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on Agricultural Economics |
| By: | Saxena, Raka; Birthal, Pratap S.; Agrawal, R. C.; Sharma, Purushottam; Paul, Balaji S.; Pant, Devesh K.; Joshi, Neha |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2024–12–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icar24:349211 |
| By: | Mishra, Sarba Narayan; Mishra, Subhrajyoti; Ajmani, Manmeet Singh; Ashok, K.R.; Behura, Debdutt; Das, Manoj Kumar |
| Abstract: | Globally, agrifood systems (AFS) are experiencing rapid transformation driven by a range of factors. This transformation process is also observed across several states of India, including Odisha. This study develops a conceptual framework to examine the key drivers of AFS transformation in Odisha. Analytical tools, including trend analysis, the Simpson Index, and the Just-Pope Yield function, were used to assess the impact of various determinants of changes in the state’s AFS. The report presents an analysis and breakdown of growth trends in the agrifood system over the last two decades, identifies constraints and opportunities for future growth, and evaluates the coherence of government agricultural policies, offering direction for future policies to manage and motivate AFS transformation in Odisha. Odisha’s AFS is characterized by diverse stakeholders, with smallholder farmers facing significant challenges, particularly from climate-induced shocks and the volatility in agricultural gross value added (GVA). Among farming households, wage income now surpasses earnings from traditional agricultural activities, such as crop cultivation and livestock production. Several demographic and economic factors, including population growth, urbanization, and rising incomes, have profoundly influenced the structure and operations of the AFS, as evidenced by increasing demand for higher-value food products, including processed foods. The adoption of innovative technologies, such as Bt cotton and climate-resilient crop varieties, has enhanced farm productivity and profitability, driving crop diversification. Increased use of purchased farm inputs, such as high-yielding variety seeds, inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, and agricultural machinery, has further shaped Odisha’s agrifood landscape. Government policies, including higher annual budget allocations for irrigation infrastructure, climate-resilient technologies, subsidized credit and insurance, and farmer welfare programs, have been instrumental in shaping Odisha’s AFS. However, despite strong growth, the fisheries sector remains underfunded compared to other subsectors. Improved rural infrastructure—such as expanded road and irrigation networks, grain and cold storage facilities, mobile connectivity, and improved market access—has contributed positively to AFS transformation in the state. Additionally, rural organizations, including farmer producer organizations (FPO), self-help groups (SHG), Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) and agricultural extension centers, have played a crucial role in advancing the state agricultural initiatives, such as Shree Anna Abhiyan, the special programme for promotion of millets in tribal areas of Odisha. The increasing number of hotels and restaurants, coupled with rising investments in the agrifood industry, underscores the expanding role of the agro-processing sector in Odisha’s economy. To revitalize rural economies, efforts should focus on boosting rural non-farm sectors, enhancing farm productivity, and strengthening infrastructure, particularly logistics and cold chain facilities. Investments in agrifood processing, promoting digital marketing, and fostering climate-resilient technologies are also important. Small farmers need support through strengthened FPOs, better access to quality seeds and mechanization, especially women farmers. Policies should be modified to promote increased crop and enterprise diversification, fishery sector growth, and organic farming. Agrifood parks and research in processing technologies can increase value addition and promote entrepreneurship within the AFS. Finally, solar energy integration will ensure sustainability and economic growth across agrifood value chains. |
| Keywords: | agrifood systems; climate change; food security; natural disasters; nutrition security; resilience; Asia; Southern Asia; India |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:163461 |
| By: | Yami, Mesay; Saweda, Liverpool-Tasie; Wossen, Tesfamicheal; Oyinbo, Oyakhilomen; Yamauchi, Futoshi; Chamberlin, Jordan; Feleke, Shiferaw; Abdoulaye, Tahirou |
| Abstract: | Postharvest loss of horticultural crops is high in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where smallholder farmers play a critical role in production. Most losses happen during the production and postharvest handling stages, accounting for 38% and 34% of the total losses, respectively. The significant amounts of food loss are worrisome, particularly given the extent of poverty and food insecurity in SSA. Reducing postharvest losses (PHL) is a key pathway to food and nutrition security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Food losses in SSA are influenced by insufficient infrastructure and technology for postharvest handling and storage, limited access to markets and coordinated logistics, and poor knowledge and skills in food handling and preservation techniques. The Green Revolution, intended to boost food production with modern farming methods, has unintentionally led to challenges in food distribution. Food losses grow due to longer supply chains and higher consumer incomes, resulting in greater food consumption away from home. Feeding Africa's growing urban population of 472 million is becoming daunting with the current PHL. The urban population dependent on agricultural food from rural areas is expected to double over the next 25 years, with an annual growth rate of 4%. It is essential to tackle PHL in SSA to reduce the food deficit and ensure food and nutrition security. SSA countries can reduce food losses by tackling the underlying causes of PHL and implementing effective strategies like upgrading infrastructure and technology for postharvest management, improving market access and transportation, and educating individuals on proper food preservation methods. |
| Keywords: | postharvest technology; agriculture; smallholders; postharvest losses; food security; Nigeria |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:163698 |
| By: | Zong, Xiaoxue; Huang, Kaixing; Ji, Xi |
| Abstract: | Land use policy is crucial for food security and ecological protection. This study explores the impact of the world’s largest Grain for Green Program, which subsidizes more than 100 million farmers to convert sloped cropland to forests and grasslands, on crop productivity in China. By combining detailed county-level crop production data with remote sensing data, our difference-in-differences estimates suggest that while the program significantly reduced total cropland area, it led to an increase in total crop yield. The unexpected yield impact can be explained by the fact that the program significantly increased labor input and multiple cropping in the remaining cropland. More importantly, we find that the program substantially reduced the damage of drought and extreme heat on crop yield. Our findings suggest the possibility of adopting land use policy to protect the ecology without compromising food security in a developing country. |
| Keywords: | land use, food security, ecological protection, climate shocks, Grain for Green |
| JEL: | J43 Q15 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–01–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123478 |
| By: | Sharma, Purushottam; Yeasin, Md; Paul, Ranjit Kumar; Anwer, Md. Ejaz |
