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on Agricultural Economics |
| By: | Chizmar, Stephanie; Parajuli, Rajan; Lamichhane, Sabhyata; Frey, Gregory E.; MacFarland, Katherine; Pinyan, Mary; Teague, Suzanne |
| Abstract: | Agroforestry practitioners face numerous barriers, including narrowly focused agricultural and forest land support programs that are targeted toward conventional crop and timber production. Preferential property tax programs (PPTPs) are one of the critical support programs that offer economic relief for landowners of enrolled lands. However, eligibility criteria for these programs may prevent inclusion of agroforestry lands, and thus, disincentivize the diversification of working lands. This study reviewed State statutes, administrative rules, tax guides and manuals, and other supporting publications to determine the compatibility of PPTPs for agricultural, forest, and horticultural lands with the characteristics of agroforestry systems. Results suggest that at least one of the five agroforestry practices of interest may be eligible for preferential assessment in each of the 50 States. PPTPs for agricultural lands may welcome a mixed agriculture-forestry interface more than PPTPs for forest lands. Silvopasture was found to be the most common practice potentially allowed under the preferential tax classifications. Productivity and land cover requirements and prohibited activities were identified as the primary limiting factors restricting eligibility of agroforestry practices. The findings from this study may be used to inform discussions related to landowner decision making and natural resource policy. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:412744 |
| By: | Tsiboe, Francis; Monaco, Henrique; Zhao, Hongxi; Ifft, Jennifer; Chakravorty, Rwit; Turner, Dylan; Arita, Shawn |
| Abstract: | This report examines supplemental crop insurance under the Federal Crop Insurance Program and how participation may change under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA). Using USDA Risk Management Agency data from 2015–2025 and early 2026 sales, the analysis shows that growth has been concentrated in the Enhanced Coverage Option (ECO). By 2025, supplemental coverage reached 86 million acres, 72 percent consisting of ECO, while Supplemental Coverage Option (SCO) adoption declined from its 2023 peak. ECO acreage increased roughly 4-fold after the 2025 subsidy increase, consistent with strong sensitivity to producer-paid premiums. Early 2026 sales project adoption of 61.8 percent of eligible acres for ECO and 26.5 percent for SCO, although observed ECO adoption remains about 10 percentage points lower than projected where reporting is complete. Because supplemental products cover narrow layers above the deductible, acreage growth does not translate proportionately into insured value. OBBBA’s recalibrated coverage bands take effect in 2027. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Farm Management, Production Economics, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2026–09–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:arpcre:412822 |
| By: | Bonin, Daniel; McFadden, Jonathan; Dodson, Laura; Bailey, Sam |
| Abstract: | Genetically engineered (GE) crop varieties have achieved widespread adoption in major field crops, accounting for more than 90 percent of corn, soybean, and cotton acreage in the United States since 2013. This report examines adoption, costs, and the regulatory structure of agricultural biotechnology, focusing on both transgenic GE and emerging gene-edited crops. Major findings highlight that farmers pay higher prices for GE seeds relative to conventional seeds, primarily because GE seeds provide improved pest control, yield stability, and labor savings. Gene-editing technologies can enable faster and lower-cost development, and a wider variety of crop traits, than earlier genetic engineering methods. These traits may be especially well-suited for specialty crops, potentially bringing innovations to market with less time and expense than is required for traditional GE traits. Key challenges, like weed resistance to herbicides and insect resistance to pesticides, continue to spur innovations in new GE traits. A review of the literature suggests gene editing could reduce development costs by roughly 40−85 percent and decrease the time to commercialization by 25−38 percent as the technology adapts to a wider range of species and traits. The regulatory environment also plays a role: new products spent less time in regulatory review under revised USDA regulations for GE crops that were in effect from August 2020−December 2024. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Labor and Human Capital, Production Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:413080 |
| By: | Kozarević, Safet; Ramić, Emir |
| Abstract: | Agricultural production is the sector most affected by extreme weather conditions. Insurance, as the risk management tool, should provide an adequate response to the challenges that economies and households will increasingly face in the future. Given the importance of agricultural production for Bosnia and Herzegovina, a study was initiated to examine the interest of insurance companies to introduce index-based agricultural insurance products into their portfolios. Index-based (parametric) insurance is a model in which compensation payments are triggered by a reference index, in contrast to traditional insurance models that provide indemnification based on the actual loss incurred. The main objective of the research was to determine how insurance companies perceive the agricultural insurance segment, specifically to identify the key factors influencing