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on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Hajare El Hadri (Université Marie et Louis Pasteur, CRESE UR3190, F-25000 Besançon, France); Réda Marakbi (Université Artois, ISEG School of management, LEM UMR9221, F-62000 Arras, France) |
| Abstract: | This article develops and empirically tests a theory of migration under repression. It argues that migration aspirations are shaped by perceived freedom repression and that such perceptions can make exit more attractive when voice appears blocked, risky, or ineffective. The theoretical framework yields four hypotheses, which we test using Arab Barometer data from 2021– 2024 covering about 34, 000 respondents in twelve Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Empirically, we construct a Freedom Repression Index and examine how perceived repression shapes migration aspirations across different freedom dimensions and migration routes. Four findings stand out. First, perceived repression significantly increases migration aspirations, with substantive effects comparable to standard economic push factors. Second, the association is strongest for personal liberties, especially freedom of expression and freedom of religion, whereas restrictions on collective political rights such as protest are less strongly associated with migration aspirations. Third, repression shifts intentions toward irregular rather than regular migration routes. Fourth, this relationship is context-dependent: it is strongest in stable yet restrictive settings and weakens in conflict-affected contexts where insecurity dominates. By disaggregating freedom dimensions and distinguishing regular from irregular intentions, the article connects exit-voice theory to micro-level evidence and clarifies when, which, and how perceived repression shapes migration aspirations in the MENA region. |
| Keywords: | freedom; repression; migration aspirations; irregular migration; MENA. |
| Date: | 2026–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crb:wpaper:2026-11 |
| By: | Hasan Comert (Trinity College-Hartford, US & US and Political Economy Research Center (PERI), UMass-Amherst, US); Kağan Parmaksız (Department of Economics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkiye) |
| Abstract: | Bu çalıÅŸma Türkiye’de 1999–2002 dönemi ardından ve 2023 sonrasında uygulanan iki stabilizasyon programını ‘geniÅŸletilmiÅŸ ikili açmaz’ (Cömert ve Öncü, 2023) çerçevesi kapsamında karÅŸılaÅŸtırmaktadır. YapılandırılmıÅŸ tarihsel karÅŸılaÅŸtırma ve süreç izleme yöntemiyle iki program ortak zaman pencerelerinde dezenflasyon, büyüme, maliye politikası, kredi, cari denge, kur ve emek piyasası göstergeleri üzerinden incelenmektedir. Bulgular, iki programı gerekli kılan yapısal kısıtın benzer olduğunu, kısa dönemli sonuçlardaki farkın ise programların tasarımından çok baÅŸlangıç koÅŸullarından ve küresel finansman koÅŸullarından kaynaklandığını göstermektedir. 2002 programı uyumun bedelinin kriz yoluyla büyük ölçüde ödendiği, güçlü bir mali ve dıÅŸ çıpanın bulunduğu ve küresel koÅŸulların giderek elveriÅŸli hale geldiği bir ortamda baÅŸlamıÅŸtır. 2023 programı ise birikmiÅŸ riskler henüz maliyete dönüÅŸmemiÅŸken, bir dıÅŸ çıpa olmadan ve sıkı küresel finansman koÅŸullarında baÅŸlamıÅŸ, bu nedenle dezenflasyon daha yavaÅŸ ve daha maliyetli olmuÅŸtur. Stabilizasyon dıÅŸ kısıtın baskısını azaltabilmekte, fakat bu kısıtı yeniden üreten üretim ve finansman yapısını değiÅŸtirmemektedir. |
| Keywords: | stabilizasyon, dıÅŸ kısıt, dezenflasyon, geniÅŸletilmiÅŸ ikili açmaz, Turkiye |
| JEL: | E31 E52 E65 F32 N14 |
| Date: | 2026–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:met:wpaper:2606 |
| By: | Fatima Zahra Norch (UM5 - Université Mohammed V de Rabat [Agdal]); El Houssain Elatife (UM5 - Université Mohammed V de Rabat [Agdal]) |
| Abstract: | Abstract: Tax equity is a key objective of public policy because it influences both the fairness of the tax system and its ability to redistribute income while ensuring sustainable public revenues. In Morocco, recent tax reforms have sought to strengthen tax fairness through changes to the personal income tax (PIT) and the gradual restructuring of the value added tax (VAT). However, the coexistence of a progressive direct tax and a broad-based indirect tax raises important questions regarding their respective contributions to fiscal equity. This study assesses the progressivity of Morocco's personal income tax and value added tax using the Kakwani index. The empirical analysis is based on microdata from the National Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey (ENCDM 2013–2014), combined with the Moroccan tax parameters applicable in 2025. It relies on the pre-tax Gini coefficient and tax concentration coefficients to evaluate the contribution of each tax to vertical equity. The results show that the personal income tax is progressive, with a Kakwani index of +0.16, whereas the value added tax displays a negative Kakwani index (-0.17), indicating a regressive profile. Overall, the combined effect of both taxes remains only slightly progressive (+0.05), suggesting limited redistributive capacity. This study differs from Abdelkhalek and Boccanfuso (2023), who use a Shapley decomposition to assess the overall redistributive effects of taxes and subsidies, by isolating the intrinsic progressivity of personal income tax and value added tax through the Kakwani index. It therefore provides a direct comparison between direct and indirect taxation and highlights the implications of recent tax reforms for strengthening equity and broadening the tax base. |
