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on Agricultural Economics |
| By: | Mori, Samantha; Mindes, Samuel C.H. |
| Abstract: | Food insecurity is an indicator of economic hardship and is closely related to poverty and low income (Coleman-Jensen & Steffen, 2017). These conditions are both barriers and drivers of migration (Czaika & Reinprecht, 2020), suggesting a relationship between food insecurity and migration intentions. This study examines the relationship between household food insecurity status, including SNAP/food stamp benefit use, and their intention to move. Using data from the NCR-Stat: Housing and Food Security Survey (Mindes, Bednarik, & Mori, 2026), a logistic regression analysis estimates the effect of food insecurity on household intentions to leave their current residential location. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Consumer/Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2026–10–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ncrcrd:413151 |
| By: | McLean, Sheldon; Charles, Don; Serville, Dejeanne |
| Abstract: | The vulnerability of the Caribbean region’s agriculture sector to weather shocks is acute and is therefore in need of greater financial and fiscal safeguards. Considering this, this study proposes the development of an innovative, meso-level parametric weather-related insurance framework, leveraging blockchain technology, to protect smallholder farmers in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize and other participating Caribbean countries against the dual threats of excess rain (flooding) and deficit rain (drought). The proposed system is based on two distinct, policy-centred, easily calibrated parametric triggers. The excess rain-driven policy measures are activated by a dual trigger: (i) the occurrence of a hurricane affecting the country; and (ii) rainfall exceeding the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval. Conversely, the deficit rain-driven policy measures are triggered upon: (i) the official declaration of an El Niño or similar event; and (ii) rainfall falling below the lower limit of the same confidence interval. This architecture eliminates the need for individual damage and loss assessments, a key limitation of past indemnity-based schemes. Data analysis for Belize and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines confirms the financial viability of these triggers, with estimated payouts over a 20-year period demonstrating an explicit need for such coverage. To address the challenge of covariate risk, whereby a single event triggers claims from all policyholders simultaneously, the framework incorporates a robust risk transfer mechanism. The primary meso-level insurer (e.g. Caribbean Catastophe Risk Insurance (CCRIF)), which aggregates risk from thousands of farmers, can secure reinsurance, perhaps through the issuance of a catastrophe bond directly on the blockchain. This catastrophe bond, issued by a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), is programmed with the same parametric triggers as the primary insurance policies. Bondholder funds, held in a stablecoin-collateralised pool, are automatically transferred to the insurer the moment the oracle system verifies a triggering event. This integration creates a seamless, end-to-end risk transfer mechanism from the farmer to global capital markets. By bolstering rural livelihoods and promoting food security through quick post-disaster financial support, the suggested approach also helps Caribbean SIDS develop resilience. It places the strategy within larger frameworks for disaster risk financing and climate resilience. These interventions must be understood within the broader structural challenges facing Caribbean economies, including inequality, productivity gaps, and economic vulnerability. When strategically deployed, insurance can be leveraged to strengthen public policy delivery and support resilience in direct alignment with the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. |
| Date: | 2026–09–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:90295 |
| By: | Hartwig, Renate; Kutka, Andreas; Brueckmann, Peter; Zucchini, Emanuele |
| Abstract: | The Rural Socio-Economic Opportunities Program (POSER), launched in 2013 and extended to 2027, aims to improve the living conditions for poor rural populations across Cabo Verde’s seven non-tourist islands. The program promotes inclusive rural development through micro-projects, infrastructure investments and institutional strengthening. POSER was implemented in two phases. The first phase (2013–2017) financed 431 social and economic micro-projects to support small-scale agriculture, livestock and rural income generation. The second phase (2018–2023) focused on delivering 725 rural infrastructures, including irrigation systems, soil and water conservation works, and livestock facilities such as pens, piggeries and poultry units. These investments aim to boost crop productivity, expand livestock production and improve resilience to climate variability. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2025–07–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadia:413143 |
