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on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Mounir Bellari (EMSI - Ecole Marocaine des Sciences de l'Ingénieur); Hanane El Amraoui |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and earnings management in Morocco, addressing the scarcity of research in African contexts and testing whether CSR-driven firms exhibit reduced financial manipulation. Using a quantitative, positivist approach, we analyze 384 firm-years observations (48 non-financial companies from 2016 to 2023) via logistic regression. Discretionary accruals (proxy for earnings management) are measured using the Kothari et al. (2005) model. Analyses were conducted in RStudio (v4.4.2). Results reveal a significant negative correlation between CSR engagement and earnings management, indicating that Moroccan CSR-focused firms prioritize transparency. Larger firms and those with concentrated ownership further reduce earnings manipulation, aligning with agency theory. These findings mirror international trends but emphasize Morocco's unique institutional dynamics. CSR serves as a disciplinary mechanism against earnings management in Morocco, reinforcing ethical governance. Neo-institutional theory explains how CSR enhances legitimacy and aligns stakeholder interests, particularly in emerging markets. Prioritizing CSR initiatives can strengthen governance frameworks, align managerial behavior with ethical standards, and attract sustainability-focused investors. Firms should embed CSR into core strategies to balance profit motives with stakeholder expectations. |
| Abstract: | Cette étude examine la relation entre la responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) et la gestion des résultats au Maroc, comblant ainsi le manque de recherches dans le contexte africain et vérifiant si les entreprises axées sur la RSE font moins appel à la manipulation financière. À l'aide d'une approche quantitative et positiviste, nous analysons 384 observations d'entreprises-années (48 entreprises non financières de 2016 à 2023) à l'aide d'une régression logistique. Les accruals discrétionnaires (indicateur de la gestion des résultats) sont mesurées à l'aide du modèle de Kothari et al. (2005). Les analyses ont été réalisées dans RStudio (v4.4.2). Les résultats révèlent une corrélation négative significative entre l'engagement en matière de RSE et la gestion des résultats, ce qui indique que les entreprises marocaines axées sur la RSE accordent la priorité à la transparence. Les grandes entreprises et celles dont la propriété est concentrée réduisent encore davantage la manipulation des résultats, conformément à la théorie de l'agence. Ces résultats reflètent les tendances internationales, mais soulignent la dynamique institutionnelle unique du Maroc. La RSE sert de mécanisme disciplinaire contre la gestion des résultats au Maroc, renforçant ainsi la gouvernance éthique. La théorie néo-institutionnelle explique comment la RSE renforce la légitimité et aligne les intérêts des parties prenantes, en particulier sur les marchés émergents. Donner la priorité aux initiatives de RSE peut renforcer les cadres de gouvernance, aligner le comportement des dirigeants sur les normes éthiques et attirer les investisseurs axés sur la durabilité. Les entreprises devraient intégrer la RSE dans leurs stratégies fondamentales afin d'équilibrer les motivations lucratives et les attentes des parties prenantes. |
| Keywords: | Earnings management, Discretionary accruals, Corporate social responsibility (CSR), Corporate social responsibility (CSR) Discretionary accruals Earnings management |
| Date: | 2025–03–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05298813 |
| By: | Mabrouki, Mohamed |
| Abstract: | This study examines the complex relationships between institutional quality, natural capital, and CO₂ emissions in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region from 2000 to 2022. Using a comprehensive panel dataset across 10 MENA countries, we employ robust econometric techniques including fixed effects models in levels and first-differences, and system GMM estimators to address endogeneity and dynamic persistence. Our diagnostic framework incorporates tests for cross-sectional dependence, slope heterogeneity, and cointegration, revealing the absence of long-run equilibrium relationships in the region. The empirical results demonstrate that economic growth (0.48-0.60 elasticity), population pressure (0.73-0.95 elasticity), and investment patterns (0.05-0.09 elasticity) remain primary drivers of CO₂ emissions. Natural capital exhibits a significant positive relationship with emissions (0.11-0.29 elasticity), supporting the environmental resource curse hypothesis. Institutional quality shows a mitigating effect on emissions, though this relationship is complex and operates primarily through long-term channels. The absence of cointegration challenges conventional Environmental Kuznets Curve frameworks and underscores the region's environmental and economic instability. These findings highlight the urgent need for integrated policy approaches combining economic diversification, institutional reforms, and sustainable natural resource management to facilitate climate adaptation in this vulnerable region. |