| Abstract: | Frequent fluctuations in food prices are a matter of significant policy concern. The rising food prices affect the food and nutrition security of the poor. Farmers although benefit from the rising food prices, they also suffer when the prices fall. The high price volatility induces uncertainty in farmers’ decisions regarding crop choice, input use, and farm investment. Prices of perishable commodities are more volatile than prices of nonperishable commodities. Amongst non-perishables, the prices of the commodities with significant government intervention, in terms of price support and procurement, are the least volatile. No size fits all. Managing food price volatility requires differentiated strategies for different commodities. Nonetheless, the need for a market intelligence system for all the commodities to foresee likely changes in production and prices and to track commodity flows and inter-market trade cannot be undermined. I hope this study will be helpful for farmers in deciding their cropping patterns, traders and processors in deciding the stocking and processing levels, and policymakers in taking appropriate measures to contain food price inflation. I congratulate authors for their important contribution. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Demand and Price Analysis, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2024–09–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icar24:349209 |
| By: | Harun, Mohammed Endris; Legesse, Belaineh |
| Abstract: | Ethiopia’s government has created a number of policies and programs to address the urgent issue of rising food prices. Extension and regulation initiatives aiming at influencing the production and marketing are frequently used in conjunction with them. However, lack of indices on relative importance of individual crops results poor policy outcomes. Analyzing household decision dynamics and how household decisions respond to policies is crucial to reduce persistent complaints from recipients and avoid negative policy outcomes. For this study, data from 392 randomly chosen households of Kewot woreda was used. Sorghum found with higher calorie index per profit while mung bean was found higher profit index. Crop diversification found inefficient that arise from profitability differences and return to scale. Additionally multiple objectives could be met using tradeoffs among different crop benefits. This study also summarizes major findings from previous crop-related policies and linked them to specific crop characteristics. It is advised that policies be adjusted to reflect the value, character, and utility of crops |
| Keywords: | pro-poor policy, tradeoff, subsidy, agricultural policy |
| JEL: | Q01 Q17 Q18 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123353 |
| By: | Evans, Chester E.; Stout, Perry R.; Mech, Stephen J.; Hoon, R. C.; Nijhawan, S. D.; Sridharan, C. S. |
| Abstract: | The Government of India has stressed the need for developing a more intensive agriculture and through increased yields, meet the demand for greater food production. Proper use of India's soil and water resources is an essential element in this effort. Education, research, extension and implementation are all necessary to its success. This report deals with the research needed to support the overall effort. It presents the findings of a team of experts who conducted a study early in 1967 and developed recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of the present research program and listing the additional research projects required to provide needed technological information in soil and water management. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Food Security and Poverty, Land Economics/Use, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:349229 |
| By: | Aju, Stellamaris; ter Steeg, Emily; van den Berg, Marrit |
| Abstract: | The vegetable sector of Kaduna and Kano states in Nigeria is crucial for smallholder farmers' livelihoods, providing employment opportunities and contributing to good health. However, unfavorable environmental conditions and poor agronomic practices have hindered its development, leaving farming households struggling with food insecurity, nutrient deficiency, and poverty. Furthermore, societal expectations regarding gender roles, religious beliefs, and cultural practices make it more challenging for couples to work together effectively and attain the best possible outcomes for their family. The East-West Seed Knowledge Transfer (EWS-KT) foundation is supporting SHFs' access to vegetable markets through a one-year training program (across two cropping cycles) and together with Wageningen University and Research (WUR) intends to provide a gender-responsive agricultural extension system. Overall, this research project aims to improve farmers’ vegetable production, reduce the gender gap in agricultural participation and intrahousehold decision-making, and improve smallholder’s livelihoods. This report is based on a household survey covering 2562 respondents from 150 SHF communities in Kaduna and Kano. The baseline survey was a joint effort of Datametrics Associates Ltd. and WUR, consisting of two data collection rounds: the main survey round and supplementary survey round. Together, the surveys cover the different groups part of the study: key farmers, core farmers, other peer farmers, and the spouses of these farmers. The baseline survey provides insight into current agronomic practices, agricultural extension activities, SHF livelihoods, and women empowerment in Kaduna and Kano. Moreover, it assessed to which extent characteristics are balanced across socio-economic characteristics and current outcome indicators irrespective of their assignment to the treatment and control groups. Findings also helped to improve the formulated indicators for the evaluation of the project interventions. |
| Keywords: | capacity development; crop production; value chains; vegetables |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:163559 |
| By: | Namugumya, Brenda Shenute; Fakhry, Hager; Herens, Marion; Huynh, Tuyen; Duong, Thanh Thi; Pham, Huong; Mengesha, Belay Terefe; Khatun, Wajiha |
| Abstract: | The CGIAR Research Initiative on Sustainable Healthy Diets through Food Systems Transformation (SHiFT) recognizes the urgency of early stakeholder engagement to facilitate systemic changes towards sustainable healthy diets. This qualitative exploratory study aimed to provide insights about where stakeholders are active in food systems in Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Viet Nam and their characteristics. The conceptual framework of food systems for diets and nutrition proposed by the High Level Panel of Experts on food security and nutrition was used to map all stakeholders using a network analysis approach, in particular applying the degree centrality measure. This measure shows the food system domains with the largest number of stakeholder connections. The analysis reveals that centralization is spread across various food system domains. In Bangladesh, the areas with the most stakeholder connections are observed in the policy and governance and food environment domains. In Ethiopia, more connections were observed under the food environment, and production system domains and the outcomes related to diets, nutrition and health. In Viet Nam, it is the production system, storage and trade, packaging and processing, and food environment domains with the most stakeholder connections. Overall, platforms are active in policy and governance in all countries, suggesting that engaging with multi-stakeholder platforms is beneficial for SHiFT to advance the national agendas aimed at realizing sustainable healthy diets. Considering connectivity with food system domains, SHiFT can collaborate with all sectors. Moreover, focusing on stakeholders in the food environment, particularly on overseeing foodscapes for people, is essential. However, implementing food systems transformation requires identifying and engaging with other actors as well. However, there is limited representation of stakeholders in processing, transport, and retail, especially in Ethiopia and Bangladesh. International stakeholders emerge prominently from our analysis, suggesting that the food system narrative may still be primarily driven from an international/global perspective, resonating with the United Nations Food Systems Summit dialogues. To realize the ambitions of transitioning towards sustainable healthy diets for all, efforts must extend beyond projects/programs and engage national-level stakeholders. |
