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on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Lechguar Jad (UH2C - Université Hassan II de Casablanca = University of Hassan II Casablanca = جامعة الحسن الثاني (ar)); Hicham Mesk (UH2C - Université Hassan II de Casablanca = University of Hassan II Casablanca = جامعة الحسن الثاني (ar)) |
| Abstract: | Déclaration de divulgation : L'auteur n'a pas connaissance de quelconque financement qui pourrait affecter l'objectivité de cette étude. Conflit d'intérêts : L'auteur ne signale aucun conflit d'intérêts. |
| Keywords: | Maroc Organizational control, Morocco, Risk-Based Solvency (SBR), Insurance, Financial performance, Organizational change, Solvabilité Basée sur les Risques (SBR), Assurance, Performance financière, Changement organisationnel, Contrôle organisationnel, Contrôle organisationnel Changement organisationnel Performance financière Assurance Solvabilité Basée sur les Risques (SBR) Maroc Organizational control Organizational change Financial performance Insurance Risk-Based Solvency (SBR) Morocco |
| Date: | 2025–09–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05281769 |
| By: | Faical Lakhchen (Université Ibn Zohr = Ibn Zohr University [Agadir]) |
| Keywords: | Croissance Economique, chömage, Okun, Maroc |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05281111 |
| By: | Imane Jalidy (USMBA - Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, LIREFIMO - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Economie, Finance et Management des Organisations - FSJES-Fès - Faculté des sciences Juridiques, Economiques et Sociales de Fès); Abderrazak Elhiri (USMBA - Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, LIREFIMO - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Economie, Finance et Management des Organisations - FSJES-Fès - Faculté des sciences Juridiques, Economiques et Sociales de Fès) |
| Abstract: | In the context of accelerated digital transformation in the financial sector, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a crucial driver of FinTech growth, particularly in developing countries such as Morocco. The implementation of AI in financial services—including automated credit scoring, fraud detection, robo-advisory systems, and predictive analytics—offers promising opportunities for financial inclusion, operational efficiency, and expanded access to credit. However, this technological transition raises significant challenges in terms of governance, algorithm regulation, digital sovereignty, and data protection. This article aims to examine the conditions required for the emergence of a hybrid model of technological governance for financial AI in Morocco, one that balances innovation, inclusion, and security. The study adopts a qualitative methodology, combining an in-depth review of recent academic literature, institutional reports (World Bank, OECD, Bank Al-Maghrib), and international benchmarks (EU, Singapore, United Kingdom). It draws upon three complementary theoretical frameworks: adaptive regulation, institutional theory, and dynamic capabilities. Findings highlight Morocco's recent progress in building digital infrastructure and supporting FinTech initiatives, while also pointing out key limitations: institutional fragmentation, the absence of a dedicated legal framework for AI, a shortage of specialized talent, and technological dependency. In response, the article proposes a strategic roadmap structured around five key pillars: a robust legal framework, algorithmic supervision tools (SupTech), sovereign infrastructure, ethical AI governance, and capacity building. Ultimately, the article advocates for a proactive, context-sensitive, and inclusive governance model capable of supporting a sustainable digital transformation of Morocco's financial sector. |
| Abstract: | Dans le cadre d'une digitalisation accélérée du secteur financier, l'intelligence artificielle (IA) se révèle être un outil crucial pour la croissance des FinTechs, spécialement dans les pays en développement tels que le Maroc. L'implémentation de l'intelligence artificielle dans le secteur financier — y compris par le biais de scoring automatisé, la détection de fraudes, les robots-conseillers et l'analyse prédictive — offre des possibilités captivantes pour l'inclusion financière, l'efficacité opérationnelle et l'expansion de l'accès au crédit. Cependant, cette transition technologique pose d'importants défis en matière de gouvernance, de régulation des algorithmes, de souveraineté numérique et de protection des données personnelles. L'objectif de cet article est d'étudier les conditions nécessaires à l'émergence d'un modèle hybride de gouvernance technologique pour l'IA financière au Maroc, qui allie innovation, inclusion et sécurité. Il mobilise