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on Agricultural Economics |
| By: | Giorgio Fabbri; Paolo Melindi-Ghidi |
| Abstract: | The transition towards a sustainable food system requires comprehensive changes in food production and consumption, shaped by the interplay of public policy, market forces, and cultural norms. We develop a model to analyse the role of sustainable food culture in shaping consumption choices, particularly in terms of purchasing from short food supply chains. The model accounts not only for the heterogeneity of preferences and their evolution but also for the heterogeneity of incomes. This allows for a discussion of the effectiveness of policies fostering sustainable food consumption choices, considering their varying impacts across income levels. The results suggest that if policy makers seek to promote a sustainable food system, public policies must be carefully designed, as their effects can be uncertain and may impact low-income households. |
| Keywords: | Culture, Sustainable Food, Short Food Supply Chain, Income Distribution |
| JEL: | Q18 Q56 D31 D91 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gbl:wpaper:2025-02 |
| By: | Brutti, Zelda (European Commission - JRC); Freo, Marzia (European Commission - JRC); Serlenga, Laura (University of Bari) |
| Abstract: | The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a cornerstone policy of the European Union, increasingly focused on promoting environmentally sustainable practices. In 2014, the CAP introduced Greening payments and a crop diversification requirement to enhance soil resilience and mitigate ecosystem degradation. Despite its economic significance, the policy's effectiveness across the EU remains largely limited. This study evaluates the impact of the Greening crop diversification requirement on crop diversity itself and on a set of subsequent outcomes, including agricultural land allocation, the economic performance of farms and indirect environmental outcomes. Using farm-level data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (2012-2017), causal relationships are identified, through a design that combines propensity score matching and difference-in-differences, by comparing farms needing to adapt to the new requirements to those who were already compliant. Additionally, a regression discontinuity design estimates local average treatment effects for 2017, thereby exploiting the diversification requirementâs threshold-based design. Both strategies corroborate the conclusion that Greening measures have significantly increased crop diversity across the EU; moreover, results for the remaining farm-level outcomes are consistent with adaptation responses to the new environmental requirements. Overall, the results highlight the policyâs effectiveness in promoting sustainable agriculture throughout the EU. |
| Keywords: | Crop diversification, Greening payments, Common Agricultural Policy, FADN |
| JEL: | Q18 Q51 Q12 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202503 |
| By: | Aranya Chakraborty (Ahmedabad University); Digvijay Singh Negi (Ashoka University); Rahul Rao (Ahmedabad University) |
| Abstract: | Does information and communication technology (ICT) based provision of agricultural extension services help improve agricultural productivity in poor or developing countries? We answer this question in the case of rice production in rural Bangladesh. We exploit the spatiotemporal variation in the availability of village-level phone services and the temporal variation in the timing of an ICT-based intervention to identify the differential impact by input use, network centrality, and geographic proximity. We observe that, in the villages with access to phone service, there is a 50 percent reduction in plot-level inefficiency after the intervention, driven by plots that used rainfed water for cultivation. We provide evidence suggesting that these effects are due to increased input use by the farmers using rainfed farming. Our results also document that the intervention benefits geographically remote farmers differentially more, whose information needs are otherwise unfulfilled by traditional extension services. However, the diffusion of information via networks remains relevant as we document significant cross-community spill overs through geographic ties. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; Extension; ICT; Inefficiency; networks |
| Date: | 2024–09–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:125 |
| By: | Kishore, P.; Roy, D.; Birthal, P.S.; Srivastava, S.K. |
| Abstract: | Policy supported technology-led intensification of agriculture has led to significant increases in agricultural productivity and food supplies in India. However, of late its negative externalities to natural resources, especially groundwater in semi-arid north-western region comprising the states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan have become visible. Recognizing this, Punjab and Haryana brought out almost an identical groundwater regulation in 2009 which aligned sowing of water-guzzling paddy crop towards onset of the monsoon to prevent falling groundwater level. This paper reveals reveal that overextraction of groundwater continued even the regulation being in force. This perverse outcome could be due policy offsets such as highly subsidized electric power for irrigation, excessive procurement of paddy at minimum support price, stagnation in investment in major and medium irrigation schemes, and lack of incentives for crop diversification and adoption of water-saving technologies. It suggests a holistic approach for groundwater management, encompassing policies, technologies, incentives, institutions, and regulations. I am sure that policymakers will take due cognizance of this while designing a framework for groundwater governance. |
| Keywords: | Dairy Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icar24:344994 |
| By: | Johnson, Michael E.; Williams, Angelica; Valdes, Constanza; Ajewole, Kayode; Beckman, Jayson |
| Abstract: | Global demand for chicken meat has grown more than fivefold since the 1960s, from 6.2 to 33.9 pounds per person today. The expansion of broiler production to meet this growing demand has also increased the need for feed. However, the demand for feed is complex, as these feedstuffs are also used for human consumption and biofuels, and broiler farmers tend to be risk averse for input prices. This study looks at how the increased demand for broiler feed may have affected the demand for feed alternatives among some of the world’s major broiler producing countries when faced with uncertain global feed prices and rising feed costs. The study examines these countries’ willingness to substitute sorghum for corn and what this substitution means for future sorghum exports from the United States. Results indicate a high substitution effect of sorghum for corn may have occurred over this period when price risk is considered. Whenever the price of sorghum fell sufficiently below that of corn and if corn prices were more volatile, risk-averse broiler producers shifted to sorghum. Countries that strongly showed this behavior are China, the United States, Egypt, and, to some degree, Mexico. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Relations/Trade, Livestock Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis, Research Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Risk and Uncertainty, Supply Chain |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:356238 |
