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on Agricultural Economics |
| By: | Mohamad Ikhsan; Hadyan Prabowo; Ibrahim Naufal (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)) |
| Abstract: | Indonesia’s agrifood system (AFS) has undergone a profound transformation over the past two decades, shaped by structural shifts in production, consumption, and policy. This paper analyzes the evolving structure and growth dynamics of Indonesia’s AFS using Input–Output data and comparative evidence from Bangladesh, Nigeria, and India. Three findings stand out. First, while rice remains politically central, its economic role has stagnated, leaving Indonesia caught in a “rice trap†of high prices, smallholder inefficiency, and heavy fiscal subsidies. Second, emerging drivers of dynamism—plantation crops, livestock, and dairy—demonstrate the growing importance of diversification, private sector investment, and off-farm value chains. Third, the Covid-19 shock revealed both resilience (in maize, roots, palm oil, and processed foods) and vulnerabilities (in rice, livestock, and imports of soybeans and dairy). The analysis shows that Indonesia’s future food security and rural prosperity depend on breaking free from the rice trap, rebalancing subsidies toward high-value crops and off-farm employment, and investing in infrastructure, cold chains, and institutional coordination. The paper concludes by outlining a research agenda for constructing an Indonesia-specific Agrifood System Social Accounting Matrix (AFS-SAM) better to quantify linkages, employment multipliers, and policy trade-offs. |
| Keywords: | Agrifood system — rice trap — food security — diversification — resilience — Indonesia — Input–Output analysis — agricultural policy — value chains |
| JEL: | O13 O53 Q12 Q13 Q18 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lpe:wpaper:202588 |
| By: | Jose Benjamin Falck-Zepeda |
| Abstract: | The paper introduces the basic concepts related to adoption, diffusion and innovation in the agricultural sector. This paper introduces relevant definitions and issues, examines conceptual models of technology diffusion in agriculture, followed by a description of the process of technology discovery. The paper furthermore explores the channels and mechanisms of diffusion, the factors influencing adoption, the adaptation of technologies to local contexts, empirical studies illustrating innovation and diffusion patterns, the role of government policies and international organizations, and the impact of technology diffusion on agricultural productivity, sustainable development, and food security and livelihoods. The paper then discusses innovation and diffusion of agricultural biotechnologies and precision agricultural technologies by summarizing the experiences and lessons learned from insect resistant and herbicide tolerant maize, insect resistant cotton and precision agriculture technologies in a selected set of countries. The paper draws up policy lessons and recommendations that may be useful to policy and decision makers considering such technologies in their jurisdiction. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, Diffusion, Genetically modified crops, Agriculture, Least Developed Countries |
| JEL: | O13 O33 Q16 O31 |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wip:wpaper:94 |
| By: | Charles de Grazia; Nicholas E. Rada; Gregory Graff |
| Abstract: | Technology diffusion is central to the process of innovation, as new products or processes must be adopted for them to make meaningful contributions to societal welfare or economic growth. We focus here on the global diffusion of technology that has the potential to improve food insecurity and address challenges posed by climatic effects, genetically modified (GM) crops. We adopt a variety of sources and methods to demonstrate the reach and timing of genetically modified crop technology diffusion worldwide, relying primarily on national regulatory approval information. Specifically, we depict the international adoption of genetically modified crop technology over time and assess the rate at which GM cotton, maize, and soybeans have been adopted within countries. In addition, we examine two case studies that assess an underused information source—trademark data—to determine whether they provide an alternative measure of diffusion. The case studies focus on two different contexts: established branded technologies and nascent technologies. In addition to significant overlap with regulatory approval data for established branded technologies, trademarks appear to provide an indicator of pre-commercialization in countries where regulatory approval coverage can expand. We end with guidance on when trademarks may serve as an indicator of international technology diffusion. |
| Keywords: | Technology diffusion, Agricultural innovation, Genetically modified crops, Trademarks, Diffusion measurement |
| JEL: | O3 Q16 Q18 |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wip:wpaper:93 |
| By: | Hernández Rubio, Jesús; Galdeano-Gómez, Emilio; Garcia Barranco, Maria del Carmen; Pérez-Mesa, Juan Carlos |