| Keywords: | stakeholder engagement; sustainability; diet; food systems; nutrition; network analysis; policies; Southern Asia; Eastern Africa; South-eastern Asia; Africa; Asia; Bangladesh; Ethiopia; Vietnam |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:163759 |
| By: | Sufian, Farha; Alvi, Muzna; Raja, Sehrish |
| Abstract: | Rural energy access remains a critical challenge in developing economies, with profound implications for agricultural productivity, household welfare, and gender dynamics. Pakistan's economy depends heavily on agriculture, which accounts for 20 percent of its gross domestic product and employs 42 percent of workers. Most farmers are small landholders who struggle with limited energy access and unreliable irrigation. Rain-dependent farming leaves these farmers vulnerable to weather changes, hindering their ability to improve agricultural productivity and resilience through modern agricultural technology. Furthermore, in Pakistan limited access to energy within the household and reliance on traditional cooking methods not only constrain productivity but also directly affect dietary quality for families, especially in low-income and agrarian communities. Women, who traditionally manage household nutrition and often bear the burden of energy-intensive food preparation, are particularly vulnerable to these energy constraints. This policy note examines the rural energy portfolio in Rahim Yar Khan (RYK), in the Punjab province of Pakistan, and its association with household well-being outcomes. The energy portfolio in rural RYK is diverse, with households relying on a combination of traditional and modern sources of energy. This analysis aims to explore how on- and off-farm energy choices impact key aspects of household well-being, including women’s dietary diversity, agency in energy choices, and workload. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers seeking to promote sustainable energy solutions that enhance household welfare in rural Pakistan. |
| Keywords: | household surveys; energy consumption; rural areas; agriculture; women; dietary diversity; nutrition; energy sources; Pakistan; Southern Asia; Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:168398 |
| By: | Chai, Yuan; Pardey, Philip G.; Gray, Richard; Maros, Lampros Nikolaos |
| Abstract: | Assigning the farmer versus breeder shares of the economic value derived from improved crop varieties remains a contentious issue, with real world food security, poverty alleviation and environmental health consequences. Drawing on ideas regarding the economics of (sequential) innovation that align especially well with varietal improvement, we introduce a new way of attributing the added value derived from crop varietal improvement between current breeding programs and the recent and distant past efforts of prior (formal and farmer) breeders. We then apply our new attribution method to entirely new data we compiled over the past few years for the development and uptake of Canadian wheat varieties to investigate the implications of different attribution rules for breeder versus farmer benefits. We use our illustrative empirical results to guide and recommend policy reforms regarding the multilateral system (MLS) of access and benefit sharing encapsulated in the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Our proposed reforms are designed to both eliminate the inventive downsides of the MLS Treaty levy (effectively a tax on seed sales) and to better align MLS goals with other policies and practices associated with the plant breeders rights (PBRs) embodied in the International Convention for the Protection of New Plant Varieties (UPOV), including end-point royalties that represent a return on innovative effort levied on grain sales. The Treaty levy is clearly failing to generate sufficient revenues to fully achieve its stated genetic conservation and benefit sharing goals. The evidenced-based policy options we identify can constitute a win-win fix that realigns benefit sharing equity outcomes with innovation incentives for crop breeding throughout the world. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Food Security and Poverty, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umaesp:349220 |
| By: | Benfica, Rui; Davis, Kristin E.; Oulu, Martin; Termote, Céline; Fadda, Carlo |
| Abstract: | Key takeaways • True cost accounting allows for the measurement of hidden impacts of food production on the environment, human health, and society. • Our findings show that at the national level for all crop sectors: o Social costs account for 90% and environmental for 10% of external cost structure. o Major social cost sources are underpayment, child labor, and occupational health risks. o Major environmental cost sources are land-use expansion and climate change. • Findings at farm level in NATURE+ Initiative sites in Kajiado, Kisumu, and Vihiga, for the crop sector show that: o Direct costs (70% of true costs) are predominantly hired labor and seed costs o External costs represent about 30% of the true costs o Social externalities costs (84%) are greater than environmental costs (16%) o Forced labor is the most important impact, followed by child labor, underpayment, and gender wage gaps o Environmental externalities include land occupation (land use) and soil degradation |
| Keywords: | true cost accounting; food production; crops; climate change; labour; Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Kenya |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:163383 |
| By: | Srivastava, S. K.; Kishore, Prabhat; Birthal, Pratap Singh; Shirsath, P. B. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Crop Production/Industries, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–11–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icar24:349210 |
| By: | Jo, Jungkeon; Secor, William |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2024–10–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uamsrr:349221 |
| By: | Salaudeen, Kamaldeen Oladimeji; Yamauchi, Futoshi; Liu, Yanyan |
| Abstract: | Nigeria’s Kano State is a major vegetable growing area. Commonly grown vegetables are tomatoes, peppers, onions, carrots, and leafy greens. These vegetables suffer from high post-harvest loss. Smallholder farmers, market and aggregators, actors rely on traditional drying practices such as sun drying during glutting seasons. The dried vegetable market is fast growing. It has been reported that drying vegetables increases the shelf life and favors year-round availability or supply of a vegetable crop to the market. However, these traditional practices are inefficient and unreliable for food safety. Rethinking Food Market and Plant Health Initiatives of CGIAR aim to introduce an energy-efficient, low-cost, and hygienic technology, that is, a solar drying system with support from the Nigeria Stored Product Research Institute’s (NSPRI) to dry vegetable crops in smallholder farmers communities in Kano State. In addition to being relatively faster drying process, the use of a solar dryer provides a more controlled and consistent drying environment, thereby protecting the produce from exposure to dust, insects, and other contaminants, and microbial growth. The controlled environment also helps maintain product quality, nutritional value, and appearance of dried products. As a result, solar drying processes produce good quality products and can be sold at a better price on the market (Aravindh and Sreekumar 2015). The aim of this study is to ascertain the effect of the solar dryer on qualities and safety of the dried tomatoes and peppers. |
