|
on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Ghassan Dibeh; Ali Fakih; Walid Marrouch |
| Abstract: | Irregular migration became an alarming issue over the last decade for both developed and developing countries. A prevailing assumption in migration policy is that labor market and institutional characteristics play a crucial role in pushing people to leave their home countries in search for better life prospects. This paper examines this hypothesis using a unique dataset covering young people aged 15 to 29 from five major MENA countries from the year 2016. Using a probit model, the paper finds that labor market drivers (unemployment, job sector, social security, contract type) are of great importance for the decision to migrate irregularly amongst the youth in the MENA region and that the quality of institutions matters. In addition, the lack of wealth and economic opportunities enhance their willingness to engage in irregular migration. |
| Keywords: | Irregular Migration,Youth,Labor Markets,Institutions,Arab Spring, |
| JEL: | J61 O17 |
| Date: | 2018–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2018s-34&r=ara |
| By: | International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "Libya neighbours Tunisia, Algeria, Niger, Chad, Sudan and Egypt, and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north. In 2016 the country had a population of over 6 million people, of whom 33 per cent were under 18 and 10 per cent were under 5 years old. Libya used to be one of the most developed non-Gulf Cooperation Council economies in the region, with gross national income of USD12,440 per capita in 2010. Due to the ongoing conflict, oil production?the country's leading source of income?has decreased significantly, causing GDP to drop by half compared to pre-2011 levels and gross national income per capita to fall to USD4,730 (as in 2011). Between 2010 and 2015, Libya's HDI fell from 0.756 to 0.716, placing it 102nd out of 188 countries. Given the lack of recent official statistics, Libyas poverty rate is uncertain. Using the 2003 national poverty line, the World Bank estimated it at 14.4 per cent in 2015". (...) |
| Keywords: | Non-contributory, social protection, child, equity, lens, Libya |
| Date: | 2018–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opager:395&r=ara |
| By: | International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "Kuwait is an oil-rich country in the Middle East bordered by Iraq, Iran and Saudi Arabia. Its strategic location and substantial oil reserves make it one of the highest-income Gulf countries. In 2016 the country's population was estimated at 4,052,000, of whom 316,000 were under the age of 5 and 988,000 were under the age of 18. About one third of the population are Kuwaiti nationals, while the other two thirds are expatriates and migrant workers. Poverty estimates for Kuwait are not publicly available, but with an Human Development Index of 0.800 in 2015 (above the Middle East and North Africa regions average of 0.704), the country is considered to have 'very high' human development and is in 51st place out of 188 countries globally". (...) |
| Keywords: | Non-contributory, social protection, child, equity, lens, Kuwait |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opager:392&r=ara |
| By: | International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "With a population of over 80 million, the Islamic Republic of Iran is the second most populous country in the MENA region (after Egypt). More than 22 million people are under 18 years of age?27 per cent of the population. Iran's Human Development Index (HDI) was 0.774 in 2015, putting the country in the 'high human development' category. Iran has a long history of providing asylum to refugees. It is estimated that up to 3.5 million Afghans?many second or third generation?as well as some 30,000 Iraqi refugees reside in the country". (...) |
| Keywords: | Non-contributory, social protection, child, equity, lens, Iran |
| Date: | 2018–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opager:387&r=ara |
| By: | International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "The Republic of Iraq shares its largest land borders with Iran, Syria and Saudi Arabia. Of its total 37.2 million inhabitants, 5.7 million (15.4 per cent) are children under the age of 5, and 17.46 million (46 per cent) are below the age of 18. Despite being classified as an upper-middle-income country, Iraqs Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.649 is below the regional average for the Middle East (0.704) and ranks 121st of 188 countries". (...) |
| Keywords: | Non-contributory, social protection, child, equity lens, Iraq |
| Date: | 2018–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opager:388&r=ara |
