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on Agricultural Economics |
| By: | R.M.R, Ahammed; Perera, Rasitha Thilini Suranjana; K.G.D, Piyumali; Kaluarachchi, K.D. K. G; D, Silva S. K. B.; Munagamage, Thilini; P, Piyankarage C. S.; Shahmy, Seyed (National Science and Technology Commission); Karunaratne, Veranja |
| Abstract: | Agriculture in Sri Lanka occupies 45.46% of the land and consumes over 80% of the country's freshwater resources. Rice farming is the most prominent agricultural practice, with 1.8 million families engaged in it. The tea plantation sector produces tea annually, contributing to 285, 877 metric tons of export volume. Tea exports contribute nearly 38% of the total agricultural products, with a target of $2, 044 million in income by 2025. Climate change and natural resources significantly impact agriculture, with irregular rainfall patterns, temperature variation, and drought causing significant challenges. The proposed interventions under the food crops, plantation, and export crops sectors include enhancing certified seed production, promoting value-added products, and developing training and awareness programs for low-carbon lifestyles. Food security is another area where climate change impacts the agricultural sector, with nearly 26% of the population affected by food security by 2050 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. To address this issue, the proposed strategic interventions aim to achieve SDG 1, SDG 2, and SDG 13, the recommendations of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, and the actions of the Milan Urban Food Policy Fund. However, more concerns can be put forward to minimize or eliminate diseases in agricultural sectors due to climate change and minimize food waste or loss. |
| Date: | 2023–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:64grs&r=agr |
| By: | H, Gopi; S, Megha; K B, Rangappa |
| Abstract: | Human wellbeing and environmental sustainability are the key factors for economic development, which are directly dependent on the water source. Water resources of the state continue to play a crucial role in the sustainable development of the states in the years to come. Groundwater is another vital source for meeting nearly half of the demand for irrigation, industrial production, and municipal water needs for both rural and urban areas. Underdeveloped countries depend on the primary sector more for their livelihood, and groundwater resource is the primary source for their agronomic practices. Because 1/3rd of the agricultural land depends on rainfall in India, the others have been cultivated with surface water and groundwater resources. The surface water source will not be available longer than groundwater. Farmers depend more on groundwater. Due to large output and productivity nowadays, farmers have been digging more bore wells in the land than required and, at the same time-consuming, more power to lift water. These scenarios destroy the agricultural lands' quality of soil by over lifting the water, and there might be land sliding, groundwater exploitation, loss of fossil water, etc. Agricultural dependency has been declining for several reasons, and if agriculture continues the exploitation scenario, what are the severe problems for the future generation? Therefore, the study aims to analyze the influence of the exploitation of groundwater resources through digging bore wells on the sustainability of agricultural lands. The study planned to consider the primary and secondary data using descriptive research analysis. |
| Keywords: | Groundwater, Sustainable agriculture, Fossil water, land sliding. |
| JEL: | J2 J21 J23 J6 J61 O31 O44 |
| Date: | 2022–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118828&r=agr |
| By: | Schling, Maja; Pazos, Nicolás |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effect of women's effective land ownership on female empowerment and household food security in the context of Peruvian family farming. Using an instrumental variable approach, we explore whether self-declared informal ownership of plots provides women with increased bargaining power, empowering them to participate more actively in productive decision-making that leads to improved crop diversity and food security. While our results do not find significant effects of informal land ownership on women's empowerment, we do find that owning land significantly decreases the daily time dedicated to agricultural work, possibly freeing up time for the woman to engage in other activities. Results also show that female land ownership significantly increases the level of crop diversity and improves the households probability of being food secure by 20 percentage points. This suggests that equal access to land, even without formal title, plays an important role in improving household welfare among smallholder family farmers. |
| Keywords: | Gender empowerment;food security;land property rights;Peru;Latin America |
| JEL: | C26 O12 O13 Q15 Q18 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:11892&r=agr |