une méthode qualitative fondée sur l'analyse croisée de publications académiques récentes, de rapports institutionnels (Banque mondiale, OCDE, Bank Al-Maghrib) et d'exemples internationaux (UE, Singapour, Royaume-Uni). L'étude repose sur trois cadres théoriques : la régulation adaptative, la théorie institutionnelle et les capacités dynamiques. Les résultats mettent en évidence les avancées marocaines en matière d'infrastructures numériques et d'initiatives FinTech, tout en soulignant les limites actuelles : fragmentation institutionnelle, absence de cadre légal dédié à l'IA, déficit de compétences spécialisées, et dépendance technologique. L'article propose une feuille de route structurée autour de cinq axes stratégiques : cadre juridique, outils de supervision algorithmique (SupTech), infrastructures souveraines, éthique algorithmique et renforcement des compétences locales. Il plaide ainsi pour une gouvernance proactive, contextualisée et inclusive, capable d'accompagner durablement la transition numérique du secteur financier marocain. |
| Keywords: | Artificial intelligence, FinTech, Technological governance, Financial inclusion, Morocco, Intelligence artificielle, Maroc, Inclusion financière, Gouvernance technologique |
| Date: | 2025–10–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05333586 |
| By: | Siddig, Khalid; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw; Rakhy, Tarig; Mohamed, Shima; Abushama, Hala |
| Abstract: | Sudan’s market systems continue to face severe disruptions due to ongoing conflict, political instability, and economic disruptions. These challenges have led to volatile prices, limited availability of essential commodities, and rising food and fuel costs, especially in conflict-affected areas. Insecurity, infrastructure damage, and transport disruptions further exacerbate price disparities, making key goods increasingly unaffordable for vulnerable populations. To monitor these dynamics, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is implementing a nationwide market monitoring initiative covering 36 markets, two in each of Sudan’s 18 states. The initiative tracks prices, availability, and quality of essential commodities, monitors exchange rate movements, and gathers qualitative insights from market actors. Each month, data is collected in two rounds: the first during the first two weeks, and the second during the last two weeks. In each round, five merchants per market are interviewed using structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. This fortnightly approach enables timely and consistent tracking of market trends. |
| Keywords: | commodities; prices; markets; shock; Sudan; Africa; Northern Africa |
| Date: | 2025–05–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ssspwp:174762 |
| By: | Siddig, Khalid; Rakhy, Tarig; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw; Mohamed, Shima; Abushama, Hala |
| Abstract: | This report presents an overview of trends in prices, availability, and quality of key commodities in Sudan from February to May 2025. It covers cereals, vegetables, animal products, and other essential commodities such as cooking oil, sugar, agricultural inputs (fertilizers and seeds), fuels, and exchange rates. The analysis reveals notable spatial and temporal disparities in prices, availability, and quality across Sudan’s 18 states. |
| Keywords: | commodities; prices; market economies; shock; capacity development; Sudan; Africa; Northern Africa |
| Date: | 2025–06–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ssspwp:175255 |
| By: | Kamal Chakir (Université Ibn Zohr = Ibn Zohr University [Agadir]) |
| Abstract: | This study constructs a multidimensional Economic Resilience Index (ERI) to comparatively assess the capacity of five African economies (Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria and South Africa) to absorb, adapt, and transform in response to external and internal shocks over the 2005-2024 period. The research addresses a critical gap in existing literature by developing a composite index specifically calibrated for African developing economies, moving beyond generic indices that fail to capture the structural and institutional specificities of the regional context. The theoretical framework builds on evolutionary resilience theory, emphasizing economies' capacity to transform and strengthen their adaptive capabilities long-term rather than simply returning to pre-shock equilibrium. The ERI aggregates three fundamental dimensions: macroeconomic stability (measured by inflation rates, fiscal deficits, public debt ratios, and exchange rate volatility); institutional governance (incorporating government effectiveness, rule of law, corruption control, and political stability using