|
on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Duman, Anil |
| Abstract: | Many empirical studies found wage gaps between formal and informal sector workers even after controlling for a number of individual and firm level characteristics. While there is limited amount of research considering the same question in the Turkish labor market, wage gap between formal and informal employees generally do not take unobserved characteristics into account. In our paper, we carry this analysis for Turkey and estimate the wage gap between formal and informal sector workers utilizing panel data from Survey of Income and Living Conditions (SILC) for the period of 2014 and 2017. Mincer wage equations across quantiles are estimated considering observable and unobservable characteristics with a fixed effect model, and for sensitivity tests we regard the possibility of nonlinearity in covariate effects and estimate a variant of matching models. Our results show that informal wage penalty is persistent even after unobserved heterogeneity is taken into account, however, the penalty is not statistically significant at the upper end of the wage distribution. Moreover, we show that there are important differences between informal workers who have permanent contracts versus informal workers that have relatively more irregular work arrangements. Not only the latter is subject to earnings reductions, but they also have slightly lower probability of moving out of informal employment. We also demonstrate that the mobility of lower and upper tier informal workers is affected by different variables. |
| Keywords: | wage gap,quantile regression,informal sector,panel data,Turkey |
| JEL: | J31 C31 O17 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:655&r=all |
| By: | Evan Borkum; Anitha Sivasankaran; Elena Moroz; Matt Sloan |
| Abstract: | In this report we describe the final findings from the performance evaluation of the investments in irrigated olive and date areas funded by MCC’s Fruit Tree Productivity Project in Morocco. |
| Keywords: | Morocco, Agriculture, Irrigation |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:09644639569a4e0a8cb85cee503e38e7&r=all |
| By: | Evan Borkum; Anitha Sivasankaran; Elena Moroz; Matt Sloan |
| Abstract: | In this report we describe the final findings from the performance evaluation of the modern olive oil processing units established under MCC’s Fruit Tree Productivity Project in Morocco. |
| Keywords: | Morocco, Agriculture, Irrigation |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:d90e0c50304f4a71bb747d9cae540a85&r=all |
| By: | Saadati, Alireza; Honarmandi, Zahra; Zarei, Samira |
| Abstract: | In this paper, the asymmetric and nonlinear effects of the real exchange rate shocks on different export-oriented businesses, i.e. Petrochemical, Basic Metal, and Mining industries stock indexes, in Tehran Stock Exchange is examined. From the policymakers’ perspective, this idea is theoretically interpreted as a "fear of appreciation" hypothesis that refers to the intervention of central banks in foreign exchange markets to restrict currency appreciation rather than depreciation to defend export competitiveness. To this aim, in addition to the main variables, the monthly time series data of the control variables, i.e. inflation, OPEC oil price, and international sanctions, from 2012:01 to 2020:01 are used. Our findings based on the NARDL approach illustrate that not only have exchange rate shocks significant effects on different stock indexes, but these relationships are asymmetric and nonlinear. Moreover, the results have confirmed the fear of depreciations hypothesis in the export-oriented industries, that means the central bank of Iran tends to pursue the “leaning-against-the-depreciation-wind” policy rather than “leaning-against-the-appreciation-wind” one. |
| Keywords: | Exchange Rate Shocks, Export-Oriented Industries, fear of depreciation, NARDL Model. |
| JEL: | C58 E44 F31 G32 |
| Date: | 2020–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:101554&r=all |
| By: | Salaheddine Soummane (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Frédéric Ghersi (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Julien Lefèvre (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | Highlights We calibrate a hybrid dynamic recursive CGE model of Saudi Arabia on original data We acknowledge the Saudi specifics of currency peg and investment stability We explore 3 scenarios of international and domestic energy prices Low global prices affect Saudi GDP little but lower national and public savings Reformed domestic prices restore activity but not national or public savings Abstract We analyse the mid-term macroeconomic challenge to Saudi Arabia of a global low-carbon transition reducing oil revenues, versus the opportunity of national energy reforms. We calibrate a compact, dynamic recursive model of Saudi Arabia on original energy-economy data to explore scenarios. We first assess the consequences of oil prices declining from their levels in the New Policies Scenario (NPS) of the IEA, to their levels in its Sustainable |
| Keywords: | Administered energy prices,Low-carbon transition,Hybrid energy-economy modelling,Saudi Arabia |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02924714&r=all |
| By: | Gyasi, Genevieve |
| Abstract: | The study used the co-integration and Granger causality test to examine the long run relationship and check the direction of the causalities among GDP, trade, employment and FDI in Morocco.The study confirms that changes in the economic growth in the long run affect trade in the short run. Changes in employment in the long run have marginal effect on trade, GDP and no impact on FDI in the short run. Changes in FDI in the long run have significant effect on GDP and trade in the short run. |
| Keywords: | Trade (TRD), employment rate (EMP), Investment (FDI) and economic growth (GDP), African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) |
| JEL: | F1 F16 |
| Date: | 2020–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:101307&r=all |
| By: | Safieddine Bouali (ISG - Institut Supérieur de Gestion de Tunis [Tunis] - Université de Tunis [Tunis]) |
| Abstract: | The implementation process of the Tunisian institutional competition framework governing the changeover from a state-led economy to the liberal market-oriented system is investigated. To this end, we apply the path-dependence approach in order to detect possible inertias and/or deflections that could prevent the establishment of its main objective: ensuring a clear and standardized legal stability of the competition. On the one hand, contextualization and gradualism selected by the Tunisian authorities were the least severe arbitrations in terms of social penalty. On the other hand, such trade-offs introduced intrinsic limitations leading to market inefficiencies. After an in-depth analysis, we show that the Competition Court's lack of jurisdiction in complaints against public bodies and the bureaucratic authorizations for undertakings introduce extrinsic restrictions of such a framework. One could argue that both intrinsic and extrinsic constraints are incentives for regulatory capture threatening considerably the effectiveness of the Tunisian institutional competition framework. |