their attitudes toward index-based agricultural insurance. Secondary data sources included official publications and reports from state insurance agency. Primary data were collected through a survey conducted among insurance companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina registered for non-life insurance. The degree of agreement with statements in the questionnaire was assessed using a five-point Likert scale. The collected data were analyzed using methods of descriptive and inferential statistics. The research revealed that insurance companies are indifferent on this matter. Their focus on the development of other insurance products and skepticism about the profitability of agricultural and index-based insurance products negatively affect their interest in introducing index-based agricultural insurance products. The companies agree that premium subsidies for agricultural insurance are essential, but they show a low level of initiative for negotiating with government authorities on this issue. The legal framework is an area that needs improvement in order to make significant progress in the wider application of insurance in agricultural production. Efforts should also be directed towards continuous education in the field of insurance and the development of new insurance products. |
| Keywords: | index insurance, agricultural insurance, Bosnia and Herzegovina, innovative insurance products |
| JEL: | G22 O13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esconf:343418 |
| By: | Nazam Maqbool (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | Pakistan's groundwater crisis stems primarily from governance failures and policy distortions rather than an actual shortage of physical water resources. The unregulated expansion of tube wells over the decades, coupled with poorly designed energy and crop subsidies, has led to excessive groundwater extraction. Additionally, a consistent policy bias towards surface-water planning, along with fragmented institutional responsibilities, has hindered effective groundwater management. As a result, groundwater extraction has now surpassed natural recharge rates in many parts of the country, especially in the Indus Basin and major urban centers. Pakistan has become the world's fourth-largest user of groundwater and is home to the second most stressed aquifer globally. This quantitative strain is exacerbated by severe degradation of water quality, which includes widespread salinity, pollution, and arsenic contamination. This has critical risks to food security, public health, and climate resilience. Drawing on secondary data and institutional analysis, this paper presents a comprehensive framework for groundwater sustainability. The framework involves immediate regulation of abstraction, medium-term reforms in efficiency and pricing, and long-term transformations in institutional and legal arrangements. The findings emphasise that without decisive governance reforms, ongoing groundwater depletion will increasingly threaten Pakistan's economic stability and its capacity to adapt to climate change. |
| Keywords: | Groundwater Governance, Aquifer Depletion, Indus Basin, Climate Vulnerability, Agricultural Water Use, Groundwater Recharge. |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:wpaper:2026:7 |
| By: | Lara Miranda, Isabel; Martinez, Juan Pablo; Yusuf, Alia; Sousa Gimenes, Fernanda; Gonçalves, Eduardo; Surminski, Swenja |
| Abstract: | In the context of intensifying climate change impacts, this report quantifies average annual fluvial flood losses for eight Brazilian cities under three climate scenarios covering 2025 to 2100. It highlights the economic case for adaptation, insurance and better financial planning for flooding, and by implication, other climate-related physical risks. The analysis is informed by stakeholder interviews including with Brazilian policymakers, international actors and the insurance sector. |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:140697 |
| By: | Munoz Boudet, Ana Maria; Kundu, Sayan; Moscoe, Ellen |
| Abstract: | This study reports results from a randomized controlled trial of a household-level behavioral intervention designed to improve complementary feeding practices among mothers of children aged 6–24 months in 2, 682 households in Bihar, India. Mothers in treatment households received a wall-mounted food-tracking journal intended to increase the salience and habitual practice of recommended feeding behaviors. The intervention increased mothers’ attention to and automaticity of key feeding practices and raised the probability that children achieved minimum dietary diversity. However, it had no detectable effects on the quantity of food consumed or children’s mid-upper arm circumference. Impacts varied by the frontline worker delivering the intervention, while limited household food availability constrained improvements in dietary diversity. Better-off households exhibited larger gains in knowledge, perceived norms, and habit formation, although treatment effects on dietary diversity did not differ by household economic status. These findings suggest that low-cost behavioral tools that make food choices more salient and easier to track can complement conventional infant and young child feeding programs, including home visits, by reinforcing reminders and supporting habit formation among caregivers. |
| Date: | 2026–09–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11461 |
| By: | Jacob Moscona |
