|
on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Gianni Betti; Evren Ceritoglu; Muserref Kucukbayrak; Ozlem Sevinc |
| Abstract: | This article describes the methodologies used in the first wave of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey – Household Finance and Consumption Survey (CBRT-HFCS). Particularly, we summarize design and implementation of the CBRT-HFCS in terms of questionnaire, sampling, collection of data and fieldwork, non-response, weighting and construction of replicate weights. The CBRT-HFCS provides data on assets, liabilities, income and credit constraints of Turkish households, which is designed to be compatible with the European Central Bank – Household Finance and Consumption Survey (ECB-HFCS). This survey uniquely ensures a comparable data set for the Turkish households with 19 Euro area countries as well as Croatia, Poland and Hungary participating in the ECB-HFCS and fills a significant data gap in Turkey. The CBRT-HFCS also oversamples wealthy households based on unit house prices at the neighborhood level. Oversampling is a common approach applied in many wealth surveys, enabling to better capture balance sheet of the top tail of wealth distribution, which is new to household surveys conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). |
| Keywords: | Sampling design, Oversampling, Wealth distribution |
| JEL: | C83 D31 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:2201&r=ara |
| By: | Julio Arboleda; Evar Umeozor (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Today, it is impossible to imagine life without plastics due to their flexible characteristics. However, the attractive characteristics of plastic in several industries are generating another global problem: waste plastic disposal. According to the “OECD Global Plastic Outlook” published in 2022, global plastic waste production increased by more than 2.25 times between 2000 and 2019 to 353.3 million tons (MMT). However, only 9% of that plastic waste is recycled. |
| Keywords: | Agent based modeling, Analytics, Applied resesarch, Autometrics |
| Date: | 2023–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2023-dp09&r=ara |
| By: | Nouha Anka Idrissi (FSJES - Faculté des Sciences Juridiques, Economique et Sociales de Mohammedia - UH2MC - Université Hassan II [Casablanca]); Rachid Smouni (FSJES - Faculté des Sciences Juridiques, Economique et Sociales de Mohammedia - UH2MC - Université Hassan II [Casablanca]) |
| Abstract: | n a world where social media are playing an increasingly central role in political life, this article aims to present a systematic analysis of their use by political parties and analyzes their impact on political strategy and communication, especially in the Moroccan context. By examining the conceptual, historical and theoretical framework of social media, as well as the definitions and characteristics that accompany them, we have identified the main factors influencing their use by political parties. Through this study, we will also attempt to deduce a theoretical model of the relationship between political communication and social media users. This theoretical model will be based on a set of key hypotheses concerning the interaction between social media, political parties and users. By analyzing the impact of social media on the strategic communication of political parties, this study also examines the factors that influence this impact, while carrying out a comparative study of the use of social media bypolitical parties in other contexts. Analysis of current social media use practices by political parties in Morocco reveals a growing adoption of these platforms to reach and mobilize their target audiences, particularly during the 2021 elections. However, the effectiveness of social media depends on various factors, such as the social and economic structure of society, political culture and the organizational structure of political movements. To better understand the impact of social media, we also carried out a comparative analysis of their use in different contexts, such as protest movements in Egypt and elections in the USA. In conclusion, this study underlines the importance of a systematic analysis of the impact of social media in the communication and strategy of political parties in Morocco, while highlighting the local specificities that need to be taken into account for an effective use of these tools. The knowledge gained from this research can guide political decision-makers, activists and researchers in the development of mobilization and political communication strategies adapted to Moroccan realities. |