| By: | Zaman, Azaz; Palange, Kyra; Plastina, Alejandro |
| Abstract: | This policy brief explores the land-use competition between U.S. agriculture and utility-scale solar development through three lenses: conflict, synergy, and compromise. It maps out historical trends and future geographic projections while assessing the potential impacts on agricultural production, farmland values, and cash rents. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2026–08–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umcraf:413146 |
| By: | Pongspikul, Tayatorn; Wongpiyabovorn, Oranuch; Plastina, Alejandro; Paudel, Anup; Bhattarai, Chandan; Ifft, Jennifer |
| Abstract: | This policy brief presents projected ARC-CO and PLC payments for corn, soybeans, and wheat base acres for the 2025 and 2026 crop years. For 2026, projected payments are evaluated under three enrollment scenarios to illustrate how different ARC-CO and PLC enrollment assumptions would affect payment outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2026–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umcraf:413150 |
| By: | Shafira Wuryandani (NTU - National Taiwan University); Yu-Pin Lin (NTU - National Taiwan University); Pei-Chen Lin (NTU - National Taiwan University); Dirk S Schmeller (CRBE - Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - Comue de Toulouse - Communauté d'universités et établissements de Toulouse - EPE UT - Université de Toulouse - Comue de Toulouse - Communauté d'universités et établissements de Toulouse); Gerard H Ros (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]) |
| Abstract: | Ecosystem services (ES) are essential to environmental sustainability and human well-being. Among them, hydrological ecosystem services (HES) play a critical role in flood mitigation, climate regulation, and water security. This study examines the socioeconomic drivers influencing individuals' willingness to pay (WTP) for HES in two contrasting urban settings: Jakarta in Indonesia and Taoyuan in Taiwan. We applied and compared three data-driven models (i.e., Logistic Regression, Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression, and Extreme Gradient Boosting) to assess both spatial and non-linear determinants of WTP. A total of 1006 respondents were surveyed using structured face-to-face interviews. Respondents were selected via purposive sampling to ensure representation of relevant sociodemographic and regional characteristics. Results show that WTP, expressed in 2024 USD per person per year, is lower in Jakarta (5.52 USD) compared to in Taoyuan (9.99 USD). Demographic and socio-economic variables, particularly gender and education, are key predictors of WTP, followed by support for environmental initiatives. The influence of these factors varies spatially, suggesting that effective ES protection policies should be tailored to local population characteristics. By integrating spatially explicit and data-driven approaches, Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) policies can more effectively promote community participation and support sustainable ecosystem preservation, particularly for urban ES valuation across East and Southeast Asia. |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem services, Payment for ecosystem services, Socioeconomic characteristics, Willingness to pay, Contingent valuation |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05475310 |
| By: | Mabiso, Athur; Hossain, Marup; Zhanuzakova, Rakhat |
| Abstract: | The Agricultural Services Programme for Innovation, Resilience, and Extension (ASPIRE) was implemented nationwide in Cambodia between 2015 and 2022, with the objective of demonstrating an enhanced model of agriculture services provision and to assist smallholder farmers in achieving profitable and resilient businesses. The project covered over 143, 000 households through extension services, financial inclusion programs and infrastructure development tailored to the needs of Cambodian agriculture. Through its holistic approach, the project focused on evidence-based policy making, strengthening extension services' capabilities, enhancing extension services and building climate-resilient infrastructure. This impact assessment of ASPIRE was conducted using publicly available survey and geospatial household data from 2020 and 2021. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2025–07–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadia:413152 |
| By: | Greaney, Brian; Shapiro, Joseph; Wagner, Katherine |