| Abstract: | How do patent rights affect innovation and downstream production? Patent protection was introduced for plant biotechnology in the United States in 1985, and it affected crops differentially depending on their reproductive structures. Exploiting this unique feature of plant flower structure and a new dataset of crop-specific technology development, I find that the introduction of patent rights increased the development of novel plant varieties. Technology development was driven by a rapid increase in private sector research investment, was accompanied by positive spillover effects on innovation in certain non-biological agricultural technologies, and led to an increase in crop yields. Patent rights, however, may come with potentially significant costs to the consumers of technology and distortions to downstream production. Nevertheless, despite higher spending on seeds, US counties that were more exposed to the change in patent law because of their crop composition experienced an increase in agricultural land values and profits. Taken together, the results suggest that the prospect of patent protection spurred innovation and increased downstream productivity and profits. |
| JEL: | O3 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35735 |
| By: | Ines Maranon (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | This poster will present the initial methodological results of intervention research into the foundations of this transdisciplinary, interprofessional and societal living lab. It will focus on initial analyses of the participation processes at work and the prospects for stakeholder involvement in the "intermediate spaces" of value co-creation within the living lab. Lastly, we will discuss the first elements of analysis of the capacity for real-time inclusion of the needs expressed by the various stakeholders and end-users, in order to use varietal innovation to meet the challenges of territorial ecosystems in the face of the effects of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Viticulture, Living lab |
| Date: | 2024–10–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05743985 |
| By: | Luiz Paulo Tavares Gonçalves (FACE/UFG); Adriana Ferreira Silva (FACE/UFG) |
| Abstract: | The price of the Basic Food Basket (CBA) is an important indicator of the relative cost of food and the purchasing power of Brazilian households, particularly among low-income populations. In this context, this study proposes the Relative Cost Index of the Basic Food Basket (I-CRCB), constructed from a standardized basic food basket for the Brazilian state capitals. The index provides a simple and intuitive way to identify which capitals exhibit costs above or below the national benchmark. The results reveal persistent heterogeneity across Brazilian state capitals, with systematic differences in the relative cost of the basic food basket and changes in the relative positions of capitals over time. The I-CRCB constitutes a complementary tool for monitoring the relative cost of food, providing an easily interpretable measure for regional economic analysis. |
| Keywords: | Basic Food Basket; relative cost of food; purchasing power. |
| JEL: | C43 E31 D12 |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ufb:wpaper:105 |
| By: | Genetin, Brandon; Davis, James C.; Grossen, Grace |
| Abstract: | Veterinarian services are an important input into food-animal agriculture to help increase animal health and wellbeing, and, in turn, food safety for consumers. However, veterinarian shortages in food-animal and mixed-animal practices have persisted across many U.S. rural areas for more than a decade, despite ongoing Federal and State efforts to address service gaps. Using USDA administrative data, findings show three quarters of U.S. counties have been included in State shortage area nominations to the USDA Veterinary Medicine Loan Repayment Program (VMLRP) at some point between 2010 and 2026. Many counties have appeared multiple times, signaling a long-standing difficulty in recruiting and retaining large-animal and mixed-animal veterinarians. Using data from the American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges, we find rural students enter veterinary school at rates proportional to their share of the population, yet the geographic distribution of food-animal production creates a greater demand for veterinary services in rural counties than can be met by the existing supply of rural-origin graduates and the economic returns from choosing rural food-animal practice relative to companion animal and urban alternatives. Using data from the American Association of Bovine Practitioners and the American Veterinary Medical Association, this report provides new evidence on the factors contributing to rural veterinarian shortages by examining veterinarian services demand, and the demographic, educational, and practice characteristics of the rural veterinary workforce. |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital, Livestock Production/Industries, Research Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:412745 |
| By: | Farris, Jarrad; Morgan, Stephen |
| Abstract: | Using tariff data from the World Trade Organization (WTO), this report compares most favored nation (MFN) applied and bound tariff rates between the United States and more than 150 WTO trading partners for agricultural goods, focusing on comparisons across 10 different commodity groups. Results indicate that the United States imposes lower average agricultural MFN tariffs than more than 90 percent of trading partners. We observe significant levels of variation in agricultural MFN import tariffs across different commodity groups and trading partners. At the commodity level, the largest differences are in live animals and meat; beverages and tobacco; fruits and vegetables; coffee, tea, cocoa, and spices; and cereals and food preparations. Within a commodity group there are significant differences in regional and country-level tariff rates; however, trade agreements may provide a mechanism to improve market access for U.S. exporters. This analysis of MFN rates does not take trade agreements or preferential tariff policies into account; nor does it analyze the prevalence of nontariff measures, which can also represent large barriers to agricultural trade. |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:413079 |