| Keywords: | Social media political parties political communication JEL Classification : M3, M31 Paper type : Theoretical article, Social media, political parties, political communication JEL Classification : M3 |
| Date: | 2023–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04138939&r=ara |
| By: | Rhazi Zineb (doctorante chercheuse en sciences économiques et de gestion à la faculté des sciences juridiques, économiques et sociales de Mohammedia); Hefnaoui Ahmed (Professeur de l’enseignement supérieur à l’université Hassan II, faculté des sciences juridiques, économiques et sociales de Mohammedia) |
| Abstract: | This exploratory study aims to determine the link between innovation and economic development in different types of countries, and Morocco in particular, based on the Global Innovation Index. The main objective is to identify the impact of innovation on Morocco's economic development, focusing on its global positioning in terms of innovation according to the 2017 Global Innovation Index, and then to compare it to a sample of countries. To achieve this, on the one hand a principal component analysis has been carried out, and on the other, a linear regression is run to demonstrate the link between innovation and economic development. The development of this econometric model is determined by linking the level of development with measures of innovation, geography and trade openness. The results obtained from the two analyses show a strong positive relationship between level of development and innovation. The study's conclusions endorse the quadratic relationship between development and innovation capacity, with an average level of innovation in Morocco. |
| Abstract: | Cette étude, à but exploratoire vise à déterminer le lien entre l'innovation et le développement économique des différents types de pays et précisément le Maroc en se basant sur le « Global Innovation Index». L'objectif principal est d'identifier l'impact de l'innovation sur le développement économique du Maroc en mettant l'accent sur son positionnement au niveau mondial en matière d'innovation selon l'indice global de l'innovation 2017 et à le comparé ensuite, à un échantillon de pays. Pour ce faire, d'une part une analyse en composante principale a été effectuée et d'autre part, une régression linaire est menée pour démontrer le lien existant entre l'innovation et le développement économique. L'élaboration de ce modèle économétrique est déterminée par le fait de mettre en relation le niveau de développement avec des mesures de l'innovation, de la géographie et de l'ouverture commerciale. Les résultats obtenus des deux analyses, montrent l'existence d'une forte relation positive entre le niveau de développement et l'innovation. Les conclusions de l'étude approuvent le lien quadratique du développement et de les capacités d'innovation avec un caractère moyen du niveau d'innovation au Maroc. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, Economic development, GII Innovation Indicator, economic growth, ACP ., Développement économique, Indicateur de l’innovation GII, croissance économique, ACP. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04162755&r=ara |
| By: | Nabil EL MAJDOUB (FSJES - Faculté des Sciences Juridiques, Economique et Sociales de Mohammedia - UH2MC - Université Hassan II [Casablanca]) |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic has fostered a collective awareness of the environmental issue and accelerated a sustainable investment trend that has been established for several years. Considered as one of the financial instruments that can play an important role in financing the transition to a sustainable and climate-friendly economy, the Green Bond market has shown strong resilience to the COVID-19 crisis reaching record levels of issuances. This article discusses the evolution of the Green Bond market with a focus on the case of Morocco, a country heavily involved in a development process that promotes a balance between environmental, economic and social aspects. |
| Abstract: | La pandémie de la COVID-19, qui a terrassé l'économie mondiale, a favorisé une prise de conscience collective de la question environnementale et accéléré une tendance à l'investissement durable déjà bien ancrée depuis plusieurs années. Le marché des Green Bonds, considérés comme l'un des instruments financiers pouvant jouer un rôle important dans le financement de la transition vers une économie durable et respectueuse du climat, a démontré une forte résilience face à la crise de la COVID-19 atteignant des niveaux records d'émissions. Le présent article traite l'évolution du marché des Green Bonds avec un focus sur le cas du Maroc, pays fortement impliqué dans un processus de développement qui favorise un équilibre entre les aspects environnementaux, économiques et sociaux. |