| Abstract: | We study the optimality of human groundwater extraction from many of the world's 3, 400 aquifers, where institutional or market failures may produce non-optimal extraction decisions. We use remote sensing and economic data to estimate a dynamic model of water extraction for each aquifer, recover the discount factor that rationalizes observed groundwater extraction, and compare it against Ramsey and market benchmarks. Three- to four-fifths of aquifers are extracted more rapidly than is optimal, decreasing aquifer present value by several percent, and creating trillions of dollars in present value welfare losses. Policies that guarantee users constant water quantities indefinitely, through subsidies or prior appropriation, or policy rules that fully discount future extraction, generate larger welfare costs. A sustainable extraction path that maintains current fill forever generates meaningfully lower welfare than the optimal extraction path, because most aquifer stocks are already inefficiently low. |
| Keywords: | Groundwater extraction, dynamic programming, renewable resource management, tragedy of the commons, agricultural production |
| Date: | 2026–10–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:econwp:qt1nr9t71t |
| By: | Wongpiyabovorn, Oranuch; Plastina, Alejandro |
| Abstract: | The goal of this policy brief is to examine the renewed reliance on ad hoc farm assistance and its interaction with standing farm safety net programs. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2026–08–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umcraf:413147 |
| By: | Gandhi, Piyush; Hagerty, Nick; Zucker, Ariel |
| Abstract: | Energy efficiency is a global priority, but investments in energy efficiency do not always deliver the expected benefits. This paper studies micro-irrigation systems (MIS), a technology thought to reduce the energy required for irrigation by as much as 70 percent. We installed individual meters to directly measure the energy consumption of several hundred farmers in Gujarat, India, and linked the meter data with survey data to yield a uniquely comprehensive view into energy use patterns in smallholder agriculture. We document two facts. One, energy use varies widely across farmers, and this variation is unexplained by factors such as farm area or village geography. Two, MIS users in our sample consume 30 to 40 percent more energy than non-users of MIS. This difference does not appear to be fully explained by observable differences across farmers nor by rebound effects, suggesting that the energy efficiency gains of MIS under real-world conditions may be disappointing. Our results highlight a need for increased attention to the details of implementation and further research into the actual benefits of resource-conserving technologies. |
| Keywords: | 4404 Development Studies (for-2020), 44 Human Society (for-2020), 2 Zero Hunger (sdg), Energy efficiency, Rebound effect, Irrigation, Technology subsidies, Energy (science-metrix), 3304 Urban and regional planning (for-2020), 4407 Policy and administration (for-2020), 4802 Environmental and resources law (for-2020) |
| Date: | 2026–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:ucscec:qt8gn3x7gz |
| By: | Liu, Yanyan; Shi, Weilun; Chiarella, Cristina |
| Abstract: | The SPRAD-SS project, implemented between 2018 and 2023, aimed to sustainably lift households out of poverty by promoting pro-poor value chains, strengthening agribusiness entities and improving market linkages. The project targeted high-value agricultural products such as fresh fruits, vegetables, niche items and geographically branded foods to meet growing consumer demand for quality and safety. The project had three main components: Pro-poor value chains and agribusiness development, which supported inclusive business plans and improved access to finance for agribusiness entities. Public infrastructure and services, which expanded access to essential goods and services. Programme management and capacity building, which strengthened management offices at multiple levels. This impact assessment was conducted in 2024 using a Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) exploiting the discontinuity in Business Plan (BP) scores. The evaluation focused on the impacts of Component 1 (pro-poor value chains and agribusiness development). Household survey data covered 2, 131 households, including both project participants and non-participants, across nine nationally designated poor counties in Hanzhong, Ankang and Shangluo municipalities. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2025–10–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadia:413154 |