| By: | Docquier, Frédéric (LISER); Dominici, Alice (IMT Lucca); Fernández, Martín (LISER); Mariani, Fabio (Université catholique de Louvain) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses a historical quasi-natural experiment to provide causal evidence on how networks and diversity affect migrants' economic outcomes in a rural setting. Between 1932 and 1941, Italy's Fascist government relocated about 4, 000 families to the Pontine Marshes, a formerly malarial, sparsely inhabited area undergoing massive reclamation. Settlers from different provinces were quasi-randomly assigned to plots, providing plausibly exogenous variation in neighborhood composition. Using data on the universe of settlers, we find that larger common-origin networks significantly increase the likelihood of long-term settlement and land purchase. Greater neighborhood diversity worsens economic performance on average, largely by reducing network externalities, but benefits settlers who lack common-origin ties. Network effects operate, at least partly, through higher productivity, with no evidence of knowledge transmission. Instead, our results point to cooperation and mutual support as the main channel. Effects are concentrated among families under the greatest strain and those from origins historically more reliant on bonding social capital. Network effects are also stronger when neighbors arrive at the same time and live nearby. |
| Keywords: | migration, networks, diversity, productivity, agriculture |
| JEL: | D85 J24 J61 N54 O13 O15 O40 R23 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18931 |
| By: | Gary D. Libecap |
| Abstract: | The US federal government owns and administers 472, 892, 659 acres or 21% of the land area of the lower 48 states, the country’s largest landowner. The resource is held and managed as a collective resource, the Federal Lands, through political and bureaucratic interpretation of the Multiple Use principle and generally, the biological aim of maximum sustained-yield. By contrast, access, exchange, and investment for most other US natural resources are through private property rights and markets. Despite the magnitude of the resource, economists have devoted relatively limited attention to the economic and welfare impact. The objective is to suggest economic implications and to encourage additional economic analyses. The discussion summarizes federal lands privatization through 1891, when withholding of federal lands began. The literature reveals no demonstratable market failure or increased resource scarcity from private exploitation between 1870 and 1957 when most lands were withheld. Because land was nonmobile and observable private property rights could have been assigned and any externalities addressed via Pigouvian restrictions or Coasean exchange. Federal ownership was not obviously required. Progressive Era reformers, driven by concerns of impending resource depletion, called for scientific, sustained-yield management by government officials. The institutional change is economically important. As outlined by Dixit and others, private rights holders have high powered incentives for efficient resource use that are lacking in decision making by agency officials who do not hold exchangeable property rights and do not directly bear the economic costs and benefits of their actions. Consequential public goods delivery could be an offset, but these are not measured for tradeoff calculations. Following Krueger, a rent-seeking framework is presented for comparing outcomes with economic property rights and political management. The analysis suggests that a.) federal lands will have lower production value than comparable private, all else equal; (b). federal lands management will be less responsive to shifts in economic costs and benefits. Public goods may be provided for high amenity, recreation, and ecological areas, but the dominant Multiple Use management principle provides no objective criteria for allocation or for periodic outcome assessment and adjustment. A literature review and data for contemporary federal forests, range, and oil and gas lands are provided. |
| JEL: | N4 N52 N53 Q11 Q18 Q20 Q23 Q24 Q26 Q28 Q29 Q30 Q32 Q33 Q35 Q38 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35745 |
| By: | Ibrić, Muhamed; Kozarević, Emira |
| Abstract: | The European Green Deal and the Sofia Declaration on the Green Agenda for the Western Balkans emphasise sustainable natural resource management, biodiversity conservation, and the transition to a circular economy as central priorities in pursuing climate neutrality. The main objective is to improve management practices and prevent the overexploitation of natural resources while recognising the critical importance of ecosystem services. This priority is equally relevant for Bosnia and Herzegovina, considering its rich yet vulnerable natural capital, high dependence on natural resources for economic activities, and the need to align with EU environmental standards and sustainable development goals as part of its EU integration process. Across Europe, market-based policy instruments reinforcing the polluter-pays principle, such as environmental taxes, particularly resource taxes, have become increasingly favoured as tools for pollution control and natural