| By: | Brutti, Zelda (European Commission - JRC); Freo, Marzia (European Commission - JRC); Serlenga, Laura (University of Bari) |
| Abstract: | This study showcases a new class of administrative, geo-spatial data sourced from agricultural subsidy registers as a powerful tool for agricultural policy evaluation. Beyond full national coverage and accurate identification of land use, the key novel feature of GeoSpatial Aid Application (GSAA) data consists in the ability to link agricultural parcels managed by the same farm, enabling causal analysis at the holding level. Using Spanish GSAA data, we evaluate an EU-wide environmental regulation, also unveiling the occurrence of strategic behaviour among a subgroup of farm holdings. We concisely discuss implications for future research endeavours in the agricultural policy domain. |
| Keywords: | GSAA data, geospatial data, common agricultural policy, environmental policy evaluation |
| JEL: | Q12 Q18 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202502 |
| By: | Marchesi, Keenan; Toossi, Saied; Georg, Katy |
| Abstract: | The economic recession induced by the onset of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in March 2020 contributed to an increase in food hardship for millions of people. To help alleviate this hardship, USDA created the temporary Farmers to Families Food Box Program. Through this program, USDA contracted with producers, processors, and distributors to package agricultural commodities produced in the United States into boxes (hereafter “food boxes”) for delivery to nonprofit organizations (e.g., food banks and pantries) for distribution to people in need. However, evidence about whether and to what extent the program was able to reduce food hardship is limited. This report used administrative and survey data to examine whether counties characterized by greater levels of need (based on measures of their food environment, food access, rates of food hardship, economic conditions, demographic composition, and urbanicity) were more likely to receive food boxes. The program delivered 177.6 million food boxes from May 2020 through May 2021. Counties with larger populations and higher unemployment rates were more likely to receive food boxes throughout the program’s operation, as were more metropolitan counties and those with higher poverty rates and shares of non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic populations in round five. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, Research Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Supply Chain |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:356484 |
| By: | Digvijay S. Negi (Ashoka University) |
| Abstract: | Can government imposed market integration and resultant specialization contribute to a large-scale negative environmental externality? I compare agricultural fire activity and air pollution levels in districts where the government interferes in the local grain markets with districts without such interference to establish a robust link between food prices and air pollution in India. This link comes about due to higher prices leading to increased agricultural fire activity in districts where the government procures food grains from the local markets. Estimates suggest a 21 percent increase in morbidity and a 19 percent increase in out of pocket medical expenditure associated with procurement led air pollution. The mortality cost of resultant pollution is USD 1 billion larger than gains to producers from higher prices. |
| Keywords: | Air Pollution; distortion; fires; India; price floor |
| Date: | 2024–10–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:129 |
| By: | Pubali Chakraborty (Bates College); Anand Chopra (University of Liverpool); Lalit Contractor (Ashoka University) |
| Abstract: | We study the implications of agricultural price support programs, which offer a minimum price predominantly to farmers of staple crops, and farm input price subsidies for consumer welfare and misallocation, measured as the productivity gap between agriculture and non-agriculture. We develop a dynamic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents, financial frictions and endogenous occupational sorting between two sectors: agriculture and non-agriculture, and two crops: staples and cash crops. The government procures staple crops at predetermined prices and distributes them as free rations while also subsidising farm inputs. The model is calibrated to match a mix of moments and quasi-experimental evidence pertaining to the Indian economy. Our results suggest that in the absence of the minimum support price policy, labour reallocates from the agriculture to the non-agriculture sector, slightly raising aggregate output and reducing misallocation. A reduction of the input price subsidy lowers agricultural and non-agricultural output and exacerbates misallocation. Policies that replace the support price or input subsidy programs with budget-equivalent income transfers improve welfare. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; general equi-librium; Heterogeneous Agents; input subsidies; misallocation; price support; welfare |
| Date: | 2024–09–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:123 |
| By: | Hunter, Emma (Robert Gordon University); Stone, Rebecca Ann (University of Liverpool); Greatwood, Hannah; Griffiths, Claire; Hardman, Charlotte; Douglas, Flora; Lonnie, Marta (University of Aberdeen); Green, Mark Alan (University of Liverpool); Sritharan, Nilani; Thomas, Maddie |
| Abstract: | Food insecurity (FI), is defined as unreliable access to healthy and nutritious food, and is a major health concern in higher-income countries, primarily due to its association with an increased risk of obesity. Adherence to healthy eating recommendations promotes both a healthier and more environmentally sustainable diet. Supermarket-based interventions may influence population-level food purchasing behaviour, an antecedent to consumption, however, it is unclear whether there are specific characteristics that supermarket-based interventions should employ to resonate with vulnerable groups. This scoping review aimed to explore the characteristics of supermarket-based interventions that sought to support healthier and/or more environmentally sustainable food purchasing for people living with obesity and overweight (PLWO/Ow) and/or FI. A systematic literature search identified 35 studies, representing 43 interventions, eligible for inclusion. Most interventions focused on supporting the purchase of healthy food items, with three aimed at increasing the purchase of plant-based foods. No study applied a validated measure of FI. Area-level demographic data were used to identify FI related characteristics (i.e., area of low income, low socio-economic status) and in some cases, those living with obesity. Interventions utilised the behaviour change levers of price (n=8), promotion (n=2), placement (n=7), nudges (n=4) and education (n=2), or a combination of these (n=20). High heterogeneity in the way behavioural change levers were operationalised and combined, alongside the use of proxy measures to identify FI and PLWO/Ow, presents a challenge for determining intervention characteristics which best support changes in purchasing patterns in favour of heathy, sustainable food items in this population. |
| Date: | 2025–03–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:szbgc_v1 |