| By: | Wear, David N. (Resources for the Future); Wibbenmeyer, Matthew (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere, a critical component of all strategies for restricting global warming to 1.5oC, is expected to come largely from the continued sequestration of carbon in vegetation, mainly in forests. Because CDR rates have been declining in the United States, in part from land-use changes, policy proposals focus on altering land uses through afforestation, avoided deforestation, and no-net-loss strategies. Estimating policy effects on CDR requires a careful assessment of how land-use change interacts with forest conditions.Using a model of land-sector emissions that mirror inventories generated by the US government, we evaluate how alternative specifications of land-use change in the United States affect projections of CDR. Without land-use change, CDR declines from 0.826 gigatons (GT) per year in 2017 to 0.596 GT/year in 2062 (–28 percent) because of the aging and disturbance of forest vegetation. With a land-use scenario that extends recent rates of change, we contrast CDR estimates for a case where only net changes in forest area or carbon stocks are tracked with estimates that separately take account of forest losses and forest gains. The net change approach underestimates the CDR effects of land-use change by about 56 percent. We also compare long-run CDR losses from deforestation with gains from afforestation per unit area and find that afforestation gains lag deforestation losses in every US ecological province. Planted forests accelerate CDR benefits over naturally regenerated forests in the Southeast and Pacific Coast regions.Net change approaches substantially underestimate the effects of land-use change on CDR and should be avoided. We show that avoided deforestation provides up to twice as much CDR benefit as increased afforestation. The disparities in the CDR effects of afforestation and deforestation indicate that no-net-loss policies could mitigate some CDR losses but would likely lead to overall declines in CDR for our 45-year time horizon. Over a longer period, afforestation could offset more of the losses from deforestation but on a timeframe inconsistent with most climate change policy efforts. |
| Date: | 2023–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-39&r=agr |
| By: | Nico, Gianluigi; Azzarri, Carlo; Sufian, Farha D. |
| Abstract: | Women farmers in Bangladesh face several challenges when it comes to accessing technology and information, and this limits their ability to improve their agricultural productivity and enhance their livelihoods. The gendered digital divide is a significant contributor to inequities in agriculture and has important implications for women’s empowerment. Lack of access to information affects their ability to make informed decisions, access markets, and secure their rights. This policy note summarizes research designed to identify the barriers female farmers in Bangladesh face in accessing technology and information so that future policies and initiatives can address these challenges and, in so doing, promote gender equality and the empowerment of rural women. |
| Keywords: | BANGLADESH; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA; women; technology; information needs; agricultural productivity; livelihoods; digital divide; women's empowerment; market access; gender |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gcanpn:15&r=agr |
| By: | Andres Fortunato (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Sheyla Enciso |
| Abstract: | This growth diagnostic report analyzes the economic constraints that explain the underperformance of the agriculture sector in Namibia. Section 1 starts by showing why Namibia’s agricultural challenge is unique when compared to the rest of the world. We then describe the sector’s key features, recent trajectory, and growth potential across different relevant dimensions in Section 2. In Section 3, we provide an adaptation of the growth diagnostic framework to the case of agriculture in Namibia and a detailed analysis of its economic constraints. Finally, Section 4 presents policy guidelines for addressing the challenges described in this report and prioritizing policy interventions accordingly. |
| Keywords: | Namibia, Growth Diagnostics |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cid:wpfacu:154a&r=agr |
| By: | Julia Mink |
| Abstract: | This study sheds new light on the impact of couple separation on household living standards by considering the effects of separation on measures reflecting the adequacy of food consumption in addition to more commonly studied income and expenditure measures. Using an event study approach with panel data from France, I examine changes in household disposable income, food expenditure and food quantities purchased, diet quality and household member’s body weight at the time of separation and up to eight years later, compared to a control group of households that did not separate. Disposable income, food expenditure and quantities purchased adjusted for household size fall by around 20%-25% after separation and until the end of the observation window. The ex-partner’s body mass index (weight for height measure) falls by 1.5% in the first three years after separation and diet quality worsens. A possible interpretation of the results is that living standards fall to the point where households cannot maintain a minimum level of consumption to meet their dietary needs, resulting in measurable weight loss. |