| By: | Supriya Dam PhD (Associate Professor, Commerce, Netaji Subhash Mahavidyalaya, Udaipur, Gomati, Tripura, India Author-2-Name: Author-2-Workplace-Name: Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - This study examines fundamental issues in the e-commerce ecosystem that affect every economic segment in India. This research focuses on observing the experiences of online shoppers to evaluate how well these criteria outlined in the Consumer Protection (E-commerce) Rules of 2020 are being met. It further assesses their readiness to tackle related issues, consumer satisfaction and propose strategies to enhance the e-commerce market. Methodology/Technique - Random sampling was applied to gather data from 551 respondents across both rural and urban areas. The study employs statistical techniques such as ANOVA, chi-square (X²), and Kruskal-Wallis tests to analyze the hypotheses. Findings - Results indicate that, regardless of education and income levels, consumer awareness of the Rules 2020 and key provisions such as transparency, disclosure, and price transparency remains low across the studied areas. Most customers lack adequate knowledge about information transparency and disclosure in e-commerce transactions, which has serious consequences for the healthy growth of the e-commerce market. Price transparency is identified as a significant factor directly affecting purchasing decisions. Additionally, customers are dissatisfied with the current online services, and consumer rights are not adequately protected in e-commerce transactions. Novelty - The study concludes that periodic amendments, together with digital awareness campaigns, can improve market efficiency, involving marketers, customers, and policymakers, while supporting healthy growth in the e-commerce business. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Consumer protection; rights; transparency; disclosure; Rules 2020. |
| JEL: | M31 M38 |
| Date: | 2026–09–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr367 |
| By: | Virginie Lavoye; Olivia Petit (Kedge BS - Kedge Business School); Anssi Tarkiainen; Jenni Sipilä |
| Abstract: | Encouraging online green purchasing requires overcoming the abstract nature of e-commerce and making the environmental benefits of green products more tangible. Augmented reality (AR) is a promising tool that allows consumers to try on green products virtually, fostering self-proximity-the perception that the augmented selfrepresentation is close to oneself. We explore how and under what conditions AR-enabled self-proximity enhances consumer responses to green products. We find that AR-enabled self-proximity enhances the personal relevance of green products, heightens the anticipated warm glow, and improves consumer responses to green products. AR is particularly effective in promoting green purchasing because it heightens anticipated warm glow, which in turn leads to higher purchase intentions for green products than for generic ones. We highlight the need to carefully design AR experiences that emphasize self-relevance and intrinsic rewards to maximize impact, offer practical recommendations, and suggest avenues for future research in this growing area of study. |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05732303 |
| By: | Andres Medina; Wei Wei |
| Abstract: | Catastrophe bonds have become a central instrument for transferring catastrophic risk to capital markets, yet their payout structures are typically specified exogenously rather than optimized. In this paper, we treat the indemnity function as the decision variable and study the optimal design of CAT bonds from the sponsor's perspective. We establish the optimality of a piecewise linear indemnity function under both expected-disutility and spectral-risk-measure frameworks and thereby reduce an infinite-dimensional design problem to a one-dimensional optimization over the attachment point. The optimal design also eliminates the potential moral hazard associated with the discontinuity of threshold payout structures. We characterize the optimal attachment point under six risk criteria and obtain explicit or semi-explicit solutions. We further derive bounds for the optimal attachment point and develop comparative statics that provide practical design insights. Using U.S. severe storm losses from NOAA's Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters database for calibration, we show that the optimal CAT bond designs achieve substantial risk reductions across most risk criteria. |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2610.03793 |
| By: | Masyutina, Olga; Bolz, Susanna |
| Abstract: | As complex social systems face increasing environmental and societal pressures, understanding their resilience is central to sustainability transitions. We systematically review 65 empirical studies of resilience in subnational social systems and develop a conceptual synthesis of resilience through three complementary analytical lenses: disturbances, system capacities and spatial contexts. We first classify disturbances along three dimensions–temporal structure, origin and domain–highlighting their overlapping and often multi-causal nature. We further synthesize thirteen resilience characteristics into four interrelated capacities: structural, relational, governance and dynamic. Our findings show that resilience is shaped not by individual capacities but by their combination in response to different disturbances. Their prominence also varies across spatial scales, indicating that resilience is spatially embedded. We argue that resilience is therefore best understood as a place-based, multidimensional process emerging from interactions between disturbances, capacities and the contexts in which systems operate. |