| By: | Costanza Maria Fileccia (University of Bern); Eric Strobl (University of Bern) |
| Abstract: | The “European” agricultural model introduced during the first British settlement in 1788 proved unsuitable for the very different Australian environment, forcing farmers to adapt creatively. This study examines how climate shaped such adaptive behavior in wheat farming in Australia from the mid-19th century until just before the green revolution. Climate adaptation is modeled using a methodology that allows one to disentangle long-term from short-term responses of farmers to climate without explicit data on adaptation. We apply this approach to digitalized historical records on sub-national wheat yields and gridded climate reanalysis data for the period 1860 to 1960. There is evidence of significant adaptation to precipitation but no adaptation to temperature for wheat yields in the long run. The results broadly coincide with how adaptations are known to have developed differently across time and regions in Australia. |
| Keywords: | Wheat, Climate adaptation, Colonial Australia, Agri-cliometrics |
| JEL: | N00 N57 Q10 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hes:wpaper:0276 |
| By: | Nauges, Céline; Wheeler, Sarah Ann; Grafton, Quentin R. |
| Abstract: | The allocation of water across space and time is a key challenge of water governance, with demand and supply often not well matched over time and place. Best practice water pricing and markets may promote water conservation, yet their application is limited. We highlight the governance principles needed for best practice water pricing and water markets, describe differences across regions, and provide six key water demand governance recommendations, for both Global North and Global South countries. |
| Keywords: | Global South; Global North; water trade; water markets; water crisis; water security; climate change; sustainable development; taxes; costs; tariffs; subsidies. |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:130501 |
| By: | Francis Addeah Darko; Akankshita Dey; Ritadhi, S. K. |
| Abstract: | This study examines the complex relationships between rainfall shocks, agricultural productivity, and rural economic activity in Rajasthan, India’s largest state. Using district-level agricultural data from 1990 to 2015, enterprise surveys from 2010 to 2016, and household consumption data from 2014 to 2016, the research analyzes three key relationships. First, positive rainfall shocks increase agricultural productivity by approximately 7 percent compared to negative shocks, with irrigation infrastructure significantly moderating this effect. Second, these weather-induced agricultural productivity changes have substantial spillover effects on rural non-farm enterprises, particularly those engaged in retail trade. Specifically, positive rainfall shocks in-crease enterprise revenues by 25.7 percent and value-addition by 30.3 percent, primarily through increased local demand for non-tradable goods. Third, rural household consumption responds positively to favorable rainfall conditions, with monthly per capita expenditures increasing by 6 percent during positive rainfall shocks. This increase is predominantly driven by higher spending on luxury goods rather than essential items, supporting the demand-side channel through which weather shocks affect non-farm enterprise performance. These findings highlight the strong interconnections between agricultural conditions and non-farm economic activity in rural areas, with important implications for policies aimed at building rural economic resilience in the context of increasing weather variability. |
| Date: | 2025–03–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11079 |
| By: | Dawit Kelemework Mekonnen; Abate, Gashaw T.; Yimam, Seid; Benfica, Rui; Spielman, David J.; Place, Frank |
| Abstract: | Several factors contribute to the limited use of improved seed varieties in Ethiopia. Among those, on the supply side, is the restricted availability of seeds in the volume, quality, and timeliness required by farmers, partly due to inadequate public and private investment in the sector. Beginning in 2011, the Government of Ethiopia introduced a novel experiment—the direct seed marketing approach—to reduce some of the centralized, state-run attributes of the country’s seed market and rationalize the use of public resources. Direct seed marketing was designed to incentivize private and public seed producers to sell directly to farmers rather than through the state apparatus. This study is the first quantitative evaluation of the impact of direct seed marketing on indicators of a healthy seed system: access to quality seeds and farm-level productivity. Using a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences approach suitable to handling variation in treatment timing, the study finds that direct seed marketing led to an increase of 15 percentage points in the proportion of farmers purchasing maize seed, an increase of 45 percent in the quantity of maize seed purchased per hectare, and an increase of 18 percent in maize yield. However, there are differences across crops, with the effects of dir ect seed marketing on wheat seed purchases and yields being statistically insignificant. These crop-specific differences in performance are likely explained by differences in the reproductive biology of maize (particularly maize hybrids) and wheat, which tend to incentivize commercial activity in hybrid maize seed markets more than in self-pollinating wheat or open-pollinated maize markets. These differences suggest a need for nuanced policy responses, institutional arrangements, and market development strategies to accelerate the adoption of improved varieties. |
| Date: | 2025–03–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11078 |
| By: | Sutirtha Bandyopadhyay (Indian Institute of Management, Indore); Bharat Ramaswami (Ashoka University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines, within a panel data setting, the spatial impacts on prices and on wages, of India’s trade liberalization in edible oils. Starting, from near-autarkic policies that prohibited import of edible oils, imports surged to meet most of the domestic demand, following trade liberalization in the 1990s. While the domestic oils sector provides negligible employment, it uses domestically grown non-traded oilseeds which occupy 14% of cultivable land and are next in importance only to the cereal grains of rice and wheat. These oilseeds are grown in the dryland arid regions where farm incomes are low and precarious. To examine spillover effects , the paper constructs geographically varying exposure to trade shocks that depend on the cultivable area planted with oilseeds. Consistent with a model of spatial price competition, the paper finds greater price impacts in the high oilseed growing regions. On the other hand, spatial impacts on wages are not significant suggesting labor reallocation. While we do find significantly greater cropping pattern and production responses in the high oilseeds growing regions, such evidence does not extend to labor reallocation outside agriculture. |
| Date: | 2024–10–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:131 |
| By: | Wang, Wenjun; Khanna, Nina; Liu, Xu; Lin, Jiang |