World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators); and structural adaptive capacities (proxied by export diversification indices, innovation investment ratios, human capital development, infrastructure quality, and financial inclusion metrics). Methodologically, the study employs a rigorous approach combining bibliometric analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The bibliometric analysis of 312 scientific articles from Scopus and Web of Science databases, spanning 2000-2025, identifies 21 key variables categorized into three thematic groups. Following PRISMA protocol guidelines, the systematic review reveals an evolution in research themes from macroeconomic stability focus (2000- 2010) to broader adaptability considerations including R&D expenditure and education access (2010-2020), and recent emphasis on climate resilience and renewable energy preparedness (2020-2025). Data compilation draws from internationally recognized sources. The construction process involves Z-score normalization to address outlier sensitivity, sub-index calculation through arithmetic means, and final aggregation using PCA-derived weights to avoid arbitrary equal weighting assumptions. Results empirically demonstrate that governance quality and adaptive capacities constitute primary determinants of resilience gaps, surpassing macroeconomic stability importance in medium-term horizons. This hierarchy becomes particularly evident during systemic shocks: the 2008-2009 global financial crisis, Arab Spring (2010-2012), oil price collapse (2014-2016), and COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021). Countries investing in institutional reforms and adaptive capacity development (Morocco, South Africa) demonstrate superior shock absorption and recovery patterns compared to those relying primarily on macroeconomic stabilization. The study's policy implications emphasize the necessity of holistic resilience strategies integrating simultaneous institutional reforms, human capital investments, infrastructure development, and economic diversification. The ERI provides operational diagnostic tools for governments and international organizations, enabling regular progress monitoring and priority intervention area identification. Beyond practical utility, this research opens new perspectives for measuring and analyzing economic resilience in development contexts, contributing modestly but significantly to addressing crucial continental development challenges posed by climate change, geopolitical instabilities, and technological transformations. |
| Abstract: | Cette étude construit un Indice de Résilience économique (IRE) multidimensionnel afin d'évaluer comparativement la capacité de cinq économies africaines, le Maroc, la Tunisie, l'Égypte, l'Algérie et l'Afrique du Sud, à faire face aux chocs externes et internes sur la période 2005-2024. L'IRE agrège trois dimensions : la stabilité macroéconomique, la gouvernance institutionnelle et les capacités d'adaptation structurelle (proxiées par la diversification des exportations, l'investissement dans l'innovation, le capital humain, les infrastructures et l'inclusion financière). L'analyse longitudinale révèle d'importantes disparités inter-pays dans les trajectoires de résilience, avec une hétérogénéité marquée dans la performance relative des dimensions. Les résultats démontrent empiriquement que la gouvernance et les capacités d'adaptation constituent les déterminants primordiaux expliquant les écarts de résilience observés, surpassant en importance la seule stabilité macroéconomique à moyen terme. Cette hiérarchisation est particulièrement visible lors des chocs systémiques (crise financière globale, Printemps Arabe, pandémie COVID-19). En proposant un cadre méthodologique intégrateur spécifiquement calibré pour les économies en développement africaines, cette recherche comble un vide dans la littérature existante, souvent dépendante d'indices génériques inadaptés aux spécificités structurelles et institutionnelles du contexte. L'IRE offre ainsi un outil opérationnel pour le diagnostic des vulnérabilités et l'élaboration de politiques publiques ciblées visant à renforcer la durabilité des économies africaines face à un environnement mondial incertain. |
| Keywords: | Capacités d’adaptation, Indice composite, Afrique, Gouvernance, Résilience économique |
| Date: | 2025–09–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05290728 |