| Keywords: | capacity development; drying; onions; tomatoes; vegetable growing; Nigeria; Africa; Western Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:163555 |
| By: | Sufian, Farha; Alvi, Muzna; Beniwal, Ezaboo |
| Abstract: | Energy use in India plays a critical role in shaping the country’s sustainable development trajectory, particularly in the context of the water-energy-food-environment nexus. As the world’s most populous nation with a rapidly growing economy, India faces significant challenges and opportunities in transitioning to cleaner and more efficient energy systems. The country’s energy access and use portfolio is closely linked to agricultural productivity, household well-being, and environmental sustainability, making it a key area for policy interventions. Access to clean and reliable energy is essential for improving food security, enhancing economic opportunities, and empowering marginalized communities, particularly women. However, India’s energy landscape is diverse, with rural areas heavily reliant on traditional energy sources like firewood and kerosene, while urban regions increasingly adopt modern energy technologies. The energy transition in India needs to go beyond increasing the use of renewable energy to addressing the disparities between regions and income groups to ensure that all households—especially those in rural and underserved areas—gain access to the benefits of cleaner and more efficient energy. This is the declared goal of the CGIAR Initiative on NEXUS Gains, which explores synergies between water, energy, food, and environmental sustainability. By understanding how energy choices are linked to household activities, agricultural practices, and broader socioeconomic outcomes, this analysis contributes to the global discourse on sustainable development and the urgent need for integrated solutions that address the complex interdependence of these sectors. |
| Keywords: | energy consumption; energy sources; Sustainable Development Goals; agricultural productivity; food security; women; gender; household surveys; India; Southern Asia; Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:168396 |
| By: | Ufer, Danielle J. |
| Abstract: | In the U.S. table egg industry, a range of production practices have been under scrutiny, from the housing where animals are kept, to the use of exogenous substances like antibiotics and hormones, to the types of feed the animals receive. A common assumption has been that consumer demand for animal welfare and treatment practices accompanies a willingness to pay market premiums for the resulting products. Market premiums are a common justification or incentive for producers shifting production away from conventional standards. However, increased costs of alternative production methods can mean the sustainability of a specialty operation depends on the size and consistency of premiums. In addition to classical market drivers, shocks like State policy passage and disease outbreaks may increase the uncertainty of premiums. In the 2008–18 period, the U.S. table egg industry experienced both types of shocks in the form of: (1) a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak in 2014–15; and (2) the passage of a series of State policies restricting the housing practices allowed in laying-hen production or restrictions on the sale of eggs from hens housed under certain conditions. This report provides a full accounting of common animal welfare and treatment claims in the U.S. retail table egg market from 2008 to 2018 and investigates dynamics of price premiums for those claims. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Demand and Price Analysis, Farm Management, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Livestock Production/Industries, Marketing, Productivity Analysis, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:349285 |
| By: | Takuya Washio; Sota Takagi; Miki Saijo; Ken Wako; Keitaro Sato; Hiroyuki Ito; Ken-ichi Takeda; Takumi Ohashi |
| Abstract: | As global attention on sustainable and ethical food systems grows, animal welfare-friendly products (AWFP) are increasingly recognized as essential to addressing consumer and producer concerns. However, traditional research often neglects the interdependencies between production, retail, and consumption stages within the supply chain. This study examined how cross-stage interactions among producers, consumers, and retail intermediaries can promote AWFP adoption. By establishing a short value chain from production to consumption, we conducted a two-month choice experiment in the operational restaurant, employing a mixed-method approach to quantitatively and qualitatively assess stakeholder responses. The results revealed that providing information about AWFP practices significantly influenced consumer behavior, increasing both product selection and perceived value. Retailers recognized the potential for economic benefits and strengthened customer loyalty, while producers identified new revenue opportunities by re-fattening delivered cow. These coordinated changes - defined as synchronized actions and mutual reinforcement across production, retail, and consumption - generated positive feedback loops that motivated stakeholders to adopt AWFP practices. This research underscores the potential of strategically designed short value chain to foster cross-stage coordination and highlights their role as practical entry points for promoting sustainable and ethical food systems on a larger scale. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2501.10680 |
| By: | Dadlani, Narendra; Kumar, Anjani; Spielman, David J. |
| Abstract: | India has a very mature and vibrant seed sector with a wide network of public and private sector enterprises working closely together to make quality seeds available to farmers at affordable prices, ensuring seed security in the country. Ranked fifth in the global seed trade with a reported turnover of more than USD 6 billion, India is likely to double this figure by 2028 due to a healthy growth rate (CAGR) which is already faster than the global rate. With improved seed replacement rate (SRR) of major food security crops, better variety replacement rate (VRR) in most crops and a declining informal trade of farm saved seed (FSS), the industry is showing a strong upswing in its growth. Much of this progress can be at tributed to the continued scientific contributions of both the public and private sector which were assisted by the enabling policies of the government. |
| Keywords: | regulations; governance; agricultural sector; seeds; food security; economic growth; policies |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:prnote:168571 |
| By: | Ariong, Richard M.; Chamberlin, Jordan; Kariuki, Sarah Wairimu; Van Campenhout, Bjorn |
| Abstract: | Uganda’s dairy sector faces persistent challenges in milk quality, particularly low butterfat and solids-not-fat (SNF) levels. This study uses a multilevel randomized control trial with interventions at both Milk Collection Center (MCC) and farmer levels to identify some of the barriers that prevent quality upgrading within dairy value chains. Innovations included milk analyzers, digital record-keeping, and farmer-focused educational campaigns. Results showed significant improvements in milk quality at MCCs using analyzers, with higher butterfat and SNF levels and reduced adulteration. However, adoption varied widely, and uniform price setting by processors failed to incentivize quality improvements. Future efforts should focus on aligning financial incentives with quality, reducing adoption barriers, and fostering competitive markets to ensure sustainable quality upgrading in Uganda’s dairy value chain. |
