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on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Juan Casado-Asensio |
| Abstract: | The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development identifies triangular co-operation as a promising modality to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Triangular co-operation is thought mainly to happen in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This working paper shows that triangular co-operation is a modality that is also used in other regions and therefore dispels the myth that there is little triangular co-operation in the Middle East and North Africa. Arab countries and institutions engage in triangular co-operation, be it as pivotal, facilitating or beneficiary partner. Yet, their activities, approaches and solutions to tackle development challenges have not been sufficiently captured in research on the topic. Arab triangular co-operation activities are of relatively longer duration and have bigger budgets than general triangular co-operation trends; activities often follow clear guidelines and are integrated into broader development co-operation strategies – even if Arab providers do not always characterise their activities as ‘triangular’. To conclude, this working paper identifies the added value of triangular co-operation in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and shows how triangular co-operation can promote further collaboration between the Arab providers and the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), thus helping them to be more effective in supporting partner countries to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. |
| Keywords: | Arab providers, development co-operation, Official Development Assistance, Sustainable Development Goals, Triangular Co-operation |
| JEL: | O1 O20 O5 |
| Date: | 2018–02–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:41-en&r=ara |
| By: | Ketenci, Natalya |
| Abstract: | The Greek-Turkish relations have been complex in different aspects for a long time. However, neighborhood makes these countries close to each other in political, military and economic terms. Geopolitical location of Turkey makes it strategically important for Greece. Despite of the economic crisis in Greece bilateral trade between these two countries almost doubled for the last five years. Energy and minerals are significant part of this trade and it is expected that natural gas will be one of the most important determinants of the bilateral trade. The energy products trade is two sided and creates strategic meaning for both countries. This chapter analyzes energy markets in Greece and Turkey separately and the Greek-Turkish relations in terms of energy. Completed natural gas pipeline of 296 km connects Turkey and Greece and delivers natural gas of Azerbaijan to Europe. There are several planned or under construction projects that connect Turkey and Greece. Impact of Turkey and Greece as energy hubs on the Greek-Turkish relations and various possibilities for the future cooperation at the energy market are discussed in this chapter. |
| Keywords: | Energy hub, Turkey, Greece |
| JEL: | F0 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:83862&r=ara |
| By: | Harkat, Tahar; Driouchi, Ahmed |
| Abstract: | The following contribution is a synthesis of many contributions (Driouchi & Harkat, 2017a; 2017b; 2017c; 2017d; 2017e; Harkat, Driouchi, and Achehboune, 2016a; 2016b; and Harkat and Driouchi, 2017) and aims at analyzing the situation of the youngest segments in Arab economies. Findings indicate that the values, and the way women is perceived as a player in the economy by older generations did not change. But with regard to work attribute, they have changed significantly. With regard to macroeconomic threats, they are perceived more by young individuals in non-GCC countries than young individuals in GCC countries. The remaining four sections indicate the impact of vocational and general education on macroeconomic and social variables, the status as well as the determinants of youth unemployment, the status and determinants of young individuals not in education, not in employment, and not in training (or NEETs), and the impact of the demographic dividend on the NEETs. Empirical results indicate that the situation and impact of the youth differs from each Arab economy to another. |
| Keywords: | Arab countries, Arab youth, generation Y, NEETs, unemployment, education, demographic dividend, policies. |
| JEL: | I25 I32 J11 J13 J68 M54 O11 |
| Date: | 2018–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:83843&r=ara |
| By: | Latfe, Alhusseinawi |
| Abstract: | The EU budget accounts for about 1% of GNI (Gross National Income) across the 28 member states and total public spending in each country ranges between 35% and 58% of GDP. Total spending by the EU in 2014 across all 28 member states was €142 billion, or just over 1% of the Gross National Income (GNI) of the whole EU. Since, as we shall see, there are mechanisms to ensure that the EU budget balances, total revenues were €144 billion in that year. This is a relatively small component of public spending within the EU: across the whole EU, public spending was 48.2% of GDP in 2014, with a range from 34.8% of GDP in Lithuania to 58.3% in Finland. Iraq’s economy has been ravaged by conflict and insecurity, with the sustained slump in oil prices compounding these ongoing issues. Oil used to account for 95% of all government revenues. As a result, the country has spent the last few years wrestling to bring down a budget deficit that has repeatedly surpassed $20bn (more than 10% of GDP), with much of the available revenues sucked up by the war against Isis militants. The government is forecasting a deficit of $19bn for 2017. This article contains a comparison between EU budget and Iraq in order to overcome the economic imbalances in general and the budget deficit in particular, and show the role of the general budget policy in the treatment of the budget deficit more we have compared all aspects of the public budget policy between Iraq and the European Union, both in terms of the frameworks that govern or impact on the state budget or ways to finance the deficit in both. |