| By: | Yousuf Daas; Sameh Hallaq; Danilo Leite Dalmon; Jennifer Olmsted |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of the Gaza blockade on private returns to education, with a focus on regional and gender disparities in the Palestinian territories. Using data from the Palestinian Labor Force Survey (2000-2014). Results show that, generally, education yields higher returns in Gaza compared to the West Bank. Gender disparities are pronounced, with women consistently experiencing higher returns to education than men despite systemic barriers to equitable labor market participation. The Gaza blockade itself negatively impacted wages, years of schooling, and returns to education, though women exhibited resilience by increasing their educational investment during this period. These findings show the importance of addressing structural barriers and promoting inclusive policies to mitigate the long-term consequences of conflict on human capital development. |
| Keywords: | labor market; conflict economics; Gaza blockade; Gender equality; Gender wage gap; returns to education |
| JEL: | I25 J16 O15 J31 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lev:wrkpap:wp_1090 |
| By: | Siddig, Khalid; Rakhy, Tarig; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw |
| Abstract: | In September 2025, Sudan’s markets showed relative stability despite conflict, inflation, and weather related disruptions. Cereal and vegetable prices remained broadly stable, while meat, oilseeds, and fuel saw moderate fluctuations. Availability of most essential goods improved slightly, though Darfur states continued to record the highest prices. The parallel exchange rate rose to about 3, 100 SDG/USD, widening the gap with the official rate. Traders cited transport costs, heavy rains, and checkpoint fees as key drivers of higher prices, though logistical challenges eased from August. Liquidity and infrastructure conditions improved: 71 percent of merchants reported no cash short ages and 93 percent faced no storage or power issues. However, security risks persisted in Darfur and Kordofan, affecting trade safety. Profit margins remained mostly stable, while tax compliance declined, especially at the federal level. Despite ongoing challenges, merchants remain resilient—two-thirds plan to maintain current trade levels, and nearly one-fifth aim to expand, reflecting cautious optimism amid uncertainty. |
| Keywords: | commodities; prices; markets; shock; exchange rate; Sudan; Africa; Northern Africa |
| Date: | 2025–10–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ssspwp:177138 |
| By: | Prica, Ivana; El Ouizgani, Imane; Bartlett, Will |
| Abstract: | Abstract This paper analyses the phenomenon of qualification and skill mismatch among university graduates in two countries in Morocco and Serbia. These countries are located within the super-periphery of the EU and face similar challenges in fostering competitive economies capable of trading with and receiving investment from their northern neighbours. Effective skill development and successful labour market matching of university graduates are crucial instruments to meet these challenges. We explore the different dimensions of this requirement based on an analysis of qualification and skill mismatch on the graduate labour market. Our survey reveals simultaneous overqualification and underskilling of university graduates, a high incidence of graduate mismatch combined with low-wage penalties in the public sector, high levels of mismatch and associated relatively high-wage penalties among women graduates, and an amelioration of skill mismatch over time due to on-the-job learning and job switching. |
| Keywords: | Morocco; Serbia; graduate labour markets; higher education systems; qualification mismatch; skill mismatch |
| JEL: | I23 J24 J31 P52 |
| Date: | 2025–09–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129922 |
| By: | Siddig, Khalid; Rakhy, Tarig; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw; Mohamed, Shima; Abushama, Hala |
| Abstract: | This report analyzes key market trends in Sudan from February to June 2025, focusing on the prices, availability, and quality of essential commodities—cereals, vegetables, animal products, agricultural inputs, fuel, and exchange rates. Consistent with previous editions, it reveals significant spatial and temporal disparities across Sudan’s 18 states. Cereals showed mixed trends. Wheat prices stabilized in June after a mid-May spike, while sorghum and millet fluctuated modestly. Wheat flour prices continued rising. Perceived availability and quality, particularly of wheat and wheat flour, deteriorated in June, with highest prices in conflict-affected and remote areas. Vegetables—particularly tomatoes and potatoes—experienced sharp price hikes in June, largely due to seasonal pressures and logistical disruptions. Onion prices were more stable but showed regional variation. Animal products faced upward price pressure and volatility. Prices of lamb, beef, and eggs rose steadily; chicken and fish were erratic, and milk prices fluctuated. Availability declined, especially for beef and eggs. Perceived quality