| Keywords: | CO₂ Emissions, Institutional Quality, Natural Capital, MENA Region, Panel Data Analysis, Environmental Resource Curse, Climate Adaptation |
| JEL: | O57 |
| Date: | 2025–02–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:126563 |
| By: | Anas Hamad (Hamad Medical Corporation [Doha, Qatar]); Ahmed Al-Jedai (College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.); Rita Ojeil (Life Sciences Solution, PDC-CRO, Dubai); Abdulrazaq Sheikh Al-Jazairi (King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.); Adel Alassy (Pharmaceuticals Supply Chain Management, M42 Health, Abu Dhabi); Yazed S Alruthia (College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.); Waiel Al Naeem (Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE.); Hajer Almudaiheem; Mouza Alsaadi (Dubai Health Authority (DHA), LIRAES (URP_ 4470) - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherche Appliquée en Economie de la Santé - UPCité - Université Paris Cité); Nada Alagil; Lina Wahba (مستشفى توام - Tawam Hospital [Al Ain, United Arab Emirates]); Abdulmohsin Marghalani (KFSH & RC - King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre); Amna Al Hashar (Sultan Qaboos Comprehensive Cancer Care and Research Centre, Muscat, Oman.); Abdullah O Alshehry (Pharmacy Services Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.); Sana Alblooshi (مستشفى توام - Tawam Hospital [Al Ain, United Arab Emirates]); Ibtisam Alharbi; Marleine Bejjani Moukarzel (Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City [Abu-Dhabi]); Sara Albalushi (Ministry of Health [Muscat, Oman]); Ahmed M El-Sheashaey; Mohammed A Aseeri (KSAU-HS - King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences [Riyadh]); Farid Alenezy; Fathea Adheir (Sidra Medicine [Doha, Qatar]); Abdulrahman Aloumi (Ministry of Health, Kuwait.); Rehab Alnoaimi; Khalid A Alnaqbi |
| Abstract: | Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are undergoing a critical transformation in their healthcare systems. This empowers them to address the rising burden of complex diseases, including rare diseases, cancer, neurological disorders, and immunological illnesses, which involve a high cost of therapy. A strategic shift from volume-to value-based healthcare (VBH) emphasizes sustainability, enhanced accessibility, and improved health outcomes through innovation. GCC's healthcare is marked by universal coverage and a shifting landscape of public-private partnerships. Rising pharmaceutical costs, especially for specialty drugs, continue to challenge budget sustainability. VBH offers a strategy to align healthcare expenditure with patient outcomes. This framework is supported by global and regional models such as managed entry agreements (MEAs), multi-criteria decision analysis, and real-world evidence (RWE). These models provide guidance for reimbursement strategies and support decision-making regarding high-value treatments. The GCC nations are also progressing towards policy discussion, but face challenges related to infrastructure, regulation, and workforce capacity. The Department of Health (DOH) in Abu Dhabi, which is a governmental health authority in the United Arab Emirates, has officially established a dedicated HTA unit to evaluate and assess new health technologies for evidence-informed decision making. This review highlights specialty care priorities and proposes target strategies such as expanding genetic databases, implementing screening programs, and establishing risk-sharing agreements to improve affordability, particularly for rare diseases. A consensus-driven phased roadmap for GCC-wide VBH adoption is recommended. This includes a focus on MEAs and patient-reported outcome measures, mid-term harmonization of health technology assessments (HTA) and RWE development as well as long-term establishment of digital ecosystems and value-based pricing platforms. Equitable and collaborative policies will be essential to achieving sustainable and inclusive healthcare systems across the GCC. |
| Keywords: | Aseeri, Alenezy, El-Sheashaey, Albalushi, Moukarzel, Alharbi, Alblooshi, managed entry agreement AlShehry, consensus development, specialty drugs, value-based healthcare, Gulf Cooperation Council, Gulf Cooperation Council value-based healthcare specialty drugs consensus development managed entry agreement AlShehry Alblooshi Alharbi Moukarzel Albalushi El-Sheashaey Aseeri Alenezy |
| Date: | 2025–11–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05354531 |
| By: | Amal Allouni (UCA - Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech]); Charaf Saidi (UCA - Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech]) |
