances of the policies are important. A prolonged asset purchase program is preferable to a short-term equity injection; however, the model suggests the equity injections may have been necessary to prevent an economic collapse at the acute stage of the 2008 Financial Crisis. |
| Keywords: | Financial Crises; Financial Frictions; Unconventional Monetary Policy; Housing |
| JEL: | E32 E44 G01 G21 |
| Date: | 2014–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedkrw:rwp14-12&r=cba |
| By: | Rafi Melnick ; Till Strohsal ; ; |
| Abstract: | After the introduction of a stabilization program Israeli inflation decreased from 400% in 1985 to 2% in 2013. This paper analyzes how the remarkable transition process of Israel’s disinflation took place. We reinforce the existing hypothesis that inflationmoved in distinct steps characterized by constant levels with short-lived fluctuations around them. Multiple endogenous breakpoint tests provide strong empirical evidence in favor of our claim. We find that the disinflation process is defined by three clear steps of high, medium and low inflation. The break dates are in line with major economic events that constitute the end and the beginning of each disinflation step. |
| Keywords: | Inflation, Disinflation Steps, Multiple Breakpoint Tests, Inflation Targeting |
| JEL: | E31 E52 E58 C22 |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hum:wpaper:sfb649dp2015-009&r=cba |
| By: | Haroon Mumtaz (Queen Mary University of London ); Angeliki Theophilopoulou (University of Westminister ) |
| Abstract: | The UK has experienced a dramatic increase in earnings and income inequality over the past four decades. We use detailed micro level information to construct historical measures of inequality from 1968 to 2008. We study whether monetary policy shocks played a significant role in explaining this increase before and after 1993. We find that contractionary monetary policy shocks lead to a deterioration in earnings and income inequality and contribute to its fluctuation. Our evidence suggest that this effect is smaller during the inflation targeting period. |
| Keywords: | Inequality, Earnings, Income, Mixed frequency Bayesian SVAR, Monetary policy shocks |
| JEL: | E2 E3 E4 E5 |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qmw:qmwecw:wp738&r=cba |
| By: | Malherbe, Frédéric |
| Abstract: | I propose a simple theory of intertwined business and financial cycles, where financial regulation both optimally responds to and influences the cycles. In this model, banks do not internalize the effect of their credit expansion on other banks’ expected bankruptcy costs, which leads to excessive aggregate lending. In response, the regulator sets a capital requirement to trade off expected output against financial stability. The capital requirement that ensures investment efficiency depends on the state of the economy and, because of a general equilibrium effect, its stringency increases with aggregate banking capital. A regulation that fails to take this effect into account would exacerbate economic fluctuations and result in excessive aggregate lending during a boom. It would also allow for an excessive build-up of risk in the financial sector, which implies that, at the peak of a boom, even a small adverse shock could trigger a banking sector collapse, followed by an excessively severe credit crunch. |
| Keywords: | Basel 3; capital requirement; costly default; counter-cyclical buffers; financial cycles; financial regulation |
| JEL: | E44 G01 G21 G28 |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:10387&r=cba |
| By: | Egly, Peter V. ; Escobari, Diego ; Johnk, David W. |
| Abstract: | The 2007-2009 financial crisis that evolved from various factors including the housing boom, aggressive lending activity, financial innovation, and increased access to money and capital markets prompted unprecedented U.S. government intervention in the financial sector. We examine changes in banks’ balance sheet composition associated with U.S. government intervention during the crisis. We find that the initial round of quantitative easing positively impacts bank liquidity across all bank samples. Our results show a positive impact of repurchase agreement market rates on bank liquidity for small and medium banks. We conclude that banks have become more liquid in the post-crisis period, especially the larger banks (large and money center banks). We show that real estate loan portfolio exposures have reverted to pre-crisis levels for money center banks and remained flat for all other bank samples. |
| Keywords: | Bank Liquidity, Government Intervention, Quantitative Easing, Dynamic Panel Data Methods |
| JEL: | E44 G21 |
| Date: | 2014–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:62244&r=cba |
| By: | Jaume Ventura ; Alberto Martin |
| Abstract: | We live in a new world economy characterized by financial globalization and historically low interest rates. This environment is conducive to countries experiencing credit bubbles that have large macroeconomic effects at home and are quickly propagated abroad. In previous work, we built on the theory of rational bubbles to develop a framework to think about the origins and domestic effects of these credit bubbles. This paper extends that framework to two-country setting and studies the channels through which credit bubbles are transmitted across countries. We find that there are two main channels that work through the interest rate and the terms of trade. The former constitutes a negative spillover, while the latter constitutes a negative spillover in the short run but a positive one in the long run. We study both cooperative and noncooperative policies in this world. The interest-rate and terms-of-trade spillovers produce policy externalities that make the noncooperative outcome suboptimal. |
| JEL: | E32 E44 O40 |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:20933&r=cba |
| By: | Renata Karkowska (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Management ) |
| Abstract: | We measure a systemic risk faced by European banking sectors using the CoVaR measure. We propose the conditional value-at-risk (CoVaR) for measuring a spillover risk which demonstrates the bilateral relation between the tail risks of two financial institutions. The aim of the study is to estimate the contribution systemic risk of the bank i in the analyzed banking sector of a country in conditions of its insolvency. The study included commercial banks from 8 emerging markets from Europe, which gave a total of 40 banks, traded on the public market, which provided a market valuation of the bank's capital. The conclusions are that the CoVaR seems to be a better measure for systemic risk in the banking sector than the VaR, which is more individual. And banks in developing countries in Europe do not provide significant risk for the banking sector as a whole. But it must be taken into account that some individuals that may find objectionable. Our results hence tend to a practical use of the CoVaR for supervisory purposes. |