| Keywords: | budget of the European Union; European Union; budget of Iraq |
| JEL: | G00 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:83666&r=ara |
| By: | Nezha Cherrabi (I3M - Laboratoire Information, Milieux, Médias, Médiations - EA 3820 - UTLN - Université de Toulon - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis [UNS] : EA3820); Maud Pélissier (CLILLAC-ARP EA 3967 - Centre de Linguistique Inter-langues, de Lexicologie, de Linguistique Anglaise et de Corpus - UPD7 - Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7); David Reymond (MICA - Médiations, Informations, Communication, Arts - Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux 3 - Université Bordeaux Montaigne) |
| Abstract: | L’ouverture de l’économie marocaine suite à des accords de libre échange a, dans un premier temps, fragilisé le pays en créant un déficit commercial important les exportations ayant une croissance très faible et reposant principalement sur une compétitivité prix. Progressivement, les instances dirigeantes du pays ont mis en oeuvre une politique visant à moderniser le tissu industriel national de façon à attirer des investisseurs étrangers mais aussi à développer des activités tournées vers l’international et la production de produits de qualité intégrant une forte dimension R&D. Sur les dix dernières années la compétitivité hors prix des exportations marocaines a augmenté de façon significative suite aux efforts consentis en matière d’innovation. Des secteurs innovants sont apparus : énergies renouvelables, logistique, industrie automobile, aéronautique. Les industries extractives sont montées en gamme et ont permis de positionner le Maroc sur l’exportation de produits chimiques (engrais, sels halogènes…). Pour accompagner cette politique industrielle offensive, ce pays se dote aussi progressivement de dispositifs d’intelligence économique comme outils d’aide à la décision pour renforcer la compétitivité de ses PME qui constituent plus de 90% de son tissu productif. Ces dernières années, des initiatives multiples ont été prises pour mettre en oeuvre une telle politique mais, encore à ce jour, des défis restent à relever pour favoriser la dynamique d’innovation des PME. C’est une pratique en gestation mais encore largement cloisonnée (Achchab and Ahdil, 2015). Parmi les différents volets d’action d’une politique d’intelligence économique, le brevet occupe une place de premier rang. Il est toutefois souvent valorisé dans une optique défensive avec pour objectif de sensibiliser les PME, en particulier, à l’importance de protéger leur patrimoine informationnel, clé de leur compétitivité. L’exemple des babouches marocaines (Bredeloup and Bertoncello, 2006) et l’attaque chinoise de ce produit dit du « terroir » montre l’importance d’intégrer une analyse globale des brevets sur le territoire marocain comme une source stratégique d’information pour les entreprises. Mais, il apparaît de plus en plus que le brevet peut aussi être utilisé dans une stratégie informationnelle offensive devenant ainsi un élément indispensable guidant la dynamique d’innovation des PME (Shih, Liu, and Hsu, 2010).Dans le cas spécifique de pays en développement, une telle stratégie offensive informationnelle du brevet peut contribuer à « améliorer les produits existants, valoriser les ressources naturelles et les machines et procédés de première transformations qui sont concernés » (Dou and Leveillé, 2015). Cette nouvelle perspective offerte est rendue possible grâce à l’élaboration de logiciels permettant une analyse automatique de brevets reposant sur une logique de big data. Dans cette perspective, nous souhaitons présenter ici l’apport d’un outil, Patent2Net(Reymond and Quoniam, 2014), qui permet de crawler l’univers des brevets dans le cadre d’une analyse brevet au Maroc. C’est un logiciel gratuit et sous licence libre (CECILL-B), réalisé par I3M et l’IRSIC laboratoires en sciences de l’information et de la communication, et une équipe internationale composée de professeurs et chercheurs universitaires (ibid.). Il s’agira de montrer comment une analyse des métadonnées des brevets (déposants, inventeurs, dates de dépôts, pays de protection, offices de dépôts etc...), des réseaux entre déposants, inventeurs, entre brevets citants et cités, permet d’offrir des informations stratégiques sur les technologies et connaissances utilisées par les inventeurs, et constituent, à ce titre, un levier stratégique 1 tant au niveau des institutions gouvernementales que des entreprises. |
| Keywords: | analyse des données,intelligence économique,information brevets,analyse automatique des brevets,patent2net,Infométrie |
| Date: | 2016–05–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01625814&r=ara |