|
on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Isachenko, Daria |
| Abstract: | Turkey's policy in the Black Sea region is the result of not only a complex relationship with Russia but also of a difficult relationship with the West. In particular, US policy in the Middle East has a major impact on how Ankara positions itself in the Black Sea region. An important feature of the Black Sea region has been and continues to be the shared Turkish and Russian vision of a regional order that excludes external actors. This can be seen in the way Turkey interpreted the Montreux Convention after the outbreak of war in Ukraine and in the way the Black Sea Grain Initiative came about. Under the Montreux Convention, Ankara has a decisive role in the limitation of extra-regional fleets in the Black Sea. This is partly due to Turkish control of the straits. On the other hand, there are also treaty-based tonnage restrictions for warships of non-littoral states that are allowed to stay in the Black Sea temporarily. Ankara's manoeuvres are contributing significantly to the West's uncertainty about Turkey's foreign policy orientation. However, Ankara is not questioning its security anchorage in NATO. As well as securing its leadership role in the Black Sea region, Ankara is also keen to assert its economic interests. |
| Keywords: | War in Ukraine, Turkey, Black Sea Region, Turkey's relationship with Russia, Turkey's relationship with the West, regional order, Montreux Convention, Black Sea Grain Initiative, NATO |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swprps:122023&r=ara |
| By: | Hamdi El Asli (USMS - Université Sultan Moulay Slimane); Azeroual Mohamed (USMS - Université Sultan Moulay Slimane) |
| Abstract: | This paper sets out to estimate the private sector's contribution to Morocco's education effort through direct investment, to identify its determinants and determine its profitability in return on investment it generates, and ultimately to assess its resilience during periods of crisis, in our case the2008 financial crisis and the COVID19 health crisis.At the macroeconomic level, the results reveal a significant return on investment for the sector, approaching 20%, specific investment drivers, and a nuanced resilience to crises: strong in the case of the 2008 crisis and vulnerable in the case of the Covid19 one. Despite its full expansion, and its positioning as a place of choice on which all stakeholders are banking: decision-makers, households and investors, investment in the sector is currently far away from fulfilling the mission assigned to it, and is unfortunately inculcating socio-economic disparities among the youngest people, thus hitting hard at the principles of equity and quality in the acquisition of knowledge.The followed approach is InterpretativePhenomenological Analysis (IPA) through Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), related in terms of macroeconomic level. |
| Abstract: | Ce papier s'atèle à estimer la contribution du secteur privé dans l'effort de l'éducation au Maroc par le biais de l'investissement direct, à cerner ses déterminants, à arrêter sa rentabilité quant au retour sur investissement qu'il génère et in fine à évaluer sa résilience pendant les périodes de crises, en l'occurrence, celle financière de 2008 et celle sanitaire du COVID19. Les résultats dégagent au niveau macroéconomique un important retour sur investissement du secteur frôlant les 20%, des déterminantsd'investissement spécifiques et une résilience nuancée face aux crises, forte vis-à-vis de celle de 2008 et vulnérable contre celle du Covid19. Malgré sa pleine expansion, et son positionnement comme place de choix sur laquelle misent toutes les parties prenantes: décideurs, ménages et investisseurs, l'investissement dans le secteur est actuellement loin de remplir la mission qui lui est assignée et inculque malheureusement les disparités socio-économiques auprès des plus jeunes couches sociales frappant ainsi de plein fouet les principes de l'équité et la qualité de l'acquisition du savoir. L'approche suivie est interprétative phénoménologique (IPA) parle reporting des revues systématiques de littérature et Meta-Analyses en relation sur le plan macroéconomique. |
| Keywords: | investissement privé , social , éducation , crise 2008 , crise Covid19 , African Scientific Journal |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04229652&r=ara |
| By: | Ali, Amjad; Sumaira, Sumaira; Siddique, Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar; Ashiq, Saima |