| Abstract: | This article explores the compliance behaviors of SMEs in response to digitalized tax audits, highlighting the relationship between the Tax Administration (AF) and SMEs. The study is based on game theory and agency theory to understand the reciprocal influence between the AF, which uses automated systems to intensify tax audits, and SMEs, which seek to optimize their tax burden to maximize profits. To achieve this objective, we adopted an interpretative approach with inductive reasoning to deepen our understanding of compliance behaviors. Our qualitative methodology is based on a case study and data collection using two main tools: document analysis and semi-structured interviews. These interviews were conducted with twelve professionals. The collected data were then analyzed using NVIVO software. The results show that digitalization contributes to improving the efficiency of tax audits and has a dual influence on SMEs' behaviors: in terms of compliance with regulations on one hand, and by increasing the perceived tax pressure on the other. Recommendations have been made to strengthen collaboration between the AF and SMEs, notably by simplifying access to digital platforms through detailed guides and specific training. It is also suggested to apply deterrent sanctions, such as financial penalties, along with incentives like tax reductions. |
| Abstract: | Cet article explore les comportements de conformité des PME face au contrôle fiscal dématérialisé, en mettant en lumière la relation entre l'Administration Fiscale (AF) et les PME. L'étude repose sur les théories de jeux et de l'agence pour comprendre l'influence réciproque entre l'AF, qui utilise des systèmes automatisés pour intensifier les contrôles fiscaux, et les PME, qui cherchent à optimiser leur charge fiscale pour maximiser leurs bénéfices. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons choisi un positionnement interprétativiste avec un raisonnement inductif pour approfondir notre compréhension des comportements de conformité. Notre méthodologie qualitative repose sur une étude de cas et une collecte de données via deux outils principaux : l'analyse documentaire et les entretiens semi-directifs. Ces entretiens ont été réalisés auprès de douze professionnels. Les résultats obtenus ont ensuite été analysés à l'aide du logiciel NVIVO. Les résultats montrent que la dématérialisation contribue à l'amélioration de l'efficacité des contrôles fiscaux et influencée doublement les comportements des PME : en matière de conformité aux règles d'une part, et en accentuant la pression fiscale ressentie d'autre part. Des recommandations ont été formulées pour renforcer la collaboration entre l'AF et les PME, notamment en simplifiant l'accès aux plateformes numériques par le biais de guides détaillés et de formations spécifiques. Il est également suggéré d'appliquer des sanctions dissuasives, telles que des pénalités financières, et des incitations comme des réductions d'impôts. |
| Keywords: | Digitalization, Tax audit, Tax compliance, SMEs, conformité fiscale, PME, Contrôle fiscal, Dématérialisation |
| Date: | 2025–10–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05313847 |
| By: | Fatima Ahekkad (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire en Management des organisations et en Economie Appliquée - UMI - جامعة مولاي إسماعيل = Université Moulay Ismaïl); Abdelkader Charba (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire en Management des organisations et en Economie Appliquée - UMI - جامعة مولاي إسماعيل = Université Moulay Ismaïl) |
| Abstract: | Abstract : This article examines the role and perception of University Social Responsibility (USR) within Moroccan public universities. Drawing on a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews conducted with eight key stakeholders (including faculty members, administrative staff, and a representative from the Ministry of Higher Education), the research highlights a growing interest in USR, increasingly regarded as a lever for modernization, improved governance, and enhanced institutional performance. Despite this emerging awareness, several structural and organizational constraints hinder the effective implementation of USR. These include the absence of a coherent national strategy, limited financial and human resources, insufficient training, and a weak culture of monitoring and evaluation. As a result, USR initiatives often remain fragmented, isolated, and disconnected from the universities' broader strategic planning. To address these shortcomings, the study formulates a series of recommendations aimed at integrating USR more effectively into university governance. These include the development of a national strategic framework for USR, the systematic training of academic and administrative staff, and the adoption of robust and context-sensitive evaluation tools. Ultimately, the study advocates for the institutionalization of USR as a core, measurable, and sustainable component of the university's mission, extending its role beyond teaching and research to a more active engagement with societal development and public accountability. Keywords: Social responsibility, public university, governance, qualitative analysis. Classification JEL: I23, M14 Paper type: Empirical Research |