| Keywords: | quality assurance; dairy value chains; value chains; innovation; Uganda; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Eastern Africa |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:168160 |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Yamauchi, Futoshi; Dauda, Bawa; Balana, Bedru |
| Abstract: | Modern cooling technologies, including cold storage, have been considered one of the critical tools to address increasingly complex challenges in agrifood systems in developing countries, including poverty, economic growth, food loss and waste, food and nutrition security, and environmental sustainability (e.g., IFPRI 2020; Kashyap & Agarwal 2020). Cold storage can minimize most human pathogens, ensuring enhanced food safety (Uçar & Özçelik 2013; Kopp & Mishra 2022) and contribute to increased consumption of micronutrient-rich horticulture crops (Schreinemachers et al. 2018). Cooling technologies can also improve market functions by enabling higher and more stable prices received by suppliers (Rakshit 2011; Schreinemachers et al. 2018) and reducing losses (Allen & de Brauw 2018). Cooling-chain development has been a significant part of food system transformation outside Africa South of the Sahara (SSA) (IFPRI 2020). Similar technologies may become more broadly relevant in SSA in the near future (Tschirley et al. 2015). Traditionally, the use of cold storage has been constrained by high energy consumption and adverse environmental effects like carbon emissions (Pueyo et al. 2020; Steyn et al. 2016). However, a growing set of potential energy solutions are being proposed and introduced on a pilot basis, including solar power (Takeshima et al. 2023). |
| Keywords: | agrifood systems; agricultural technology; capacity development; cold storage; cooling; horticulture |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:163560 |
| By: | van der Pijl, Willem |
| Abstract: | In a rapidly growing global shrimp industry, Bangladesh’s shrimp sector faces fierce competition from much larger producers such as Ecuador, India, and Vietnam. One of Bangladesh’s challenges is that it is overdependent on Europe's fragmented hotel, restaurant, and catering (HoReCa) segment and ethnic retail markets, where it exports 88 percent of its output. This market is highly price-driven and limited in size. However, Bangladesh’s exporters have no or only limited access to retail markets in the European Union (EU), the United States (US), or other markets that source black tiger shrimp due to a lack of high-quality products, a lack of Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) and Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP) certification, negative market perception of the country’s shrimp, and a lack of promotional activities. As a result of the increased competition and restricted market access, Bangladesh’s exporters and farmers are experiencing spiraling prices, and their future activities are at risk. Diversifying its markets should help the industry increase demand and get better prices for the products it exports. This brief explores the current market position of Bangladeshi shrimp and what the country can do to diversify its markets. Promotion is key, but not to consumers. Business-to-business (B2B) shrimp buyers worldwide must view Bangladesh as a reliable source of competitive, high-quality, sustainable shrimp. |
| Keywords: | diversification; exports; farmers; market demand; shrimp culture; Bangladesh; Asia; Southern Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:163630 |
| By: | Follmann, Alexander; Dannenberg, Peter; Baur, Nina; Braun, Boris; Walther, Grit; Bernzen, Amelie; Boerner, Jan; Bruentrup, Michael; Franz, Martin; Goetz, Linde; Hornidge, Anna-Katharina; Hulke, Carolin; Jaghdani, Tinoush Jamali; Krishnan, Aarti; Kulke, Elmar; Labucay, Inez; Nduru, Gilbert Mbaka; Neise, Thomas; Priyadarshini, Priya; Diez, Javier Revilla; Ruett, Johanna; Scheller, Christian; Spengler, Thomas; Sulle, Emmanuel |
| Abstract: | Global and regional agri-food value chains feed societies and are an income source for hundreds of millions of farmers around the world. They are also target areas for action to achieve a global sustainability transformation. Agri-food chains are highly vulnerable in the context of multiple crises, including the global environmental crisis, geopolitical fragmentation, armed conflicts and wars, and the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Measures to increase chain resilience are widely discussed; however, some such measures contradict sustainability measures. While there has been considerable research on the sustainability and resilience of agri-food chains, few studies have integrated both perspectives or outlined potential synergies and trade-offs. Therefore, this interdisciplinary literature review sketches possible contours for a synthesized research agenda on sustainability and resilience for agri-food chains during multiple crises. We argue that such an agenda should include, amongst others, • a more differentiated and critical perspective on the importance of value chain characteristics and developments (e.g., power structures, capabilities, up- and downgrading, and the borders of chain internalities and externalities) • a more comprehensive perspective that includes global and regional contexts and relations (e.g., whole-chain perspectives that integrate agro-input supply) • an actor-oriented approach that interrogates aspects of inequality, cost-sharing, and the potential benefits of sustainability and resilience for different actors along a value chain (i.e., sustainability and resilience for whom?) |
| Keywords: | agriculture; global production networks; global value chains; resilience; supply chains; sustainability |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–12–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:126949 |
| By: | Valeria Strusi; Sara Balestri |
| Abstract: | Despite a growing literature on the socio-economic impacts of women’s land rights in the Global South, findings remain heterogeneous across geographic areas, development outcomes and research methods. This review assesses the causal evidence on this topic to cut through this complexity, offering a clearer direction for policy and research. Adopting the PRISMA protocol for systematic reviews, it critically assesses the breadth of existing research through multiple analytical lenses: development outcomes, geographic cover age, publications' timeline and research methods. Particular focus is placed on identifying gaps that have persisted since an earlier review, incorporat ing emerging outcomes of interest, and tracing recent developments in the research agenda. Overall, greater consistency of findings emerges on food security, education, and specific areas of women's empowerment, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where women's land rights are connected to robust and positive impacts. More heterogeneous or scattered findings emerge on the remaining outcomes. |
| JEL: | O13 P48 Q15 Q24 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dis:wpaper:dis2502 |
| By: | Clare A. Balboni; Joseph S. Shapiro |