| Keywords: | Separation, divorce, living standards, income, food consumption, event study |
| JEL: | D12 J12 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2023_469&r=agr |
| By: | Michels, Jacob; Beghin, John |
| Abstract: | Widely used estimates of food-insecure populations are likely to be biased upwards, lacking adjustment for global increases in sedentary behavior in recent decades. We first construct a household model to account for sedentary choices during leisure and work time decisions. The model rationalizes increasing sedentary behavior from the household by accounting for increasing returns to cognitive human capital vs physical capital, alongside increased productivity of more sedentary activities both at work and at home. The household model then informs an empirical model that makes use of our unique international pseudo-panel data on sitting time, which serves as a proxy for sedentarism. We econometrically estimate a transfer function linking sedentarism to widely available covariates, which then are used to make out-of-sample predictions and can be applied to a large set of countries. The estimated sedentary time can be used to adjust the physical activity level reflected in the minimum dietary energy requirement used to determine a cutoff for food insecurity. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2023–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nbaesp:338762&r=agr |
| By: | Manhique, Henrique; Wätzold, Frank |
| Abstract: | The use of stated preference surveys for the valuation of environmental goods in developing countries has to take into account that there is substantial public distrust towards the institutions providing the environmental goods under valuation. Thus, high protest responses and low value estimates may indicate rejection or protest against the institutional setting of the survey design, rather than the dislike or low welfare effects of these goods. In this context, we investigate the effects of institutional trust on value estimates by examining the performance of three different institutions – government, conservation NGO, and farmers – in a case study aimed at eliciting preferences for conserving different types of biodiversity within orchards in the Cape Floristic Region – a biodiversity hotspot in South Africa threatened by the expansion and intensification of agriculture. We find that institutional trust has an effect on preferences and willingness-to-pay, with farmers leading to the highest level of trust and value estimates, followed rather closely by a conservation NGO and, with some distance, by the government with the lowest trust level and value estimates. In terms of preferences for biodiversity conservation, our results show that respondents prefer measures to conserve endangered and endemic species over measures primarily aimed at providing the ecosystem services of pollination and pest control. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity Hotspot; Institutional distrust; Ecosystem services; Economics; Endangered species; Payment vehicle; Western Cape |
| JEL: | C5 C9 Q1 Q2 Q51 Q57 |
| Date: | 2023–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118750&r=agr |
| By: | Noriko Ashiya (Toyo University) |
| Abstract: | Japan has experience reviving its real estate market through the introduction of securitization, and this could work for farmland even though farmland in Japan operates under different property regulations than office buildings and residences. However, farmland usage and its activation would have broad impacts on city planning and extend to trade issues, so in this international friendship meeting, I would like to introduce the following ideas and to try to incorporate our different cultural viewpoints. (1) Michael E. Porter’s (1990) insights on The Netherlands’ agriculture are still pertinent today, and appear as though they may be effective in the activation of Japanese agriculture, even 30 years since his publication. (2) However, Japan’s attempt to replicate the Netherlands’ success within the last 10 years has brought no change to the 30 year decline of the agricultural industry. The practice needs modifications. (3) A prominent candidate city in Japan for this modified pract ice, possessing many characteristics of The Netherland’s famous Food Valley, is Miura city, 100 km south of Tokyo. |
| JEL: | Q15 K12 R14 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202323&r=agr |
| By: | Yacine Ouahioune |
