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on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development - E-Finance and E-Security Finance and Financial Sector Development - Finance and Development Finance and Financial Sector Development - Financial Intermediation Finance and Financial Sector Development - Financial Structures Finance and Financial Sector Development - Payment Systems & Infrastructure |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36000&r= |
| By: | Kamurase,Alex; Willenborg,Emma Schwirck |
| Abstract: | Countries in the Middle East and North Africa region quickly introduced measures to limit thespread of COVID-19 following the first confirmed cases. These measures included curfews, lockdowns, and socialdistancing. As a result of COVID-19 induced impacts, countries in the region adopted social protection measuresto mitigate the human and economic impacts of the pandemic. But most of the countries in MENA were already experiencingpoor macroeconomics brought on by the decline in oil prices and by fragility, conflict, and violence. Illness and lossof income due to the pandemic (largely from informal sources) exacerbated the extreme vulnerability faced by thepoor and vulnerable groups. Social protection programs, and particularly social safety nets (SSNs), can help householdsabsorb short-term consumption risk during periods of crisis and build resilience to manage future shocks. In MENA, 21countries and territories formally announced social protection measures to cope with the impacts of COVID-19.According to a Word Bank real-time review of social protection and jobs responses to COVID-19 (updated May2021), measures in MENA have spanned social assistance, social insurance, and labor markets programs. Socialassistance measures accounted for 59 percent of overall response, whereas social insurance and labor markets made up23 and 18 percent, respectively. Since the World Bank launched its COVID-19 response, Social Protection and Jobs(SPJ) support to MENA countries has been fast, flexible, and adaptive. The number of Bank-supported social safety netbeneficiaries increased from 2 million to 16 million in just 1.5 years of response which demonstrates that socialprotection systems in MENA are scalable and that country systems and programs are flexible to facilitate thisscalability. Early lessons suggest the World Bank significantly contributed to addressing financing,knowledge, and delivery needs based on existing lending and policy dialogue platforms, drawing on the experience in MENAas well as global learning. But lessons also suggest that social protection policy dialogue in MENA is even moreimportant moving forward, to help countries strengthen and boost policy reforms and to design and implement socialprotection programs and systems that can adequately, effectively, and efficiently target the poor and vulnerable,and be able to respond to population needs during disasters and shocks. This paper provides a documentation of thecontext for SPJ COVID19 response in MENA countries’, aframework for continued response and some of the early lessons learned. |
| Keywords: | Social Protections & Assistance,Social Development & Poverty,Inequality,Labor Markets,Rural Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2021–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hdnspu:167319&r= |
| By: | Oumaima Idrissi; Yasemin Orucu; Elin Hallgrimsdottir; Almudena Mateos Merino; Serhat Akin; Oumaima Idrissi |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy and Environment Energy - Renewable Energy Energy - Thermal Energy Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36083&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Inflation Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth Poverty Reduction - Inequality Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35497&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agribusiness Private Sector Development - Business Environment Private Sector Development - Private Sector Economics Private Sector Development - Small and Medium Size Enterprises |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35988&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth Poverty Reduction - Inequality Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35763&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy - Oil & Gas Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Information and Communication Technologies - Digital Divide Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36123&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth Poverty Reduction - Inequality Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35741&r= |
| By: | Rivera Guivas,Nayib; Azam,Mehtabul; Ajwad,Mohamed Ihsan |
| Abstract: | This paper exploits a rich dataset from various administrative sources to study short- and medium-term labor market outcomes of vocational education and training graduates in Saudi Arabia. It examines five cohorts of graduates from institutes operated by the Technical and Vocational Training Corporation who are formally employed in the private sector. The outcome measures for the study are based on monthly earnings data from the private sector social insurance records covering up to five years after graduation for the first cohort. The analysis finds positive returns to technical and vocational education are sustained over time. However, program orientation and economic conditions at the time of graduation appears to impact wages. Furthermore, vocational education and training in Saudi Arabia is associated with higher job mobility after graduation from the program. Students’ mobility premium is enhanced by completion of the program, suggesting improved skills signaling and utilization contributing to higher returns to vocational education and training. The analysis identifies several challenges and opportunities to further improve outcomes of graduates, such as reducing the gender gap in labor market outcomes of female graduates and reducing the high incidence of vertical mismatch among graduates’ field-of-study selection and the occupations group in which they are employed. |