| Abstract: | Résumé : La recherche de l'équité fiscale constitue un enjeu majeur des politiques publiques, en particulier dans les pays engagés dans des réformes visant à renforcer la justice sociale et l'efficacité économique. Au Maroc, les réformes récentes de l'impôt sur le revenu (IR) et de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée (TVA) s'inscrivent dans cette perspective, mais leur impact redistributif demeure insuffisamment documenté. Cet article évalue la progressivité de l'impôt sur le revenu et de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée au Maroc à l'aide de l'indice de Kakwani, en mobilisant les microdonnées de l'Enquête Nationale sur la Consommation et les Dépenses des Ménages (ENCDM 2013-2014) combinées aux paramètres fiscaux applicables en 2025. L'analyse repose sur le coefficient de Gini des revenus avant impôt et les coefficients de concentration des prélèvements afin de mesurer la contribution de chacun de ces impôts à l'équité verticale. Les résultats montrent que l'impôt sur le revenu présente un indice de Kakwani positif (+0, 16), traduisant un caractère progressif, tandis que la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée affiche un indice négatif (-0, 17), révélant un profil régressif. Pris dans leur ensemble, les deux prélèvements conduisent à un indice global légèrement positif (+0, 05), reflétant une redistribution limitée. Cette recherche se distingue de l'étude d'Abdelkhalek et Boccanfuso (2023), fondée sur une décomposition de Shapley des effets redistributifs des impôts et des subventions, en isolant la progressivité intrinsèque de l'impôt sur le revenu et de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée au moyen de l'indice de Kakwani. Elle fournit ainsi une comparaison directe entre fiscalité directe et indirecte et met en évidence les implications des réformes fiscales récentes pour le renforcement de l'équité et l'élargissement de l'assiette fiscale. |
| Keywords: | Tax equity, Kakwani index, Morocco, Value added tax, Personal income tax, Inclusive taxation, Maroc., redistribution, taxe sur la valeur ajoutée, impôt sur le revenu, indice de Kakwani, équité fiscale |
| Date: | 2026–08–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05717958 |
| By: | Zineb Khaless (UM5 - Université mohamed 5, Rabat); Rajaa Amzil (UM5 - Université mohamed 5, Rabat) |
| Abstract: | Abctract This paper examines the changes associated with the adoption of IFRS 9 in banking performance and credit risk management among listed Moroccan banks. Although prior studies have analysed the implications of IFRS 9 in several jurisdictions, evidence remains limited for emerging banking systems, particularly in Morocco. Existing research also provides limited longitudinal evidence based on verified bank-level data, especially regarding the differentiated post-adoption behaviour of expected credit loss provisions, coverage ratios and profitability indicators. To address this gap, the study uses a hand-collected panel of five listed Moroccan banks over the period 20142025, based on published IFRS-consolidated and PCEC financial statements. A fixed-effects panel estimator is applied around the 2018 IFRS 9 adoption date controlling for credit risk expected credit losses and leverage. Given the limited number of banks and the common timing of IFRS 9 adoption, the results are interpreted as observed associations and post-adoption changes rather than as definitive causal effects. The findings highlight three main results, First, IFRS 9 is associated with greater informational transparency through more granular credit-risk disclosures and stage-level ECL reporting but this does not translate into a homogeneous increase in the headline loan loss coverage ratio. Second, ECL provisions appear sensitive to macroeconomic shocks particularly during the COVID-19 period suggesting a more forward-looking recognition of credit risk. Third, profitability indicators declined on average after adoption with a pronounced shock in 2020 followed by a heterogeneous recovery across banks in 2021–2025. The study contributes to the literature on IFRS 9 in emerging economies by providing verified longitudinal evidence from Morocco and by showing that IFRS 9 adoption should be analysed through distinct accounting, prudential and informational dimensions. The results suggest that improved disclosure and more granular creditrisk recognition do not necessarily imply a uniform improvement in underlying financial stability or banking performance. |
| Keywords: | NPL, coverage ratio. Paper type: Empirical Research Article, fixed effects, panel data, Morocco, credit risk, banking performance, Expected Credit Loss, IFRS 9, IFRS 9 Expected Credit Loss banking performance credit risk Morocco panel data fixed effects NPL coverage ratio. Paper type: Empirical Research Article |
| Date: | 2026–07–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05695563 |
| By: | Seffar Sofya Andaloussi (USMBA - Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah [Fès, Maroc]); Mohammed Hemmi (USMBA - Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah [Fès, Maroc]) |
| Abstract: | Nowadays, the concept of coherence has become increasingly prevalent in everyday life, in both formal and informal interactions among stakeholders. Within organizations, coherence reflects a variety of dimensions related to the alignment of stakeholders with the organization's objectives. This coherence is not limited to the internal aspects of the organization but also encompasses its external environment, thereby giving this concept an organizational dimension. Despite the proliferation of management systems and techniques, the problem of divergence among stakeholders persists within companies. The existing literature generally emphasizes the role of management control in fostering of stakeholders with organizational objectives. Nevertheless, the mechanisms through which management control contributes to organizational coherence, and the extent to which this coherence is effectively shared, remain insufficiently explores. This article aims to examine the relationship between management control and coherence. To this end, a qualitative study was conducted at one of the leading international companies operating in the textile sector. As part of the study, 38 interviews were conducted with employees. The results highlight the existence of a coherence that is sometimes imposed by management control. |