resource management. This paper explores the relationship between resource taxes and resource productivity within the green and circular economy context, focusing on the EU member states and Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2014 to 2023. Using a panel dataset and static panel regression models - including pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Fixed Effects (FE), and Random Effects (RE) - the study examines whether fiscal instruments, especially resource taxes, are associated with improvements in resource productivity and progress toward EU environmental performance targets. The expected findings will provide empirical insights into the role of fiscal policy in supporting the green transition and identify potential pathways for Bosnia and Herzegovina to fulfil its commitments under the Sofia Declaration for the Western Balkans, the European Green Deal, and relevant national strategies. |
| Keywords: | resource taxes, environmental taxes, resource productivity, circular economy, panel regression |
| JEL: | H21 H22 H23 C23 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esconf:343368 |
| By: | Wiebke, Franziska; von Philipsborn, Peter (University of Bayreuth); Buyken, Anette E. |
| Abstract: | Abstract Introduction Subnational governments can play an important role in influencing food environments, particularly in multilevel governance systems such as Germany, where multiple levels can introduce policy and legislation. Yet the extent to which subnational governments, including the German States, use this potential remains largely unexplored. To make the scope of subnational food environment policies explicit, comparable and assessable, we developed a state-specific Food Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI), using Germany as an example. Methods The INFORMAS Food-EPI served as the starting point for our analysis. To adapt it to the subnational level, we followed an iterative process drawing on four data sources: i) legal and policy documents and secondary sources; ii) key informant interviews; iii) written feedback from experts; and iv) an online expert workshop. Results The state-specific Food-EPI covers 25 indicators across 12 domains, outlining the substantial scope of subnational governments to influence food environments. The policy domains are food labelling, advertising and marketing, subsidies, provision, retail and food service and waste, combined with six infrastructure support domains. We drew on 128 documents to identify 57 good practice examples from subnational governments and adapted the INFORMAS protocol into a streamlined four-step approach. Conclusion We demonstrate that it is feasible to develop a tool to assess food environment policy at the subnational level, that systematically outlines the substantial influence of subnational governments on food environments. Applying the state-specific Food-EPI in practice to German States is an important next step to further corroborate its practical relevance. |
| Date: | 2026–09–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:2sy4m_v1 |
| By: | Nikulina, Yulia; Jaghdani, Tinoush Jamali; Götz, Linde; Petrick, Martin |
| Abstract: | The impact of state subsidies on Russia's post-Soviet dairy output remains controversial; this study provides an empirical analysis of that relationship. Using an unbalanced panel dataset of 123 dairy enterprises in the Leningrad Region spanning the period from 2010 to 2023, we employ stochastic frontier analysis to assess these relationships. The results indicate that subsidies have a positive effect on dairy enterprise productivity, while their impact on technical efficiency cannot be clearly identified. Notably, the positive effect of subsidies is confined to a medium range of subsidy levels. The influence of different types of subsidies on productivity is multidirectional, as plant production and investment interest subsidies are associated with productivity gains, whereas breeding subsidies have a negative effect, and other subsidy types show no significant impact. Although our results suggest that milk production in Russia could be further increased through improvements in technical efficiency, the findings also indicate that distributing subsidies to a larger number of enterprises is more effective than allocating large subsidies to a limited number of recipients. Furthermore, the results suggest that dairy subsidy policy should be adjusted in favor of more decoupled and regionally differentiated subsidies at the district level. |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae25:412821 |
| By: | Robinson, Elizabeth; Howarth, Candice; Zhou, Yanxi; Dasgupta, Shouro |
| Abstract: | Climate change is already having a measurable impact on labour forces across the globe, with far reaching implications for economic growth, worker health and productivity, firm profitability, poverty and inequality, and food security, to name but a few. This study quantifies UK workers’ perceptions of the impacts of heat on their health and the extent to which and how behavioural and infrastructural adaptation measures reduce their perceived negative impacts of extreme heat. We collected data during the UK 2024 and 2025 summers, just after periods of anomalous heat, surveying over 2, 000 people each year in the UK labour force when their recollection of the heat episode was fresh in their memories. Using microeconometric analysis and controlling for a rich set of demographic, occupational, and adaptation covariates, our results clearly show that workers perceive their health to be harmed by anomalously high temperatures, and both workers and employers rely on a wide range of adaptation measures to protect their health. However, these measures are only partially effective. For example, a 1°C positive temperature anomaly from the long-term average on average increased the probability of a worker reducing their hours by 9.9% and their effort by 9.5%; but for those workers who received advanced alerts of heat episodes, those probabilities are 6.2% and 6.7%, respectively. Advanced heat alerts also reduced the probability of workers reporting adverse health effects by approximately 5 percentage-points. |