| Abstract: | How do environmental goods and policies shape spatial patterns of economic activity? How will climate change modify these impacts over the coming decades? How do agglomeration, commuting, and other spatial forces and policies affect environmental quality? We distill theoretical and empirical research linking urban, regional, and spatial economics to the environment. We present stylized facts on spatial environmental economics, describe insights from canonical environmental models and spatial models, and discuss the building blocks for papers and the research frontier in enviro-spatial economics. Most enviro-spatial research remains bifurcated into either primarily environmental or spatial papers. Research is only beginning to realize potential insights from more closely combining spatial and environmental approaches. |
| JEL: | F18 F64 H23 J61 O18 Q50 R11 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33377 |
| By: | Muñoz-Torres, María Jesús; Ferrero-Ferrero, Idoya; Gisbert- Navarro, José Vicente; Rivera-Lirio, Juana María |
| Abstract: | The objective of this research is to analyze the inherent complexity associated with decision-making concerning food losses and waste prevention or reduction, considering a multi-stakeholder approach and the possibility of contradictory environmental impact results derived from different solutions. This research defines six scenarios with the support of expert knowledge to assess the environmental impact of food loss and waste prevention and reduction (FLWPR) solutions that cover food valorization, redistribution and consumer behavioral change. After applying life cycle assessment consistent with the Environmental Footprint methodology, the results are fine-tuned with three groups of stakeholders’ preferences: decision-makers, experts and business students. Although the perceptions of the three groups are different across several impact categories, the proposed aggregated environmental impact indicator reveals minimal changes in the prioritization of scenarios among the three group of stakeholders and shows that it is possible to choose the best option while minimizing environmental impacts from an aggregated perspective. Analyzing the detailed results, the values of the impact categories show contradictory outcomes, i.e. when a specific solution is implemented, some impact categories worsen while others improve. This requires deciding to what extent and which aspects the decision-makers are willing to sacrifice, as these choices can influence the decision on the best option. This study includes two novelties, the dual perspective, which combines technical information and stakeholder preferences, and the proposal of an assessment method that assigns the environmental load to the quantities of product consumed, instead of assigning it to the total quantity produced through a balancing process. |
| Keywords: | Food losses and waste; Food losses and waste prevention and reduction solution; environmental life cycle assessment; sustainable food system. |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123335 |
| By: | Bulut, Hamid; Samuel, Robin |
| Abstract: | In the face of climate change, the principles of distributive social justice have become paramount in addressing the implications of resource allocation and the unequal impacts of environmental degradation. Our study explores the relationship between distributive social justice and environmental attitudes among young people in the context of climate change. Using a natural experimental design, we examine how the 2021 European Floods influenced social justice and environmental attitudes. Our results indicate significant shifts in attitudes, particularly regarding social justice, following the flooding. We found a strong and robust relationship between social justice and environmental attitudes. A causal mediation analysis revealed that floods affected environmental attitudes indirectly through social justice attitudes beyond direct effects. Our results emphasise the importance of integrating the principles of justice in addressing climate change and suggest that young people’s perspectives on social justice play a crucial role in shaping environmental policies and responses to climate crises. |
| Date: | 2025–01–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:gx4hc |
| By: | Martin, Will; Vos, Rob |
| Abstract: | T |
| Keywords: | wholesale marketing; developing countries; policies; agrifood systems; value chains |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:168158 |
| By: | Elmira, Elza Samantha; Suryahadi, Asep |
| Abstract: | Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are experiencing a nutrition transition from traditional diets to high-energy, processed foods, increasing non-communicable disease risks. Digitalization of food systems plays a significant role in shaping this transition. This paper investigates the impact of super app expansions (including food delivery, ridesharing, and other daily life assistance) on nutritional outcomes and the underlying mechanisms. Staggered district-level adoption of Indonesia's two largest digital platforms, Gojek and Grab from 2015 to 2018, is used. This information is combined with the health dataset from Indonesia’s Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas) and food consumption data from the National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas). To address the endogeneity issue associated with the correlation between super app entry decisions and nutritional outcomes, we use doubly robust difference-in-differences, which incorporates baseline covariates ensuring a conditional parallel trend. The results show that super apps contribute to an increase in BMI scores, particularly among individuals who are already overweight and obese. This effect is especially driven by the online food delivery feature and is more pronounced in cities than regencies and among individuals with employment, above median income, and education beyond primary school. These increases could be attributed to unhealthy food consumption (i.e., salty and prepared foods). Our findings suggest that super apps may exacerbate malnutrition. On the other hand, we find underweight reduction in the cities and an overall increase in fruit and meat consumption, indicating super apps’ potential to improve malnutrition. These findings highlight the role of super apps in the nutrition transition in LMICs. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2025–01–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:349215 |
| By: | Bhatkhande, Aniket; Pethe, Abhay |
| Abstract: | Climate change is dominating risk analysis across governments and businesses and biodiversity conservation is critical mitigation against it. India through the Forest and Ecology grant has the world’s largest Ecological Fiscal Transfer. As the 16th Finance Commission deliberates it can consider the availability of newer datasets as well as past performance of the grant. We appeal to integration of three principles: Fairness and Equity, Ring-Fencing and Additionality, and Incentivizing Performance. We argue for a more inclusive definition of forest and ecology to include diverse ecosystems like grasslands and deserts. Secondly, we present evidence that communities around ecosystem bear the cost of regulation and thus argue for a separate grant-in-aid for communities around the ecosystems extending the opportunity cost principle to the third tier of governments. Lastly for incentivizing performance we recommend a grant-in-aid for the forest departments of the states who are responsible for maintenance and preservation of these ecosystems. |
| Keywords: | Ecological Economics, Environmental Fiscal Federalism, Ecological Fiscal Transfer, Indian Finance Commissions, Third-tier Governments |
| JEL: | H5 H7 H77 Q23 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024–12–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123440 |
| By: | Alvi, Muzna; Sufian, Farha; Singh, Tushar |