| Abstract: | De nos jours, la notion de cohérence est omniprésente dans la vie quotidienne, tant dans les interactions formelles qu'informelles des acteurs. Au sein des entreprises, la cohérence reflète une diversité de dimensions liées à la convergence des acteurs vis-à-vis des objectifs de l'organisation. Cette cohérence ne se limite pas à l'aspect interne de l'entreprise, mais englobe également son environnement externe, conférant ainsi à ce concept une dimension organisationnelle. Malgré la prolifération des dispositifs de gestion et des techniques de management, le problème de divergence des acteurs persiste au sein des entreprises. La littérature considère souvent la mission du contrôle de gestion comme visant à converger les acteurs vers les objectifs organisationnels. Cet article s'est donné pour objectif d'étudier la relation entre le contrôle de gestion et la cohérence. Pour ce faire une étude qualitative a été menée dans l'un des leaders internationaux opérant dans le secteur du textile. À travers, 38 entretiens ont été réalisés auprès des collaborateurs. Les résultats mettent en évidence l'existence d'une cohérence parfois imposée par le contrôle de gestion. |
| Keywords: | convergence of goals, qualitative study. Classification JEL: M11 Paper type: Empirical Research, textiles, organizational coherence, étude qualitative. JEL Classification : M11 Type du papier : Recherche empirique Management control, textile, convergence des buts, cohérence organisationnelle, Contrôle de gestion, Contrôle de gestion cohérence organisationnelle convergence des buts textile étude qualitative. JEL Classification : M11 Type du papier : Recherche empirique Management control organizational coherence convergence of goals textiles qualitative study. Classification JEL: M11 Paper type: Empirical Research |
| Date: | 2026–09–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05744577 |
| By: | Brahim Gana (UB - Université Abderrahmane Mira [Université de Béjaïa] = University of Béjaïa = جامعة بجاية, Laboratoire d'Economie et Développement - UB - Université Abderrahmane Mira [Université de Béjaïa] = University of Béjaïa = جامعة بجاية); Khelifa Mazouz; Slimane Merzoug (UB - Université Abderrahmane Mira [Université de Béjaïa] = University of Béjaïa = جامعة بجاية) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the relationship between foreign direct investment and balanced growth within the classical Keynesian synthesis framework. As foreign capital has become increasingly important for developing economies, understanding how FDI contributes to long-term growth is both a theoretical and policy concern. This study seeks to explain that relationship by extending the classical-Keynesian growth model to include FDI as a complementary component of domestic capital, while also distinguishing between physical and human capital accumulation. The model is built around an augmented production function in which foreign capital is linked proportionally to domestic capital, allowing us to derive new steady-state expressions for capital intensity and income per worker. To support the theoretical analysis, a descriptive study of national statistics is conducted using data from Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, and Iran over the period 2010-2024, based on UNCTAD statistics on capital coefficients and foreign participation rates. The results show that the average capital-output ratio for the sample is 4.60 and the average foreign participation ratio is 0.236. The model indicates that foreign |
| Keywords: | MENA economies, absorptive capacity, capital complementarity, classical-Keynesian synthesis, foreign direct investment, foreign direct investment classical-Keynesian synthesis capital complementarity absorptive capacity MENA economies |
| Date: | 2026–06–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05728681 |
| By: | Omar Baday (Laboratoire Business Intelligence, Gouvernance des Organisation, et Politiques Economiques (BIFOFE) Faculté des sciences juridiques, économiques et sociales Ain Chock Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Maroc); Abdelouhab Hamliri (Laboratoire Business Intelligence, Gouvernance des Organisation, et Politiques Economiques (BIFOFE) Faculté des sciences juridiques, économiques et sociales Ain Chock Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Maroc); Ikram Lahdili (Laboratoire Business Intelligence, Gouvernance des Organisation, et Politiques Economiques (BIFOFE) Faculté des sciences juridiques, économiques et sociales Ain Chock Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Maroc) |
| Abstract: | Despite the growing interest in organizational digitalization, empirical studies examining its impact on management control in Moroccan small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), particularly in the Building and Public Works (BPW) sector, remain scarce. Moreover, few studies have employed structural equation modeling to investigate these relationships in this specific context. This study aims to examine the effect of digitalization on management control effectiveness while assessing the mediating role of the evolving role of management controllers. A quantitative survey was conducted among 57 management controllers working in Moroccan BPW SMEs. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4 software. The findings reveal that digitalization has a positive and significant effect on management control effectiveness (β = 0.600, p < 0.001) and on the evolving role of management controllers (β = 0.642, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the evolving role of management controllers positively influences management control effectiveness (β = 0.499, p < 0.05) and mediates the relationship between digitalization and management control effectiveness. This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence from the underexplored context of Moroccan BPW SMEs and extends current knowledge on the digital transformation of management control. From a managerial perspective, the findings highlight the importance of aligning digital investments with the development of management controllers' competencies and responsibilities to enhance the effectiveness of management control systems. |