| Keywords: | heat stress;labour force;temperature;adaptation |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2026–09–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:140641 |
| By: | Bradley, Crystal; Taylor, Sarah; Vardon, Michael; Lyons, Mitchell; Clement, Sarah; Obst, Carl |
| Abstract: | Ecosystems and the services they provide underpin economic production and human wellbeing, yet these dependencies are poorly measured and rarely monitored. As a result, conventional economic statistics often fail to show how ecosystem decline may threaten production and wellbeing. The missing information can be supplied by the United Nations System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA), an international statistical standard for tracking environmental stocks and flows, including ecosystems and their services, which is interoperable with the System of National Accounts (SNA). We assess how a linked system of SEEA and SNA accounts can be used to measure and track nature-economy dependencies, including the transmission of physical risk. We argue that accounting for ecosystem services provides the main connection between nature and the economy. The connection depends upon accounts using consistent classifications and typologies, which we call material join keys, so that information about ecosystems, ecosystem services, industries and economic activities can be reliably linked. Applying the approach to Australia, a gap analysis shows that existing ecosystem service accounts already track several of the dependencies most important and at risk from ecosystem decline, but only partially, and that priority new accounts for water and food security, health, climate resilience and supply chain resilience are needed to close the remaining gaps. Realising the potential of integrated accounting supports the mainstreaming of natural capital considerations into decision-making and public policy, and the proactive management of nature-related risks. |
| Date: | 2026–09–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:mq6bv_v1 |
| By: | Hoy, Christopher Alexander; Strehl-Pessina, Matias; Doino, Ruggero; Naidoo, Darian; Mambon, Kingtau; Kunda, Bobby |
| Abstract: | Tax exemptions for basic items exist worldwide, typically justified by governments as a way to reduce the cost of living for poorer households. This paper studies the unanticipated removal of consumption taxes on selected food items in Papua New Guinea. It conducts a difference-in-differences analysis using administrative data, a supermarket price census, web-scraped online prices, and a nationally representative household phone survey panel. The findings show complete pass-through in formal supermarkets in central urban districts, where retail competition is strong, but no pass-through in informal stores or rural areas, where poorer households mainly shop. Only 16 percent of the foregone revenue accrued to the poorest two quintiles, while the richest two quintiles and stores/wholesalers each captured almost 40 percent of the benefits. This degree of regressivity and variation in pass-through was unanticipated by 237 experts who participated in a prediction survey. Using a static marginal value of public funds–style comparison, the paper shows that universal cash transfers would generate roughly two and a half times as much quintile-weighted value per fiscal dollar as the tax exemption. The findings demonstrate that food tax exemptions are inherently regressive in lower-income settings, due to high informality, substantial market segmentation, and positive income elasticity of demand for basic food. |
| Date: | 2026–09–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11453 |
| By: | Mogge, Lukas; Roeckert, Julian; Rukundo, Emmanuel Nshakira; Krähnert, Kati |
| Abstract: | We study stated and realized demand for a new parametric insurance product against excessive rainfall among rice farmers in Vietnam's Mekong Delta, a region highly exposed to climate change. Using a household survey of 3, 000 rice-farming households, we elicit willingness to pay (WTP) using a multiple-bounded dichotomous choice approach. Stated demand is substantial: 33% of respondents report a WTP of at least half the market price, and 18% report a WTP equal to or higher than the market price. Stated demand is significantly higher among men, younger respondents, and respondents reporting better self-assessed product understanding. Yet when insurance agents offered the product at a subsidized price below respondents' stated WTP, no respondent purchased it. We discuss mechanisms that may explain this discrepancy between stated and realized demand, including limited incentive compatibility of the WTP elicitation mechanism, changes in valuations, and contextual barriers to insurance adoption. |