| Abstract: | Rural energy access remains a critical challenge in developing economies, with profound implications for agricultural productivity, household welfare, and gender dynamics. Nepal's diverse geographical landscape—spanning the plains of Terai to the challenging Mid-hills and mountain regions—presents a unique context for understanding energy poverty and its multifaceted impacts. This study examines the intricate relationships between energy infrastructure, household economic status, and social outcomes in rural Nepalese communities. By investigating electricity access, cooking fuel technologies, and agricultural mechanization, we reveal how energy transitions are not merely technical interventions but complex social processes that reshape household labor, economic opportunities, and gender relations. Our research highlights the significant disparities in energy access between different geographical regions and wealth quintiles. Beyond infrastructure, we explore how energy technologies interact with dietary diversity, women's empowerment, and agricultural productivity. The findings underscore the need for nuanced, context-specific energy policies that consider local socioeconomic and geographical variations. |
| Keywords: | agricultural productivity; energy consumption; energy sources; household surveys; dietary diversity; women; agricultural mechanization; Nepal; Southern Asia; Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:168399 |
| By: | Reardon, Thomas |
| Abstract: | This is a condensed version of a paper on conventional wisdom (myths) versus realities about transforming and endogenously innovating food systems. It was presented as a plenary talk at the Rethinking Food Markets Symposium on December 11, 2024. This note is structured as a sequence of research steps to better align policy with food system realities, as follows: Identify the conventional wisdom (CW), premises, assumptions as perceived by governments and donors about factors constraining proper food market system functioning and how to address these. Identify how CW influences government/donor actions (policies, investments, programs, external or exogenous innovations). Review evidence of actual food system functioning: (c.1) patterns in structure, conduct, performance; (c.2) transformations in those three; (c.3) endogenous innovations by system actors to address constraints. Assess whether/how CW matches (or contradicts) reality. If there is gap or contradiction, identify two things: (e.1) What kind of problem/error generated by the gap between CW and reality: (i) led to lack of needed action (neglect); (ii) led to wrong action (mistake); (iii) led to action redundant with “endogenous innovations†that real world actors already doing (not needed). (e.2) What actions would be better and would be better aligned with discovered food system realities and endogenous innovations - and improve the situation. The rest of the paper lays out findings from the case studies as conducted through the Rethinking Food Markets initiative, as well as other recent empirical research that illustrates points relevant to the above five steps. |
| Keywords: | food systems; policies; governance; markets; value chains |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:168414 |
| By: | Frédérique Audiat-Perrin (DER - Direction de l'Evaluation des Risques - ANSES - Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail); Laurent Guillier (ANSES - Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail); Jean-Christophe Augustin (Académie d'Agriculture de France); Gilles Bornert (Service de Santé des Armées); Michel Federighi (ENVA - École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, SECALIM - SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie - ONIRIS - École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Michel Gautier (STLO - Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Nathalie Jourdan-da Silva (DSET - Direction santé environnement travail - Santé Publique France - Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France]); Régis Pouillot (FDA - U.S. Food and Drug Administration); Myriam Merad (LAMSADE - Laboratoire d'analyse et modélisation de systèmes pour l'aide à la décision - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Moez Sanaa (DER - Direction de l'Evaluation des Risques - ANSES - Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail); Pauline Kooh (DER - Direction de l'Evaluation des Risques - ANSES - Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail) |
| Abstract: | Consumers can be exposed to many foodborne biological hazards that cause diseases with varying outcomes and incidence and, therefore, represent different levels of public health burden. To help the French risk managers to rank these hazards and to prioritize food safety actions, we have developed a three-step approach. The first step was to develop a list of foodborne hazards of health concern in mainland France. From an initial list of 335 human pathogenic biological agents, the final list of "retained hazards" consists of 24 hazards, including 12 bacteria (including bacterial toxins and metabolites), 3 viruses and 9 parasites. The second step was to collect data to estimate the disease burden (incidence, Disability Adjusted Life Years) associated with these hazards through food during two time periods: 2008-2013 and 2014-2019. The ranks of the different hazards changed slightly according to the considered period. The third step was the ranking of hazards according to a multicriteria decision support model using the ELECTRE III method. Three ranking criteria were used, where two reflect the severity of the effects (Years of life lost and Years lost due to disability) and one reflects the likelihood (incidence) of the disease. The multicriteria decision analysis approach takes into account the preferences of the risk managers through different sets of weights and the uncertainties associated with the data. The method and the data collected allowed to estimate the health burden of foodborne biological hazards in mainland France and to define a prioritization list for the health authorities. |
| Keywords: | biological hazards, food, foodborne diseases, risk ranking, multicriteria decision analysis, burden, biological hazards food foodborne diseases risk ranking multicriteria decision analysis burden |
| Date: | 2024–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04877597 |
| By: | Ceballos, Francisco; Heckert, Jessica; Hernandez, Manuel A.; Paz, Florencia |
| Abstract: | Migration is a recurrent global phenomenon that has rapidly increased over the past decades. As of 2020, there were 281 million international migrants (equivalent to 3.6 percent of the global population), a 27 percent increase compared to the 221 million in 2010 (UN DESA 2020). Even though COVID-19 slowed international migration (McAuliffe and Triandafyllidou, 2022), it is quickly returning to pre-pandemic levels. Approximately half of migrants are men, and a third are youth (15-24 year olds). Western Europe and the United States receive the most international migrants, and most migrants originate from rural areas, which receive around 40% of international remittances (Food and Agriculture Organization 2018). Domestically, there were around 763 million of internal migrants as of 2013, equivalent to around 12 percent of the global population (United Nations Population Division, 2013). Whether international or domestic, a large share of migrants is forced to leave their homes due to multiple reasons that include socioeconomic, climatic, and conflict factors, which may also act as compound shocks (Piguet et al., 2011; Josephson and Shively, 2021), such that migration similarly represents an important adaptation strategy that can help improve livelihoods, build resilience, and protect against fragility (Hernandez et al., 2023). |
| Keywords: | migration; women's empowerment; gender; livelihoods; resilience |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:168433 |
| By: | Gelli, Aulo; Bliznashka, Lilia |
