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on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Pauline Lectard (GREThA - Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Alain Piveteau (PRODIG - UMR 215 Prodig - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Nord] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech, PRODIG - UMR 8586 Prodig - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - IRD [France-Nord] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | Reducing the study of the structural transformation of a country to that of its export profile leads in fact to retain only the liberal position from the "ideological-political duality" of possible positions on the role of international trade in development. Our perspective in this text is different. It does not aim at any form of reductionism, nor does it a priori privilege a model of industrialization in the name of a necessity given by the presumed truth of international markets. Our approach takes note of the strategic choices made by Morocco in favor of an industrialization through export promotion. It proposes to complete the analysis of the economic and political conditions of Moroccan industrialization by an in-depth study of the profile of Moroccan exports. For that purpose, we return in a first point on the role of foreign markets in the recent industrialization strategy of Morocco and draw up an inventory of the structural transformation (I). We then analyze the transformation of the export structure in support of the criteria of diversification and sophistication (II). We then mobilize data and criteria from the work on "product space" to analyze, in Morocco, the tenuous relationship between the transformation of the export profile and structural transformation (III). Clearly, Morocco has successfully seized the opportunities that productive globalization has offered and, in turn, has consolidated sectoral successes by exporting new, more sophisticated and, although still isolated in the Moroccan productive structure, much more centrally located in the product space (automobiles and electrical machinery). However, the risk of seeing an archipelago of export poles along the country's West Atlantic coast without significant impact on structural transformation seems real in view of Morocco's lack of accumulation of production capacity. Capital accumulation per worker, which is relatively low in Morocco, is struggling to improve over the period. As for total factor productivity, it declined significantly to an extremely low level. This result is related to the slow pace of structural transformation, which, consequently, does not seem to be the result of a simple transformation of the export profile in Morocco. |
| Abstract: | Réduire l'étude de la transformation structurelle d'un pays à celle du profil de ses exportations conduit en fait à ne retenir de la « dualité idéologico-politique » des positions possibles sur le rôle du commerce international dans le développement que la seule position libérale. Notre perspective dans ce texte est différente. Elle ne vise aucune forme de réductionnisme, ni ne privilégie a priori un modèle d'industrialisation au nom d'une nécessité donnée par la vérité présumée des marchés internationaux. Notre approche prend acte des choix stratégiques fait par le Maroc en faveur d'une industrialisation par la promotion des exportations et propose de compléter l'analyse des conditions économiques et politiques de l'industrialisation marocaine du programme de recherche « Made in Morocco » par l'étude approfondie du profil des exportations marocaines. Pour cela nous revenons dans un premier point sur le rôle des marchés extérieurs dans la stratégie d'industrialisation récente du Maroc et dressons un état des lieux de la transformation structurelle (I). Nous analysons ensuite la transformation de la structure des exportations à l'appui des critères de diversification et de sophistication (II). Puis nous mobilisons les données et critères issus des travaux sur « l'espace des produits » pour analyser, au Maroc, la relation restée ténue entre la transformation du profil des exportations et la transformation structurelle (III). Manifestement, le Maroc a su capter avec succès les opportunités que la mondialisation productive lui a offertes et consolider, en retour, des réussites sectorielles en exportant des produits nouveaux, plus sophistiqués et, bien qu'encore isolés dans la structure productive marocaine, situés beaucoup plus au centre de l'espace des produits (automobiles et machines électriques). Pour autant, le risque de voir s'installer le long de la façade ouest-atlantique du pays un archipel de pôles d'exportations sans impact significatif sur la transformation structurelle paraît réel au regard du manque d'accumulation de capacités de production du Maroc. L'accumulation de capital par travailleur, relativement basse au Maroc, peine à s'améliorer au cours de la période. Quant à la productivité totale des facteurs, elle baisse de façon significative pour atteindre un niveau extrêmement bas. Ce résultat est à relier à la lenteur de la transformation structurelle qui, en conséquence, ne semble pas pouvoir, au Maroc, provenir d'une simple transformation du profil des exportations. |