| Date: | 2021–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hdnspu:168061&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Inequality Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment Public Sector Development - Public Sector Expenditure Policy |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35588&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Governance - E-Government Information and Communication Technologies - Digital Divide Information and Communication Technologies - ICT Legal and Regulatory Framework Information and Communication Technologies - ICT Policy and Strategies Information and Communication Technologies - Information Security & Privacy Information and Communication Technologies - Information Technology |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35313&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Inequality Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35849&r= |
| By: | Gil S. Epstein (Bar-Ilan University); Şule Akkoyunlu; Ira N. Gang |
| Abstract: | Distinguishing between short-run and long-run outcomes we provide new insight into the relationship between education and migration. We examine the specific link between the acquisition of high levels of human capital in the form of university education in Turkey and migration to Germany. We implement bounds testing procedures to ascertain the long-run relationships with the variables of interest in a migration model. Although the bounds testing procedure has advantages compared to other methods, it has not been widely implemented in the migration literature. We find a negative and decreasing non-linear long-run and short-run relationship between home country university education and Turkish migration to Germany over 1970-2015. Over the long run, increased higher education reduces emigration flows. |
| Keywords: | Education; Migration; Turkey; Germany |
| JEL: | C22 F22 F63 I25 I26 O15 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biu:wpaper:2022-05&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development - Debt Markets Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Inequality |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35626&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Economics & Finance Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Systems Development & Reform Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Inequality Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36014&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Gender - Gender and Development Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth Poverty Reduction - Inequality Rural Development - Rural Labor Markets Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35625&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Education - Education Reform and Management Education - Educational Institutions & Facilities Education - Educational Technology and Distance Education Education - Effective Schools and Teachers Social Protections and Labor - Skills Development and Labor Force Training |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36060&r= |
| By: | Rother,Friederike Uta; Chartouni,Carole; Sanchez-Reaza,Javier; Brodersohn Ostrovich,Ernesto Ariel; Pallares-Miralles,Montserrat |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a framework of voluntary savings schemes (VSS) in Jordan that cancomplement the current formal sector arrangements to better protect informal workers against economic shocks,unemployment, old age, or disability. As benefits of traditional mandatory pension systems worldwide have beencut substantially since the 1990s, voluntary defined contribution schemes are increasingly trying to fill thegap. In many countries, including in low-income countries, special voluntary savings schemes have been introduced toprotect informal workers. Blending the knowledge from best practices internationally with the cluster methodologydeveloped specifically for Jordan, the paper provides an overview of the current system of social security in Jordanand presents policy options to lower informality, extend social protection coverage, and provide more adequateprotection to workers. |
| Date: | 2022–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hdnspu:170802&r= |
| By: | Rother,Friederike Uta; Chartouni,Carole; Sanchez-Reaza,Javier; Paez Salamanca,Gustavo Nicolas; Fallah,Belal N. Y |
