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on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Sylvaine Lemeilleur (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Mohammed Aderghal (LITOPAD - Laboratoire Ingénierie du Tourisme, Patrimoine et Développement durable des Territoires - Université Mohammed V de Rabat [Agdal]); Omaima Jennani; Abdelali Binane (LITOPAD - Laboratoire Ingénierie du Tourisme, Patrimoine et Développement durable des Territoires - Université Mohammed V de Rabat [Agdal]); Romagny Bruno (LPED - Laboratoire Population-Environnement-Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Paule Moustier (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes) |
| Abstract: | We explore the role of distance in the food supply systems of the Rabat agglomeration (Morocco) and the central forces explaining the persistence of peri-urban agriculture. Our qualitative and quantitative data show that for some perishable products, only spatial proximity affects trade with the city. Distance does not affect the number of operators because multiple actors participate after the wholesale market node. |
| Abstract: | Nous explorons le rôle de la distance dans les systèmes d'approvisionnement alimentaire de l'agglomération de Rabat (Maroc) et les forces centrifuges expliquant la persistance de l'agriculture périurbaine. Nos données qualitatives et quantitatives montrent que, pour certains produits périssables, seule la proximité spatiale affecte les échanges avec la ville. La distance n'affecte pas le nombre d'opérateurs car de multiples acteurs interviennent après le nœud des marchés de gros. |
| Keywords: | food system,food security,distance,fresh fruits and vegetables,Rabat,Morocco,système de distribution alimentaire,sécurité alimentaire,fruits et légumes frais,Maroc |
| Date: | 2020–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03031867&r= |
| By: | Ufuk Akcigit; Unal Seven; Ibrahim Yarba; Fatih Yilmaz |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the firm-level short-term impact of one of the largest credit guarantee programs in the world recently implemented in Turkey. Using a combination of firm-level administrative databases of tax registry, credit registry, and the credit guarantee fund (CGF) registry, we analyze the characteristics of the CGF supported firms and the program’s impact on their employment, sales, and credit default probability. We find that the CGF program on average had a positive impact on the performance of treated firms, where the CGF supported firms were able to increase their employment by 17 percent, sales by 70 percent and reduce their credit default probability by 0.6 percentage point relative to their matched-control group. Evaluating our estimation results at variable averages shows that every 1 million TL credit generated via the CGF program preserved 2.7 extra employment and stimulated about 3 million TL in sales. We also observe an overall increase in firm indebtedness, which may adversely affect firms’ financial health in the long-run. Moreover, our findings reveal that the program impact is heterogeneous across firm size and sector groups. We use this heterogeneity to perform counter-factual policy exercises indicating that redesigning the program with such priorities can bring substantial efficiency gains. |
| Keywords: | Credit guarantee schemes, SME lending, Impact analysis |
| JEL: | G21 G3 L25 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:2110&r= |
| By: | Abugamea, Gaber |
| Abstract: | The objective of this study is to examine the impact of bank-specific and major macroeconomic factors on the profitability of the biggest two Islamic banks in Palestine over the time period 1997-2018. It employs Pooled Regression analysis to investigate the effect of bank’s asset size, capital, loans, liabilities, operating cost, economic growth and inflation on key bank profitability indicators; return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE), respectively. The main findings show that size and capital have positive impact on ROE. Loans are positively correlated with both ROA and ROE. Liabilities are negatively related to ROA and operating cost has negative impact on both ROA and ROE. Moreover, Islamic banks not benefited significantly from both the inflationary environment and economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Banking Profitability, Internal & External Factors, Pooled Regression |
| JEL: | G12 |
| Date: | 2021–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107527&r= |
| By: | Altindag, Duha T. (Auburn University); Mocan, Naci (Louisiana State University); Zhang, Jie (Hunan University) |