| Keywords: | Industrial policy,Exports,Middle-income trap,Exports Diversification,Exports sophistication,Structural transformation,Morocco,Politique industrielle,Exportations,Diversification,Sophistication,Transformation structurelle,Maroc |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03031002&r=all |
| By: | Yusuf Emre Akgunduz; Yusuf Kenan Bagir; Seyit Mumin Cilasun; Murat Gunay Kirdar |
| Abstract: | This study combines an administrative dataset of the full population of Turkish firms and the setting of the sudden mass migration of Syrian refugees to Turkey to identify the effect of migrants on firm performance and market structure. As a result of the migrant shock, existing firms expand and new firms are established. Quantitatively, a 10 percentage-point rise in migrant-to-native ratio increases average firm sales by 4% and the number of registered firms by 5%. While the number of firms rises, new firms are more likely to be small. The resulting market structure shows less concentration and firms reduce the share of workers formally employed. We further document an increased propensity to export and an increase in the variety of exported products. The impact on exports is driven by a rise in competitiveness of firms in regions hosting Syrians as a decline in export prices is observed. We also uncover evidence for an effect of migrants’ skills and networks on exports, as the export value and variety of products to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region increase more than those to the EU region among exporters while the prices of products exported to the two regions show similar changes. |
| Keywords: | Refugees, Firm performance, Market structure, Sales, Informality, Exports, Migrant business networks |
| JEL: | J15 J61 F16 L11 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:2101&r=all |
| By: | So Kubota (Faculty of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University) |
| Abstract: | In this article, I propose a macroeconomic approach to measure cross-country differences in culture. This method is applied to explain the drastic decline in the Turkish female employment rate over a half-century. I construct a quantitative general equilibrium model of worker allocation by industry and gender. A cross-country simulation finds that Turkish families' social stigma due to female employment is 39% higher than that of the U.S. Its magnitude is comparable to the scale in Egypt but is significantly higher than the Greek case. I also find consistent microeconometric evidence in the European Social Survey. |
| Keywords: | Culture; Female Labor; Structural Transformation; Turkey |
| JEL: | O11 D10 J16 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wap:wpaper:1925&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The growth impact of the COVID-19 crisis has so far been less severe than expected, as strong consumption helped offset weak tourism and investment. Measures taken to address the health and social needs and support the sectors most directly affected by the crisis appear to have helped mitigate the impact of the shock. External market conditions have improved with a strong return of portfolio inflows since the approval of the Stand-By Arrangement (SBA). |
| Keywords: | Public debt;Revenue administration;External debt;Budget planning and preparation;COVID-19 ;ISCR,CR,consumer price index inflation,consumer price inflation,internal audit mechanism,expenditure control process,inflation expectation |
| Date: | 2021–01–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2021/007&r=all |
| By: | Ozatay, Fatih |
| Abstract: | In the aftermath of the global financial crisis monetary policies in advanced economies caused a surge in cross-border lending to emerging market economies (EMEs). Policymakers of EMEs criticized those policies on the grounds that they pave the way for financial imbalances in EMEs and called for international policy coordination. Up to mid-2018 leverage of banks and foreign currency exposure of nonfinancial corporates increased sharply in Turkey. Under these conditions, a shock that causes a stop in capital flows can trigger crisis in EMEs. The Turkish economy was hit by several external shocks and entered a recession in the third quarter of 2018. This study aims at analyzing the role of financial vulnerabilities and domestic policies in Turkey’s 2018-19 crisis and draw policy lessons. We argue that, notwithstanding complaints regarding lack of international policy coordination, domestic policy mistakes played an important role in paving the way for the crisis. |
| Keywords: | Crisis, cross-border lending, currency mismatches, leverage |
| JEL: | E32 E52 F34 F42 G01 G38 |