| Abstract: | The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has witnessed unprecedented economic growth in recent decades, propelling it onto the global stage. However, this rapid growth is often associated with a notable increase in carbon dioxide emissions, which carry significant environmental ramifications. In light of this pressing concern, this research undertakes a comprehensive examination of the intricate relationships between economic growth, energy consumption, urbanization, and carbon dioxide emissions within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from 1980 to 2020. This study employs autoregressive distributed lag approach to uncover the multifaceted dynamics at play. The empirical findings of the study reveal a compelling narrative about the Kingdom's natural landscape. Particularly noteworthy is the revelation that economic growth, urbanization, and energy consumption emerge as pivotal long-term drivers of escalating pollution. These findings underscore the critical necessity for policies that strike a balance between economic development and environmental preservation. Furthermore, the study disentangles the intricate web of causation among these factors. It becomes evident that economic growth and pollution exhibit bidirectional causality, illuminating the intricate connection between economic prosperity and environmental consequences. Additionally, commercial activities have been empirically shown to exert a substantial influence on pollution levels in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To address these challenges, a pivotal shift towards a low-carbon technological revolution is proposed as a means of achieving sustained economic development. This transition towards environmentally friendly technologies holds the potential to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, paving the way for a greener and more prosperous future for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. |
| Keywords: | Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Urbanization, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |
| JEL: | O4 Q4 R0 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118832&r=ara |
| By: | Touhami Abdelkhalek; Dorothée Boccanfuso |
| Abstract: | Public policies, particularly those related to tax policy and subsidies, should help reduce poverty and inequality. However, the combination of the components of these two systems, as implemented, leads sometimes to an increase in poverty and/or inequality without this being necessarily visible. In this paper, based on data from the 2019 wave of the ONDH Household Panel Survey from Morocco, we first highlight the ifluence of taxes and subsidies on household incomes. We then derive the income variations relating to the tax burden and gains from subsidies for the different population groups. We then characterize taxes and subsidies in terms of their progressiveness and regressiveness. Finally, using a Shapley decomposition, we determine the contribution of each tax and subsidy to poverty and inequality measures. This analysis is done separately for rural and urban areas, useful to formulate recommendations on this basis. Our results show that the tax and subsidy system, taken all together, is redistributive. We can also conclude unambiguously that this system reduces poverty and inequality. However, the value-added tax (VAT) is regressive in its current form, unlike income tax, which is progressive. Finally, subsidies for primary and secondary education are highly progressive, while those for higher education are regressive, benefiting the wealthiest quintiles. Les politiques publiques, notamment celles liées à la politique fiscale et aux subventions, devraient normalement contribuer à réduire la pauvreté et les inégalités. Cependant, la combinaison des différentes composantes dans leur mise en œuvre, conduit parfois à une augmentation de la pauvreté et/ou des inégalités sans que cela soit nécessairement visible. Dans cet article et sur la base des données de la vague 2019 de l'Enquête Panel des Ménages de l'ONDH au Maroc, nous mettons d'abord en évidence l'influence des impôts et des subventions sur les revenus des ménages. Nous dérivons ensuite les variations de revenus relatives à la charge fiscale et aux bénéfices des subventions pour différents groupes de population. Nous caractérisons ensuite les impôts et les subventions en termes de progressivité et de régressivité. Enfin, à l'aide d'une décomposition de Shapley, nous déterminons la contribution de chaque impôt et subvention aux mesures de la pauvreté et de l'inégalité. Cette analyse est effectuée en distinguant les zones rurales et urbaines afin de formuler de meilleures recommandations. Nos résultats montrent que le système d'impôts et de subventions, pris dans son ensemble, est redistributif. Nous concluons également sans ambiguïté que le système fiscal réduit la pauvreté et les inégalités. Cependant, la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée est régressive dans sa forme actuelle, contrairement à l'impôt sur le revenu qui est progressif. Enfin, les subventions à l'enseignement primaire et secondaire sont fortement progressives, alors que celles à l'enseignement supérieur sont régressives et profitent aux quintiles les plus riches. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal system, Poverty, Inequality, Shapley decomposition, Morocco, Fiscalité, Pauvreté, Inégalités, Décomposition de Shapley, Maroc |