| Abstract: | Résumé : Cet article examine de manière approfondie la place, la perception et les dynamiques de mise en œuvre de la responsabilité sociétale universitaire (RSU) au sein des universités publiques marocaines. En s'appuyant sur une méthodologie qualitative, basée sur des entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès de huit acteurs institutionnels clés (enseignants-chercheurs, cadres administratifs, représentant du ministère), l'étude met en lumière une prise de conscience croissante de l'importance de la RSU. Celle-ci est perçue par les répondants comme un levier stratégique permettant non seulement de moderniser la gouvernance universitaire, mais également de renforcer son ancrage territorial, sa légitimité sociale et sa contribution au développement durable. Les résultats révèlent une série de freins structurels : absence de stratégie claire, ressources humaines et financières limitées, faible culture d'évaluation, et manque de coordination entre les initiatives existantes. Ces éléments entravent une institutionnalisation effective de la RSU. L'article souligne ainsi l'urgence de dépasser une approche fragmentaire ou symbolique. Parmi les recommandations issues de l'analyse figurent la création d'un cadre national cohérent pour la RSU, la formation des acteurs universitaires à ses enjeux et outils, ainsi que le développement d'indicateurs d'évaluation adaptés. L'objectif est de faire de la RSU une composante intégrée, mesurable et durable de la mission universitaire. Mots clés : Responsabilité sociétale, université publique, gouvernance, analyse qualitative. JEL Classification : I23, M14 Type du papier : Recherche empirique |
| Keywords: | governance, qualitative analysis., public university, Social responsibility, analyse qualitative., gouvernance, université publique, Responsabilité sociétale |
| Date: | 2025–08–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05308794 |
| By: | Rodgers, Winthrop |
| Abstract: | A decade-long financial crisis in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) has hit public servants the hardest. In response to retaliatory budget cuts by Iraq’s federal government over Kurdish independent oil exports, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) initiated a range of austerity measures seeking to maintain financial solvency. This policy included the non-payment and delay of salaries, a formal salary withholding scheme, dramatic reductions in public sector recruitment, and the suspension of promotions for existing workers. It resulted in extensive economic, social, and political consequences that have contributed to the breakdown of the KRI’s social contract and eroded the power of the two ruling parties. Despite its local importance, this issue has attracted little academic and international media attention, which this paper attempts to address. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:130368 |
| By: | Tuki, Daniel |
| Abstract: | Drawing on data from Rounds 7-10 of the Afrobarometer survey, conducted in Morocco between 2018 and 2024 (n = 4, 800), this study examines the relationship between lived poverty and attitudes toward immigrants and foreign workers. Lived poverty is measured using an index that combines the frequency with which respondents and their household members lacked basic necessities such as food, water, medical care, cooking fuel, and cash income. Hostility is measured using responses to an item asking about respondents' willingness to have immigrants and foreign workers as neighbors, with answers recorded on a five-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly like" to "strongly dislike." Regression analyses reveal that higher levels of poverty are associated with greater reluctance to have immigrants as neighbors. These findings suggest that economic vulnerability may heighten perceived intergroup competition, which in turn could lead to anti-immigrant sentiment. By focusing on Morocco, a key node in North-South migration flows, this study contributes to broader debates on how structural inequality shapes public opinion toward migrants in the Global South. |
| Keywords: | Morocco, poverty, hostility, discrimination, immigrants, foreign workers |
| JEL: | F22 I30 J15 J61 J71 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:gigawp:333405 |
| By: | Maryem Ezbiri; Lotfi Benazzou (UIT - Université Ibn Tofaïl) |
| Abstract: | This document provides an overview of the main challenges facing operational risk management in Moroccan companies. It also lists the main sources of risk these institutions encounter, such as human, technical, and regulatory risks. The research also highlights gaps in risk identification, assessment, and management in the region, which can be seriously hampered by insufficient resources and low risk appetite, a lack of risk culture or also an inadequate regulatory regime. It also highlights the lack of a coherent strategy to systematically integrate risk management instruments into corporate governance. Given the specific economic and institutional conditions characterizing Morocco, this document proposes greater professionalization of operational risk management. Finally, it suggests avenues for research to further strengthen the capacity of Moroccan companies to anticipate, prevent, and effectively manage these risks in accordance with international best practices and sustainable development needs. |