| Date: | 2020–12–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104951&r=all |
| By: | Esra Ozdil Gumus (Bogazici University, Turkey) |
| Abstract: | The Republic of Turkey in 1923, is established on the foundations of secularism and modernity. The newly established state, which turned its face to the West by rejecting the legacy of the Ottoman Empire, carried out a modern nation building project with the imagination of a new nation, family and citizenship. Through family planning policies, the modern nuclear family was supported as a disengagement from the Ottoman traditional society. Due to secularist policies, beliefs, morals, values, ethics were accepted as individualistic matters and pushed to private sphere. This family-oriented modernization and ideal of national family required the construction of a new citizen woman who incurred the responsibility of raising new patriot generations devoted to principles of the reformist state. However, this perception of family and woman began to change in the last few decades especially with the neoconservative and neoliberal policies adopted by the rule of the Justice and Development Party (JDP). In accordance with the earlier governments, the family preserved its privileged position, however, with a new assignment on family which instrumentalizes ethics, morals and beliefs in the public sphere compatible with its policies. The birth control policies have come to an end and the care giving services assigned to families instead of public service, which eventually requires a renovation of duties and responsibilities of the family and women. This paper intends to analyze the mobilization of beliefs, morals and ethics for the sake of construction of the social order. |
| Keywords: | family, neoconservatism, neoliberalism, Turkey, values, Early Republican era |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:scmowp:008eg&r=all |
| By: | Fateh Belaïd; Christophe Rault |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the key factors affecting household energy expenditure in Egypt. Based upon the latest 2015 Egyptian HIECS Survey, we develop a quantile regression model with an innovative variable selection approach via Adaptive Lasso Regularization technique to untangle the spectrum of household energy expenditure. Unsurprisingly, income, age, household size, housing size, and employment status are salient predictors for energy expenditure. Housing characteristics have a moderate impact, while socio-economic attributes have a much larger one. The largest variations in household energy expenditures in Egypt are mainly due to variations in income, household size, and housing type. Our findings document substantial differences in household energy expenditure, originating from the asymmetric tails of the energy expenditure distribution. This outcome highlights the added value of implementing quantile regression methods. Our empirical results have various interesting policy implications regarding residential energy efficiency and carbon emissions reduction in Egypt. |
| Keywords: | residential energy expenditure, energy efficiency, quantile regression, Adaptive Lasso, Egypt. |
| JEL: | C11 C21 D12 Q40 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8815&r=all |
| By: | Yosra Sobeih (Taibah University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Alshrouk Academy); Rasha Samir (Gulf University, Bahrain and Alshrouk Academy) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to monitor the role of digital media in facing the COVID-19 pandemic, as the media play a prominent and essential role in building images of reality among the public through the information they provide, and from here comes the role of the media in general and digital media in particular in contributing. In creating awareness among the masses of how to deal with this crisis, the media play a fundamental role during disasters and crises, as they work to deliver the necessary information to the public and the general public, as well as interpret events, provide moral support to affected communities, and contribute to digital coverage that is characterized by speed and keeping pace with events. Disasters and crises play a very important role in determining and shaping trends towards what is happening. The results indicate that some Arab countries have taken advantage of the effective role of digital media in facing the crisis and raising awareness about it, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia scored first in facing this crisis by launching many applications that served citizens very much during the crisis and by launching many digital means on websites and their issuance through mobile applications, which facilitates the process of communicating with citizens, educating them and protecting their health, which had a great impact on controlling the crisis. |
| Keywords: | Digital Media, Awareness, Coronavirus |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:upaper:006yr&r=all |