| Abstract: | Malgré l'intérêt croissant porté à la digitalisation des organisations, peu d'études empiriques ont analysé son impact sur le contrôle de gestion des PME marocaines du secteur du Bâtiment et des Travaux Publics (BTP), notamment à l'aide de la modélisation par équations structurelles. Cette recherche vise à examiner l'influence de la digitalisation sur l'efficacité du contrôle de gestion, en intégrant le rôle médiateur de l'évolution du rôle du contrôleur de gestion. Une enquête quantitative a été menée auprès de 57 contrôleurs de gestion exerçant dans des PME marocaines du secteur du BTP. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide de la méthode PLS-SEM avec le logiciel SmartPLS 4. Les résultats montrent que la digitalisation exerce un effet positif et significatif sur l'efficacité du contrôle de gestion (β = 0, 600 ; p < 0, 001) ainsi que sur l'évolution du rôle du contrôleur de gestion (β = 0, 642 ; p < 0, 001). Par ailleurs, l'évolution du rôle du contrôleur de gestion influence positivement l'efficacité du contrôle de gestion (β = 0, 499 ; p < 0, 05) et joue un rôle médiateur dans la relation entre digitalisation et efficacité du contrôle de gestion. Cette étude enrichit la littérature sur la transformation digitale du contrôle de gestion dans le contexte des PME marocaines et apporte des preuves empiriques dans un secteur encore peu exploré. Sur le plan managérial, elle met en évidence l'importance d'accompagner les investissements numériques par une évolution des compétences et des missions du contrôleur de gestion afin de renforcer l'efficacité des dispositifs de pilotage. |
| Keywords: | Effectiveness, PLS-SEM, Construction sector, SMEs, Management control, Digitalization, Secteur BTP, PME, Efficacité, Contrôle de gestion, Digitalisation |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05727806 |
| By: | Elarbi Raibouaa Btissame (Université Ibn Zohr = Ibn Zohr University [Agadir]); Elarbi El Fakir (Université Ibn Zohr = Ibn Zohr University [Agadir]) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the association between female representation on boards of directors and the financial performance of Moroccan banks listed on the Casablanca Stock Exchange. It seeks to determine whether the increasing presence of women in banking governance bodies constitutes an effective driver of performance or primarily reflects a process of institutional and regulatory compliance. The study adopts a quantitative, positivist, and hypothetico-deductive approach. It employs panel data techniques to analyze the relationship between the proportion of female directors and two indicators of bank performance: return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). Several econometric specifications are estimated, including pooled OLS, fixed-effects models, and randomeffects models. Model selection relies on standard specification tests, namely the F-test, the Breusch–Pagan LM test, and the Hausman test. Alternative specifications incorporating both bank and year fixed effects are also used to assess the robustness of the findings. The empirical analysis focuses on a balanced panel composed of six Moroccan banks listed on the Casablanca Stock Exchange and observed annually over the period 2012–2024. The sample therefore includes 78 bank-year observations. The data were collected from annual reports, published financial statements, and institutional documents. Descriptive findings reveal a substantial increase in female representation on bank boards, rising from 4.85% in 2012 to 28.98% in 2024. However, the econometric estimations indicate that gender diversity is negatively and significantly associated with both ROA and ROE only in the pooled OLS specification. After controlling for unobserved bank-specific heterogeneity through fixed-effects models, the relationship becomes statistically insignificant. Robustness checks further confirm the absence of a stable association between female board representation and bank performance. The findings suggest that the relationship initially observed between gender diversity and financial performance is primarily attributable to structural differences across banks rather than by a direct effect of women's presence on the board. Female representation, taken in isolation, does not appear sufficient to explain measurable improvements in the financial performance of Moroccan listed banks. Its potential effect seems to depend more on the effective role of female directors, their participation in strategic decision-making, their presence in key board committees, and their actual influence within governance mechanisms. |