| Abstract: | Short-term trade restrictions amidst world geopolitical crises have greatly contributed to recent global surges in staple prices. Non-cooperative trade policies such as exports bans in 2022 fed into debates about the relationship between food security and trade: although trade is essential to ensure sufficient supply in net-importing countries, it also makes them more vulnerable to external supply shocks. This essay thus examines the mechanisms at play in the diffusion of supply shocks through trade networks, in order to draw conclusions relevant to short-term trade policies protecting food security. It focuses on optimal responses of Sub-Saharan Africa and the European Union to policy shocks happening in Ukraine and Russia. Building on mainstream trade theory, it accounts for worldwide trade and consumption patterns to design ad hoc trade policies for short-term resilience. To do so, I design a three-regions, three-goods microfounded model of trade in which food preferences vary across regions. This model illustrates the point that net importing regions are affected by the demand from other parts of the world with similar preferences. In the face of a price shock, the model implies that trade restrictions in a large importing region may benefit consumers in other importing regions, through both price and substitution channels. I then test my results in a general equilibrium model and simulate a shock on wheat and grain exports from Russia and Ukraine in the Global Trade Analysis Project’s model (GTAP). In this setting, Sub Saharan countries are affected by the higher world price and by the demand of European consumers, which competes with demand from domestic African consumers. I show that, in this context, European import tariffs have the potential to improve welfare in Africa’s food importing countries. |
| Keywords: | cascading effects , Sub-Saharan Africa , Food security , trade policy , European Union , regional tastes |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csa:wpaper:2023-08&r=agr |
| By: | Richard Freund |
| Abstract: | I provide quasi-experimental evidence of the effect of drought exposure on young adults’ experiences of anxiety and depression by leveraging a natural experiment: the 2021 drought in Ethiopia. My analysis applies a difference-in-differences strategy and couples 40 years of rainfall data with longitudinal data on mental health. I find that exposure to below long-run average rainfall increases in the probability of experiencing at least mild anxiety and depression by 0.35 and 0.29 standard deviations, respectively. These effects are strongest among those who grew up in the poorest households and those with low childhood reading ability. The impact on depression is also pronounced among those with low self-esteem. Additional evidence on mechanisms suggests the mental health effects may partly be explained by the drought’s impact on food insecurity, inflation, and perceived household poverty. |
| Keywords: | mental health , drought , climate change , anxiety , Ethiopia , depression |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csa:wpaper:2023-07&r=agr |
| By: | Glenn P. Jenkins (Department of Economics, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada and Cyprus International University, North Cyprus); Ludovic Mbakop (Department of Economics, Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta, North Cyprus via Mersin 10 Turkey); Mikhail Miklyaev (Department of Economics, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada and Cambridge Resources International Inc.) |
| Abstract: | Over the past two decades, Rwanda has positioned itself as a leading producer of specialty coffee. The shift away from ordinary coffee began in the early 2000s and was buoyed by international donors, NGOs and the government. They all supported the nascent specialty coffee industry by providing a combination of technical assistance and funding to invest in coffee washing stations. Coffee washing stations (CWS) are a pivotal piece of the value chain in Rwanda since it is where ordinary coffee undergoes a process that turn it into specialty coffee. The policy of shifting to specialty coffee has been significantly beneficial to Rwanda. However, there was a rush to build a large number of CWS throughout the country which has resulted in an over capacity of these plants and fierce competition among them for the purchase of coffee cherry from farmers. In an attempt to shore up the industry the Government implemented a zoning policy which effectively is a trade barrier to artificially maintain in business financially weak CWSs. This study uses cost benefit analysis to estimate the economic welfare loss that Rwanda has suffered because of the excess number of CWS as well as the inefficiencies created by its zoning policy. Our results show that Rwanda could save a substantial amount each year if there were increase competition in the market for cherry coffee leading to a reduction in the number of CWS. If such a policy were implemented cherry coffee farmers could potentially receive up to 150% more from their sales of cherry coffee. These enhanced revenues would allow them to finance the replanting of the coffee farms and maintain the sustainability of this sector. |
| Keywords: | Coffee value chain, coffee washing station, specialty coffee, coffee zoning policy |
| JEL: | D40 E23 Q17 |
| Date: | 2023–10–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:4610&r=agr |
| By: | Bruno Conte |
| Abstract: | How will future climate change affect rural economies like sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in terms of migration and welfare losses? How can policy enhance SSA’s capacity to adapt to this process? I answer these questions with a quantitative framework that, coupled with rich spatial data and forecasts for the future, estimates millions of climate migrants and sizeable and unequal welfare losses in SSA. Investigating migration and trade policies as mitigating tools, I find a tradeoff associated with the former: reducing SSA migration barriers to the European Union (EU) standards eliminates aggregate welfare losses at the cost of more climate migration and high regional inequality. Reducing tariffs to the EU levels attenuates this cost. |