| Abstract: | Résumé : Cette étude explore comment l'IA optimise la performance financière des entreprises dans un environnement économique turbulent. L'objectif est d'identifier les technologies et les mécanismes de cette technologie permettant d'améliorer la compétitivité. La motivation relève de la nécessité pour les organisations de s'adapter aux mutations technologiques et aux attentes accrues en efficacité. Une revue intégrative croise la littérature académique et professionnelle à savoir les études empiriques et les modèles théoriques comme la théorie de la décision de Simon et les rapports sectoriels. L'approche intègre des perspectives pluridisciplinaires à l'instar de la gestion, l'informatique et l'économie. Les principales conclusions théoriques générées à travers cette étude d'une part l'IA améliorent la prise de décision via l'analyse de données massives avec un impact mesurable sur la productivité. D'ailleurs l'automatisation permet aux gestionnaires de se libérer pour des missions stratégiques au lieu des tâches répétitives notamment en comptabilité et en audits. D'autant plus, grâce aux fonctionnalités intégrées et particulièrement la prédiction réduisent considérablement les fraudes et anticipent les risques financiers. D'autre part, la montée des débats entre IA substantive ou autrement dit le remplacement humain et l'IA complémentaire en d'autres termes, la collaboration de l'homme et la machine. En outre, les indicateurs de mesure et d'évaluation de la performance se distinguent entre les critères financiers et critères durables, soit les coûts environnementaux d'où la nécessité d'en poursuivre une logique intégrée. Cependant, certaines limites de cet article théorique surgissent concernant l'application aux PME négligées au profit des grandes entreprises ensuite que le biais algorithmiques et défis éthiques sont sous-étudiés engendrant le phénomène de discrimination et finalement les répercussions de la résilience organisationnelle au long terme de l'IA suite à sa mal documentation. Toutefois le champ actuel fait ressortir un certain nombre de limites par exemple la survalorisation des aspects techniques et plus précisément les algorithmes au détriment des enjeux culturels relatifs à la résistance au changement et le manque de modèles sectoriels différenciés que ça soit la banque, l'industrie…etc. L'IA transforme la performance financière via l'innovation technologique, mais son déploiement optimal exige de combler les lacunes théoriques à savoir la résilience, l'éthique et la petite et moyenne entreprise ainsi d'équilibrer conjointement l'efficacité économique et la responsabilité sociétale. JEL Code : M21-P17-O36 Type du papier : article théorique Abstract : This study explores how AI optimizes the financial performance of companies in a turbulent economic environment. The objective is to identify the technologies and mechanisms within this technology that enhance competitiveness. The motivation stems from thenecessity for organizations to adapt to technological changes and heightened expectations of efficiency. An integrative review cross-references academic and professional literature, including empirical studies and theoretical models such as Simon's decision theory and sector reports. The approach incorporates multidisciplinary perspectives, including management, computer science, and economics.The main theoretical conclusions generated by this study are, on the one hand, that AI improves decision-making through big data analysis, with a measurable impact on productivity. Moreover, automation frees managers to focus on strategic tasks instead of repetitive ones, particularly in accounting and auditing. Additionally, integrated features—especially prediction—significantly reduce fraud and anticipate financial risks. On the other hand, debates arise between substantive AI, meaning human replacement, and complementary AI, i.e., collaboration between humans and machines.Furthermore, performance measurement and evaluation indicators distinguish between financial criteria and sustainable criteria, including environmental costs, highlighting the need for an integrated approach. However, some limitations of this theoretical article emerge, such as the neglect of applications to SMEs in favor of large companies, as well as under-researched algorithmic biases and ethical challenges, which lead to discrimination phenomena. Finally, there is insufficient documentation on the long-term organizational resilience effects of AI.Nevertheless, the current field reveals several limitations, for example, the overemphasis on technical aspects—specifically algorithms—at the expense of cultural issues related to resistance to change and the lack of differentiated sector-specific models, whether in banking, industry, etc. AI transforms financial performance through technological innovation, but its optimal deployment requires addressing theoretical gaps, namely resilience, ethics, and SMEs, as well as balancing economic efficiency with social responsibility. |