| Abstract: | Résumé Cette étude examine l'association entre la représentation féminine au sein des conseils d'administration et la performance financière des banques marocaines cotées à la Bourse de Casablanca. Elle cherche à déterminer si la présence croissante des femmes dans les organes de gouvernance bancaire constitue un levier effectif de performance ou si elle traduit principalement une dynamique de conformité institutionnelle et réglementaire. L'étude s'inscrit dans une approche quantitative, positiviste et hypothético-déductive. Elle mobilise des données de panel afin d'analyser la relation entre la proportion de femmes administratrices et deux indicateurs de performance bancaire : le ROA et le ROE. Plusieurs spécifications économétriques sont estimées, notamment les MCO groupés, les modèles à effets fixes et les modèles à effets aléatoires. Le choix des modèles repose sur les tests de spécification usuels, notamment le test F, le test LM de Breusch-Pagan et le test de Hausman. Des spécifications alternatives à effets fixes banque et année sont également mobilisées afin d'apprécier la robustesse des résultats. L'analyse empirique porte sur un panel équilibré composé de six banques marocaines cotées à la Bourse de Casablanca, observées annuellement sur la période 2012–2024. L'échantillon comprend ainsi 78 observations banque-années. Les données mobilisées proviennent des rapports annuels, des états financiers publiés et des documents institutionnels disponibles. Les résultats descriptifs montrent une progression importante de la représentation féminine dans les conseils d'administration bancaires, passant de 4, 85 % en 2012 à 28, 98 % en 2024. Toutefois, les estimations économétriques montrent que la diversité de genre est négativement et significativement associée au ROA et au ROE uniquement dans le modèle MCO groupé. Après introduction des effets fixes et prise en compte de l'hétérogénéité inobservée propre aux banques, cette relation devient statistiquement non significative. Les tests de robustesse confirment l'absence d'une association stable entre la représentation féminine au conseil et la performance bancaire. Les résultats suggèrent que la relation initialement observée entre diversité de genre et performance financière est principalement liée aux différences structurelles entre banques plutôt qu'à un effet direct de la présence féminine au conseil. La représentation féminine, prise isolément, ne suffit donc pas à expliquer une amélioration mesurable de la performance financière des banques marocaines cotées. Son effet potentiel semble dépendre davantage du rôle effectif des administratrices, de leur participation aux décisions stratégiques, de leur présence dans les comités clés et de leur influence réelle dans les mécanismes de gouvernance. Mots-clés : Diversité de genre ; performance bancaire ; ROA ; ROE ; données de panel ; effets fixes ; banques marocaines cotées. Abstract This study examines the association between female representation on boards of directors and the financial performance of Moroccan banks listed on the Casablanca Stock Exchange. It seeks to determine whether the increasing presence of women in banking governance bodies constitutes an effective driver of performance or primarily reflects a process of institutional and regulatory compliance. The study adopts a quantitative, positivist, and hypothetico-deductive approach. It employs panel data techniques to analyze the relationship between the proportion of female directors and two indicators of bank performance: return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). Several econometric specifications are estimated, including pooled OLS, fixed-effects models, and random-effects models. Model selection relies on standard specification tests, namely the F-test, the Breusch–Pagan LM test, and the Hausman test. Alternative specifications incorporating both bank and year fixed effects are also used to assess the robustness of the findings. The empirical analysis focuses on a balanced panel composed of six Moroccan banks listed on the Casablanca Stock Exchange and observed annually over the period 2012–2024. The sample therefore includes 78 bank-year observations. The data were collected from annual reports, published financial statements, and institutional documents. Descriptive findings reveal a substantial increase in female representation on bank boards, rising from 4.85% in 2012 to 28.98% in 2024. However, the econometric estimations indicate that gender diversity is negatively and significantly associated with both ROA and ROE only in the pooled OLS specification. After controlling for unobserved bank-specific heterogeneity through fixed-effects models, the relationship becomes statistically insignificant. Robustness checks further confirm the absence of a stable association between female board representation and bank performance. The findings suggest that the relationship initially observed between gender diversity and financial performance is primarily attributable to structural differences across banks rather than by a direct effect of women's presence on the board. Female representation, taken in isolation, does not appear sufficient to explain measurable improvements in the financial performance of Moroccan listed banks. Its potential effect seems to depend more on the effective role of female directors, their participation in strategic decision-making, their presence in key board committees, and their actual influence within governance mechanisms. Keywords: Gender diversity; bank performance; ROA; ROE; panel data; fixed effects; Moroccan listed banks. |
| Keywords: | African Scientific Journal, fixed effects, Moroccan listed banks, panel data, ROE, ROA, bank performance, Gender diversity |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05721496 |
| By: | Nxumalo, Mpumelelo; Raju, Dhushyanth |
| Abstract: | Türkiye’s formal employment agenda for Syrian refugees increasingly depends on whether firms can translate legal access into registered jobs. A large-scale 2026 survey of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises finds a relatively small employer base but generally favorable experience among firms that have hired Syrian refugees. The main firm-side frictions are limited knowledge of formal employment requirements, procedural complexity, and weak links between recruitment and formal services. Firms with prior hiring experience are far more open to additional support than never-employers. Policy should simplify formal hiring pathways, strengthen matching, differentiate support by hiring history, and target firms and locations with credible labor demand. |