| Keywords: | climate change, migration, economic geography |
| JEL: | O15 Q54 R12 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1411&r=agr |
| By: | Aizhamal Rakhmetova; Ivan Trestcov |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the understudied relationship between climate shocks and gender discrimination. Utilizing data from the Life in Kyrgyzstan Survey, we empirically demonstrate that insufficient winter precipitation significantly raises the likelihood of bride kidnapping and influences societal attitudes towards this practice in Kyrgyzstan. Our analysis reveals heterogeneity in the effects, with individuals from lower-income households being more susceptible to positive attitude shifts. Additionally, the presence of daughters in households correlates with negative attitudes toward bride capture. We do not find heterogeneous responses to the shocks based on gender and education levels.These findings shed light on the gendered consequences of climate change in developing countries and emphasize the necessity of implementing gender-sensitive adaptation strategies. |
| Keywords: | climate shocks, marriage market, bride kidnapping |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cer:papers:wp764&r=agr |
| By: | Benedict Clements; Sanjeev Gupta; João Jalles; Bernat Adrogue |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a systemic risk to the global economy. While there is a large body of literature documenting the potential economic consequences of climate change, there is relatively little research on the link between vulnerabilities to climate change, the buildup of climate debt by countries with historically large carbon dioxide emissions, and how well financial markets incorporate (or not) these risks to sovereign governments. This paper investigates the impact of both climate debt and climate vulnerabiities/resiliency on sovereign bond yields and spreads in advanced and emerging market economies, using a novel dataset. We find that changes in climate debt are an important determinant of spreads, but only in emerging market economies. Countries with high vulnerabilities and low resilency to climate change also pay higher spreads. This implies a triple whammy of challenges for emerging market economies as they confront the economic damages of climate change, the high fiscal costs of climate adaptation, and high borrowing costs. |
| Keywords: | climate change vulnerability; government bond spreads; sovereign risk; panel data; social cost of carbon. |
| JEL: | C23 E21 H5 H63 H74 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ise:remwps:wp02942023&r=agr |
| By: | Valenti, Daniele; Bertoni, Danilo; Cavicchioli, Davide; Olper, Alessandro |
| Abstract: | We present a Bayesian structural Vector Autoregressive model of the global wheat market to examine the relative importance of supply and demand shocks, which are interpreted as the fundamental driving forces of wheat price. To our knowledge, this is the first SVAR analysis that jointly considers (i) a Bayesian non-recursive specification, (ii) production and inventories as endogenous variables (iii) and an inventory-based detection strategy. Our main results indicate that: (i) the posterior median estimates for the price elasticity of supply and demand are mostly similar in their order of magnitude but opposite in signs (0.19 for supply and -0.20 for demand); (ii) the price and the inventories respond to global wheat market shocks differently, depending on the type of structural shock. We also show that the results obtained from Cholesy-type identified annual SVAR models for wheat market are potentially misleading and difficult to reconcile with the economic theory of competitive storage. Finally, we illustrate how unpredictable shifts in supply and demand contributed to the dynamic of wheat price between 2000 and 2022. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Production Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2023–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:338780&r=agr |
| By: | Morgane Fialon (Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CRESS - U1153 - Equipe 3: EREN- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153) - Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université - USPC - Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Mauro Serafini (UNICAM - Università degli Studi di Camerino = University of Camerino); Pilar Galan (CRESS - U1153 - Equipe 3: EREN- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153) - Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université - USPC - Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Réseau National Alimentation Cancer Recherche (réseau NACRe)); Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot (CRESS - U1153 - Equipe 3: EREN- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153) - Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université - USPC - Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Mathilde Touvier (CRESS - U1153 - Equipe 3: EREN- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153) - Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université - USPC - Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Mélanie Deschasaux-Tanguy (CRESS - U1153 - Equipe 3: EREN- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153) - Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université - USPC - Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Barthélémy Sarda (CRESS - U1153 - Equipe 3: EREN- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153) - Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université - USPC - Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Serge Hercberg (CRESS - U1153 - Equipe 3: EREN- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153) - Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université - USPC - Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Lydiane Nabec (RITM - Réseaux Innovation Territoires et Mondialisation - Université Paris-Saclay); Chantal Julia (CRESS - U1153 - Equipe 3: EREN- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153) - Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université - USPC - Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In May 2020, the European Commission announced a proposal for a mandatory front-of-pack label (FoPL) for all European Union (EU) countries. Indeed, FoPLs have been recognized by several public institutions as a cost-effective measure to guide consumers toward nutritionally favorable food products. The aim of this study was to compare the performance and consumer preference of two FoPLs currently proposed or implemented in EU countries, the interpretive format Nutri-Score and the non-interpretive format NutrInform Battery, among Italian consumers. The experimental study was conducted in 2021 on a representative sample of 1064 Italian adults (mean age = 46.5 ± 14.1 years; 48% men). Participants were randomized to either Nutri-Score or NutrInform and had to fill out an online questionnaire testing their objective understanding of the FoPL on three food categories (breakfast products, breakfast cereals and added fats) as well as purchase intention, subjective understanding and perception. Multivariable logistic regressions and t-tests were used to analyze the answers. In terms of the capacity of participants to identify the most nutritionally favorable products, Nutri-Score outperformed NutrInform in all food categories, with the highest odds ratio being observed for added fats (OR = 21.7 [15.3–31.1], p |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04213397&r=agr |
| By: | Horvath, Arpad PhD; Greer, Fiona PhD; Apte, Joshua PhD; Rakas, Jasenka PhD |
| Abstract: | California must operate and maintain an effective and efficient transportation infrastructure while ensuring that the health of communities and the planet are not compromised. By assessing transportation projects using a life-cycle perspective, all relevant emission sources and activities from the construction, operation, maintenance, and end-of-life phases can be analyzed and mitigated. This report presents a framework to assess the life-cycle human health and climate change impacts from six types of transportation projects: (1) Roadways; (2) Marine ports; (3) Logistical distribution centers; (4) Railyards; (5) Bridges and overpasses; and (6) Airports. The framework was applied using an integrated model to assess fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, noise impacts, and monetized damages (Value of Statistical Life, Social Cost of Carbon) from two case studies: routine resurfacing and vehicle operations on road segments within the San Francisco Bay Area using 2019 data, and annual marine, cargo, rail, trucking, and infrastructure maintenance operations at the Port of Oakland in 2020. The results suggest that emission sources in a project’s supply chain and construction (material production and deliveries, construction activities, fuel refining) can significantly contribute to the full scope of impacts from transportation systems. Equitable mitigation policies (e.g., electrification, pollution control technologies) need to be tailored to address the sources that impact communities the most. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Environmental justice, life cycle analysis, decision support systems, greenhouse gases, particulates, emissions, highways, ports, railroad yards |
| Date: | 2023–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt3772t8h3&r=agr |
| By: | Jean Chateau; Geetika Dang; Ms. Margaux MacDonald; John A Spray; Sneha D Thube |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses challenging policy tradeoffs for India. The country faces the challenge of raising living standards for a population of 1.4 billion while at the same time needing to be a critical contributor to reducing global GHG emissions. The government has implemented numerous policies to promote the manufacturing and use of renewable energy and shift away from coal, but much still needs to be done to reach India’s 2070 net zero goal. Reducing GHG emissions will almost certainly have a negative impact on growth in the short run and have important distributional consequences for individuals and communities who today rely on coal. But with the right policies, these costs—which are non-negligible but dwarfed by the cost of climate change over the next decade if no action is taken—can be significantly curtailed. This paper provides an in depth review of the current climate policy landscape in India and models emissions trajectories under different policy options to reduce GHG emissions. |