| Keywords: | operational risks, challenges, risk management, Risk, Risk risk management operational risks Moroccan companies challenges, Moroccan companies |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05252105 |
| By: | Bulut, Mehmet; Korkut, Cem |
| Abstract: | This chapter explores the evolution of Islamic finance in Türkiye within the context of global economic challenges, highlighting its emergence as a key player in the international Islamic finance community. Türkiye has effectively leveraged its strategic geographical position and historical ties to Islamic culture to strengthen its influence. A robust regulatory framework has been crucial in supporting the growth of Sharia-based financial institutions, ensuring equitable competition between Islamic and conventional finance sectors. The government’s proactive policies have facilitated the development of participation banks and innovative financial products, bolstering Türkiye’s reputation in the global market. Türkiye’s commitment to innovation and product diversification has established it as a hub for advanced Islamic financial products. The country has pioneered the development of Sharia-based instruments, such as sukuk and takaful, catering to a broad spectrum of domestic and international investors. These innovations, coupled with the integration of fintech solutions, have broadened ethical investment options and attracted a diverse clientele seeking alternatives to conventional finance. Furthermore, Türkiye has engaged in strategic international partnerships, collaborating with countries like Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates to enhance its capabilities and incorporate advanced financial practices. These collaborations have amplified Türkiye’s influence in the global market and attracted significant foreign investment. Türkiye’s strategic location and infrastructure facilitate efficient capital flow and expertise exchange between Eastern and Western markets, positioning it as a pivotal link in global financial networks. As the demand for ethical and socially responsible financial products continues to rise globally, Türkiye is well-positioned to lead in developing solutions that meet these evolving investor needs. By maintaining a supportive regulatory environment and fostering international collaboration, Türkiye reinforces its status as a leader in the Islamic finance sector. Its strategic initiatives not only ensure its resilience and sustainability but also contribute significantly to the industry’s growth and diversification on a global scale. This proactive approach underscores Türkiye’s potential to shape the future of Islamic finance, setting benchmarks for innovation and ethical investment practices worldwide. |
| Keywords: | Islamic Finance, Sharia-Based Institutions, Sharia-Based Instruments, Regulatory Framework, Innovation and Diversification, International Collaboration |
| JEL: | G10 P40 P48 Z12 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:126575 |
| By: | Caroline Krafft; Ragui Assaad; Ruotong Li |
| Abstract: | How do childhood environments contribute to intergenerational economic mobility? This paper explores the relative roles of family background (parents' wages, income, and wealth during the early years), and neighbourhoods (including access to services during childhood), in determining intergenerational economic mobility in Egypt. The research leverages 25 years of panel data, across five waves, spanning 1998-2023. Relative and absolute changes within wage, income, and wealth distributions are examined, along with tests of origin independence. |
| Keywords: | Intergenerational Mobility, Wages, Income, Wealth, Panel data analysis, Egypt |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2025-95 |
| By: | Tatiana Orozco Garcia; Neil T. N. Ferguson |
| Abstract: | An increasing proportion of the world's poor live in fragile states, and efforts to build economic and social stability increasingly focus on those settings. Fragility harms the political and economic ecosystem, as well as individual endowments. Interventions that only focus on overcoming individual constraints might be insufficient. Support for entrepreneurs to overcome skills or credit constraints might have limited impacts if local economies cannot sustain the businesses they start, limiting impact on economic and social stability. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneurship, Fragility, Employment, Economic development, Social stability, Poverty, Tunisia, Somalia |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2025-93 |