| Date: | 2026–10–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hdnspu:216013 |
| By: | Btissame Raibouaa (Université Ibn Zohr = Ibn Zohr University [Agadir]); Elarbi El Fakir (Université Ibn Zohr = Ibn Zohr University [Agadir]) |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the impact of internal governance practices specifically board of directors characteristics and ownership structure on the financial performance of Moroccan banks, as measured by return on assets (ROA). The empirical analysis is based on panel data for six banks covering the period 2012–2024. The methodology employed relies on ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, with robust standard errors clustered at the bank level, to ensure the validity of statistical inferences. The empirical results, derived from a hypothetical-deductive approach, indicate that several internal governance mechanisms do not have a significant impact on return on assets. However, the dual role of the CEO shows a positive and statistically significant correlation with return on assets (ROA), while majority ownership has a negative and statistically significant impact on the return on assets (ROA) of listed Moroccan banks. The study also highlights that control variables, particularly the bank's age and level of capitalization, have a positive and statistically significant influence on financial performance, suggesting that older and better-capitalized banks perform better. These findings underscore the importance of enhancing the actual effectiveness of governance practices and pave the way for future research incorporating other mechanisms and contextual variables. |
| Abstract: | Cette étude analyse l'incidence des pratiques de gouvernance interne, notamment les attributs du conseil d'administration et la structure de propriété, sur la performance financière des banques marocaines, évaluée par le retour sur actifs (ROA). L'analyse empirique repose sur des données de panel relatives à six banques, sur la période 2012–2024. La méthodologie mobilisée s'appuie sur une régression par la méthode des moindres carrés ordinaires (OLS), avec des erreurs standards robustes clustérisées au niveau des banques, afin d'assurer la validité des inférences statistiques. Les résultats empiriques, inscrits dans une approche hypothético-déductive, indiquent que plusieurs mécanismes de gouvernance interne n'exercent pas d'impact significatif sur le retour sur actifs. Toutefois, la dualité du dirigeant présente une corrélation positive et statistiquement significative avec le retour sur actifs (ROA), tandis que l'actionnariat majoritaire a une incidence négative et statistiquement significative sur le retour sur actifs (ROA) des banques marocaines cotées. L'étude met également en évidence que les variables de contrôle, notamment l'âge de la banque et le niveau de capitalisation, exercent une influence positive et statistiquement significative sur la performance financière, suggérant ainsi que les banques plus anciennes et mieux capitalisées présentent une meilleure performance. Ces constats soulignent l'importance de renforcer l'efficacité réelle des pratiques de gouvernance et ouvrent la voie à de futures recherches intégrant d'autres mécanismes et variables contextuelles. |
| Keywords: | Ownership Structure, Gouvernance interne Structure de propriété Conseil d'administration ROA Banques OLS. JEL Classification : C23 G21 G32 O16 Type du papier : Recherche empirique Internal governance Ownership Structure Board of directors ROA Banks OLS. Classification JEL : C23 G21 G32 O16, O16, OLS. Classification JEL : C23, Banks, Board of directors, Gouvernance interne, O16 Type du papier : Recherche empirique Internal governance, G32, G21, OLS. JEL Classification : C23, Banques, ROA, Conseil d'administration, Structure de propriété |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05721500 |
| By: | Yves Jégourel |
| Abstract: | The outbreak of the war in Iran and the closure of the Strait of Hormuz have had major consequences for a large number of global commodity markets. While media attention has understandably focused on oil and natural gas, as well as on aluminum – owing to the strong dependence of that metal’s supply on energy prices – sulfur, like helium, ethylene, propylene, or urea, has also been caught up in the fallout of this conflict. Far from being a marginal commodity, it is essential to the production of nickel and copper, as well as of fertilizers. Qatar, Iran, and Saudi Arabia are among the world’s leading sulfur exporters. Against this difficult backdrop, China has banned exports of sulfuric acid in order to safeguard domestic supply – even though it is the world’s leading supplier – while Russia has sharply restricted its sales to countries outside the Eurasian Economic Union since November 1, 2025. Combined with the closure of the Strait of Hormuz, these measures have led to a near-doubling of sulfur and acid prices. If the conflict continues, a shortage could have serious consequences worldwide, particularly for food security. As the world’s largest exporter of phosphate fertilizers and, consequently, heavily dependent on this input, Morocco appears directly exposed, despite a diversification of its sulfur imports toward Kazakhstan and a firm strategy of securing/producing the resource domestically across the various stages of the value chain. |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbcoen:pb51_26_1 |
| By: | Patrinos, Harry Anthony; Aljabri, Nayyaf; Gajderowicz, Tomasz; Jakubowski, Maciej; Elsayed, Mahmoud Abduh Ali; Al-Qawba, Mohammed |