| Keywords: | Climate; IMF-ENV; India; net zero |
| Date: | 2023–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/218&r=agr |
| By: | Jay Apt; Dennis Epple; Fallaw Sowell |
| Abstract: | Quantifying factors giving rise to temporal variation in forest fires is important for advancing scientific understanding and improving fire prevention. We demonstrate that eighty percent of the large year-to-year variation in forest area burned in California can be accounted for by variation in temperature, precipitation, housing construction, electricity transmission, and ocean surface temperatures in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Equatorial Pacific. California is of particular interest because of its large acreage burned and proximity of fires to human populations. We believe our model is the first unified treatment of climatic factors and human activities that affect forest area burned. |
| Keywords: | forest fires, climate, human activities, ocean surface temperatures |
| JEL: | H Q20 Q50 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10679&r=agr |
| By: | Morgane Fialon (Université Sorbonne Paris Nord); Lydiane Nabec (Université Paris-Saclay); Chantal Julia (Université Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Abstract: | Background: Front-of-pack nutrition labels (FoPLs) aim at increasing transparency and consumers' awareness of the nutritional composition of pre-packed food products in order to improve the nutritional quality of their food choices. Nevertheless, the legitimacy of the Nutri-Score - the FoPL officially adopted in France and several other European countries - is subject to both technical and political controversy, particularly in Italy. In this study, we investigated how and by whom the legitimacy of the Nutri-Score, recognized by several institutional authorities, could be deconstructed within a specific system of norms, values and beliefs among Italian stakeholders. Methods: A netnography completed with qualitative interviews with eight Italian and French nutrition and public health experts were carried out to highlight the dimensions (pragmatic, normative and cognitive) in which the Nutri-Score's legitimacy is being challenged among the stakeholders involved in FoPLs' implementation in Italy. The degree of influence and the position of these stakeholders on the debate around the Nutri-Score were assessed through the Stakeholder Theory (SHT), using their respective level of power, legitimacy and urgency. Furthermore, we compared the Italian and the French contexts on the issue. Results: The direct implication of political parties and media outlets in framing the Italian debate around Nutri-Score as well as the high influence of corporate unions, led to a different political outcome than in France. Results also show that the deconstruction of the legitimacy of the Nutri-Score in Italy pertained mainly to its pragmatic dimension according to the Italian public health experts. Nevertheless, its two other dimensions (normative and cognitive) are also questioned by high-influence stakeholders. Conclusion: Due to the limited mobilization of scientific expertise over the issue, the debate in Italy stayed centered around the "attack" of the Nutri-Score to the Italian way of life, mixing up concepts such as Made in Italy products and the Mediterranean diet. |
| Keywords: | Front-of-Pack Nutri-Score Stakeholder Theory Italy Legitimacy, Front-of-Pack, Nutri-Score, Stakeholder Theory, Italy, Legitimacy |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04213134&r=agr |
| By: | Algieri, Bernardina (University of Calabria); Iania, Leonardo (Université catholique de Louvain, LIDAM/LFIN, Belgium); Leccadito, Arturo (University of Calabria); Meloni, Giulia (KU Leuven) |
| Abstract: | Can we predict fine wine and alcohol prices? Yes, but it depends on the forecasting horizon you choose. We make this point by considering the Liv-ex Fine Wine 100 and 50 Indices, the retail and wholesale alcohol prices in the US for the period going from January 1992 to March 2022. We use rich and multifaceted datasets of economic, survey and financial variables as potential price drivers and adopt several combination/dimension reduction techniques to extract the most relevant determinants. We build a comprehensive set of models and compare forecast performances across different selling levels and alcohol categories. We show that it is possible to predict fine wine prices for horizons of twelve months and retail/wholesale alcohol prices at horizons ranging from one month to two years. Our findings stress the importance of including consumer survey data and macroeconomic factors (international factors and mature market equity risk factors) to sharpen predictions of retail/wholesale (fine wine) prices. |