| Keywords: | Green Bond, COVID-19, Morocco, Maroc |
| Date: | 2023–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04175190&r=ara |
| By: | Ben Yedder, Nadia; El Weriemmi, Malek; Bakari, Sayef |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we try to search the effect of patents on the relationship between domestic investment and economic growth. Data for MENA countries over the period 1998 – 2022 are applied for panel data analysis. Empirical analysis validates that domestic investment impact positively on economic growth. However, patents don’t have any incidence on economic growth. Also, the outcome of domestic investment on economic growth attests to be not influenced by Patent. |
| Keywords: | Domestic Investment, Economic Growth, Patents, MENA Countries, Panel Data Analysis |
| JEL: | E22 O16 O31 O34 O38 O40 O47 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118174&r=ara |
| By: | Kirui, Oliver K.; Abushama, Hala; Siddig, Khalid; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum |
| Keywords: | REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; conflicts; agrifood sector; employment; food processing; livelihoods; food security; beverage industry; infrastructure; inputs; Sudan Armed Forces; Rapid Support Forces |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ssspwp:11&r=ara |
| By: | Tayeb OUAZZANI CHAHDI (ENCGT - Ecole Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion de Tanger - UAE - Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, UEMF - Université Euro Méditerranéenne de Fès); Mohamed TAHROUCH (ENCGT - Ecole Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion de Tanger - UAE - Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi) |
| Abstract: | This article sets itself the objective of showing to what extent certain contingency factors of management control impact the practices of dashboards in SMEs. For this, it relies on a field survey conducted with a sample of 184 Moroccan SMEs, followed by an exploratory analysis based on the data collected. It shows that such a practice is indeed affected by both the accounting and organizational characteristics of SMEs.Furthermore, performance monitoring by means of dashboards is well developed there, even if the nature of these dashboards is often limited to a few EXCEL spreadsheets, more or less elaborate; but which provide regular information on the evolution of the performance indicators of these structures. Therefore, research hypotheses would be worth raising for SMEs regarding a possible contingent influence, highlighted by the use of TBs in improving performance and, in doing so, identifying the compliance of characteristics of these TB with the combination of contingency factors. Verification of these hypotheses through modeling and confirmatory analysis would be an interesting prospect for the continuation of this work. |
| Abstract: | Cet article s'assigne comme objectifs de monter dans quelle mesure certains facteurs de contingence du contrôle de gestion impactent les pratiques des tableaux de bord dans les PME. Il s'appuie pour cela sur une enquête de terrain menée auprès d'un échantillon de 184 PME marocaines, suivie d'une analyse quantitative à partir des données recueillies. Il en ressort qu'une telle pratique est effectivement affectée par les caractéristiques à la fois comptables et organisationnelles des PME. Par ailleurs, le suivi de la performance au moyen des tableaux de bord y est bien développé même si la nature de ces tableaux se résume parfois à quelques tableurs EXCEL, plus ou moins élaborés ; mais qui renseignent régulièrement sur l'évolution des indicateurs de performance de ces structures. Dès lors, des hypothèses de recherche mériteraient d'être soulevées pour les PME quant à une possible influence contingente, mise en évidence par l'usage des TB dans l'amélioration de la performance et, par ricochet, à l'identification de la conformité des caractéristiques de ces TB avec la combinaison de facteurs de contingence. La vérification de ces hypothèses au moyen d'une modélisation et d'une analyse confirmatoire constituerait une perspective intéressante pour la poursuite de ce travail. |
| Keywords: | Management control, Performance, SME, Dashboard, Morocco, Contrôle de gestion, PME, Tableau de bord, Maroc |
| Date: | 2023–08–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04178396&r=ara |