| Abstract: | Quality education drives economic growth and equality. Saudi Arabia has achieved near-universal enrollment but still trails peers in learning quality, limiting workforce readiness. Using data from 97 countries (2000–19), this paper models how Harmonized Learning Outcomes affect gross domestic product growth, accounting for factors like resource income. A 180-point rise in learning—matching the world’s best—could raise Saudi Arabia’s gross domestic product by 27 percent in 20 years, or $225 billion (in 2021 prices). Simulated scenarios yield gains of $125 billion to $156 billion, or 15 to 19 percent of gross domestic product, with front-loaded improvements offering faster returns. Strengthening teaching, curricula, early childhood programs and private sector engagement are key to realizing these gains. |
| Date: | 2026–10–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11477 |
| By: | Andaloussi As Sofya (USMBA - Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah [Fès, Maroc]); Mohamed Hemmi (USMBA - Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah) |
| Abstract: | Team cohesion is crucial in every company today. Management is required to make efforts to foster this team cohesion. With the emergence of fully remote companies, the manager's role is not only to manage this new type of company but also to maintain a cohesive team within it. |
| Abstract: | La cohésion d'équipe revêt aujourd'hui une importance dans toutes les entreprises. Le management est contraint de faire des efforts afin d'atténuer cette cohésion d'équipe. Avec l'apparition des entreprises en full remote, la mission du manager est non seulement de manager ce nouveau type d'entreprise mais également d'y garder une équipe cohésive. |
| Keywords: | Management environmental cohesion tourism industry brand, Morocco. JEL Classification: Q01 R11 Z32 M31, management environmental, cohesion, tourism industry, brand image, Morocco. JEL Classification: Q01, Management Cohésion d'équipe Travail à distance performance, performance, Travail à distance, Cohésion d'équipe, Management, levers of control, group, Cohesion, leviers de contrôle Management control, groupe, Cohésion, Contrôle de gestion Environnemental, Contrôle de gestion, Cohesion group levers of control, Environmental management control, Contrôle de gestion Contrôle de gestion Environnemental Cohésion groupe leviers de contrôle Management control |
| Date: | 2024–12–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05723045 |
| By: | Fatima, Freeha; Ozen, Efsan Nas; Raju, Dhushyanth |
| Abstract: | Cash assistance to refugees is often viewed with concern because regular transfers may be assumed to discourage work. Evidence from Türkiye’s Emergency Social Safety Net, one of the world’s largest humanitarian cash transfer programs, provides little support for this concern. Comparing similar Syrian refugee households near the program’s rule-based eligibility threshold, the study finds no large or statistically detectable reduction in employment among either women or men. The findings suggest that, in a labor market where refugee work is often informal, unstable, and constrained, cash assistance helps households manage economic insecurity without producing meaningful employment disincentives. Policies to strengthen refugee economic participation should therefore focus on easing barriers to job access, formal employment, and stable livelihoods, rather than assuming that reducing income support will increase work. |
| Date: | 2026–06–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hdnspu:211087 |
| By: | Raju, Dhushyanth (World Bank) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how Türkiye’s registered population of Syrians under temporary protection (SUTP) evolved nationally and across provinces after the fall of the Assad regime in December 2024. Using monthly administrative data for all 81 provinces from January 2024 through June 2026, we treat the October–November 2024 drop associated with nationwide address verification and record cleaning separately from subsequent changes. The analysis combines an interrupted time trend, an adjusted pre-event counterfactual, and province-level analysis of geographic heterogeneity. The SUTP population was already declining before December 2024, but the post-event trend became substantially steeper. By June 2026, the registered population stood about 509, 000 below the adjusted pre-event trajectory. The decline intensified in the second half of 2025 before moderating in early 2026. Declines occurred in 77 provinces, with absolute reductions concentrated in major hosting provinces. Changes relative to pre-event trends were generally more negative farther from the Syrian border, a relationship that remains negative across robustness checks but weakens under population weighting. |
| Keywords: | Syrians under temporary protection, refugee return, forced displacement, Türkiye, administrative data, provincial migration |
| JEL: | F22 J61 R23 |
| Date: | 2026–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18997 |
| By: | Hafsi Kenza; Brahim Gana (UB - Université Abderrahmane Mira [Université de Béjaïa] = University of Béjaïa = جامعة بجاية, Laboratoire d'Economie et Développement - UB - Université Abderrahmane Mira [Université de Béjaïa] = University of Béjaïa = جامعة بجاية) |
| Abstract: | This article aims to study the impact of technological innovation on the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the non-hydrocarbon sector in Algeria. To do this, we conducted an empirical study based on production function estimation, highlighting the role of innovation and endogenous technological progress. The results of our study show that production factors, in this case innovation, exert positive externalities, but with a weak impact on overall productivity. The study recommends to promote an inclusive national innovation system, adopt digital technologies to support SME growth, and develop synergies through the expansion of the non-hydrocarbon sector market. |
| Keywords: | Small and medium-sized enterprises, Productivity, Algeria, Growth, Innovation, Innovation Growth Small and medium-sized enterprises Productivity Algeria |