| Abstract: | Background: Monitoring food safety in the supply chain has been one of the priorities of European consumer protection policies. In this context, during the last two decades, an important increase in notifications to the RASFF by private companies has occurred. Objectives: This study provides new insights by demonstrating that the implementation of private standards like GlobalGAP is not only linked to increased notifications, but also to a reduction in food safety issues when certifications are widespread. Approach: Thus, the effect of improvements in actions taken by companies, concretely applying the Global GAP protocol, on the number of notifications reported to the RASFF has been quantitatively measured through a multivariate analysis based on a panel of data from 18 European countries. Results: The results highlight that while private standards improve detection, they also reduce the risks, and that management made by producers, trading companies, and retail businesses are indeed highly relevant for the effectiveness of the RASFF as well as that enterprises have become a leading actor in maintaining food harmlessness. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of integrating private initiatives into public food safety policies. Specifically, the European Administration should incentivize certification adoption and enhance public-private collaboration to maximize food safety outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Food safety improvement, GlobalGAP, RASFF, private schemes, quality control innovation |
| JEL: | C33 D18 L15 Q18 |
| Date: | 2025–12–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:127790 |
| By: | Nago Zeufack, Minette; Ward, Bob; Pokem, Dany; Rigaud, Kanta Kumari |
| Abstract: | The Congo Basin forests, including the world’s second largest rainforest after the Amazon, cover more than 300 million hectares across 11 countries in Central Africa. They represent the world’s largest land-based carbon sink, and provide a unique and vital biodiversity haven. Development, commercial and demographic pressures have increased considerably in the Congo Basin, particularly since 2010, leading to rising deforestation and degradation in its forests. While recent analysis has suggested that the rate of deforestation has decreased significantly over the past five years, and that it is now less than half, in percentage terms, of that experienced in the Amazon Basin, nearly 10% of the Congo Basin’s forest area was lost between 1990 and 2025. There are also signs that the impacts of climate change are beginning to adversely affect the absorption of carbon dioxide by the Congo Basin forests. Given these threats, this is a critical moment for the forests’ future. This report highlights the gap between the value of the natural capital of the Congo Basin rainforest and the forestry revenues of the countries that cover it. The authors show how destructive and degrading forestry practices in the countries of the Congo Basin currently produce only a fraction of the value of the available natural capital and call for a genuine ‘fair deal’ that would enable the protection of the Congo Basin and the sustainable development of the countries that cover it. |
| Keywords: | climate change; COMIFAC; Congo Basin; Congo Basin Forest Partnership; Congo Basin forests; deforestation; forest degradation; forest protection; sustainable development; Tropical Forest Forever Facility |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–11–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:137090 |
| By: | Pablo Castro (Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y de Administración. Instituto de Economía); Henry Willebald (Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y de Administración. Instituto de Economía) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this article is to examine the influence of geographical conditions on the territorial distribution of agrarian output in Uruguay in the long-run. Our analysis covers seventeen time-benchmarks (1870, 1884, 1890, 1900, 1908, 1916, 1924, 1937, 1943, 1951, 1956, 1966, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2008) by considering the possible explicative power of those factors closely related to “pure” geographical features (land endowments, climate, places where provinces are situated in the territory) in contrast to the second nature causes (those related to agglomeration economies, infrastructure and transport). For this purpose, we used a database that includes provincial value-added of agriculture and a set of variables possibly related with the location of production, and we tested our hypotheses with panel data and R² decomposition through a relative importance method, estimating the contribution of each variable to the fit of the model. Our results show that first-nature and second-nature factors compete in explaining the uneven territorial distribution of agriculture and that their effects changed over time. During the 20th century, second-nature factors gained influence as technological change favoured the rise of intensive agricultural activities (particularly the dairy industry and industrial crops). Furthermore, we found evidence of the increasing role of large markets (cities in the Uruguayan littoral, the south of the country, Montevideo, and key border region in neighbouring countries such as Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, and Río Grande do Sul) in concentrating these agrarian productions. Second-nature causes emerged as key factors, with market potential becoming the predominant factor over time. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, location, geographical factors, Uruguay |
| JEL: | N5 N56 O33 Q16 R12 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulr:wpaper:dt-06-25 |