| Abstract: | Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) is a systematic approach to tracking and documenting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and emission reductions. MRV can be used across all sectors and for all GHGs to track emissions patterns, evaluate programs, and promote transparency. As methane and other short-lived climate pollutants become critical to mitigating near-term climate change impacts, MRV systems become critical in improving emission inventories; facilitating the development of climate change policies and targets, and tracking and demonstrating progress towards sustainable development. This report focuses on current sectoral issues – including the emerging roles for satellites and remote sensing technologies - and international best practices in MRV policies and programs for non-carbon dioxide (CO2) GHGs including methane, nitrous oxide (N2O), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in specific sectors. Based on international best practices and a review of China’s current MRV system, we offer suggestions for a possible path forward for developing and implementing a stronger non-CO2 MRV system. |
| Date: | 2023–12–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt76j3p5df |
| By: | Tanu Gupta (Indian Statistical Institute, New Delhi, India.); Md. Tajuddin Khan (Roanoke College, Salem, Virginia, United States.); Digvijay Singh Negi (Ashoka University, Sonepat, Haryana, India.) |
| Abstract: | We study the linkages between electrification, activity participation and time use of individuals in rural Bangladesh. We find that households’ access to grid electricity positively correlates with the likelihood of males participating in non-farm work and females participating in agriculture. In electrified households, females reallocate time from domestic work and caregiving to more leisure and farming. Household access to electricity is positively associated with greater ownership of appliances like fans, refrigerators, televisions, and mobile phones. Moreover, we observe a greater likelihood of electrified households irrigating via electrical pumps and using female family labor on their farms. Electrification is also positively associated with women’s involvement in decisions regarding farm-related activities and household expenses. The findings suggest that in farming communities, agriculture may play a critical role in the link between rural electrification, women’s workforce participation, and household bargaining power. |
| Date: | 2024–12–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:137 |
| By: | Brian Blankespoor; Susmita Dasgupta; Wheeler, David |
| Abstract: | Biodiversity is essential for ecological stability, human well-being, and economic progress, providing critical ecosystem services such as clean water, food, and climate regulation. However, it faces unprecedented threats, with extinction rates accelerating to 1, 000 times the natural baseline due to habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, illegal trade, and climate change. Effective conservation requires urgent, coordinated global action, as ecosystems and species habitats often transcend national borders. Collaboration among governments, industries, and communities is essential to restore habitats, protect endangered species, strengthen policies, and enforce conservation measures. The challenges of biodiversity conservation are particularly acute in geopolitically sensitive and overlapping regions, including non-determined legal status territories, fragile and conflict-affected situations, and transboundary ecosystems. In these areas, effective conservation is hindered by weak policies, inconsistent enforcement, and institutional fragility. This paper addresses these challenges by providing baseline data to guide conservation strategies. Using newly developed World Bank species occurrence maps based on open-access, date-stamped records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, the study evaluates species richness, endemism, and extinction risks across 35 non-determined legal status territories, 19 conflict-affected countries, 20 fragile states, 18 marine joint regimes, and 311 international river basins. The data sets reveal that these regions host numerous, often vulnerable, species. Biodiversity conservation emerges as a pathway for trust-building and collaboration, aligning stakeholders around shared goals such as climate resilience and sustainable livelihoods. Reliable and comparable data sets are critical for evidence-based planning, fostering dialogue and cooperation among divided groups. The estimates presented in this paper aim to support robust, data-driven strategies to safeguard biodiversity in geopolitically sensitive and overlapping regions, with far-reaching implications for global conservation and international cooperation. |
| Date: | 2025–02–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11076 |
| By: | Aparajita Dasgupta (Ashoka University); Devvrat Raghav (University of Virginia) |
| Abstract: | How does access to infrastructure mediate the processes of structural transformation in the presence of climate shocks? By exploiting a large-scale rural road construction program in India, we ask whether rural road connectivity can preserve the gains from structural transformation in emerging markets. In comparison to the existing literature, we provide a newer framework to study the effects of road infrastructure access in mitigating the impact of climate shocks on structural transformation. The program roll out criteria allows us to employ a fuzzy difference-in-discontinuity design to provide the first line of causal evidence in this area. Overall, we find a mixed effect of rural road connectivity on agricultural participation. Interestingly, we find that while road connectivity enables exits from farm labour it also raises the share of households in cultivation. Importantly, while temperature shocks drive down local demand, this effect is somewhat counteracted by access to paved roads. Our results suggest the role of rural infrastructure policies in alleviating the burden of rising temperature, which has first order policy relevance in the context of designing policy instruments to tackle long-term climate change, not just within the country but for all rural regions across the developing world. |
| Keywords: | Climate Shocks; India; Infrastructure; Labour markets; Road access |
| Date: | 2024–08–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:122 |
| By: | Rajveer Jat (University of California, Riverside, USA); Bharat Ramaswami (Ashoka University) |
| Abstract: | The literature has debated whether the productivity gap between agriculture and non-agriculture reflects mobility barriers or selection. Non-agriculture is not a homogenous category. In developing countries, most of non-agricultural employment is informal. Could it be that the productivity gap is driven by formal sector firms that are numerically small but economically substantial? This paper compares the productivity of agriculture to the informal and formal non-farm sectors in India. The comparison controls for sectoral differences in hours worked, human capital and labor share of value added. The paper finds substantial productivity gaps with the formal sector but small and negligible gaps with the informal non-farm sector. Between 40-50% of non-farm workers are in sectors not more productive than agriculture. These findings suggest that the primary dualism in development is between the formal non-farm sector and the informal sector including agriculture. |
