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on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Türkcan, Kemal |
| Abstract: | Recent empirical research in international trade emphasizes the role of the extensive and intensive margin to the export growth. This paper examines the sources of export growth in Turkey. For this purpose, the study decomposes Turkey’s export growth into extensive and intensive margins by using two methodologies, the count method and the decomposition method of export growth shares. The intensive margin into price and quantity components is further decomposed in order to evaluate the role of changes in price and changes in quantity. Detailed bilateral trade data, BACI, from CEPII are employed to analyze Turkey’s export statistics with 209 countries at the HS-6 level over the period 1998–2011. Additionally, these methods are employed for different categories of goods (final goods and intermediate goods exports). The results suggest that the extensive margin, particularly geographic diversification, plays the most important role in Turkey’s total goods export growth. Further, the growth in Turkey’s total goods exports is mainly explained by quantity rather than price growth. The results further point out that growth in Turkey’s final goods was driven by price growth, whereas growth in intermediate goods exports was mainly explained by quantity growth. Yet the results also suggested that product and geographic diversification of Turkey’s exports have not been materialized at all so that opportunities to expand product range or expand into new markets will bring significant benefits in the form of stable, sustainable economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Turkey, export margins, product diversification, geographical diversification |
| JEL: | F12 F14 F15 |
| Date: | 2014–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:53292&r=ara |
| By: | Dincer, Nergiz; Tekin-Koru, Ayca |
| Abstract: | This paper sheds light on the intertwined nature of goods and services exports at the firm level. In the literature, services are considered as inputs in the production of goods rather than objects of trade in themselves. However, many firms produce and trade services with goods. In this perspective, this paper offers a systematic analysis of services exports in Turkey, which constitutes a relevant developing country example, by using rich, firm-level data for the period 2003-2008. Our results indicate that not only services firms but also manufacturing firms export services. Firms exporting both goods and services are consistently bigger than firms exporting only goods or only services. However, goods exporting multinational firms in Turkey are larger than multinationals that export both goods and services. Goods exporters with a larger size, higher labor productivity and capital intensity are more likely to export services as well. Furthermore, having a wide spectrum of goods to export increases the odds in favor of becoming a services exporter. |
| Keywords: | Goods and services exporters, services exports, firm heterogeneity |
| JEL: | F10 F14 |
| Date: | 2014–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:53294&r=ara |
| By: | Kirdar, Murat G. (Middle East Technical University); Dayioglu-Tayfur, Meltem (Middle East Technical University); Koc, Ismet (Hacettepe University) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effects of the extension of compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years in Turkey in 1997 – which involved substantial investment in school infrastructure – on schooling outcomes and, in particular, on the equality of these outcomes between men and women, and urban and rural residents using the Turkish Demographic and Health Surveys. This policy is peculiar because it also changes the sheepskin effects (signaling effects) of schooling, through its redefinition of the schooling tiers. The policy is also interesting due to its large spillover effects on post-compulsory schooling as well as its remarkable overall effect; for instance, we find that the completed years of schooling by age 17 increases by 1.5 years for rural women. The policy equalizes the educational attainment of urban and rural children substantially. The urban-rural gap in the completed years of schooling at age 17 falls by 0.5 years for men and by 0.7 to 0.8 years for women. However, there is no evidence of a narrowing gender gap with the policy. On the contrary, the gender gap in urban areas in post-compulsory schooling widens. The findings suggest that stronger sheepskin effects for men, resulting from their much higher labor-force participation rate, bring about this widening gender gap. |
| Keywords: | compulsory schooling, gender, rural and urban, equality in education, regression discontinuity design |
| JEL: | I21 I24 I28 J15 J16 |
| Date: | 2014–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp7939&r=ara |
| By: | Katharina Wolf |
| Abstract: | This study examines the fertility behavior of male and female Turkish migrants in Germany. Our main objective in this paper is to investigate the role of duration since migration in first and higher order birth risks. We use data from the 2nd wave of the German Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) that was conducted in 2005/06. In a first step, the age-specific fertility rates and the total fertility rates are estimated and compared for the German and the Turkish respondents following a method suggested by Toulemon (2004). Second, discrete-time hazard rate models are calculated. We find strongly elevated birth risks among the Turkish respondents in the years immediately following migration. This effect is found to be stronger for the females than for the males. The role of age at migration is also investigated. We find here that migrants who were older than age 30 at migration had significantly lower birth rates than other migrants, particularly those who migrated in young adulthood. We conclude that the fertility of Turkish migrants in Germany is strongly associated with their migration history. It is therefore important to take into account both the age at migration and the duration of stay when studying migrant fertility. |
| Keywords: | migrants |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2014–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2014-001&r=ara |
| By: | Elin Hellquist |
| Keywords: | regional development |
| Date: | 2014–01–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erp:kfgxxx:p0059&r=ara |