| Keywords: | Resilience, Sustainability Transition, Social System, Subnational Level, Transformative Capacity |
| JEL: | O18 Q56 R58 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:atv:wpaper:2603 |
| By: | Menna Bishop; Niclas Moneke; Celine Zipfel |
| Abstract: | Towns and cities create jobs and income. Can the arrival of new jobs also create a town? We study large agro-industrial labour demand shocks in rural sub-Saharan Africa: flower farms in Kenya. Rising production costs in Europe generate a boom in Kenyan cut-flower export production, providing stable wage jobs for mostly low-skilled women. We exploit the specific requirements of cutflower production to track the arrival and growth of greenhouses over the last two decades. We find large increases in wage employment and home-to-market transformation within agriculture, especially for women. Urbanisation unfolds: population growth and in-migration are flanked by an emerging private rental market for housing. Housing quality and infrastructure access improve, wealth accumulates. Educational investments increase while fertility decreases. Suggestive evidence highlights that the resulting towns initiate occupational change, motivate forward-looking investment and even survive flower farm closures - indicating towns that can sustain themselves as centres of economic activity. |
| Keywords: | Town formation, wage employment, agro-industry, Kenya |
| JEL: | J21 O14 O18 R11 Q13 |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:26223 |
| By: | Georgina Cisneros; Brandyn F. Churchill |
| Abstract: | We provide evidence on the extent to which food assistance affects spending on sugary items by studying the Pandemic Electronic Benefit Transfer (P-EBT) program, which provided funds to families of children who lost access to free and reduced-price school meals due to COVID-19 pandemic school closures. Leveraging state-level variation in the timing of P-EBT disbursements using a stacked difference-in-differences identification strategy with NielsenIQ Consumer Panel data, we find that P-EBT disbursement was associated with a 16-percent increase in weekly spending on sugary items among SNAP-eligible households with school-aged children. Notably, this increase exceeded the percentage increase in overall food spending for this group, suggesting that SNAP-eligible households with school-aged children allocated a disproportionately large share of their P-EBT-driven purchases toward sugary items relative to their pre-period baseline. We do not detect changes among households unlikely to have received P-EBT benefits or in placebo disbursement years. |
| JEL: | D12 H53 I12 I18 |
| Date: | 2026–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35835 |
| By: | Mabiso, Athur; Toguem, Robinson; Rosi, Alessandro; Mastroeni, Andrea; Pinca, Vittoria |
| Abstract: | The Youth Agropastoral Entrepreneurship Promotion Programme (AEP-Youth) in Cameroon was implemented to improve livelihood and food security outcomes for young agropastoral entrepreneurs. Implemented from 2015 to 2023 across four regions, the project overcame delays caused by administrative challenges, the COVID-19 pandemic and regional instability. The project’s holistic approach focused on youth business incubators offering technical training, mentorship and start-up support, including interest-free loans, productive grants and tailored financial products. The support combined start-up kits, productive credit and improved access to microfinance via a refinancing mechanism. The investments in rural infrastructure and market linkages aimed to boost the commercial viability of youth agro-pastoral businesses through trade fairs, alliances and improved connections to external markets. This impact assessment employed an ex-post quasi-experimental design, with primary household-level data collected in November and December 2023 supplemented by secondary GIS data on climatic and environmental conditions. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2025–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadia:413153 |
| By: | Montacer Ben Cheikh Larbi (ULR - La Rochelle Université); Sina Belkhiria (ISG - Institut Supérieur de Gestion de Tunis [Tunis] - Université de Tunis) |
| Abstract: | This study provides a robust analysis of environment-adjusted airline efficiency under a dual-disposability assumption for undesirable output. It employs also a two-stage methodology to investigate the complex and heterogeneous relationships between airline operational profiles and their environmental efficiency. Technical efficiency is estimated in the first step using a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based on the Directional Distance Function (DDF) under both assumptions of the technological characterization of gas emissions, contractible versus non-contractible. In the second step, to analyze the factors influencing the estimated efficiency scores, a Tobit second-stage regression is employed. Results show that efficiency scores under strong disposability are systematically and