| By: | Alice Guittard (ICRE8); Isabelle La Jeunesse; Ebun Akinsete (ICRE8); Maria Tziva; Ana Lorena Barrueto Munoz; Alicia Blanchi-Sic; Alexandra Spyropoulou; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | Climate change impacts in Europe are accelerating, creating urgent adaptation needs across diverse local contexts. This paper presents the implementation of a Systems Innovation Approach (SIA) through living labs to co-design climate resilience strategies in nine European case studies. SIA provides a structured, participatory framework for systemic change through a stepwise approach enabling the development of tailor-made sustainability strategies by co-designing a portfolio of short, mid, and long-term innovative solutions. Living labs can successfully support open innovation ecosystems by enabling knowledge exchange, trust-building, and co-creation of tailored innovation pathways for adaptation. Results demonstrate that through the SIA, living lab can enhance stakeholder networks and capacity building, co-create knowledge and mutual understanding across a diversity of stakeholders while fostering actionable strategies. However, challenges remain regarding sustaining living labs beyond project funding, maintaining engagement, and bridging planning-to-implementation gaps. The paper concludes with recommendations for institutionalizing living labs within governance frameworks to accelerate Europe's transition toward climate resilience. |
| Keywords: | Living Lab, System Innovation Approach, Climate Change Adaptation, Stakeholder Engagement, System Thinking |
| Date: | 2026–02–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2605 |
| By: | Laura V. Clavijo Torres (Universidad de los Andes) |
| Abstract: | Transportation infrastructure in remote areas can transform rural economies, but its effects on credit markets and agricultural production remain poorly understood. By analyzing geolocated data on Colombia’s national road expansion and exploiting its staggered implementation, I show that road construction reduces governmentsupported productive credit by 13 percent while leaving total loan balance unchanged, indicating credit substitution from government programs toward private commercial lending rather than reduced credit access. Roads trigger substantial agricultural transformation: coca cultivation declines by 51 percent while cash crops expand by 13 percent, demonstrating that improved connectivity reshapes both production choices and financing needs. The effects are strongest in poorer, more rural, and initially isolated municipalities, with productive credit declining 70 percent more in below-median GDP areas, suggesting that infrastructure’s transformative impacts depend critically on baseline connectivity constraints. I also observe heterogeneous responses across agricultural suitability, with credit substitution concentrated in areas where roads make legal crops newly viable relative to coca. Finally, I find no systematic role for prior conflict exposure, indicating that infrastructure reshapes economic behavior through market integration rather than conflict legacies. |
| Keywords: | Roads, Rural credit, Coca cultivation, Crop substitution |
| JEL: | R42 O18 G21 K42 |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:022252 |
| By: | Chung, Vincent |
| Abstract: | Given the Amazon Rainforest’s ecological importance, accurately valuing its conservation benefits is critical for informed policy decisions. This study compares the efficacy of using immersive virtual reality (VR) and high-quality video presentations to elicit ‘willingness to pay’ (WTP) for conservation activities in the Amazon Rainforest. It examines whether VR elicits valuations of conservation benefits that are sensitive to the scope or scale of conservation (‘scope-sensitive valuations’), and whether any benefits justify its higher cost. It also explores variations within responses to VR to identify experiential factors, such as feeling present in the environment or feeling physically uncomfortable, that moderate scope sensitivity. The study finds that high-quality video presentations generate scope-sensitive willingness to pay (WTP) for Amazon Rainforest conservation as effectively as immersive VR, while offering greater accessibility and lower cost than VR. |
| Keywords: | virtual reality; stated preference; contingent valuation; scope sensitivity |
| JEL: | Q51 Q57 C91 |
| Date: | 2025–11–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:137101 |
| By: | Galanis, Giorgos; Ricchiuti, Giorgio; Tippet, Ben |
| Abstract: | Responses to climate change differ between countries yet the impact of these differences on the evolution of global climate action has not been analysed to date. This paper addresses two related questions: (i) what is the role of the variation of preferences in the global political economy of climate action; and (ii) what are the necessary conditions for sustained high levels of global action? The authors develop a model to assess countries’ choices at different times to either take action to reduce emissions or not. They find that countries’ choices are influenced by their current level of emissions, total participation in climate action, and other idiosyncratic factors. The heterogeneity between countries is caused by income inequality, differing vulnerability to climate damage, and other political economy factors. The model’s key result is that sustained high levels of global action are achieved only if there is a low degree of heterogeneity in countries’ preferences for action and a strong peer pressure effect to act. |