| By: | LAHLOU, Kamal (Bank Al-Maghrib, Département de la Recherche); DOGHMI, Hicham (Bank Al-Maghrib, Département de la Recherche); SCHNEIDER, Friedrich (Johannes Kepler University of Linz) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to estimate the size of the shadow economy in Morocco over the period 1988-2018. The CDA and MIMIC approaches are used while taking into consideration variables that reflect the features of the Moroccan economy such as the importance of currency in circulation, the size of the agricultural sector and the financial development process. Our results show that the evolution of the shadow economy exhibits three distinct periods: (i) over the first period 1988-1998, it is almost stagnant at around 40% of GDP; (ii) during the second period 1999-2008, it decreases to 32% -34% of GDP; (iii) during the last period 2009-2018, the declining trend is continuing but at a more moderate pace, to reach a level just below 30% of GDP. These results suggest that the strategies implemented by national authorities since the early 2000s to improve the institutional, economic and financial environment contributed to reducing the size of the shadow economy. However, the persistence of important shadow activities requires additional structural reforms particularly those related to education, judiciary system, tax policy and labor market. |
| Keywords: | Shadow economy; MIMIC model; currency demand approach; financial development; structural reforms; Morocco |
| JEL: | C22 E26 H26 K42 O17 P11 |
| Date: | 2020–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:bkamdt:2020_003&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | As in many other countries in the world, the pandemic has exerted a heavy toll on Morocco’s population. Its economy has also been hit by a severe drought that affected agriculture output. The authorities’ prompt response has helped contain the social and economic damage from the shocks but could not avoid a severe contraction of GDP. The loss of tax revenues deteriorated the fiscal position, while the fall in tourism receipts widened the current account deficit. However, greater access to external borrowing, including the full drawing of the IMF Precautionary and Liquidity Line (PLL) arrangement, has helped maintain international reserves at adequate levels so far in 2020. A gradual economic recovery is expected to begin in 2021, assuming the impact of the drought and the health crisis wane next year. The recent rise in COVID-19 cases, both in Morocco and its main trading partners, suggests that this outlook remains subject to significant downside risks. |
| Keywords: | Public debt;COVID-19 ;Credit;Loans;External debt;ISCR,CR,vaccination campaign,vaccine dose,draft budget law,coupon rate,government policy |
| Date: | 2021–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2021/002&r=all |
| By: | Marek Dabrowski; Marta Domínguez-Jiménez |
| Abstract: | The authors thank Maria Demertzis and Nicolas Véron for their comments. In the 2010s, the economic situation in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) deteriorated as a result of lower oil and other commodity prices, a new round of domestic political instability, continuous intra-regional conflicts, stalled economic and governance reforms and, finally, the COVID-19 pandemic. The growth of real GDP, which slowed after the global financial crisis of 2008-2009,... |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:polcon:40688&r=all |
| By: | Jariani, Farzaneh |
| Abstract: | According to the Keynesian Model, the effectiveness of fiscal stabilization policy will rest on the size of fiscal multipliers and one of the most important and effective factors on the fiscal increasing coefficient can be the same crowding out & crowding in effects of the government fiscal policy on the private sector's investment on the real estate which it has been taken into consideration over the last few decades. Since, there is an interaction among the governance variables, government and investment and therefore an active private sector's investment is known as a very significant strategy in the direction of retaining the economic sustainable growth and with regards to this important matter in this study, we have taken into account the simultaneous effects of economic indexes, prosperity index, economic freedom index, governance index and comprehensive sanctions on the real estate investment and Iranian people's welfare applying the Multilevel GLM method from 1985 to 2019. Results of such study show that the government's macro policy makings have had a crowding out effect on the private investments on the real estate meanwhile the private investments on the real estate, bad governance and low and non-inclusive economic growth have lead to the small participation of manpower and losing the social capital and generally speaking, the failure of ensuring the social welfare and prosperity. |