| JEL: | H20 H53 I32 |
| Date: | 2023–10–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2023s-22&r=ara |
| By: | Ullah, Nazim; Mat Nor, Fauzias; Abu Seman, Junaidah; fadly, ahmed; ainna, nur |
| Abstract: | Merger and acquisition known as a market expansion strategy. This paper examines several factors associated with M&A namely bank size, intermediary role, modes of financing, bank-specific variables, and macro-economic variables on the operational performance and stability along with the mediation role of market structure for Islamic banks. This paper employs panel data techniques and SEM to analyse a set of unbalanced panel samples of 10 Islamic banks during 2004Q1 to 2020Q4 from six countries, namely Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirate, Bahrain, and Pakistan. The results indicate that M&A improve post-M&A performance of Islamic banks while stability does not improve. Interestingly, there is no mediation effects of market structure on the relationship between M&A, operational performance, and stability. Policymakers should emphasis M&A towards the Islamic bank, however, to be stable, it may take more than 5 years. |
| Keywords: | Merger and Acquisition (M&A); operational performance; bank stability; market structure; Islamic banks. |
| JEL: | G34 |
| Date: | 2023–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118683&r=ara |
| By: | Hamza Nidaazzi (LIRE-MD - Cadi Ayyad University); Hind Hourmat Allah (LIRE-MD - Cadi Ayyad University) |
| Abstract: | This article examines the impact of cultural conservatism on family businesses from a sociological perspective, drawing on theories such as social capital theory, social identity theory, symbolic interactionism theory, conflict theory, and the Resource-Based View (RBV). The aim is to understand how cultural conservatism, defined as resistance to change, persistence of traditional beliefs, and maintaining the status quo, influences decision-making processes, organization, and the strategic posture of family businesses. The study focuses on the case of Moroccan family businesses, where cultural conservatism proves to be a crucial variable, representing the values and beliefs of their founders. The results of this reflection indicate that cultural conservatism can lead to a lack of diversity in management and decision-making processes, a rigid organizational structure, and resistance to change and innovation. This can ultimately hinder the competitiveness of family businesses. The article advocates for a balanced approach that takes into account the need to preserve tradition and intergenerational continuity while adapting to change in order to ensure the sustainability of family businesses. |
| Abstract: | Cet article étudie l'impact du conservatisme culturel sur les entreprises familiales d'un point de vue sociologique, en s'appuyant sur des théories telles que la théorie du capital social, la théorie de l'identité sociale, la théorie de l'interactionnisme symbolique, la théorie du conflit et la théorie des ressources. L'objectif est de comprendre comment le conservatisme culturel, défini comme la résistance au changement, la persistance des croyances traditionnelles et le maintien du statu quo, influence les processus décisionnels, l'organisation et la posture stratégique des entreprises familiales. L'étude se concentre sur le cas des entreprises familiales marocaines, où le conservatisme culturel s'avère une variable cruciale, représentant les valeurs et les croyances de leurs fondateurs. Les résultats de cette réflexion indiquent que le conservatisme culturel peut entraîner un manque de diversité dans les processus de gestion et de prise de décision, une structure organisationnelle rigide et une résistance au changement et à l'innovation. Cela peut, en fin de compte, entraver la compétitivité des entreprises familiales. L'article défend une approche équilibrée qui prend en considération la nécessité de préserver la tradition et la continuité intergénérationnelle tout en s'adaptant au changement afin d'assurer la pérennité des entreprises familiales. |
| Keywords: | Change, Competitiveness, Cultural conservatism, Family businesses, Morocco |
| Date: | 2023–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04233346&r=ara |
| By: | Alami Mohamed (Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Fes saiss, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdella - Department of Electrical Engineering - USMBA - Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah) |