| By: | Mustafa Kaba (Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn); Murat Koyuncu (Bogazici University); Sebastian O. Schneider (Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn); Matthias Sutter (Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the role of social norms and political polarization in shaping vaccination attitudes and behaviors in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Using a largescale representative survey experiment in Turkey, we first show that political affiliation is a strong predictor of attitudes towards vaccination. We then use standard economic games to measure the extent of polarization caused by subjects’ attitudes towards vaccination. We find that pro- and anti-vaxxers discriminate each other substantially. Furthermore, when pro- and anti-vaxxers perceive a political difference between them, this polarization is exacerbated. Finally, using randomized informational treatments, we show that the promotion of a broadly shared social identity might mitigate this outgroup discrimination. |
| JEL: | C9 D01 D9 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpg:wpaper:2023_08&r=ara |
| By: | Mohamed Adib Ed-daoudi (University Mohamed 5 of Rabat); Kenza Oubejja (University Mohamed 5 of Rabat) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we are interested in cap-and-trade policy, or the implementation of pollution permits, as a mean to decrease CO2 emissions, which is the main cause of global warming, for the case of Morocco. To do so, we used a partial equilibrium model for the cereals market and the energy sector by simulating three scenarios of total emissions caps, namely a 1% decrease in emissions, a 5% decrease and a 7.5% decrease. We used this approach because we are concerned with one market, namely the cereals market and after designing the model wich is a system of equations capturing the interactions between fossil energy, renewable energy and cereals market, we log-linearized the model that we solved using matrix algebra with Octave. The results show that these forced emissions decreases have a very small effect on the decrease in income representing households welfare, remaining the same even in the 7.5% decrease scenario, as well as an increase in solar energy production and consumption. Therefore, a cap and trade system with a reasonnable cap will reduce emissions without affecting that much households welfare, while encouraging renewable energy production at the same time. |
| Keywords: | Emissions Partial equilibrium model Cereals market Energy Cap and trade Renewable energies, Emissions, Partial equilibrium model, Cereals market, Energy, Cap and trade, Renewable energies |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04175968&r=ara |
| By: | Amina Aomari (Faculté des sciences juridiques, économiques et sociales de Rabat Souissi); Hanane Nafaa (Faculté des sciences juridiques, économiques et sociales de Rabat Souissi) |
| Abstract: | Social communication is fundamentally different from advertising communication as it aims to "influence" rather than "sell" a product. Unlike advertising, social communication challenges the recipient's opinion. Understanding the target audience's opinion is crucial for social communication because the ultimate goal is to modify it.Furthermore, employing social communication requires time. Changing someone's opinion is not a quick task; it demands thorough research, analysis, and understanding of societal changes and expectations. This article aims to address our research question, which seeks to measure the impact of social communication on consumer attitudes and explore the ways to legitimize these actions‘To what extent can social communication influence consumer attitudes and legitimize social actions?'. This will be accomplished through a review of scientific literature on communication and social concepts, as well as a quantitative study targeting Moroccan consumers.In today's world, social communication is becoming increasingly essential. Understanding the consumer and fostering a strong familial connection based on social principles are key to advancing and cultivating long-term consumer loyalty, regardless of the situation or living conditions (such as post-COVID). Social communication is rooted in human and civic values and often gives a voice to marginalized communities. It is also built on solidarity and sharing, creating a tangible impact on society. |