| Keywords: | Keynesian Model, Fiscal Policy, Real Estate, Crowding Out, Crowding In, Good Governance, Comprehensive Sanctions, Legatum Prosperity Index, Index of Economic Freedom |
| JEL: | E62 G3 H2 H31 H32 H54 O3 O42 O53 |
| Date: | 2021–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:105506&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Timely containment, a large monetary stimulus, and targeted fiscal measures helped save lives and livelihoods during the first COVID-19 wave, but a significant second wave is still unfolding. The economic and human impact has been sizeable: real GDP is expected to decline by 3 percent in 2020; unemployment has surged to record levels; tourism and remittances have declined; and revenues of the central government and of other public sector entities have dropped, raising public debt to 90 percent of GDP. A new government and parliament have been ushered in, with welcome continuity in reform commitment. |
| Date: | 2021–01–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2021/011&r=all |
| By: | Lahcen Bounader; Mohamed Doukali |
| Abstract: | We test the existence of the balance sheet channel of monetary policy in a middle-income country. Firm-level data scarcity and quality, in such a context, make the identification of this channel a steep challenge. To circumvent this challenge, we use panel instrumental variables estimation with measurement error to analyze the financial statements of 58 500 Moroccan firms over the period 2010-2016. Our analysis confirms the existence of this channel. It shows that monetary policy has a significant impact on small and medium enterprises’ access to banks’ financing, and that firm-specific variables are key determinants of firms’ financing decisions. |
| Keywords: | Financial statements;Loans;Collateral;Trade credits;Banking;WP,firm,long-term debt,short-term debt |
| Date: | 2019–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2019/239&r=all |
| By: | Chen, Maozhi; Sinha, Avik; Hu, Kexiang; Shah, Muhammad Ibrahim |
| Abstract: | Despite the ongoing research on energy efficiency and innovation in the context of Industry 4.0, little is known on how degree of leakages in economy can impact the energy efficiency-innovation association. This issue has been addressed by the United Nations in their Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) report also. In the era of Industry 4.0, this issue can be crucial from the perspective of sustainable development, and we are analyzing this issue in case of Middle East and North African (MENA) countries over a period of 1990-2016. The second-generation methodological approaches have been adopted. Our results show that technological innovation has a positive impact on energy efficiency, whereas growth in shadow economy has a detrimental impact on energy efficiency. The structural transformation of economy has positive impact on energy efficiency. Based on our results, we have designed an SDG framework, which might help the MENA countries to achieve the objectives of SDG 7, SDG 8, SDG 9, and SDG 4. |
| Keywords: | Energy Efficiency; Technological Innovation; Sustainable Development Goals; Fisher Ideal Index; Lilien Index |
| JEL: | O3 O33 Q40 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104842&r=all |
| By: | Majdi Debbich |
| Abstract: | This paper uses an untapped source of satellite-recorded nightlights and gas flaring data to characterize the contraction of economic activity in Yemen throughout the ongoing conflict that erupted in 2015. Using estimated nightlights elasticities on a sample of 72 countries for real GDP and 28 countries for oil GDP over 6 years, I derive oil and non-oil GDP growth for Yemen. I show that real GDP contracted by a cumulative 24 percent over 2015-17 against 50 percent according to official figures. I also find that the impact of the conflict has been geographically uneven with economic activity contracting more in some governorates than in others. |
| Keywords: | Oil;Oil production;Economic recession;Natural gas sector;Oil sector;WP,real GDP,radiant heat |
| Date: | 2019–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2019/221&r=all |
| By: | Yasser Tamsamani (UH2MC - Université Hassan II [Casablanca]) |
| Abstract: | l'objectif principal de ce papier est de démontrer le bien-fondé d'une réponse conjointe à l'urgence née de la crise sanitaire et aux défis du développement, qui passe par l'instauration de l'État social au Maroc. La référence au cadre macroéconomique établi par M. Kalecki est pour assurer la cohérence interne des politiques économiques en mesure de répondre aux exigences d'un État social. Pour le financement de certains aspects de cet État social, de nouvelles pistes seront présentées et discutées. Ces pistes s'articulent pour redonner à la politique budgétaire le rôle central qui lui revient dans le développement du pays, soutenue en arrière par la politique monétaire. Elles exerceraient également un effet incitatif indirect sur le système bancaire en le poussant à s'impliquer davantage dans le devenir de l'économie marocaine. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19,développement,État social,politique budgétaire,banque publique,fiscalité du patrimoine Covid-19,development,social state,fiscal policy,public banking,wealth taxation Codes JEL : H1,H6,O1,P16 |