| By: | International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "With over 91 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in the MENA region. Two fifths of the population are younger than 18, and 12 million of those are under the age of 5. Egypt has been experiencing accelerated population growth in recent years due to rising fertility rates. It is considered to have a medium level of human development, and is ranked 111th out of 188 countries. Many households are experiencing food insecurity due to increased inflation. Youth unemployment remains high (32 per cent, compared to 13 per cent among the total adult population), affecting young women in particular (38 per cent, as in 2015)". (...) |
| Keywords: | Non-contributory, social protection, child, equity, lens, Egypt |
| Date: | 2018–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opager:386&r=ara |
| By: | International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "Morocco is a lower-middle-income country in North Africa. In 2016 its population was estimated at 35.27 million, of whom 10 per cent (3.5 million) are under the age of 5 and 32 per cent (11.4 million) are under the age of 18. Although its poverty rate fell from 15.3 per cent in 2001 to 4.8 per cent in 2014, regional disparities remain a cause for concern, since 74 per cent of the poorest population are concentrated in only 5 of the 12 regions. Moroccos Human Development Index was 0.647 in 2015, which is above the average for countries in the medium human development group". (...) |
| Keywords: | Non-contributory, social protection, child, equity, lens, Morocco |
| Date: | 2018–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opager:396&r=ara |
| By: | International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "Lebanon is a middle-income country bordered by Syria and Israel, with an estimated population of 6 million people in 2016, of whom approximately 0.4 million are children under 5 years of age and 1.7 million are under 18. According to data from the 2011 Household Budgetary Survey, the national poverty rate in the country was 27 per cent, with remarkable regional disparities: 16 per cent in Beirut, but as high as 38 per cent in Bekaa and 36 per cent in North Lebanon". (...) |
| Keywords: | Non-contributory, social protection, child, equity, lens, Lebanon |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opager:393&r=ara |
| By: | International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a lower-middle-income country in the central region of the Middle East. In 2016 the country had an estimated total population of 9.45 million people. Children under the age of 18 accounted for 41 per cent of the population (3.9 million), while those under the age of 5 accounted for 12.9 per cent (1.2 million). With a Human Development Index of 0.741, Jordan ranked 86th in terms of human development globally. However, poverty rates remain relatively high, with 14.4 per cent of the population living below the national poverty line. Jordan has one of the highest unemployment rates in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, and young people are disproportionately affected". (...) |
| Keywords: | Non-contributory, social protection, child, equity, lens, Jordan |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opager:391&r=ara |
| By: | International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "Oman is located on the south-eastern edge of the Arabian Peninsula, bordering Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Yemen. The country is part of the six high-income Gulf nations and has a population of approximately 4.5 million, of which 1.1 million (25 per cent) are under the age of 18 and 0.4 million (9 per cent) are under the age of 5. Fertility rates declined from 7.2 in 1990 to 2.7 in 2015. Due to a high volume of immigration, only slightly more than 50 per cent of the total population are Omani nationals". (...) |
| Keywords: | Non-contributory, social protection, child, equity, lens, Oman |
| Date: | 2018–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opager:397&r=ara |
| By: | Darya Maoz (Hadassah Academic College, Israel) |
| Abstract: | In 1979, Israel and Egypt signed the Camp David Accords, mandating Israel?s withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula, which had been seized from Egypt in the Six Day War of 1967. Since then Egypt and Israel?s relations have known ups and downs, but have generally remained cold. Many Egyptians hold harsh feelings toward Israel, especially since the second Intifada (an uprising of the Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank) which broke out in September 2000. The same mistrust and negative attitude is also shared by many Israelis toward Egypt. The current study examines the fascinating subject of romantic relations between Israeli-Jewish women tourists and local Arab men in The Sinai Peninsula, a part of Egypt. The only place this special encounter could happen ? against the attitudes of societies and families ? is through tourism, which enables breaking even the strongest walls and let two rival sides live together in the most intimate way.Romantic relations between Jews and Arabs are rare and face obstacles and considerable opposition. In Israel, such relations elicit ?moral panic,? and there is a tendency to criminalize the Arab men and to portray