| Abstract: | Le processus d'implémentation du cadre institutionnel tunisien de la concurrence et régissant le passage d'une économie administrée à un système de liberté des marchés est étudié. Nous appliquons l'approche de dépendance au chemin afin de détecter d'éventuelles inerties et/ou distorsions qui pourraient empêcher l'établissement de son objectif principal: assurer une stabilité juridique claire et standardisée de la concurrence. D'une part, nous montrerons que la contextualisation et le gradualisme retenus par les autorités tunisiennes ont été les arbitrages les moins sévères en matière de coût. D'autre part, nous indiquerons que ces compromis ont introduit des limitations intrinsèques conduisant à des inefficacités du marché. Après une analyse approfondie, nous montrons que les déclarations d'incompétence émises par le Conseil de la Concurrence de Tunisie et les exemptions de procédure pour les plaintes contre les organismes publics et les autorisations bureaucratiques estimées non-fondées mais accordées à certaines entreprises introduisent des restrictions extrinsèques à un tel cadre. On pourrait soutenir que les contraintes tant intrinsèques qu'extrinsèques sont des incitations à la capture de la réglementation menaçant considérablement l'efficacité du cadre institutionnel tunisien de la concurrence. |
| Keywords: | Path-dependence,Institutional economics,Competition framework,Bureaucracy discretion,Regulatory capture,JEL classification: L40,L51,K42,K23,Dépendance au chemin,Économie institutionnelle,Cadre de compétition,Pouvoir discrétionnaire de la bureaucratie,Capture réglementaire |
| Date: | 2020–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02932853&r=all |
| By: | Ibrahima Bah (MRE - Montpellier Recherche en Economie - UM - Université de Montpellier); Jules Sadefo Kamdem (MRE - Montpellier Recherche en Economie - UM - Université de Montpellier); Abdou Salam Diallo (MRE - Montpellier Recherche en Economie - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | The credit risk of oil-exporting countries could depend on the evolution of oil market. Indeed, the instability of oil prices can cause defaults on debt repayments, with a consequent deterioration in the credit quality of exporting countries. In this paper, through an econometric analysis between oil price and other variables of oil market and CDS premium volatilities, we highlight causalities between some variable of the oil market and the variation of the credit default of some oil-exporting countries. For illustration, we have randomly chosen to treat these oil-exporting countries: Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Russia, Norway, Kazakhstan and Qatar. A particular focus of our analysis is to study the slump of oil market in mid-2014 on the six countries credit default spreads volatility. |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02922834&r=all |
| By: | Ba Mamoudou (CATT - Centre d'Analyse Théorique et de Traitement des données économiques - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour); Mughal Mazhar (ESC Pau) |
| Abstract: | Agriculture is the main source of income, food and employment for a majority of the population in Mauritania. Due to the high variability of rainfall and the decline in irrigated land, many people living in rural Mauritania continue to face economic hardship, pushing more and more agricultural workers into non-agricultural activities. This study examines the effect of non-agricultural worker participation on poverty reduction in rural Mauritania. We used data from the 2014 EPCV survey and applied empirical techniques of probit, propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability weighting (IPW) to control potential selection bias. We tested the relationship with off-farm labour activity in terms of incidence as well as intensity and severity of poverty. The results show that the probability of being poor is 5.9% lower among households that have at least one member participating in non-farm activities compared to those only associated with the agriculture sector. Participation in non-farm activities indicates a reduction in the intensity and severity of poverty by 3.6% and 1.9%, respectively. These results are robust to the variable definitions and econometric methods used. We found that surplus-labour released by the agriculture sector is absorbed in the non-farm economy. Income generation through diversification into non-farm activities seems to be an effective way to reduce poverty in rural areas. |
| Abstract: | L'agriculture est la principale source de revenus, de nourriture et d'emploi pour une majorité de la population de Mauritanie. En raison de la grande variabilité des précipitations et de la diminution des terres irriguées, de nombreuses personnes vivant en Mauritanie rurale continuent à être confrontées à des difficultés économiques, poussant de plus en plus de travailleurs agricoles vers des activités non agricoles. Cette étude examine l'effet de la participation des travailleurs non agricoles sur la réduction de la pauvreté en Mauritanie rurale. Nous utilisons les données de l'enquête EPCV de 2014 et appliquons les techniques empiriques de probit, d'appariement des scores de propension (PSM) et de pondération inverse des probabilités (IPW) pour contrôler le biais de sélection potentiel. Nous vérifions la relation avec l'activité de travail non agricole en termes d'incidence ainsi qu'en termes d'intensité et de gravité de la pauvreté. Les résultats montrent que la probabilité d'être pauvre est inférieure de 5,9 % parmi les ménages dont au moins un membre participe à des activités non agricoles par rapport à ceux dont tout les membres sont uniquement associés au secteur agricole. La participation à des activités non agricoles indique une réduction de l'intensité et de la gravité de la pauvreté de 3,6 % et 1,9 %, respectivement. Ces résultats sont robustes à utilisation des définitions des variables et des méthodes économétriques employées. Ces résultats indiquent que le surplus de travail libéré par le secteur agricole est absorbé dans l'économie non agricole. La génération de revenus par la diversification dans des activités non agricoles semble être un moyen efficace de réduire la pauvreté dans les zones rurales. |
| Date: | 2020–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02933672&r=all |
| By: | Mohammed Zaouaq (Université Mohammed V) |
| Date: | 2019–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02883192&r=all |