| Abstract: | La communication sociale est fondamentalement différente de la communication publicitaire, car elle vise à "influencer" plutôt qu'à "vendre" un produit. Contrairement à la publicité, la communication sociale remet en question l'opinion du destinataire. Comprendre l'opinion du public cible est essentiel pour la communication sociale, car l'objectif ultime est de la modifier.De plus, la mise en œuvre de la communication sociale nécessite du temps. Changer l'opinion de quelqu'un n'est pas une tâche rapide ; cela exige une recherche approfondie, une analyse et une compréhension des changements et des attentes de la société. Cet article vise à répondre à notre question de recherche, qui cherche à mesurer l'impact de la communication sociale sur les attitudes des consommateurset à explorer les moyens de légitimer ces actions : "Dans quelle mesure la communication sociale peut-elle influencer les attitudes des consommateurs et légitimer les actions sociales ?". Cela sera réalisé grâce à une revue de la littérature scientifique sur la communication et les concepts sociaux, ainsi qu'à une étude quantitative ciblant les consommateurs marocains.Dans le monde d'aujourd'hui, la communication sociale devient de plus en plus essentielle. Comprendre le consommateur et favoriser une connexion familiale solide basée sur des principes sociaux sont essentiels pour faire avancer et cultiver la fidélité des consommateurs à long terme, indépendamment de la situation ou des conditions de vie (comme après la COVID). La communication sociale est enracinée dans les valeurs humaines et citoyennes et donne souvent une voix aux communautés marginalisées. Elle repose également sur la solidarité et le partage, créant un impact tangible sur la société. |
| Keywords: | Societal Communication, Societal Action, ConsumerAttitude, Legitimacy of Actions |
| Date: | 2023–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04155550&r=ara |
| By: | Hakan Kara (Bilkent University, Department of Economics, Ankara, Turkiye); Cagri Sarikaya (Akbank Gen. Müd., Sabancı Center, Istanbul, Turkiye) |
| Abstract: | This paper identifies the cyclical drivers of the current account balance (CAB) in Türkiye and assesses the relevant macro policy implications. We employ the notion of “underlying current account”, which corrects for cyclical factors such as global and domestic growth, terms of trade, as well as other exogenous factors including data revisions and idiosyncratic shocks to balance on services. We show that excessive fluctuations in the headline external deficit in recent years can be largely attributed to a combination of unusually large external shocks such as the pandemic and the war, in conjunction with a record-low domestic real interest rates. Special emphasis is put on the role of gold trade and its relation to domestic macro policies. Accounting for the impact of all factors, we estimate that the underlying CAB has shrunk from -6.4% in 2010 to a range of -0.9% to -1.6% in 2023, suggesting a substantial improvement in the external balance during the past decade. However, the underlying balance has significantly deteriorated after 2022, as the jump in inflation coupled with the quasi-fixed exchange rate regime implemented through active use of central bank reserves quickly eroded the competitiveness gains of past years. Besides, as the domestic agents have increased their demand for physical goods/assets to hedge against high inflation under ultra-low real rates, the upward shift in the demand for gold and other imported goods started to feed through the structural component of the CAB. These observations imply that, it may be challenging to lock in the recent gains in the external balance unless the authorities eventually deliver the necessary cyclical adjustment and restore the credibility of the macroeconomic policy framework by re-establishing a nominal anchor. |
| Keywords: | Underlying current account, Turkish economy. |
| JEL: | E32 E65 F32 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:koc:wpaper:2306&r=ara |
| By: | Altan Aldan; Enver Sait Kurtaran; Didem Yazici |
| Abstract: | [TR] Bu calismada, Turkiye’nin ihracatinda Kucuk ve Orta Buyuklukteki Ýsletmelerin (KOBI) rolu incelenmektedir. Toplam ihracattaki payi yuzde 35 seviyelerinde olan KOBI’lerin ihracat artisina olan katkisinin buyuk firmalardan oldukca fazla oldugu gorulmektedir. Ýlk bakista tutarsiz gorunen bu durum, firma dinamiklerinden ve KOBI sinifindan buyuk olcekli firma sinifina gecisin yapisindan kaynaklanmaktadir. Ýhracat buyume performansi yuksek olan KOBI’ler zaman icinde KOBI sinifindan buyuk firma sinifina gecmekte ve boylece KOBI’lerin ihracattaki paylari daha yatay seyretmektedir. [EN] In this study, the role of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Türkiye's exports is examined. It is seen that the contribution of SMEs, whose share in total exports is around 35 percent, to the increase in exports is considerably higher than that of large companies. The explanation for this seemingly inconsistent situation at first glance stems from firm dynamics and the nature of the transition from SME class to large-scale firm class. SMEs with a high-export growth performance gradually move from the SME class to the large firm class, so the share of SMEs in exports is almost fla |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:econot:2302&r=ara |