the Jewish women as weak and foolish. Academic attention to mixed-faith relationships in Israel is quite rare and has focused on negative aspects. The current study forms part of a wider research conducted over a period of 14 years (2004?2018) designed to assess the relations and mutual attitudes and perceptions of Israelis and Egyptians using qualitative methods such as fieldwork, participant observation, semi-structured in-depth interviews, and informal conversations with Israeli tourists and Arab hosts. The purpose of the current study is to examine the romantic relations between Israeli-Jewish women and Arab men in a very complex sociopolitical context. Who are these people, how do they perceive their relations, and what are the political and emotional aspects (and implications) of their choices? |
| Keywords: | Romance tourism; interfaith relations; Qualitative methods; The Arab-Israeli conflict |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8208785&r=ara |
| By: | Ahmad Yaghoubi Farani (Bu-Ali Sina University); Atieh Soleymani (Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran) |
| Abstract: | Entrepreneurship oriented education would help university graduates find a job or start a new career. That is why universities try to manage entrepreneurship education in order to improve entrepreneurial knowledge and skills of students. In Iran, universities focused on entrepreneurship education during last decades. The main purpose of this article was to investigate how universities can play an effective role in entrepreneurial education in order to improve entrepreneurial knowledge and skills of their students. In this survey, a group of 110 academics out of an access population (N=382) of Bu-Ali Sina academic staff (Hamedan province, IRAN) were randomly selected. A questionnaire was designed and then validated asking a panel of experts for their comments. Reliability of the instrument calculated to be 0.90 in alpha Cronbach?s scale. Results of the enquiry indicated that cooperation of universities with other local organizations (like outreach programs), elaborately directed apprenticeship courses, up-to- date educational content (in response to cutting edge technologies) and use of creativity- focused methods of teaching were mentioned to be the most effective ways for enhancing entrepreneurial knowledge and skills of students. Based on exploratory factor analysis, a number of activities such as informing and motivating toward entrepreneurship, career education and Curriculum revitalization proved to be the most influential factors for improving students? entrepreneurship knowledge and skills. At the End, some recommendation was introduced for universities in planning and implementing entrepreneurship education program. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Education, Entrepreneurial Knowledge, Entrepreneurial Skills. |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8208768&r=ara |
| By: | Erkan POYRAZ (Mu?la S?tk? Koçman University); Bilge TÜRKÜN KAYA (Mu?la S?tk? Koçman University) |
| Abstract: | International Credit Rating Agencies take an important place in economic, financial and commercial situation of countries. These agencies examine economic and political environment of countries, evaluate creditworthiness assessment factors and assign sovereign credit rate for each country. Leading credit rating agencies are Standard & Poor?s, Moody?s and Fitch, which are called as ?Big Three?. Their ratings play a router role in international investments. In addition, credit rate announcements may influence financial markets. In this study, effects of Turkey?s sovereign credit ratings, given by Big Three, on the main stock exchange index (BIST100) will be examined. Within this framework, event study methodology will be used to analyse the impacts of announcements. The aim of the study is to research effects of sovereign credit rate announcements on stock exchange markets. |
| Keywords: | Credit Rating Agencies, Sovereign Credit Rating, Stock Exchange Market, Event Study Methodology |
| JEL: | G14 G10 G00 |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:6508957&r=ara |
| By: | Zeynep Ozsut Bogar (Pamukkale University); Askiner Gungor (Pamukkale University) |
| Abstract: | Electronic waste or e-waste is one of the fastest growing waste types all over the world due to technological developments, especially affecting the IT based products. When an electrical or electronic product is replaced with a new one at any stage in its life cycle it becomes a potential e-waste. Estimation of e-waste potential is important and valuable to manage e-waste related issues such as e-waste collection, recycling and recovery facility location and capacity decisions, reverse and/or closed-loop supply chain networks design, recycling based operational decisions, and etc. In this study, the effort is specifically dedicated to estimate the waste computers based on the sales data by proposing a logistic model for the case of Turkey. Since consumer behaviors and adoption levels keep on changing with the technological developments, the model provides different scenario based solutions based on various levels of lifespans (base, upper and lower) and carrying capacities (upper, lower). Boundaries of potential quantity of waste computers are determined and a general view is given for this valuable e-waste stream. The study may provide benefit to develop e-waste management systems and more effective practice for estimation of other e-waste types in Turkey. |