| Abstract: | Wir untersuchen die geäußerte und die tatsächliche Nachfrage nach einem neuen parametrischen Versicherungsprodukt gegen übermäßige Niederschläge bei reisanbauenden Haushalten im vietnamesischen Mekong-Delta - einer Region, die stark vom Klimawandel betroffen ist. Auf der Grundlage einer Befragung von 3.000 reisanbauenden Haushalten ermitteln wir die Zahlungsbereitschaft mittels eines "Multiple-Bounded Dichotomous Choice"-Verfahrens. Die geäußerte Nachfrage ist substanziell: 33 % der Befragten geben eine Zahlungsbereitschaft von mindestens der Hälfte des Marktpreises an, und 18 % nennen einen Betrag, der dem Marktpreis entspricht oder darüber liegt. Die geäußerte Nachfrage ist bei männlichen Befragten, jüngeren Befragten sowie Befragten, die ihr eigenes Produktverständnis höher einschätzen, signifikant höher. Als Versicherungsvertreter das Produkt jedoch zu einem subventionierten Preis anboten, der unter der angegebenen Zahlungsbereitschaft der Befragten lag, erwarb kein einziger Teilnehmer das Versicherungsprodukt. Wir erörtern Mechanismen, die diese Diskrepanz zwischen geäußerter und tatsächlicher Nachfrage erklären könnten, darunter die eingeschränkte Anreizkompatibilität des Verfahrens zur Ermittlung der Zahlungsbereitschaft, Veränderungen der Bewertung sowie kontextuelle Hindernisse für den Abschluss der Versicherung. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, parametric weather insurance, Vietnam, willingness-to-pay |
| JEL: | G52 Q14 Q12 O12 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:343540 |
| By: | Maxime Sebbane (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sandrine Costa (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Mechthild Donner; Christian Duquennoi (UR PROSE - Procédés biotechnologiques au service de l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Urban biowaste valorization is a promising pathway for the circular bioeconomy, yet the business models supporting it remain fragile and poorly understood. Research has mainly emphasized product-oriented biomass valorization, while service-based models have received less attention. This paper examines how urban biowaste is integrated into value creation, delivery and capture mechanisms, and whether the product/service distinction captures their diversity. Based on an exploratory qualitative study of ten French initiatives, it identifies three business model families (product-oriented, service-oriented and hybrid) and seven types: value-added product transformation; biowaste trading; product valorization supporting a social mission; core paid waste-management services; ancillary biowaste services; community and non-profit waste services; and integrated product-service approaches. Product-oriented models mainly capture value through marketable outputs, service-oriented models through collection, logistics, regulatory compliance and stakeholder support, and hybrid models through both mechanisms. Across these families, biowaste also creates relational and marketing value through customer engagement and CSR narratives, and social and territorial value through inclusion, education, community building and local resource loops. Environmental value cuts across these mechanisms through waste diversion, resource substitution and reintegration into material, energy or agronomic cycles. The study shows that the product/service distinction is useful but insufficient and contributes a multidimensional typology. It also complements the biomass value pyramid with a business model perspective accounting for product, service, relational, marketing, social and territorial forms of value. |
| Keywords: | Urban biowaste, Circular Economy, Business Model, s Service-Oriented, Product-Oriented, Value Creation, Bioeconomy |
| Date: | 2026–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05744014 |
| By: | Ibrić, Muhamed; Kozarević, Emira; Kokorović Jukan, Meldina; Kešetović, Izudin |
| Abstract: | Rising environmental degradation and increasing public awareness have prompted countries to adopt policies to reduce ecological damage. Global warming, climate change, and biodiversity loss pose serious economic and social challenges. At the same time, CO₂ emissions continue to rise, particularly in developing countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina, which faces limited institutional capacity. Transitioning toward net-zero emissions by mid-century is essential to prevent irreversible climate risks. Energy efficiency improvements in energy-intensive sectors are central to mitigation efforts. However, financial constraints limit the widespread adoption of sustainable practices. Private initiatives alone are insufficient, highlighting the importance of public investment in green infrastructure at regional and local levels, filling gaps in private capital and stimulating further private-sector engagement. This paper examines the impact of public spending on environmental protection activities - including waste and wastewater management, pollution abatement, biodiversity and landscape preservation, and ecological R&D - on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Using panel data for EU member states and Bosnia and Herzegovina over 2014-2022, we employ regression models, specifically pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Fixed Effects (FE), and Random Effects (RE). Lagged effects are also considered, recognising that the benefits of public spending may materialise over time. The findings provide empirical evidence on the effectiveness of fiscal instruments in mitigating environmental degradation and offer insights for aligning regional and local budgets with the EU's and the Western Balkans' long-term climate neutrality objectives. This research further contributes to the limited empirical literature on the role of fiscal policy in reducing GHG emissions. |
| Keywords: | green public spending, fiscal policy, greenhouse gas emissions, environmental protection, climate neutrality |
| JEL: | H30 H61 H72 H76 C23 Q53 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esconf:343410 |