| Abstract: | In most countries Parliamentary immunity protects lawmakers from civil or criminal charges while in office, and it shields them from prosecution for their political speech or political actions. This paper presents the first empirical analysis in the literature of the impact of Parliamentary immunity on the behavior and performance of politicians. Leveraging a Constitutional Amendment, the adoption of which lifted the immunity of 132 of the 550 members of the Turkish Parliament, we find that immunity from prosecution impacts how the Members of the Parliament (MPs) act and perform their duties in the Parliament. Losing immunity (and the resultant presumed fear of prosecution) pacifies the MPs of the opposition parties. They become less diligent in the Parliament (drafting fewer pieces of legislation, initiating fewer investigation inquiries, delivering fewer and shorter speeches) and become less aggressive (interrupting other MPs less frequently). They also reduce their tendency to cast dissenting votes against the government. MPs of the opposition parties who lose their immunity are less likely to get re-nominated by their parties in the next election, and they are less likely to get re-elected. We find no evidence that more outspoken and active opposition MPs or those who are more valuable for their parties have been targeted for immunity revocation. There is no evidence that the MPs, who retained immunity, have increased their Parliamentary efforts in reaction to their same-party colleagues losing immunity. We find that laws are passed faster after the Constitutional Amendment was adopted, possibly as a consequence of reduced opposition and deliberation. Using Eurobarometer surveys, we find that citizens' reactions to the revocation of MP immunity are polarized. An individual's trust in the Parliament is decreased or increased based on whether an MP from the individual's province lost immunity and if that MP subscribes to the same or opposing ideology as the individual. |
| Keywords: | parliamentary immunity, constitution, effort, prosecution, member of parliament, opposition party |
| JEL: | P16 K40 D72 H0 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14308&r= |
| By: | Hicham Abdelkhalik (UIT - Université Ibn Tofaïl); Ahmed El Gazzar (Université Mohamed V - Souissi); Rachid Hasnaoui (UIT - Université Ibn Tofaïl) |
| Abstract: | Cooperatives are perceived as a social-based business model. They have the effect of creating social value, generating wealth, promoting employment and contributing to the country's socio-economic development. The membership rate of the active population in the cooperative turns around 4% according to the database of the office of development and cooperation. This study aims at revealing the contribution of the Moroccan cooperatives in the improvement of the situation of rural women at the decision-making and socio-economic levels. Therefore, we opt for a quantitative approach, which is conducted on a sample of about 70 women members of the TIZARGANE group of cooperatives in the province of Tiznit. As a result, the membership in the cooperative work has had positive effects in terms of women's empowerment and improvement of their living conditions. |
| Abstract: | Les coopératives sont considérées comme un modèle d'entreprise à base sociale. Elles ont pour effet la création de la valeur sociale et de la richesse, la promotion de l'emploi et la contribution au développement socioéconomique du pays. Le taux d'adhésion des populations actives à la coopérative tourne autour de 4% selon les données de l'Office de Développement et de la Coopération (ODCO). Ce travail de recherche vise à montrer l'apport des coopératives marocaines dans le développement de la situation des femmes rurales aux niveaux décisionnel et socio-économique.A cet effet, nous optons dans cette étude pour une démarche quantitative, menée auprès d'un échantillon d'environ 70 femmes membres du groupement TIZARGANE des coopératives de la province de Tiznit. Par conséquent, il en découle que l'adhésion au travail coopératif a eu des effets positifs en matière d'autonomisation de la femme et d'amélioration de ses conditions de vie. |
| Keywords: | Rural women,Empowerment,local employment.,Groupement TIZARGANE,Travail coopératif,Femmes rurales,Autonomisation,emploi local. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03207377&r= |
| By: | Cakmakli, Cem; Demiralp, Selva; Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem; Yesiltas, Sevcan |
| Abstract: | We quantify the macroeconomic effects of COVID-19 for emerging markets using a framework that combines a SIR model with data on international and intersectoral linkages for a small open economy. We use this framework to estimate the sectoral COVID costs for Turkey. Domestic infection rates feed directly into both sectoral supply and sectoral demand shocks. Sectoral demand shocks additionally capture foreign infection rates through external demand. Infection rates at home and abroad can change differentially with different lockdown policies and social distancing measures. We use real-time credit card purchases to pin down the magnitude of these demand shocks. Our results show that the optimal policy, which yields the lowest economic cost and saves the maximum number of lives, can be achieved under an early full lockdown of 39 days at the onset of the pandemic. Economic costs are much larger for an open economy because of the low external demand that amplifies the costs through international input-output linkages. We document a strong relationship between sectoral costs of COVID-19 and net capital flows into that sector, implying a tight connection between domestic fiscal space and external finance in emerging markets. |
| Keywords: | external finance; Globalization; I-O Tables; infections; sectoral heterogeneity |
| JEL: | C51 E61 F00 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15154&r= |