| Date: | 2024–10–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:130 |
| By: | Shefali Khanna (LSE); Kanika Mahajan (Ashoka University); Sudarshan RSA (University of British Columbia) |
| Abstract: | Crop residue burning (CRB) is a leading cause of high air pollution in developing countries. We examine the effectiveness of India’s largest ban on CRB using a difference-in-differences strategy that exploits its implementation in select states. We find that there was a reduction in fire counts by 30% of the pre-ban mean albeit waning to near-zero two-three years after the ban. Using state-level data on fines, we show that burning initially reduced in areas where the ban was relatively better enforced, generating uncertainty for farmers. However, low levels of overall enforcement led to a return to the old status-quo. |
| Date: | 2024–12–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:136 |
| By: | Nhean, Monyvann |
| Abstract: | This study focuses on farmers’ experiences with various health insurance options and investigates the barriers to enrolling in public health insurance and accessing healthcare services. By employing the ‘Gender Equality Lens’ and ‘Leave No One Behind’ approach, the research aims to uncover patterns of exclusion, structural constraints, and unequal power dynamics in laws, policies, and practices. Through interviews with nine farmer associations, provincial coordinators, and community leaders, as well as four focus group discussions with farmers who have used public health insurance and those yet to register, the study sheds light on factors influencing farmers’ decisions. The research reveals that farmers of diverse ages, ethnicities, genders, and geographical locations with varying educational backgrounds have different public health insurance choices. However, some farmers lack access to public health insurance options, such as the self-employed scheme, due to factors like distance, limited information sources, and family economic circumstances. |
| Date: | 2025–03–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:h279z_v1 |
| By: | Ramon Ramon-Muñoz (University of Barcelona); Guillermo Esteban-Oliver (University of Lleida); Josep-Maria Ramon-Muñoz (University of Murcia) |
| Abstract: | The living standard of a population is influenced by numerous factors, which, in addition, may change over time. Transport can be one of them as it acts as a mediator for other factors: it influences the price and supply of essential foods; it affects wages and income; it has an impact on the speed of contagious disease spread; it plays a role in the time to access health services. Using Catalonia as a case study, we explore the relationship between transport linkages and well-being in the late nineteenth century. To test this relationship, we rely on two rich and new datasets; one is on individual male heights, and the other consists of municipal market and port access. We conclude that the transport linkages-height nexus was positive, statistically significant and of a non-negligible magnitude, and, contrary to other studies, we do not find evidence that rural areas were negatively affected by market integration, although urban settings appear to have benefited the most. We suggest that the primary mechanisms underlying this positive association were improved food accessibility, along with urban economies and rural development. |
| Keywords: | Height, market access, living standards, railways, southern Europe |
| JEL: | I12 N33 O18 R41 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hes:wpaper:0277 |
| By: | Kamath, Ram Mohan Sasikumar |
| Abstract: | Given the adverse efects of climate change (such as drought and fooding, damage to ecosystems and infrastructure, depletion of resources, deterioration of human health), society needs to transition to using sustainable systems of production and consumption. Regions and countries increasingly view the creation of green-clusters that can nurture green-innovation and spur new green-industries, as a solution to this challenge. In fact, the formation of green-clusters, and the greening of existing industrial clusters has been identifed as an important tool to achieving the GHG-reduction goals of the European Green Deal. However, Green-clusters need not be intrinsically sustainable. Especially when green-clusters are derived from existing clusters, they will inherit unsustainable processes. This means before these clusters can help regions and nations transition, they must themselves transition to greener products and production techniques. The green-restructuring of clusters has become a key area of interest to Evolutionary Economic Geography; and to the emerging feld of Geography of Transitions, which bridges Evolutionary Economic Geography and Sustainability-Transition Studies. However, owing to extant cluster-evolution frameworks' and cluster-evolution studies' inability to settle still ongoing discussions regarding the development of clusters, scholarship risks falling behind policymakers. This thesis contributes to the resolution of some of these discussions. Most importantly, we address the debate regarding the dynamics behind the process of clusters' green-restructuring. We then address debates regarding the role of place-based structures in shaping cluster-evolution, the role of agency in shaping cluster-evolution, the role of proximitydimensions in shaping the greening of clusters, and the multiscalar nature of cluster-evolution. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iamost:356433 |
| By: | Niklas Buehren |
| Keywords: | Gender-Gender and Poverty Agriculture-Food Security Poverty Reduction-Rural Poverty Reduction Gender-Gender and Poverty |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39994 |
| By: | Grimaud, André; Rougé, Luc |
| Abstract: | Technical progress is considered a key element in the ght against climate change. It may take the form of technological breakthroughs, that is, shocks that induce signicant leaps in the stock of knowledge. We use an endogenous growth framework with directed technical change to analyze the climate impact of such shocks. Two production subsectors coexist: one subsector is fossil-based, using a non-renewable resource, and yields carbon emissions; the other subsector uses a clean, renewable resource. At a given date, the economy benets from an exogenous technology shock. We fully characterize the general equilibrium and analyze how the shock modies the economys trajectory. The overall e¤ect on carbon emissions basically depends on the substitutability between the production subsectors, the initial state of the economy, and the nature and size of the shock. We notably show that green technology shocks induce higher short-term carbon emissions when the two subsectors are gross complements, but also in numerous cases when they are gross substitutes. |
| Keywords: | directed technical change; endogenous growth; technology shocks; climate; change |
| JEL: | O33 O44 Q32 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2025–04–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:130495 |
| By: | Balasubramanian, Chitra; Sandra Baquie; Alan Fuchs |