| Keywords: | climate action; heterogeneous agents; evolutionary dynamics; integrated assessment; global action; political economy |
| JEL: | C62 F50 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–12–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:137104 |
| By: | Pablo Castro (Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y de Administración. Instituto de Economía); Henry Willebald (Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y de Administración. Instituto de Economía) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this article is to study the process of agricultural mechanization in the temperate economies of new European settlements (settler economies) from a historical and comparative perspective. The historical significance of agricultural activity in these countries is evident in the characteristics of their productive specialization and the modes of their international integration. First, the article proposes constructing an indicator of agricultural mechanization in Uruguay and New Zealand for an extended period (the entire 20th century). Second, it offers an exploratory analysis of the factors that influenced the diffusion and adoption of the tractor in both countries. The evolutionary and neo-Schumpeterian perspective on technical change and innovation provides a conceptual framework that addresses the complex nature of technological change and allows for the study of its evolution over time, emphasizing its tacit, cumulative, and path-dependent nature. Based on a comprehensive characterization of the tractor fleet and its evolution, a logistic model is applied to determine the dynamics of adoption and diffusion of this technology. In general terms, the introduction of the tractor marked a milestone in the process of mechanization and revealed a dynamic that exhibited particularities associated with the nature and evolution of technological change. Initially, the introduction of the tractor in agricultural activities responded to a slow adoption process—and replacement of other techniques—that constituted an early stage of learning, after which it spread rapidly across the productive structure of the analyzed countries. Ultimately, the process reached a saturation point that coincided with the emergence of new production techniques that have progressively replaced the previously dominant ones. Secondly, it is observed that the technological dynamics differed between the countries, with Uruguay consistently lagging behind New Zealand. Finally, the analysis of the determinants of the different rates of tractor adoption and diffusion in both countries reveal that New Zealand producers faced significantly more favorable conditions in terms of lower fuel costs and higher wages, which incentivized the adoption of labor-saving technology such as the tractor. Additionally, greater access to financing, lower tractor prices, and a more conducive agrarian structure for mechanization facilitated a faster and more sustained adoption of this technology compared to Uruguay. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, tractor, logistic model, technological adoption and diffusion. |
| JEL: | N56 N57 O13 O33 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulr:wpaper:dt-07-25 |
| By: | Ottmar Edenhofer; Max Franks |
| Abstract: | We develop a unified cost-benefit framework that allows for a better understanding of nature conservation and climate policies under risk and uncertainty. We derive modified Hotelling rules from a social planner’s welfare optimization. They reveal four forces that jointly determine market design for climate and nature conservation: First, discounted marginal climate damages enter the social cost of carbon (SCC) and marginal ecosystem services the social value of nature (SVN). Second, climate and nature are coupled, which raises both prices: degradation of ecosystems increases the SCC, while climate damages raise the SVN. Third, a climate-nature beta quantifies additional hedging components of policies against fat tails, when we consider a stochastic setting with exogenous random shocks. The climate-nature beta summarizes the option values for abatement, adaptation, ecosystem restoration and carbon dioxide removal. Fourth, Markov markups quantify tipping risks, which we capture by extending the model to a constrained Markov decision process with state-contingent transition probabilities. Thereby, we endogenize tipping points: the likelihood of moving into a high-damage regime becomes a function of the atmospheric carbon stock and natural capital, which depend on policy choices. Thus, hazard risks are a policy-sensitive component of the system’s dynamics. The model yields state-contingent asset-pricing formulas for carbon prices, restoration subsidies, land charges, and capacity payments. We propose institutions at the level of the European Union that could implement Pigouvian taxes and subsides as well as new types of SCC- and SVN-indexed bonds to share non-diversifiable risks arising from Earth's changing climate and the degradation of its biosphere. |
| Keywords: | CDR, natural capital, biodiversity, sustainability, asset pricing, welfare economics, tipping points, option values |
| JEL: | Q51 Q54 Q57 D81 G12 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12426 |
| By: | Benteng Zou (DEM, Université du Luxembourg); Carmen Camacho (Paris School of Economics); Weihua Ruan (Purdue University Northwest, USA) |