| By: | Huzeyfe Torun; Didem Yazici |
| Abstract: | [TR] Bu calismada Turkiye’nin 2006-2021 yillari arasindaki ihracat gelismelerine yeni pazarlarin katkisi ve ihracatta pazar surekliligi firma, ulke ve urun seviyesindeki gumruk verileri kullanilarak incelenmektedir. Ýhracat pazari ulke-urun kesisim noktasinda tanimlanarak ihracattaki yillik artislar uc alt bilesene ayrilmaktadir: mevcut pazarlardaki gelismeler, yeni ihracat pazarlarindan elde edilen kazanclar, terk edilmis pazarlardan kaynaklanan kayiplar. Bu ayristirma sonucunda 2006 sonrasindaki ihracat artislarinda mevcut pazarlardaki ihracat artislarinin onemli payi oldugu saptanmaktadir. Buna ek olarak, yeni pazarlardan saglanan ihracat artisinin cikilan pazarlardan kaynakli kayiplari fazlasiyla telafi ettigi dikkat cekmektedir. 2006-2021 donemi bolgesel olarak incelendiginde Latin Amerika, Dogu Asya ve Guney Asya gibi bolgelerde yeni pazar (urun-ulke kesisimi) kaynakli onemli kazanimlar elde edildigi gorulmektedir. Ayrica, ihracatta pazar surekliliginin ozellikle Avrupa Birligi (AB) gibi geleneksel ihracat bolgelerinde yuksek oldugu goze carpmaktadir. Son olarak, ihracat yapilan pazarlarin (urun-ulke kesisimi) yuzde 80’inde bir sonraki yilda da ihracat gerceklestigi; ancak bu oranin ust uste iki yil ihracat yapilan pazarlarda daha yuksek, son iki yildan yalnizca birinde ihracat yapilan pazarlarda daha dusuk oldugu gozlenmektedir. [EN] This study examines the contribution of the new export markets to the overall export performance and the continuity of the export markets of Turkey between 2006-2021 using firm country-product level customs data. We define the export market at the country-product intersection and decompose the annual increases in exports into three subcomponents: developments in existing markets (intensive margin), gains from the new export markets, loss due to the abandoned markets (extensive margin). We find that increase in exports in existing markets has an important share in the overall export increase after 2006. In addition, the contribution of new export markets compensates for the losses stemming from the abandoned markets. The analysis of 2006-2021 by regions shows that significant gains have been achieved stemming from new markets (product-country intersection) in regions such as Latin America, East Asia and South Asia. Secondly, market continuity in exports is high in traditional export regions such as the European Union (EU). On average, 80 percent of the export markets (product-country intersection) continue to be exported in the next year; however, this ratio is higher in markets where exports are made for two years in a row, and lower in markets that were exported only once in a row. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:econot:2201&r=ara |
| By: | Altan Aldan; Muhammet Enes Cirakli; Didem Yazici |
| Abstract: | [TR] Bu calismada, 2006-2021 doneminde Turkiye’nin ihracat buyumesinin zaman icindeki seyri sabit pazar paylari yontemi kullanilarak incelenmistir. Bu yontem ihracat artisinda nominal kuresel ihracat buyumesi, urun ve pazar kompozisyonu gibi goreli dissal etkilerin ve ihracatci firmalarin pazar paylarindaki degisimini gosteren pazar payi etkisinin katkilarini ayristirmaktadir. Turkiye OECD ulkeleriarasinda ihracat artisinda ust siralarda yer almaktadir. Analiz sonuclarina gore, ihracat artisi pazar payi etkisinin katkisina gore siralandiginda Turkiye’nin goreli durumunun daha iyi oldugu gozlenmektedir. Son yillarda pazar payi etkisinin ihracat artisina surekli olumlu katkida bulundugu gorulmektedir. Bu katki 2019 yilindan itibaren oldukca belirgin hale gelmistir. [EN] In this study, we examine the course of Türkiye's export growth over the period of 2006-2021 using the constant market shares method. This method decomposes the contributions of relatively exogenous effects such as nominal global export growth, product and market composition, and the market share effect, which shows the change in the market shares of exporting firms, in the increase of exports. Türkiye ranks high in export growth among OECD countries. Our results show that Türkiye’s relative situation is better when ranked according to the contribution of the market share effect. In recent years, market share effect has a continuous positive contribution to export growth. This contribution has become quite evident since 2019. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:econot:2301&r=ara |