| Abstract: | Today, the presence of information technology (IT) in Moroccan companies has accelerated with the evolution of the IT market and the growth of the digitalization of their environment. The adoption of IT has often given rise to a number of problems affecting its effective use, particularly in terms of performance management. Resistance to the use of IT is at the top of this list, and has become one of the most frequently cited variables in the literature on the subject. The aim of this study is, on the one hand, to contribute to the literature on the subject. On the other hand, to help IT managers understand user behaviour so that they can align their IT strategies with business processes. To do this, we opted for a qualitative approach, adopting a methodology based on multiple case studies and using semi-structured interviews as a data collection and analysis technique. The main results show that some users are resistant to IT. This resistance is mainly due to factors linked, on the one hand, to the IT department's failure to align IT strategies with business processes, and, on the other hand, to the malfunctioning of the IT solutions adopted and the lack of IT skills among some users. This situation is at the root of the lack of confidence in the performance management information produced by the IT solutions implemented. Keywords : Perception ; information technology ; performance management ; usage behaviour. |
| Abstract: | Aujourd'hui, la présence des technologies d'information (TI) dans les entreprises marocaines s'est accélérée avec l'évolution qu'a connue le marché informatique et la croissance des mouvements de digitalisation de leur environnement. Souvent, l'adoption des TI a soulevé différents problèmes impactant leur utilisation performante, notamment pour le pilotage de la performance. Entête de ces problèmes, vient la résistance envers l'utilisation des TI qui est devenue une des variables les plus mobilisées dans la littérature en la matière. L'objectif de la présente étude, d'un côté, est de contribuer à l'enrichissement de la littérature en la matière. De l'autre côté, d'aider les responsables des services TI à comprendre le comportement des utilisateurs pour qu'ils arrivent a bien aligné leurs stratégies TI sur les processus métiers. Pour cela, nous avons opté pour une approche qualitative en adoptant une méthodologie fondée sur les études de cas multiples en nous basant sur les entretiens semi-directifs en tant que technique de collecte et d'analyse des données. Les principaux résultats obtenus font apparaitre l'existence d'un comportement de résistance envers les TI chez une partie des utilisateurs. Cette résistance est due, principalement, aux facteurs liés, d'une part aux défauts d'alignement de la stratégie TI sur les processus métiers par le service-TI, et d'autre part aux dysfonctionnements des solutions-TI adoptées et au manque de compétences en informatique chez certains utilisateurs. Une telle situation est à l'origine du manque de confiance des informations de pilotage de la performance produites par les TI implémentées. Mots clés : Perception ; technologies d'information ; pilotage de la performance ; comportement envers l'utilisation. |
| Keywords: | Perception, information technology, performance management, usage behaviour, technologies d’information, pilotage de la performance, comportement envers l’utilisation |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04224226&r=ara |
| By: | Ayhan, Sinem H. (Institute for East and Southeast European Studies, Regensburg); Lehmann, Hartmut (Leibniz Institute for East and Southeast European Studies (IOS)); Pelek, Selin (Galatasaray University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the dynamics of Turkey's labor market using job flow analysis. We analyze administrative data from 2006 to 2021, encompassing all non-financial firms and their employees registered with social security institutions, to examine employment dynamics during various periods, including significant shocks like the 2008 global recession, the local currency collapse in late 2018, and the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. We examine how an extended set of firm characteristics influences employment structure dynamics. Turkey's labor market is highly dynamic, with job reallocation rates ranging from 34% to 44%, surpassing Anglo-Saxon nations and significantly exceeding transition countries, but having similar rates of developing countries. High excess job reallocation rates reveal substantial and genuine job structure changes in Turkey, especially notable in the construction sector, where job creation persistence is remarkably low. Micro firms (up to 10 employees) dominate job creation and destruction, with declining job flow rates as firms grow larger or older. Low-tech industries in manufacturing display a similar pattern, contributing significantly to job creation and destruction. Firms strongly engaged in imports and/or exports also contribute more to job creation and job destruction compared to those with low exposure to international trade. |
| Keywords: | job creation, job destruction, firm characteristics, administrative data, Turkey |
| JEL: | E24 J08 J23 J63 L25 L26 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16491&r=ara |
| By: | Michelle W. Bowman |
| Date: | 2023–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgsq:97103&r=ara |