| Abstract: | The Middle East and North Africa faces significant climate challenges, such as increasing temperatures, heightened flood risks, frequent droughts, and growing air pollution issues. These challenges are compounded by the large proportion of the population living below the poverty line in some countries in the region. Indeed, people living in poverty are more exposed to poor air quality and natural disasters as they disproportionately tend to live in hazard-prone areas. They are also more vulnerable as they may have scarcer resources to cope with shocks. This paper combines remote sensing, geospatial data, and household surveys to provide high-resolution assessments of the exposure and vulnerability of the region’s population and poor people to four types of climate shocks. With the data available, the paper estimates that almost the entirety of the extreme poor population is exposed to at least one climate shock. The region hosts climate-poverty hot spots in the Republic of Yemen and Morocco, where adaptation to climate change will be crucial to end poverty. The resulting high-resolution estimates of exposure and vulnerability can inform the targeting of climate adaptation measures. |
| Date: | 2025–03–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11092 |
| By: | Caren Grown; Gayatri Koolwal; Nasiruddin Ahmed |
| Keywords: | Agriculture-Agricultural Sector Economics Gender-Gender and Public Expenditures Gender-Gender and Rural Development Gender-Gender and Economic Policy Agriculture-Food Security |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39970 |
| By: | Patrick Premand; Pascale Schnitzer |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the direct effects and local spillovers of a low-cost multifaceted economic inclusion program through a randomized controlled trial in Chad. The intervention included group savings promotion, micro-entrepreneurship training, and a lump-sum cash grant delivered to poor female beneficiaries of a regular cash transfer program. It was designed to address multiple constraints to productivity and livelihoods, but at a much lower cost (approximately $104 per household) than most stand-alone nongovernmental organization graduation pilots and government-led economic inclusion programs. The results show substantial impacts on food consumption 18 months after the intervention. A reallocation of labor between economic activities is observed, along with higher revenues from agriculture and off-farm micro-enterprises. The intervention improved women's empowerment and some dimensions of social well-being. The findings show evidence of positive local spillovers, with improvements in food consumption and economic activities among households that were not assigned to the economic inclusion program in targeted villages. The results are consistent with the intervention broadly improving saving, sharing, and financial support mechanisms, as well as potential demand-side effects in the labor and product markets. Once spillovers are accounted for, the intervention becomes cost-effective without assuming that any impact persists past the follow-up survey at 18 months. |
| Date: | 2025–03–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11084 |
| By: | Laura Onofri; Conrad Landis; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | The study performs a qualitative meta-analysis of literature on economic valuation of spiritual values, to possibly assess and attach them a common meaning and content. We apply the qualitative meta-analysis procedure, developed by Atkins et al. (2008), and validated by econometric analysis, to (1) literature on spiritual ecosystem services (SES) valuations studies and to (2) literature on measurement of spiritual capital impacts on economies and markets, with a focus on religious markets. Markets and economies, in fact, are complex social structures, where the spiritual values originated in environmental and ecosystem contexts might change connotation and significance. Results show that when spiritual values are expressed as nature direct consumption or instinctual feedback from nature, they seem to have a use value at personal level and a negative impact at social level (economies and institutions). When spiritual values are expressed as responsibility and connection through nature they have a non-use value at personal level and a positive impact at social level (economies and institutions). In this perspective, qualitative meta-analysis results may offer a preliminary support for a better understanding, design and implementation of quantitative and monetary valuation methods for SES and other spiritual values. |
| Keywords: | spiritual values, ecosystems, spiritual ecosystem services, spiritual capital, spiritual capital impacts on economies and markets, qualitative meta-analysis |
| JEL: | Z12 Q01 Q57 O10 |
| Date: | 2025–04–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2530 |
| By: | Asjad Naqvi (WIFO) |
| Abstract: | This study applies the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) to the Asian Development Bank's Multi-Region Input-Output (MRIO) dataset to estimate global demand and supply elasticities across intermediate versus final, and domestic versus foreign sectors. Using pooled data from 2021-2023, results show that supply is generally less responsive to income changes than demand, but more reactive to price changes, particularly for intermediate goods. Over time, demand for foreign intermediate and final goods has outpaced supply, reflecting a growing dependence on foreign inputs with low substitutability. At a more detailed sectoral level, demand elasticities exhibit stronger income and substitution effects, especially in Household final demand and intermediate Services, while supply elasticities are predominantly price-driven, with greater responsiveness in sectors such as Construction, Manufacturing, and Agriculture. These elasticities are then used to simulate welfare impacts of ongoing trade tensions between the USA and the rest of the world, using the latest bilateral tariff data. Findings indicate a global welfare loss of approximately –1.3 percent, with some countries, particularly those highly dependent on US imports with limited substitution options, face losses up to 5.6 percent. Counter-tariffs also adversely affect sanctioning countries; for example, Canada could experience revenue losses of up to 5 percent, while others see welfare losses ranging from 0.5 to 1.8 percent. Despite retaliatory tariffs, the USA faces minimal welfare losses. This framework presented in this paper showcases how monitoring elasticities can support with adapting policies to potential trade-related price shocks. |
| Keywords: | Elasticities, Demand system, QUAIDS, Tariffs, Price shocks |
| Date: | 2025–04–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2025:i:702 |
| By: | J Anthony Cookson; Emily Gallagher; Philip Mulder |
| Abstract: | Most homeowners do not have enough insurance coverage to rebuild their house after a total loss. Using contract-level data from 24 homeowner's insurance companies in Colorado, we show wide differences in average underinsurance across insurers that persist conditional on policyholder characteristics. Underinsurance matters for disaster recovery. Across households that lost homes to a major wildfire, each 10 percentage point increase in underinsurance reduces the likelihood of filing a rebuilding permit within a year of the fire by 4 percentage points. To understand why consumers purchase underinsured policies, we build a discrete choice insurance demand model. The results suggest that policyholders treat insurers that write less coverage as if they set lower premiums, forgoing options to get more coverage at the same premium from other insurers — a pattern we call coverage neglect. Our findings suggest that coverage limits are either not salient to consumers or difficult to estimate without the input of insurance agents. Under a counterfactual without coverage neglect, consumer surplus increases by $290 per year, or 10 percent of annual premiums, on average |