significantly higher than those obtained under weak disposability, with an average difference of 11.9 percentage points. The findings also indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship between the LCC variable and technical efficiency, implying that airline groups with LCC subsidiaries achieve higher efficiency levels. Based on their specific trade-off between operational and environmental inputs, the analysis of technical efficiency elasticities classifies airlines into five groups. These range from "Strong Proactive Environmental Performers" to "Low Efficiency High-Cost" groups, whose efficiency improvements are structurally linked to either an optimization or a deterioration of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions performance. The technical efficiency elasticity with respect to revenue share and to fuel efficiency are parallel across all airlines, while the elasticity for GHG consistently exhibits the opposite sign. We provide one of the few systematic comparisons of efficiency scores under weak versus strong disposability. This comparison allows us to quantify the systematic contraction in measured efficiency that occurs when greenhouse gas emissions are modeled as a technologically costly output rather than a costless byproduct. |
| Keywords: | Environmental efficiency GHG emissions Airline Directional distance function, Directional Distance Function, Airline, GHG Emissions, Environmental Efficiency |
| Date: | 2027–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05768890 |
| By: | Ujjwal Kumar |
| Abstract: | A planner wants to elicit partial information about a subject's preference relation. Preferences are grouped into ``types" relevant to the planner's purpose. Can the planner identify the subject's type through menu-choice data or experiment, without distinguishing preferences within the same type? We provide a complete answer by characterizing identifiable type spaces. The characterization uses a novel geometric condition, called face consistency, which governs distinctions within and across square and hexagonal faces of the permutohedron. For every identifiable type space, we explicitly construct the unique irreducible identifying experiment from its boundary. This experiment is optimal among all identifying experiments under any cost criterion for which adding menus cannot reduce cost. Using the equivalence between identifiability and elicitation with acts, as shown in Azrieli et al. (2021), we study symmetric policies requesting unranked shortlists that contain only acceptable products, include every product preferred to a selected one, and are nonempty whenever an acceptable product exists. Only two such policies are elicitable with acts: requesting the favorite acceptable product or the entire acceptable set. |
| Date: | 2026–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2610.10207 |
| By: | Farid Farrokhi; Ahmad Lashkaripour; Homa Taheri |
| Abstract: | A critical tension in global governance is that trade agreements have evolved largely in isolation from climate policy. This paper shows that the two domains generate systematic cross-externalities: larger gains from trade are associated with greater climate externalities imposed on partners, while linking carbon taxes to trade agreements produces distributive externalities that undermine the balance of trade concessions. To address this tension, we present a framework to integrate harmonized carbon pricing into the WTO subject to institutional and political-feasibility constraints. We explore two linkage designs. The first is a centralized Climate Fund, where all members apply a common demand-side carbon tax and contribute a portion of the revenues to the fund, capped by fiscal constraints. The Fund then reallocates these contributions to balance the tax burden across countries, subject to informational constraints. Quantitative analysis shows that even a simple fund allocation rule can sustain a carbon price of $138 per ton of CO2, reducing global emissions by 54%. The main binding constraint is informational: knowing the precise incidence of the carbon tax across countries ex ante would raise the feasible price to $265. The second is a decentralized design without transfers. Each member meets a carbon tax revenue floor but retains full discretion over its mix of demand-side and supply-side taxes. Energy exporters choose supply-side taxes while energy importers opt for demand-side taxes. These choices organically balance the tax burden and yield a 47% reduction in global emissions, almost rivaling the centralized Climate Fund. |
| JEL: | F1 H23 Q5 |
| Date: | 2026–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35834 |
| By: | Plastina, Alejandro |
| Abstract: | This report provides an assessment of Missouri’s agricultural financial conditions for the second quarter of 2026, informed by stakeholder discussions convened by RaFF. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2026–07–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umcraf:413144 |