| By: | Muhammet Enes Çirakli |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of a subsidy program that had been put into practice since 2013 on employment and the rate of formality. According to this program, labor costs were reduced by subsidizing social security contribution rates in cities with low socioeconomic development status. Thus, some of the cities/regions in Türkiye constituted a potential experimental group and some of them formed a potential control group. The impact of the regional subsidy on the labor market was estimated using the Household Labor Force Survey annual datasets and the difference-in-differences method. The results of the analysis show that the regional subsidy program on non-agricultural employment was positive and statistically significant. The positive effect on non-agricultural employment was observed in the regression results for men and women. |
| Keywords: | Employment, Employment subsidies, Difference-in-differences |
| JEL: | J08 J18 J23 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:2302&r=ara |
| By: | Demirhan Demir; Selçuk Gül; Abdullah Kazdal |
| Abstract: | Advances in the integration to global value chains lead the use of imported inputs in production to increase. While the use of foreign intermediate products in domestic production may be linked with productivity gains over the medium-to-long term, the extent of the import dependency in production may also matter, especially from a trade-elasticity perspective. This study examines whether the import dependency of production in the manufacturing sectors in Türkiye plays a role in the relationship between real exchange rate movements and variations in export volume. Estimations regarding the short-run and long-run dynamics and the impulse response functions from the local projections provide evidence that the degree of import dependency does matter in terms of the responsiveness of export demand to the real exchange rate dynamics. Manufacturing sectors with relatively lower import dependency have higher real exchange rate elasticity of exports, which indicates that the firms in those sectors, on average, are more elastic in the price determination process with respect to the real exchange rate fluctuations. On the other hand, the results of the study show that the main determinant of Türkiye’s exports is the variations in external demand, and the effect of real exchange rate movements on export volume is relatively limited. |
| Keywords: | Import requirement, Real exchange rate elasticity, Local projections |
| JEL: | C23 F14 F31 L60 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:2305&r=ara |
| By: | Yusuf Emre Akgunduz; Abdurrahman B. Aydemir; Halil Ibrahim Aydin |
| Abstract: | We estimate the causal effects of entrepreneur education on credit outcomes. We link credit and business registries and identify the effects of education on access to credit, loan terms and default using a compulsory schooling reform implemented in Türkiye. More educated cohorts have higher access to credit, receive 3.3 percent larger loans and pay 0.23 percentage points lower interest rates compared to less educated cohorts despite no differences in borrowers' creditworthiness. We test alternative explanations for our findings and conclude that education reduces credit search costs and enables borrowers to shop around banks for better loan terms. |
| Keywords: | Compulsory schooling, Entrepreneurship, Bank loans |
| JEL: | G21 I25 O16 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:2301&r=ara |
| By: | Nidaazzi, Hamza; Hourmat Allah, Hind |
| Abstract: | This article examines the impact of cultural conservatism on family businesses from a sociological perspective, drawing on theories such as social capital theory, social identity theory, symbolic interactionism theory, conflict theory, and the Resource-Based View (RBV). The aim is to understand how cultural conservatism, defined as resistance to change, persistence of traditional beliefs, and maintaining the status quo, influences decision-making processes, organization, and the strategic posture of family businesses. The study focuses on the case of Moroccan family businesses, where cultural conservatism proves to be a crucial variable, representing the values and beliefs of their founders. The results of this reflection indicate that cultural conservatism can lead to a lack of diversity in management and decision-making processes, a rigid organizational structure, and resistance to change and innovation. This can ultimately hinder the competitiveness of family businesses. The article advocates for a balanced approach that takes into account the need to preserve tradition and intergenerational continuity while adapting to change in order to ensure the sustainability of family businesses. |
| Keywords: | Change; Competitiveness; Cultural conservatism; Family businesses; Morocco |
| JEL: | L2 M1 M14 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118835&r=ara |