| Date: | 2021–01–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03103015&r=all |
| By: | DOGHMI, Hicham (Bank Al-Maghrib, Département de la Recherche) |
| Abstract: | Ce papier évalue l’efficience de la collecte des impôts au Maroc en déterminant l’écart entre le niveau observé des recettes fiscales et sa capacité fiscale ; le maximum d’impôts qu’il peut potentiellement collecter. Pour ce faire, nous estimons la capacité fiscale pour un panel de 76 pays en développement sur la période 1980-2017, en utilisant la dernière génération des modèles de frontières stochastiques. Sur la période récente allant de 2013 à 2017, les résultats montrent que : (i) le Maroc n’exploite pas entièrement sa capacité fiscale et dispose d’un écart fiscal de 6,7 points de PIB ; (ii) cet écart est de 4,1 dans les pays à revenu faible; (iii) 6,1 dans les pays à revenu intermédiaire de la tranche inférieure ; (iv) 8,3 dans les pays à revenu intermédiaire de la tranche supérieure. La mise en œuvre des recommandations issues des Assises Nationales sur la Fiscalité de 2019 est de nature à améliorer l’efficience de la collecte des impôts au Maroc en réduisant le manque à gagner fiscal. |
| Keywords: | Capacité fiscale; écart fiscal; recettes fiscales; réforme fiscale; frontières stochastiques |
| JEL: | C23 C51 H20 H21 H29 |
| Date: | 2020–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:bkamdt:2020_001&r=all |
| By: | DEHMEJ , Salim (International Monetary Fund); MIKOU, Mohammed (Bank Al-Maghrib, Département de la Recherche) |
| Abstract: | La crise des « subprimes » et plus récemment celle du Covid-19 ont mis en exergue les risques potentiels menaçant la stabilité financière et l’importance d'une surveillance accrue du système financier. L’objectif de ce document de travail est double puisqu’il mesure d’abord le risque systémique du secteur bancaire marocain - à l’aide de techniques récentes développées dans la littérature économique et utilisées par des Banques Centrales - avant de l’intégrer dans un indice agrégé de stabilité financière (IASF), susceptible de faciliter le suivi des risques financiers et la détection précoce des vulnérabilités. L’indice agrégé est calculé comme une moyenne pondérée de 25 indicateurs macroéconomiques et financiers, classés en cinq sous-indices : le développement macroéconomique, le développement financier, la vulnérabilité bancaire, la vulnérabilité du secteur non financier et le risque systémique. Son évolution est contenue et confirme que le système financier marocain a fait preuve d’une résilience avérée durant ces dernières années. |
| Keywords: | Stabilité financière; Risque Systémique; Indice de stress financier; SRISK |
| JEL: | E44 G01 G10 G20 |
| Date: | 2020–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:bkamdt:2020_002&r=all |
| By: | Bibak, Baran |
| Abstract: | English Abstract: In this chapter, we review different energy sources that are used and implemented in Iran’s electricity market. Specifically, we focus on the renewable energy sources that are in place in the country, e.g. hydropower, wind, and solar. We review the technology and the capacities of renewable energy production as well as the potential future plans for expanding the renewable energy sector in Iran. Persian Abstract: در این فصل مروری میکنیم بر منابع مختلف انرژی که در بازار برق ایران وجود دارد. مشخصا، بر منابع انرژی تجدیدپذیر تمرکز خواهیم کرد. تکنولوژیهای مربوطه را مرور میکنیم. و به پتانسیلهای این بخش خواهیم پرداخت. امید که قبول واقع افتد. |
| Keywords: | Electricity Market; Reneable Energy; Alternative Energy Sources |
| JEL: | Q20 Q28 Q42 |
| Date: | 2019–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:105489&r=all |
| By: | Bubak, Baran |
| Abstract: | English Abstract: This chapter aims at finding the optimal tariff rates for Save-Salafchegan-Tehran-Pardis-Chaloos-Karaj Highways. In so doing, I use Small-Yan index to expand the optimal function around the point of gravity. Using real time data, the model’s parameters have been calibrated. The optimal tariff rates has been extracted. Policy implications are discussed. Persian Abstract: در این پژوهش هدف بدست آوردن عوارض بهینه برای آزادراههای ساوه-سلفچگان، تهران-پردیس و قزوین-کرج است. برای بدست آوردن عوارض بهینه ابتدا مدل قیمتگذاری ارزش، اسمال و یان برای نزدیکی بیشتر با واقعیت توسط مولف بسط داده شد، پارامترهای این مدل با استفاده از دادههای روزانه تردد شماری سازمان راهداری و حمل و نقل جادهای تخمین زده شد و سپس پارامتر ارزش زمانی به صورت ساختاری تخمین زده شد و عوارض بهینه به صورت عددی برای آزادراههای مزبور بدست آمد. امید که قبول افتد. |
| Keywords: | Value-Pricing, Highway Tarriff, Optimization |
| JEL: | J53 K23 L16 L52 |
| Date: | 2020–08–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:105490&r=all |