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on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Draca, Mirko (Department of Economics, University of Warwick); Garred, Jason (Department of Economics, University of Ottawa); Stickland, Leanne (Deloitte UK); Warrinnier, Nele (School of Economics and Finance, Queen Mary University of London & LICOS Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, KU Leuven) |
| Abstract: | How successful are sanctions at targeting the economic interests of political elites in a ected countries? We study the case of Iran, using information on the stock exchangelisted assets of two speci c political entities with signi cant in uence over the direction of Iran's nuclear program. Our identi cation strategy focuses on the process of negotiations for sanctions removal, examining which interests bene t most from news about diplomatic progress. The results indicate the `bluntness' of sanctions on Iran, but also provide evidence of their e ectiveness in generating substantial economic incentives for elite policymakers to negotiate a deal for sanctions relief. JEL Classification: D74 ; H56 ; F51 |
| Keywords: | National Security ; Sanctions ; Iran |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:warwec:1400&r= |
| By: | Bennour, Khaled |
| Abstract: | This study explores the role of bullying in Saudi schools to explain absenteeism, gender-gap and between-school variation in mathematics achievement. Using the 2015 Trends in the International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) dataset, the mathematics achievement scores and questionnaire responses of 4337 fourth-graders from 189 single-sex schools are analyzed. A multilevel linear modeling is employed; the results indicate that the level of student bullying and the average bullying score for that student’s school have a limited but significant impact on the risk of the student missing school. We highlight the potential role of bullying in explaining girls’ advantage in mathematics. The bullying level in a school is largely more predictive of the school mathematics achievement than measures of home background of students. All these findings demonstrate the need to tackle the bullying phenomenon in Saudi Arabia, particularly in the most afflicted all-boys schools, to reduce variation in performance between schools, decrease significantly the gender difference with regard to mathematics, and improve the overall attainment of Saudi schools and students. |
| Keywords: | bullying, absenteeism, gender-gap, educational achievement, TIMSS |
| JEL: | I21 |
| Date: | 2021–12–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111995&r= |
| By: | Le, Tam-Tri |
| Abstract: | Lebanon is facing a nationwide power shortage on top of a severe economic crisis during a pandemic. |
| Date: | 2021–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:mfjc7&r= |
| By: | Massimiliano Renzetti (Banca d'Italia); Andrea Dimartina (Banca d'Italia); Riccardo Mancini (Banca d'Italia); Giovanni Maria Sabelli (Banca d'Italia); Francesco Di Stasio (Banca d'Italia); Carlo Palmers (SWIFT); Faisal Alhijawi (Buna Payment Platform); Erol Kaya (Buna Payment Platform); Christophe Piccarelle (DXC Technology); Stuart Butler (DXC Technology); Jwallant Vasani (Jordan Ahli Bank); Giancarlo Esposito (Intesa Sanpaolo); Alberto Tiberino (Intesa Sanpaolo); Manfredi Caracausi (Intesa Sanpaolo) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the results of a joint experiment involving Banca d’Italia and the Arab Regional Payments Clearing and Settlement Organization (ARPSCO), focusing on the settlement of cross‑currency instant payments across different technical platforms. TIPS and Buna are the instant payment settlement platforms with multi-currency features operated by the two organizations respectively. Both platforms started with an initial investigative phase, in order to assess operational policies and the legal and technical implications of implementing a cross‑currency instant payment settlement service, i.e. one in which the debtor and creditor accounts are denominated in two different currencies both eligible for settlement on the platform. For the purpose of the Proof of Concept (PoC), two representatives of the abovementioned market communities, namely Intesa Sanpaolo and Jordan Ahli Bank, participated in their respective capacities of Originator PSP and ultimate Beneficiary PSP for the corresponding currencies, i.e. the euro and the Jordanian dinar. In line with building blocks 13 and 17 of the G20 global roadmap for enhancing cross-border payments (concerning the interlinking of payment systems), the natural evolution of these investigations was to explore possible options for providing the same type of cross-currency service in a cross-platform scenario, i.e. through the interoperability of different instant payment platforms. The PoC described in this paper relates to the implementation of a cross-platform scenario involving TIPS and Buna. |
| Keywords: | Payment Systems, Instant Payments, Market Infrastructures, Cross-Border Payments. |
| JEL: | E42 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:wpmisp:mip_019_22&r= |
| By: | Tulun, Teoman Ertuğrul |
| Abstract: | ABD savaş gemilerinin Türk Boğazlarından Karadeniz'e geçişi medyada ve kamuoyunda sıkça tartışılıyor. Son zamanlarda Dedeağaç limanı üzerinden Yunanistan'a yapılan ek askeri konuşlandırmalarla ilgili haberler de bu konuya ilgiyi artırdı. ABD Savunma Görsel Bilgi Dağıtım Servisi (DVIDS) tarafından yapılan açıklamaya göre, 5 Mayıs 2021'de 10'u helikopter olmak üzere 300'den fazla askeri teçhizat buraya sevkedildi. Bölgede son derece gergin bir ortamın ortaya çıkmasıyla Karadeniz uluslararası gündemin üst sıralarına taşınmıştır. Rusya'nın Kırım'ı ilhak etmesi dolayısıyla son derece gergin bir ortamın ortaya çıkması ve deniz kuvvetlerinin bölgede sık sık tekrarladığı deniz tatbikatları ile Karadeniz bölgesinin uluslararası gündemin ilk sıralarında yer alması bize, Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nın sona ermesini müteakip Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kuruluş döneminde Yunan donanması tarafından Karadeniz'deki bazı Türk limanlarının bombalanmasıyla ilgili gelişmeleri hatırlatmıştır. Bu kapsamda Yunan savaş gemileri, 1921 yazında 6 Haziran'da Karadeniz kıyısındaki Ereğli’ye, 30 Haziran'da İnebolu’ya ve 20 Temmuz'da Trabzon'a yoğun bombardıman yapmıştır. Samsun'a yönelik bombardıman ise 1922 yazında gerçeklemeştir. Bu tarihi olayda dikkat çeken nokta, Yunan donanmasının Samsun'u bombaladığı sırada ABD donanmasına ait muhriplerin de Samsun limanında bulunmasıdır. Bu bombardımanla ilgili akademik olanlar da dahil olmak üzere çeşitli yayınlarda verilen bilgilere göre, sözkonusu ABD donanması savaş gemileri Clamsen sınıfı USS Sands (DD-243), USS, McFarland (DD-237) ve USS Sturtevant (DD-240) isimli muhriplerdir. |
| Date: | 2021–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:nwkr3&r= |