| Keywords: | Disaster Insurance; Disaster Recovery; Information Frictions and Limited Attention; Insurance Demand |
| JEL: | G22 G41 G52 G53 Q54 R22 |
| Date: | 2025–03–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:99690 |
| By: | Aleksandrova, Mariya; Kanyangi, Washington Onyango; Atchadé, Assouhan Jonas; Atela, Joanes; Tonui, Charles |
| Abstract: | The new loss and damage funding framework under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) emphasises the importance of channelling support through national systems and mechanisms. This approach could prove particularly challenging for African least developed ountries (LDCs), which have been prioritised for support. These countries remain confronted with major challenges to access and utilise international climate finance, especially through direct access. National climate funds (NCFs) can have a potential role in delivering international loss and damage finance to African LDCs that is in line with their national priorities. NCFs can be defined as entities mandated to finance the implementation of national climate strategies and to manage and/or coordinate domestic and international sources of climate finance. NCFs can enhance the institutional capacities of countries by supporting the development of loss and damage strategies, facilitating access to international funding, aligning resource allocation with local priorities, and ensuring the effective tracking of loss and damage finance. This Policy Brief explores the role of NCFs in the evolving global loss and damage finance architecture with a focus on African LDCs. We examine the design features of five NCFs against criteria for assessing their relevance to support measures that address loss and damage. The studied NCFs are: the Benin National Fund for Environment and Climate, Ethiopia's Climate-Resilient Green Economy Facility, Burkina Faso's Intervention Fund for the Environment, the Mali Climate Fund and the Rwanda Green Climate Fund. |
| Keywords: | climate finance, loss and damage, least developed countries, UNFCCC, Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:idospb:315215 |
| By: | Jacopo Lunghi; Maurizio Malpede; Marco Percoco |
| Abstract: | This study shows how soil aridity (proxied with a measure of soil potential evapotranspiration) impacts child wellbeing in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using climate and infant health data from a grid of approximately 4, 000 cells in 34 African countries, we find that infants born in arid areas are comparatively more likely to die under the age of 5 and be systematically underweight at birth. In addition, we show how the aridity measure in this study reduces the effect of rainfall on child wellbeing and how aridification drives substantial heterogeneity in the estimated response to increasing precipitation. The findings are combined with model projections of future climate conditions to emphasize the importance of accounting for aridity alongside precipitations when assessing the economic impact of climate. |
| Keywords: | Rainfall, climate change, potential evapotranspiration, child mortality, infant health |
| JEL: | J1 J13 I15 Q54 Q56 O15 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bcu:greewp:greenwp23 |
| By: | Francis Addeah Darko; Akankshita Dey; Ritadhi, S. K. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines rural non-farm employment in Rajasthan, India, using multiple surveys and administrative data. The analysis covers three key aspects: individual and district-level determinants of participation in non-farm activities, the relationship between non-farm employment and household welfare, and barriers faced by rural enterprises. The findings show that secondary education strongly predicts participation in non-farm activities, particularly in skilled service sector jobs. However, women and socially marginalized groups face significant barriers in accessing non-farm employment, especially in higher-paying occupations. Households with members in regular non-farm employment, particularly in services, show significantly higher consumption levels, while casual non-farm work yields welfare levels similar to agricultural labor. Rural enterprises face multiple constraints, with lack of local demand and limited access to credit emerging as key barriers to business performance. The results suggest that although non-farm employment can substantially improve household welfare, access to better-paying opportunities remains highly unequal. Policy interventions should ad-dress both human capital development and structural barriers to create more inclusive access to non-farm employment opportunities. |
| Date: | 2025–03–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11080 |
| By: | Claudia N. Berg; Bettarelli, Luca; Furceri, Davide; Ganslmeier, Michael; Arti Grover; Megan Elizabeth Lang; Marc Tobias Schiffbauer |
| Abstract: | Are firms adapting to climate change? This paper studies this question by combining geocoded World Bank Enterprise Survey data with spatially granular weather data to estimate temperature response functions for nearly 160, 000 firms in 134 countries over a 15-year period. Our results show that market imperfections in low- and middle-income countries constrain firms’ ability to adapt. Small and medium-size firms in low- and low-middle income countries are most vulnerable, with revenues declining by 12 percent in years with temperatures 0.5◦C above historical averages. The impact is equally strong for manufacturing and services firms and result from declines in labor productivity and wages. Heat-sensitive sectors and less resilient firms are more severely affected, reinforcing the causal interpretation. Unique firm-level information on policy constraints including limited financing, burdensome regulations, and unsafe conditions suggest that such factors raise adaptation costs, undermining economic resilience to climate change. |
| Date: | 2025–03–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11081 |
| By: | Rafael Van der Borght; Oscar A. Ishizawa; Matthieu Lefebvre |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population-Food & Nutrition Policy Finance and Financial Sector Development-Access to Finance |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40091 |
| By: | Gruener, Sven; Mußhoff, Oliver |
| Abstract: | Human-made climate change is one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century. This paper examines how thinking about future consequences of climate change influences decision-making. Using priming experiments, we address ambiguity preferences, risk preferences, and willingness to cooperate among farmers, students, and representatives of the general population of Germany. The results show that farmers (who were asked specifically about the consequences for their profession) – but not students or representatives of the general population – increase their investments in uncertain assets. There are also common patterns across the subject pools, most notably willingness to cooperate remains largely unchanged. |
| Date: | 2025–03–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:7vdu6_v1 |