| Abstract: | "We develop an optimal control framework for infinite-dimensional systems with in- equality state constraints, extending the Pontryagin Maximum Principle to diffusion- driven dynamics with bounded states. The resulting conditions feature Radon-measure multipliers that characterize boundary behavior in distributed environments. As an illus- tration, we apply the framework to a model of land fertility evolving through reversible pollution and spatial diffusion. We show how discounting shapes optimal consumption, the activation of state constraints, and long-run spatial patterns. In the homogeneous case, explicit solutions identify conditions for full restoration or persistent degradation, while heterogeneous settings generate hybrid finite-horizon and long-run regimes. The framework provides general analytical tools for dynamic optimization problems with dif- fusion and bounded state variables." |
| Keywords: | "Economic growth, Diffusion, Soil Pollution, Optimal Control, Limited re- sources" |
| JEL: | C61 O44 Q15 Q56 R11 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:luc:wpaper:26-01 |
| By: | Van Le Thy Ha |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the persistent effects of Vietnam War (1955–1975) bombing on occupations and incomes of different cohorts in 2018. To do this, I link the US National Archives bombing data to a Vietnamese representative household survey. I employ an instrumental variable approach that leverages rounding thresholds used to target villagelevel airstrikes. The results show that bombing increases the share of post-war young cohorts working in low-skilled occupations by 10 percentage points and reduces their income by over 50% in 2018. The effects are even more pronounced for older cohorts who were directly exposed to the war. I estimate that heavily bombed villages lag approximately 1.3 to 1.6 generations behind in occupational transformation. My analysis indicates that educational accessibility and wartime village governance partially mediate these effects. This paper provides the first evidence that bombing distorts occupational and income structures for the post-war generation, causing bombed villages to lag in structural transformation. |
| Keywords: | bombing, cohorts, income, occupation, Vietnam War |
| JEL: | F51 J62 N45 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cer:papers:wp813 |
| By: | Monica Mogollon; Juan Mogollon; Catalina Villamil |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effects of emergency food assistance on human mobility patterns between March and August of 2020. We study a large public-private initiative in Colombia, created to deliver food aid to one million households at risk of falling into poverty and previously not included in other assistance programmes. The impact is estimated using the quasi-exogenous roll out of the food distribution within municipalities. The high-frequency data set links detailed daily deliveries with georeferenced food recipients' location and mobility indicators measuring out-of-home events. |
| Keywords: | Food, COVID-19, Lockdown, Mobility |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2026-18 |
| By: | Sarra Azib (LEGO - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion de l'Ouest - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO EPE - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IBSHS - Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UBO EPE - Université de Brest - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]); Innocent Morgane (LEGO - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion de l'Ouest - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO EPE - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IBSHS - Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UBO EPE - Université de Brest - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]); Bertrand Urien (LEGO - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion de l'Ouest - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO EPE - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IBSHS - Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UBO EPE - Université de Brest - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]); Patrick Gabriel (LEGO - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion de l'Ouest - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO EPE - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IBSHS - Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UBO EPE - Université de Brest - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]) |
| Abstract: | Residual perceived value is an interesting concept from a circular economy perspective, since it enables us to capture the sources of value that remain in a product at the end of its use or at the end of its life. However, the literature lacks tools for measuring this concept reserved for post-use, in contrast to purchase and consumption value, which have received a lot of attention from scholars. Our research aims to provide an understanding of the concept of residual perceived value by studying its dimensions and measuring it in the case of food products. An exploratory qualitative study along with two quantitative data collections have enabled us to construct a four-dimension measurement instrument applied to damaged fruits and vegetables. These four dimensions (symbolic, hedonic, individual utilitarian, biospheric utilitarian) could help public authorities better orientate their anti-waste communication. |
| Keywords: | measurement scale, residual perceived value, perceived value |
| Date: | 2024–05–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05404577 |