| Keywords: | E-waste, WEEE, Logistic model, Estimation |
| JEL: | Q53 |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8209689&r=ara |
| By: | Bilge TÜRKÜN KAYA (Mu?la S?tk? Koçman University); Erkan POYRAZ (Mu?la S?tk? Koçman University) |
| Abstract: | As in all other areas, sustainability concept has become crucial in tourism sector. The Green Key award represents standard of excellence in the field of environmental and sustainable responsibility within the tourism industry. This eco-label is given to the tourism establishments according to the strict criteria determined by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE). These criteria include energy, water, waste and environmental management. The Green Key Award system is applied in 56 countries, more than 2600 tourism establishments all over the World. In 2017, Turkey, as one of the favourite tourism destination, is ranked as the 8th among the 56 countries with 86 tourism establishments having the Green Key award. Mu?la province, as the 3rd most popular tourist destination in Turkey, attracts millions of domestic and foreign visitors every year with its natural and historical spots in Fethiye, Marmaris and Bodrum. There are 17 hotels taking the Green Key award in this city. This study is about financing of sustainability investments at tourism sector in Mu?la. For this purpose, a research with Qualitative Interviewing Technique will be conducted in Hotels having Green Key award in Mu?la. The aim of this study is to examine the sustainability activities in tourism sector and explore the sources of finance for these activities. In addition, consciousness about special resource and incentives will be analysed. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Investments, Sustainability Financing, Sustainable Tourism, Green Key Award, Mu?la Tourism |
| JEL: | Q50 Q56 Q01 |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:6508959&r=ara |
| By: | Breisinger, Clemens; ElDidi, Hagar; El-Enbaby, Hoda; Gilligan, Daniel; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Kassim, Yumna; Kurdi, Sikandra; Jilani, Amir Hamza; Thai, Giang |
| Abstract: | Egypt has been providing cash to poor households through its first conditional cash transfer program, Takaful and Karama, a social protection program run by the Ministry of Social Solidarity (MoSS), since March 2015. Takaful (“Solidarity†) supports poor families with children under 18, while Karama (“Dignity†) supports the elderly poor and people living with disabilities. The cash transfer program has enrolled 2.25 million families across all of Egypt’s governorates. The amount of the Takaful cash transfer provided to households depends on the number of children and their school level. The Karama program provides a set amount per individual. In order to reach the poorest households, participants are selected using a proxy means test. In the Takaful program, 89 percent of recipients are women, while only 11 percent are men. Beginning in 2018, Takaful will also begin implementing conditionalities, requiring households in the program to ensure their children attend school and participate in health screenings, added to antenatal care for pregnant women and post-natal care. The Takaful and Karama program was evaluated by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) using both quantitative statistical methods (simple questions asked to many households during a survey) and qualitative methods (more in-depth questions asked to fewer households in longer interviews). The evaluation was designed to measure and explain the impacts of the cash transfers on household welfare, and to examine whether the program’s criteria for household selection were effective in identifying poor households. This brief, which focuses on the Takaful component of the program, summarizes the main findings from the evaluation and key recommendations. |
| Keywords: | EGYPT; ARAB COUNTRIES; MIDDLE EAST; NORTH AFRICA; AFRICA; resilience; poverty; nutrition; agricultural policies; nutrition policies; social protection; conditional cash transfer |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:polbrf:9780896295964&r=ara |
| By: | Breisinger, Clemens; ElDidi, Hagar; El-Enbaby, Hoda; Gilligan, Daniel; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Kassim, Yumna; Kurdi, Sikandra; Jilani, Amir Hamza; Thai, Giang |