| Keywords: | Liv-ex Fine Wine Indices ; Alcohol retail and wholesale prices ; Reduction data methods ; Forecasting Models |
| JEL: | C01 C13 C51 C52 E37 G17 |
| Date: | 2023–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajf:louvlf:2023004&r=agr |
| By: | Yeates, Nicola,; Holden, Chris,; Lambin, Roosa,; Snell, Carolyn,; Idris, Nabila,; Mackinder, Sophie, |
| Abstract: | The recent social, ecological and economic crises have not only revealed the gaps in social protection systems across the world, but also drawn global attention to the ways in which international financial architectures have failed to support the development of universal social protection systems and floors. Within this context, this paper examines the idea of a global fund for social protection (GFSP) which has emerged as a potential solution to these structural failings. By drawing on the experiences of seven global funds across the health, climate, and agriculture sectors, the aim of this working paper is to identify key lessons that can guide the possible implementation of a prospective GFSP. Through a careful analysis of the governance structures, norms and standards of these funds, the paper makes certain recommendations to be taken into consideration if a GFSP is to be developed and implemented in the future. |
| Keywords: | social protection, social security financing, medical care, climate change, sustainable agriculture, comparative study |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995331692502676&r=agr |
| By: | Brijesh C Purohit ((Corresponding author), Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | In this study an attempt is made to explore rural urban differentials in elasticity of health insurance demand in India. Both the Central and state governments have been trying to help people through their budgetary policies by providing state sponsored health insurance schemes. Keeping in view their efforts and rural urban disparities in the country, we have tried to make an attempt to evaluate whether the people have been provided appropriate information about these governmental policies and how the socio economic factors are influencing the individual household choices to adopt a particular type of health insurance scheme. This is based on latest National Family Health survey which provides health insurance demand data for rural and urban areas as well as aggregate level using household as units. Using logit model our results indicate that both in rural and urban areas these efforts have helped people to adopt suitable alternatives and the results indicate that socioeconomic factors and rising levels of income in urban areas relatively to rural areas have been reflected in more responsive nature of choices for different health insurance schemes. By contrast, though the impact of these factors is also significant in rural areas but with a lower elasticity of demand for health care insurance. |
| Keywords: | health insurance schemes; India; rural areas; urban areas; Orissa; Tamil Nadu |
| JEL: | I13 H51 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2021-212&r=agr |
| By: | Zareena Begum Irfan (Professor and Controller of Examinations, Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Human well-being is quite intrinsically linked to ecosystem services and biodiversity. There is a growing amount of literature attempting to understand the mechanisms of these interlinkages. Though there is considerable progress globally with respect to human well-being, challenges still remain in terms of access to resources. On the biodiversity front, anthropogenic interference continues to threaten species. Reviewing the Aichi Biodiversity Targets which were to be achieved in 2020 worldwide reveals that none could be attained fully. In India, city- level efforts in biodiversity conservation and integration with human well-being appear lacking. With the pressures of population growth and urbanisation, urban planners often leave less scope for open or green spaces in the city. The traditional trade-off between environment and economic development continues to play out in cities. This study reviews the biodiversity status of five highly populated Indian megacities – Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai – using City Biodiversity Index framework. Subsequently, a set of indicators characterising the state of human well-being, environment, economy and urban development for 2019-20 is selected and used to create a composite score to facilitate comparison. Mumbai is the best performer overall and also in terms of urban biodiversity. Kolkata has the least score for urban biodiversity. Chennai ranks well in both quality of life and environment but scores low in urban planning. Delhi has the least overall score while Bengaluru tops the economic dimension. It is hoped that the comprehensive picture thus obtained would enable directing attention to required sectors. The spotlight is thus on extending the scope of the biodiversity index and maximising welfare through integrated policies at minimum cost. |
| Keywords: | Urban biodiversity, human well-being, urban planning, City Biodiversity Index, biodiversity finance, quality of life |
| JEL: | Q57 I31 Q56 R11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2022-228&r=agr |