| By: | Aude-Sophie Rodella; editors; François Bertone; Esha Zaveri |
| Keywords: | Water Resources-Groundwater Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Climate Change Economics |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39917 |
| By: | Hirschbuehl, Dominik (European Commission - JRC); Neuville, Aude (European Commission - JRC); Petracco Giudici, Marco (European Commission - JRC); Sanchez Arjona, Irene (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | While the importance of nature for economic production is undisputed, natureâs contribution is still underrepresented in economic modelling. Following previous studies, this work produces a âhigh-levelâ estimate of the dependencies of all EU economic sectors on ecosystem services by applying the ENCORE (Exploring Natural Capital Opportunities, Risks and Exposure) framework to an input-output model. Depending on the version of ENCORE used and on some other assumptions, between 19% and 36% of the EU economyâs gross value added (GVA) is found to be highly dependent on ecosystem services. International extensions of the analysis show that the economies of EU and China appear to be more dependent on nature than that of the United States. The analysis also reveals that the entire economy is vulnerable to nature degradation, as all sectors are interlinked through supply and customer connections, potentially leading to cascading effects along value chains. |
| Keywords: | Natural capital, nature degradation |
| JEL: | C67 Q5 Q57 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202504 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Environment-Climate Change and Environment Environment-Ecosystems and Natural Habitats |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40116 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Environment-Biodiversity Environment-Environmental Protection |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40118 |
| By: | Mauricio Stern |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the effect of commodity price fluctuations on a commodity-exporting economy. Using Chilean and international copper market data, I find that positive copper price changes resulting from copper-specific demand shocks generate a broad GDP expansion, with no visible decline in manufacturing exports. These results provide evidence against the Dutch disease hypothesis, which posits the crowding-out effect of commodity price increases on the manufacturing sector. I then estimate a small open economy business-cycle model and find that a low degree of substitution between domestic and foreign goods explains the positive sectoral effect of a commodity price shock. Finally, I evaluate how tariffs on imports determine the volatility of total output in response to commodity price shocks, and find that lower tariffs reduce the volatility of total production when commodity prices fluctuate. |
| Keywords: | Commodity exporting economy;International market shocks;Dutch disease;Elasticity of substitution |
| JEL: | E32 F13 F14 F16 F31 F41 F44 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdm:wpaper:2025-06 |
| By: | Andreas Gerster (Johannes-Gutenberg University, Germany); Manuel Frondel (RWI – Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Germany); Kathrin Kaestner (RWI – Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Germany); Michael Pahle (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Germany); Puja Singhal (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Premium programs are seen as a politically attractive substitute for Pigouvian taxes to establish incentives for energy conservation, particularly when energy prices are high. Using an incentive-compatible survey experiment with almost 4, 500 participants, this paper analyzes consumers’ uptake of a savings premium paid when a household reaches a pre-defined energy conservation target. We find that the financial benefit of a savings premium motivates only 11 percent of households to opt for it. 42 percent of households never take part, irrespective of generous premium payments of up to 1, 500 euros. The remaining households prefer the conditional payment under the premium program to an equally large unconditional amount, which indicates that they use the premium program as a commitment device. Our findings challenge the view that premium programs and taxes are equivalent resource conservation policies. In particular, they imply that generous premium programs will be largely ineffective. |
| Keywords: | Energy conservation, commitment devices, goal setting, savings premium |
| JEL: | D12 D91 Q41 |
| Date: | 2025–03–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jgu:wpaper:2504 |
| By: | BENCZUR Peter (European Commission - JRC); BOSKOVIC Ana (European Commission - JRC); CARIBONI Jessica (European Commission - JRC); GIOVANNINI Enrico; PAGANO Andrea (European Commission - JRC); SANDOR Alina-Mihaela (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The key drivers of wellbeing are not solely economic factors. Other factors, such as social relationships, environmental conditions, and access to social and healthcare systems, also play a significant role. Wellbeing in the EU has increased over the past decade, but it varies across Member States, with some countries having a good situation in certain areas while struggling in others. Northern and Western EU Member States record the best overall sustainable and inclusive wellbeing, while Eastern and Southern Member States show a weaker situation. The framework Developed by the JRC and other Commission services highlights the need to balance prosperity with environmental sustainability, as well as today’s and tomorrow’s wellbeing to ensure intergenerational fairnes. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc141068 |
| By: | Toker Doganoglu (University of Wuerzburg); Lukasz Grzybowski (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Joanna Rachubik (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyze the determinants of individual’s willingness to pay higher prices and taxes and to reduce their standard of living to support environmental protection. Using data from the 2020 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), Environment IV module from 26 countries on about 29, 000 individuals, we investigate the influence of socio-demographic factors, consumer behavior, environmental beliefs, opinions, and attitudes. The findings reveal significant variations in willingness to bear financial burdens for environmental protection across different countries and socio-economic groups. Our analysis highlights the critical role of education, religion, political affiliation, and trust in institutions in shaping environmental attitudes and behaviors. Moreover, after controlling for individual characteristics, significant international disparities persist, with countries like India showing exceptionally high willingness across all measures, while many European countries, despite their progressive environmental policies, show lower willingness for higher taxes due to possibly already high tax burdens. These findings underscore the importance of tailoring policy communications to different socio-economic groups, emphasizing both the immediate and long-term benefits of environmental protection to enhance acceptance among various demographic segments. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2024-24 |