| Date: | 2026–01–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05728852 |
| By: | Hamilton, Alexander |
| Abstract: | This paper argues that Libya’s post-2011 political economy is best understood not as fiscal collapse, but as distorted state expansion under fragmented authority. The revolution broke centralised political rule while leaving the core hydrocarbon-financed revenue-collection mechanism largely intact: hydrocarbon revenues continued to be mediated nationally through the Central Bank of Libya and used to fund salaries, subsidies and transfers across political and territorial divides. To explain this paradox, the paper develops a simple N-claimant common-pool model in which fragmented actors over-claim from a centralised hydrocarbon pool while internalising only part of the aggregate fiscal cost. The model predicts a bias towards rising recurrent claims, weaker expenditure discipline, greater rent extraction, and declining state capacity. The empirical analysis combines institutional evidence, fiscal-composition data and synthetic control estimates for 2002–2024. Because the 2011 rupture bundled revolution, civil war, oil disruption and institutional contestation, the synthetic control estimates identify Libya’s aggregate post-2011 divergence rather than a mechanism-specific treatment effect; the common-pool interpretation is therefore assessed through triangulation. The results show that, relative to a synthetic counterfactual, Libya experienced a sharp fragmentation of political authority and deterioration in political stability, but no comparable collapse in natural resource rents. Government expenditure rose, wages and subsidies crowded out development spending, and indicators of the control of corruption and the existence of an impartial public administration deteriorated. The evidence supports the claim that Libya became a larger but less capable fiscal state: persistent revenue pooling sustained distributive expansion while weakening expenditure discipline and public policy implementation. |
| JEL: | N0 E6 |
| Date: | 2026–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:141740 |
| By: | Yves Jégourel |
| Abstract: | Le déclenchement de la Guerre en Iran et le blocage du détroit d’Ormuz ont eu des conséquences majeures sur un grand nombre de marchés mondiaux de matières premières. Si l’attention médiatique s’est logiquement portée sur le pétrole et le gaz naturel, ainsi que sur l’aluminium, en raison de la forte dépendance de l’offre de ce métal aux prix de l’énergie, le soufre, comme l’hélium, l’éthylène, le propylène ou l’urée, a également été pris dans les rets de ce conflit. Loin d’être une matière première anecdotique, il est indispensable à la production de nickel et de cuivre, mais également d’engrais. Le Qatar, l’Iran et l’Arabie saoudite comptent parmi les grands pays exportateurs de soufre. Dans ce contexte difficile, la Chine a interdit l’exportation d’acide sulfurique pour préserver les approvisionnements nationaux, alors qu’elle en est le premier fournisseur mondial, tandis que la Russie a très fortement limité ses ventes aux pays non-membres de l’Union économique eurasiatique depuis le 1er novembre 2025. Conjuguées à la fermeture du détroit d’Ormuz, ces mesures ont conduit à quasi-doublement des prix du soufre et de l’acide. Si le conflit venait à perdurer, les conséquences d’une pénurie pourraient être majeures à l’échelle mondiale, notamment en matière de sécurité alimentaire. Plus grand pays exportateur d’engrais phosphatés et, en conséquence, largement dépendant de cet intrant, le Maroc apparaît directement exposé, malgré une diversification de ses importations de soufre en faveur du Kazakhstan et une stratégie affirmée de sécurisation/production de la ressource à l’échelle nationale, et ce, aux différents échelons de la chaîne de valeur. |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbcoen:pb51_26 |
| By: | Pinxten, Juul; Gentilini, Ugo; Bodor, Andras; El-Saharty, Sameh; Buhne, Nicholas Hans |
| Abstract: | Yemen’s prolonged conflict, institutional fragmentation, and sharp decline in humanitarian and development financing have intensified the need to maximize the value for money (VfM) of scarce human development (HD) resources. Drawing on a review of World Bank operational experience between 2008 and 2022, international evidence, implementation assessments, and dedicated studies on systems integration, targeting, and donor alignment, this note examines how VfM considerations can guide financing decisions in fragile and conflict-affected settings. The analysis presents a framework centered on balancing three interconnected strategic choices: (i) strengthening national systems while continuing to leverage third-party implementers; (ii) concentrating resources on the most vulnerable populations and locations while maintaining sufficient reach and integrating interventions across sectors; and (iii) meeting urgent operational needs while investing selectively in learning, evidence generation, and delivery systems. The note highlights opportunities to improve effectiveness, efficiency, equity, sustainability, and delivery costs through greater interoperability of cash transfer systems, geographic targeting, integrated service delivery packages, stronger local institutional capacities, and coordinated donor engagement. It argues that, in a context of declining external support, enhanced coordination and strategic prioritization can help preserve human capital outcomes and improve development returns on limited financing. The findings offer practical lessons for national stakeholders, development partners, humanitarian actors, and implementing agencies seeking to maximize the developmental impact of investments in fragile settings. |
| Date: | 2026–07–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hdnspu:213182 |