| By: | Usama Abdul Rauf (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Saima Perveen (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | Pakistan has vast coastal resources and areas of saline and brackish-water lands that are suitable for shrimp farming; however, shrimp farming is not well developed because of inadequate hatchery capacity, poor infrastructure, lack of research and extension services, and low compliance with international quality standards. The Dhabeji farm has demonstrated that saline land can be utilized for intensive shrimp farming with modern production technology and integrated value chain systems to generate employment and export income. This model could be scaled to make shrimp farming a true cornerstone of Pakistan's Blue Economy. However, to achieve this potential, some constraints need to be overcome, such as hatchery development, infrastructure, research and extension, international certification and compliance with sustainability requirements, including Turtle Excluder Device (TED) requirements. The study suggests the scientific identification of suitable sites for shrimp aquaculture using the GIS based mapping, the development of integrated aquaculture parks with shared infrastructure, expansion of SPF hatchery capacity, productive utilization of idle and underutilized ponds and improvement of processing, certification, and export infrastructure to boost Pakistan's competitiveness in shrimp export and contribute to the development of the Blue Economy. |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:kbrief:2026:160 |
| By: | Pavel Gertler (Národná banka Slovenska); Brian Fabo (Národná banka Slovenska; Slovenská akadémia vied); Peter Tóth (Národná banka Slovenska; Ekonomická univerzita v Bratislave) |
| Abstract: | This presentation studies how consumer prices responded to two permanent VAT reductions in Slovakia, both lowering the rate from 20% to 10%, first for essential staples in 2016 and later for a broader set of goods in 2020. Leveraging detailed scanner data and a synthetic difference-in-differences framework, I find that VAT passthrough is highly heterogeneous depending on product attributes, demand elasticity, and policy design. The 2016 reform, which targeted clearly defined essential goods and was announced well in advance, led to full and persistent price reductions. The 2020 reform, applied to a loosely defined category of healthy goods with limited legislative lead time, produced only partial and short-lived price effects, with passthrough largely reversing within six weeks. These contrasting outcomes identify policy design as a key determinant of passthrough. Well-targeted VAT cuts on essential goods with inelastic demand can deliver meaningful and durable consumer price relief, while broader or less transparent interventions risk increasing retailer margins without lasting benefits for consumers. |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:carp26:12 |
| By: | Mihaela Simionescu (Faculty of Business and Administration, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Institute for Economic Forecasting, Bucharest, Romania); Monica Raileanu Szeles (Faculty of Economic Sciences and Business Administration, Transilvania University of Brasov; Institute for Economic Forecasting, Bucharest, Romania); Beata Gavurova (Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies); Urszula Mentel (Rzeszow University of Technology, Department of Projects Management and Security Policy, Faculty of Management) |
| Abstract: | In light of the European Green Deal, contemporary Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) literature emphasizes non-income mechanisms for mitigating environmental degradation. In particular, the decarbonization potential of renewable energy relies heavily on institutional frameworks that facilitate or impede green initiatives. This study examines the Renewable Kuznets Curve across 10 Central and Eastern European (CEE) economies from 2006 to 2025. Alongside standard economic controls - economic freedom, foreign direct investment, private sector domestic credit, and labor productivity- the empirical framework incorporates institutional metrics from the Worldwide Governance Indicators alongside language-specific Google Trends data on corruption-related search volume. Employing Panel Dynamic OLS (PDOLS) and Pooled Mean Group (PMG-ARDL) estimation techniques, the findings reveal that government effectiveness curbs emissions across both short- and long-term horizons, whereas rule of law and corruption control yield substantial long-term ecological benefits. Furthermore, search-based corruption queries serve as a viable real-time proxy for institutional performance, offering practical value for environmental nowcasting. |
| Keywords: | renewable Kuznets curve, Google Trends, pollution, corruption |
| JEL: | C33 Q28 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sko:wpaper:bep-2026-04 |
| By: | Nano Barahona; Cristóbal Otero; Sebastián Otero; Joshua J. Kim |
| Abstract: | We study the aggregate and heterogeneous effects of a front-of-package labeling policy implemented in Chile. We find that consumers reduced their sugar and caloric intake by 9% and 6%, respectively. On the demand side, labels prompt consumers to substitute within categories rather than switching between categories. Within-category responses are more pronounced when labels provide new information. On the supply side, we observe bunching at regulatory thresholds, with substantial heterogeneity across categories, consistent with differing costs of product reformulation. We conclude that considering policy-response heterogeneity is key for effective policy design. |
| JEL: | D12 D22 I12 I18 L11 L81 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35737 |