| Keywords: | Systemic Risk, Value at Risk, Risk Spillovers, Banking Sector |
| JEL: | G01 G10 G20 G28 G38 |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sgm:fmuwwp:62015&r=cba |
| By: | Yoshino, Naoyuki (Asian Development Bank Institute ); Kaji, Sahoko (Asian Development Bank Institute ); Asonuma, Tamon (Asian Development Bank Institute ) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes a desirable transition path for East Asian countries given the People's Republic of China's (PRC's) transition to a new exchange rate regime. It attempts to answer two main questions: (i) Would these countries be better off shifting to either a basket peg or a floating regime following the PRC's transition to a basket peg regime? (ii) How and when should these countries shift to the desired regime? The paper captures the influence of the PRC's predetermined shift in its exchange rate regime on East Asian countries' decisions regarding their optimal transition policies based on a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model of a small open economy. Our calibration exercise using Malaysian and Singapore data from the first quarter (Q1) of 2000 to Q4 2012 reveals that a gradual adjustment to a basket peg is the most desirable policy for both countries. A sudden shift to a basket peg is superior to maintaining a dollar peg in Malaysia, but not in Singapore. Finally, a sudden shift to a floating regime is even worse than maintaining a dollar peg in both countries. |
| Keywords: | basket peg; floating regime; exchange rate transition; peoples republic of china; monetary policy |
| JEL: | F33 F41 F42 |
| Date: | 2015–02–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0514&r=cba |
| By: | Makoto Nakajima (Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia ) |
| Abstract: | How important are intergenerational heterogeneity and an aging population for the design of systematic monetary policy? We answer this question using a New-Keynesian business cycle model with overlapping generations of households. Our model features rich heterogeneity; households differ not only in their stage in the life-cycle, but also in the amount and allocation of wealth and in the size of non-financial income. Monetary policy generates redistribution of income and wealth in the model. Since retirees tend to hold larger (positive) amounts of financial assets and especially bonds, a rise in the interest rate induced by monetary policy increases their income. At the same time, working-age households tend to suffer because of falling wages and higher borrowing costs. The resulting wealth effects lead to a rise in aggregate labor supply, altering the monetary transmission channel compared to an representative agent economy. After showing that intergenerational redistribution of income and wealth can be significant when monetary policy strongly reacts to a severe recession, we study the design of implementable monetary policy in comparison to the complete market and representative agent benchmarks. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:sed014:1130&r=cba |
| By: | Michaelis Nikiforos ; Laura Carvalho ; Christian Schoder |
| Abstract: | The paper discusses the trajectories of the Greek public deficit andsovereign debt between 1980 and 2010 and its connection to thepolitical and economic environment of the same period. We payspecial attention to the causality between the public and the externaldeficit in the period after 1995, the post-Maastricht treaty period.We argue that, due to the European monetary unification processand the adoption of the common currency, causality ran fromthe external deficit to the public deficit. This hypothesis is testedeconometrically using both Granger Causality and Cointegrationanalyses. We find empirical support for this hypothesis. |
| Keywords: | Greece, crisis, public debt, twin deficits, imbalances |
| JEL: | E62 F21 F34 F41 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imk:wpaper:143-2014&r=cba |
| By: | G. Bampinas (Department of Economics, University of Macedonia, Greece ); T. Panagiotidis (Department of Economics, University of Macedonia, Greece; The Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis, Italy ) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the long-run hedging ability of gold and silver prices against alternative measures of consumer price index for the UK and the US. We employ a dataset that spans from 1791 to 2010, and both a time-invariant and a time-varying cointegration framework. We find that gold can at least fully hedge headline, expected and core CPI in the long-run. This ability tends to be stronger when we allow for the long term dynamics to vary over time. The inflation hedging ability of gold is on average higher in the US compared to the UK. Silver does not hedge US consumer prices albeit evidence emerges in favor of a time-varying long-run relationship in the UK. |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rim:rimwps:15-02&r=cba |
| By: | Almuth Scholl (Department of Economics, University of Konstanz, Germany ) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a stochastic dynamic politico-economic model of sovereign debt to analyze the interaction of sovereign default risk and political turnover. Two parties differ in their preferred size of public spending which is financed by taxes and external debt. Electoral outcomes are characterized by tradeoffs between the economic benefits from the incumbent's policies against idiosyncratic ideological aspects. Quantitative simulations replicate the typical empirical facts of emerging markets. Endogenous political turnovers increase the parties' discrepancies between debt and default policies. Debt crises are associated with adverse economic shocks and trigger political turnovers. Political turnovers generate defaults even without negative shocks. |
| Keywords: | sovereign debt, default risk, political turnover, fiscal policy |
| JEL: | E62 F34 F41 D72 |
| Date: | 2015–02–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:knz:dpteco:1505&r=cba |