| Abstract: | This paper exploits a rich database to provide comprehensive profiling of informality in Jordan,including who informal workers are, their characteristics, and where they work, as well as providing policyrecommendations to address informality. The structural framework developed through the comprehensive profiling isfollowed by an analysis of why workers are informal, using inferential multivariate analysis. Statistical techniques(that is, cluster analysis) are used to group workers by similar characteristics (including education, gender,income, and form of employment) to allow policy makers to pinpoint specific policy tools that can target each group.The paper offers long term policy solutions to address informality, including fostering competition to boostproductivity and providing a level playing field. It also proposes short, and medium-term policy options to protectworkers against shocks until more productive jobs are created, for instance through the provision of short-termbenefits through defined contribution schemes. Heterogeneity is addressed by tailoring policy instruments to clusters of workers. |
| Date: | 2022–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hdnspu:170803&r= |
| By: | Lotfi Mazhoudi (ISGGB - Institut Supérieur de Gestion de Gabès (Université de Gabès)) |
| Abstract: | The research in women entrepreneurship has been developed with the recognition of the growing role of the woman in the economical and social development of the countries. The difference of performance observed between developed and developing countries is justified by the degree of appropriation of "the gender approach" as well as the role of the entrepreneurial environment. To understand how Tunisian women establish their companies, we have tried to prepare a questionnaire after establishing a theoretical framework to set our research objective with respect to the women entrepreneurship issue and to the role of the business environment. The results of this survey which has been conducted on fifty businesswomen during June and July 2019, show that the barriers that they face are linked to gender issues, which makes them work by necessity rather than by opportunity. The sociocultural constraints which impede them, however, are the need to find a balance between family and work, the fear of failure, and the traditional believes that had influenced the choice of the type of their projects. |
| Abstract: | La recherche sur l'entrepreneuriat féminin s'est développée avec la reconnaissance du rôle grandissant de la femme dans le développement économique et social des pays. La différence de performance constatée entre pays développés et pays en voie de développement trouve son explication dans le degré d'appropriation de l'approche « genre » et dans le rôle joué par l'environnement entrepreneurial. Pour comprendre comment les femmes tunisiennes créent leur entreprise, nous avons élaboré un questionnaire après avoir établi un cadre théorique pour situer notre objectif de recherche par rapport à la problématique de l'entrepreneuriat féminin et au rôle de l'environnement entrepreneurial. Les résultats de notre enquête, administrée auprès d'une cinquantaine d'entrepreneures tunisiennes durant les mois de juin et juillet 2019, montrent que les barrières rencontrées par celles-ci sont liées aux questions de genre ce qui fait qu'elles entreprennent par nécessité et non par opportunité. Les contraintes socioculturelles qui les ont freinées sont la nécessité de trouver l'équilibre entre la famille et le travail, la peur de l'échec et les convictions traditionnelles qui ont influencé le choix de la nature de leurs projets. |
| Keywords: | women entrepreneurship,gender,entrepreneurial environment,sociocultural factors,entrepreneuriat féminin,genre,environnement entrepreneurial,déterminants socioculturels. |
| Date: | 2021–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03767467&r= |
| By: | L'Hocine Houanti (Métis Lab EM Normandie - EM Normandie - École de Management de Normandie); Rey Dang (ISTEC - Institut supérieur des Sciences, Techniques et Economie Commerciales - ISTEC); Marie José Scotto (IPAG Business School - Chaire IPAG "Entreprise Inclusive" - IPAG Business School); André Boyer (UNSA - Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis); Manel Guechtouli (IPAG Business School - Chaire IPAG "Entreprise Inclusive" - IPAG Business School) |
| Abstract: | This exploring work is the first stage of the project aiming at analyzing the integration of women in the workplace in Algeria. As case study, this research is focus on the difficult in-tegration of Algerian women in the workplace, despite high levels of training, leading to diplomas of higher education. This article presents the Cevital group which could be labelled as a pioneer. The study of Cevital workforce demographics and the position of women in this company seems to highlight the rise of an undercurrent Business case based on Gender Di-versity and competencies of the hired women profiles despite the lack of targeted gender diversity strategy. |
| Abstract: | Ce travail cherche à étudier d'une manière générale l'intégration des femmes algériennes dans le monde du travail, un sujet fort d'actualité mais absent dans la recherche. Pour le faire, nous avons pris le cas d'un géant économique en Algérie, à savoir, le groupe Cevital. Nous avons fait appel à une triangulation de trois sources d'informations : les données statistiques de l'entreprise, la communication digitale et une collecte terrain à travers un questionnaire et des entretiens qualitatifs. Les résultats obtenus montrent clairement une absence d'une stratégie affichée de féminisation des effectifs de Cevital (5 % du total). Cependant, les femmes sont recrutées dans des postes administratifs sous statut cadre et sont souvent diplômées et accumulent une expérience au sein du groupe. |
| Keywords: | Algeria,Gender Diversity,Company,Competencies,Algérie,féminisation,entreprise,business-case,compétences |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03767390&r= |