| Abstract: | بدءًا من شهر مارس ۲۰۱٥، Øرصت الØكومة المصرية على تو٠ير دعم نقدي للأسر المصرية الواقعة تØت خط ال٠قر الأدني كوسيلة للØماية الاجتماعية Ù„ØµØ§Ù„Ø Ø§Ù„Ø£Ø³Ø± من خلال أول برنامج مشروط للدعم النقدى وهو برنامج "تكا٠ل وكرامة" الذي تديره وزارة التضامن الاجتماعي. ويدعم برنامج "تكا٠ل" العائلات الأكثر ٠قراً من التي تعول أط٠ال دون سن الثامنة عشر، ويدعم برنامج "كرامة" ال٠ئات الأكثر ٠قراً من المسنين وذوي الاØتياجات الخاصة والأيتام. وبلغ عدد مست٠يدي البرنامج Øتي تاريخه Øوالى 2.25 مليون اسرة من جميع Ù…Øا٠ظات الجمهورية، ويجمع المبلغ النقدي لأسر تكا٠ل بين قيمة ثابتة للدعم للأسرة ككل بالإضا٠ة لقيمة متغيرة علي Øسب عدد الأط٠ال (بØد أقصي ثلاثة أط٠ال للأسرة الواØدة) ومراØلهم الدراسية ولاØقا إنتظامهم Ù ÙŠ الØضور، بينما يمثل الدعم المقدم لمست٠يدي "كرامة" قيمة ثابتة شهريا لكل ٠رد (بØد أقصي ثلاثة أ٠راد للأسرة الواØدة). ومن اجل الوصول الى الاسر الاشد ٠قراً والأكثر Ø¥Øتياجاً، ٠قد تم استخدام منهجية القياس "إختبار التقييم غير المباشر للموارد المتعددة لدي الأسر" لإختيار الأسر المؤهلة للإنضمام للبرنامج، Ù Ù ÙŠ برنامج "تكا٠ل"ØŒ وجد أن 89% من المست٠يدين من النساء، Ù ÙŠ Øين أن 11% ٠قط من المست٠يدين من الرجال. وبدأ برنامج "تكا٠ل" Ù ÙŠ عام ٢٠١٨ Ù ÙŠ تطبيق الشروط الواجبة لاستمرار الأسر المست٠يدة من البرنامج Ù ÙŠ تلقي الدعم النقدي، والمتمثلة Ù ÙŠ إنتظام الأط٠ال Ù ÙŠ الØضور الدراسي بنسبة لا تقل عن 80% وإنتظام الأم Ù ÙŠ إجراء زيارات الرعاية الصØية الأولية ومتابعة النمو وبرامج رعاية ما قبل وبعد الولادة للنساء الØوامل. ÙˆÙ ÙŠ إطار تن٠يذ دراسة تقييم الأثر التي تم تكلي٠المعهد الدولي لبØوث السياسات الغذائية بها لتقييم أثر برنامج " تكا٠ل وكرامة"ØŒ تم تن٠يذ (1) تقييم كَمّي عن طريق إجراء Ù…Ø³Ø ÙŠØªØ¶Ù…Ù† أسئلة Ø¥Øصائية مبسطة موجهة لعدد كبير من الأسر، Ùˆ(Ù¢) تقييم نوعي يتضمنأسئلة أكثر عمقًا موجهة لعدد أقل من الاسر (أنظر المربع Û±). وقد تم تصميم التقييم لقياس مدى إ٠ادة وتأثير الدعم النقدي على معيشة تلك الأسر، واختبار ما إذا كانت معايير اختيار وقبول الأسر ٠عالة Ù ÙŠ تØديد الأسر الأكثر ٠قراً. ويعرض هذا التقرير Ù ÙŠ الص٠Øات التالية ملخص النتائج والتوصيات الأساسية لهذا للدراسة التي قامت علي أسر برنامج "تكا٠ل". |
| Keywords: | EGYPT; ARAB COUNTRIES; MIDDLE EAST; NORTH AFRICA; AFRICA; resilience; poverty; nutrition; agricultural policies; nutrition policies; social protection; conditional cash transfer |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:polbrf:9780896295871&r=ara |
| By: | Centro Internacional de Políticas para o Crescimento Inclusivo (IPC-IG) (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "O Reino Hachemita da Jordânia é um país de rendimento médio inferior na região central do Oriente Médio. Em 2016, a população estimada do país era de 9,45 milhões de pessoas. As crianças com menos de 18 anos representam 41 por cento desse total (3,9 milhões de pessoas), enquanto as com menos de 5 anos são 12,9 por cento (1,2 milhão de pessoas). Com um Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) de 0,741, a Jordânia ocupa o 86° lugar no ranking global de desenvolvimento humano. Apesar disso, as taxas de pobreza do país continuam relativamente altas, e 14,4 por cento da população vive abaixo da linha nacional de pobreza. O país tem uma das maiores taxas de desemprego da região do Oriente Médio e Norte da África (Middle East and North Africa ? MENA em inglês), e a população jovem é desproporcionalmente afetada". (...) |
| Keywords: | Proteção social, não contributiva, perspectiva, infância, equidade, Jordânia |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opport:391&r=ara |
| By: | Centro Internacional de Políticas para o Crescimento Inclusivo (IPC-IG) (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "Kuwait é um país no Oriente Médio limitado pelas fronteiras do Iraque, Irã e Arábia Saudita. Sua posição estratégica e suas consideráveis reservas de petróleo fazem dele um dos países de renda mais alta do Golfo Pérsico. Em 2016, a população do país era estimada em 4.052.000 habitantes, dos quais 316.000 eram menores de 5 anos e 988.000 menores de 18 anos. Apenas um terço da população total é composta por cidadãos do Kuwait, enquanto os outros dois terços são formados por expatriados e trabalhadores migrantes. Embora estimativas nacionais de pobreza não estejam disponíveis publicamente no país, o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) é classificado como muito alto, de 0,800 em 2015 ? acima da média de 0,704 da região do Oriente Médio e Norte da África ?, e é o 51º lugar entre 188 países". (...) |
| Keywords: | Proteção social, não contributiva, perspectiva, infância, equidade, Kuwait |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opport:392&r=ara |
| By: | Centro Internacional de Políticas para o Crescimento Inclusivo (IPC-IG) (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "O Líbano é um país de renda média, delimitado pelas fronteiras com a Síria e Israel, com uma população estimada em 6 milhões de habitantes em 2016, dos quais, aproximadamente, 0,4 milhão é de crianças em idade abaixo de 5 anos, e 1,7 milhão está abaixo dos 18 anos. De acordo com dados da Pesquisa Orçamental Familiar de 2011, a taxa de pobreza do país era de 27 por cento, com disparidades regionais impressionantes: 16 por cento em Beirute, mas chegando a índices tão altos quanto 38 por cento em Bekaa e 36 por cento no Líbano Setentrional". (...) |
| Keywords: | Proteção social, não contributiva, perspectiva, infância, equidade, Líbano |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opport:393&r=ara |