improved for meat but dropped for chicken and fish. Other staples, including sugar, cooking oil, fava beans, and oilseeds, had relatively stable trends overall, but prices varied widely by state. Sugar and fava beans rose sharply, particularly in South Kordofan and Kas sala. Agricultural inputs showed moderate price fluctuations. Improved seed varieties remained costlier than local ones, with peaks for wheat and potato seeds. Fuel prices in parallel markets spiked in April–May before easing in June. South Kordofan and Central Darfur recorded the highest prices. Exchange rates continued to diverge between official and parallel markets, with wide regional dis parities—Khartoum, Gedaref, and North Kordofan reported the highest parallel rates. |
| Keywords: | commodities; prices; market economies; shock; capacity building; Sudan; Africa; Northern Africa |
| Date: | 2025–07–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ssspwp:175659 |
| By: | Roush, Jack |
| Abstract: | In 1957, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi commissioned US agricultural economist Joseph R. Motheral to study Iran’s land tenure system and propose reforms. The resulting Motheral Report laid the foundation for later land redistribution programs, which sought to address, through rural development, the issue of political instability. The report drew upon the Shah’s pre-existing objectives and efforts to advocate for US support in implementing large-scale land reform, including financial assistance and technical training, and outlined a five-year timeline for redistribution. While the report failed to spur immediate action, its key points shaped subsequent efforts by both the US and Iranian governments, including Prime Minister Ali Amini’s land reform efforts in 1961 and the Shah’s White Revolution in 1963 |
| Keywords: | agrarian and rural; international basic economy corporation; international relations; near east foundation |
| JEL: | R14 J01 N0 |
| Date: | 2025–08–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129842 |
| By: | Trabelsi, Mohamed Ali |
| Abstract: | Purpose This study provides an analysis explores the COVID-19 pandemic's influence on inequalities, labor markets, higher education, and the banking sector within the Tunisian context. Design/methodology/approach A survey of 2, 500 companies, carried out by the INS and IFC from April to November 2020, provided the data necessary to achieve the research objectives. Findings The study's results highlight the substantial health and economic strain the COVID-19 crisis placed on Tunisia. We also observed that the pandemic intensified banking vulnerabilities, manifesting as liquidity shortages and a growth in non-performing loans. Practicality and/or Research implications The Tunisian government, in line with other developing countries, faces the challenge of providing crucial support to those social groups hardest hit by the COVID-19 crisis, facilitating the progressive integration of vulnerable segments. Originality/value This paper provided an analysis of the socio-economic conditions that emerged as a result of the COVID-19 crisis and how to remedy the social vulnerability of a large part of Tunisian people and which apply to other developing countries. We propose to find a socio-economic model to fight against poverty and would allow the progressive inclusion of the most vulnerable people. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19 pandemic; Social vulnerability; Poverty; Resilience; Indebtedness; Developing countries. |
| JEL: | G21 H12 I14 I15 I18 I24 J46 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125760 |
| By: | Volckart, Oliver |
| Abstract: | How did the Holy Roman Empire solve the collective action problem of defending itself against the Ottomans between 1566 and 1606? To answer this question, the article first reassesses the extent to which the imperial estates paid their defence dues. The new approach followed here indicates that with on average 72.5 percent, compliance rates were more than 15 percentage points lower than previously suggested. The article then statistically examines factors that influenced compliance, finding that the perceived legitimacy of the grant of a Turkish Aid by the imperial diet increased the estates’ willingness to pay. Also, it finds that several groups of estates were willing to pay larger shares than their respective control groups. It argues that while the emperor used the funds to finance the wars with the Ottomans, the primary motive of these estates for contributing was securing the emperor’s support in protecting private property rights. |
| Keywords: | political economy; defence; Holy Roman Empire; Ottoman Empire |
| JEL: | H10 H26 H30 H41 N44 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129940 |
| By: | Duaa Abdullah; Jasem Hamoud |
| Abstract: | In this paper we provide a good overview of the problems and the background of mathematics education in Syrian schools. We aimed to study the effect of using popular mathematical puzzles on the mathematical thinking of schoolchildren, by conducting a paired experimental study (pre-test and post-test control group design) of the data we obtained through a sample taken from students of sixth-grade primary school students in Syria the Lady Mary School in Syria, in order to evaluate the extent of the impact of popular mathematical puzzles on students' ability to solve problems and mathematical skills, and then the skills were measured and the results were analyzed using a t-test as a tool for statistical analysis. |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2510.26263 |
| By: | El Achkar, Jean H. |
| Abstract: | Kuwait faces mounting pressure to diversify its energy mix, reduce its dependency on landfills, and meet climate targets under Vision 2035. Despite producing over 2.6 million tonnes of organic waste annually, including food and agricultural residues, sewage, and petroleum sludge, bioenergy currently remains absent from Kuwait’s energy portfolio. This paper makes a case for anaerobic digestion (AD) as a strategic enabler of Kuwait’s low-carbon transition. Regional bibliometric analysis reveals Kuwait’s peripheral role in Middle Eastern bioenergy research, characterised by limited collaboration and a lack of thematic leadership. Building on this, the study models a technoeconomic scenario for treating 50% of Kuwait’s organic waste via AD, estimating 394 Gigawatt hours (GWh) of renewable electricity annually, 197, 538 tonnes of CO₂-equivalent emissions avoided, and over $1.81 billion in profit over 20 years. A comparative framework highlights the fiscal and environmental superiority of AD over landfilling. The findings are translated into a policy roadmap that emphasises pricing reform, integration of the circular economy, public-private investment, and alignment of science and policy. AD offers Kuwait the opportunity to transform waste into renewable assets, enhance energy security, meet climate goals, and lead in regional sustainability. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129838 |
| By: | Roudy Sassine |
| Abstract: | Lebanon's longstanding fixed exchange rate regime collapsed in the wake of the country's 2019 financial crisis. This paper examines the underlying monetary factors that contributed to the collapse, offering a new policy framework based on a floating exchange rate system and detailing its superior qualities. However, the paper cautions against a hasty transition without strengthening economic fundamentals. Instead, it argues that transition should proceed first by adopting a managed float, during which the country can increase its fiscal space to enable increased investment in idle capacity and the productive sectors, balancing flexibility with financial stability. Further economic imperatives must be addressed before a fully floating regime can be adopted. The paper concludes by outlining a roadmap for a smooth transition from the fixed exchange rate to a managed float and finally to a fully floating system. |
| Keywords: | Financial crisis; Monetary policy; Monetary sovereignty |
| JEL: | F30 N10 N14 P16 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lev:wrkpap:wp_1094 |
| By: | Yousuf Daas; Sameh Hallaq; Kenichi Kashiwagi; Keiichi Ogawa |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the effect of climate shocks on olive oil production in Palestine, a region acutely vulnerable to both environmental change and political instability. We estimate the influences of temperature and rainfall fluctuations on four key outcomes: the olive-to-oil yield ratio, extracted oil quantity, cultivated olive volume, and olive oil prices. Our findings reveal that higher maximum temperatures significantly reduce both olive yields and oil output, while an increase in minimum temperatures exerts a positive effect. Increased rainfall enhances oil yield and production but simultaneously depresses prices through supply expansion. Results are robust to fixed-effect specifications and non-linear models, and show strong regional heterogeneity. Southern districts are particularly sensitive to rainfall variability and high temperatures. These findings highlight the economic risks of climate shocks to Palestinian olive oil producers and demonstrate the urgent need for adaptive strategies that are regionally tailored and climate resilient. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change and Economic Policy; Olive Oil; Agricultural Shocks; Palestine |
| JEL: | Q54 Q12 O13 N55 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lev:wrkpap:wp_1089 |