| Abstract: | Global burden of disease analyses estimate that 20% of deaths are due to unhealthy diets (Afshin et al., 2019). Micronutrient deficiencies impair children’s physical and mental development (Bailey et al., 2015). The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents increased from less than 1% in 1975 to 6% for girls and 8% for boys in 2016 (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), 2017). The modernization of food systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) has led to rapid shifts to unhealthy diets and reductions in physical activity that have contributed to the global increase in rates of overweight and obesity (Popkin et al., 2020). Moreover, current dietary and population trends will exacerbate risks to people and the planet (Willett et al., 2019). Attention to nutrition during all stages of child and adolescent development is necessary to ensure that children can thrive over the 8, 000-day period spanning infancy to adulthood, and to protect investments made earlier in the life cycle (Black et al., 2013). School feeding programs, or school meals, is a widely implemented intervention with documented impacts across social protection, education, health and nutrition (Alderman et al., 2024). Globally, programs reach about 368 million children for a total investment of about $70 billion a year (World Food Programme, 2020). |
| Keywords: | balanced diets; micronutrient deficiencies; nutrition; school feeding; sustainability |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:163697 |
| By: | Shi, Yue (Dept. of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics); Berentsen, Geir Drage (Dept. of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics); Otneim, Håkon (Dept. of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Climate change has posed significant challenges to socioeconomic systems across the world, with the insurance industry at the forefront of facing climate risks. Recognizing the growing importance of climate risk management in insurance practices, this study investigates the impact of weather events on water-related home insurance claims by utilizing a unique dataset from a leading Norwegian insurance company. We propose an effective statistical model to address the zero-inflation and over-dispersion inherent in claim count data and introduce a retrospective approach to reconstruct historical claim profiles leveraging high-resolution weather data. Our results reveal geographical variations in weather-related risks for home insurance in two largest Norwegian cities and identify seasonal patterns in insurance claims. Furthermore, we evaluate both reactive and proactive pricing strategies based on the retrospective analysis, providing actionable insights for insurers to adjust premiums in response to evolving climate risks. This research offers a robust framework for integrating weather data into actuarial modeling and contributes to the adaptation of the insurance industry to a changing climate. |
| Keywords: | Climate risk; weather-related insurance claims; retrospective study; premium pricing |
| JEL: | C34 C40 G22 |
| Date: | 2025–01–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhhfms:2025_003 |
| By: | Valera, Harold Glenn; Ashok, Mishra; Valerien, Pede; Takashi, Yamano; David, Dawe |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of India’s export restrictions on domestic retail rice prices using a dynamic panel GARCH model. The findings suggest that export restrictions are not a sufficient condition to lower domestic prices. Export restrictions are associated with lower retail price volatility in the East Zone. Moreover, the international price transmission to a sample of Asian and African economies shows that all countries are vulnerable, but the degree and kinds of vulnerability differ. Rice exporters appear to be the most susceptible as domestic prices increase in these countries. Rice importers are also vulnerable because of price increases, but the increases are less than in countries where the private sector decides on import quantities. |
| Keywords: | Export ban, domestic rice prices, GARCH, panel data |
| JEL: | C23 E31 F13 Q18 |
| Date: | 2023–12–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123305 |
| By: | Nandi, Sukhendu; Barman, Subrata |
| Abstract: | Many policy questions need to be addressed within an economy-wide framework that captures impacts on the overall economy, and at sector and household levels. Over the past 25 years, computable general equilibrium (CGE) models have become a standard tool for empirical economic analysis. CGE models are especially designed to evaluate the direct and indirect impacts of policies shocks at both macroeconomic and microeconomic scales. In recent years, improvements in model specification, data availability, and computer technology have improved the payoffs and reduced the costs of policy analysis based on CGE models, paving the way for their widespread use by policy analysts throughout the world. Given the demand for economy-wide analysis, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the South Asian Network on Economic Modeling (SANEM), together with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-IARI) and Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (ICAR-NIAP) organized an introductory training program on CGE modeling in New Delhi from April 29 to May 04, 2024. The course was aimed at researchers and policy analysts from South Asia who had some economics background but were interested in learning more about economy-wide models and their applications. |
| Keywords: | capacity development; training programmes; computable general equilibrium models; economic policies |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:163463 |
| By: | Edouard Pignède (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Climate Economics Chair - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres) |
| Abstract: | Droughts can dramatically affect economic activities, especially in developing countries where more than half the labor force is in the agricultural sector. This paper highlights the causal impact of drought on income inequality using a new methodology known as the quantile treatment effect on the treated under the copula stability assumption. This method generalizes the difference‐in‐differences framework to the entire distribution. The methodology is applied to a geo‐referenced and nationally representative household survey of two sub‐Saharan African countries: Ethiopia and Malawi. The results show that droughts worsen income inequality in both countries. Lower income quantiles are subject to a higher decrease in per capita income, up to 40% for the lowest income quantile. In contrast, higher income quantiles are largely unaffected or appear to benefit from the drought. These results are robust to several specifications and offer quantitative insights into how extreme weather conditions affect inequality dynamics in developing countries. Inequality formation is driven by differences in the ability to cope with droughts. The results show that wealthier households have a higher capacity to find alternative sources of income to prevent a welfare drop. In contrast, the most vulnerable households, particularly those that are low in assets, remote, or headed by women or older individuals, are most seriously harmed. Finally, consumption‐smoothing behaviors and asset depletion strategies in middle income households are also observed. |
| Abstract: | Les sécheresses peuvent avoir des conséquences dramatiques sur les activités économiques, en particulier dans les pays en développement où plus de la moitié de la main-d'œuvre travaille dans le secteur agricole. Cet article met en évidence l'impact causal de la sécheresse sur l'inégalité des revenus en utilisant une nouvelle méthodologie connue sous le nom d'effet de traitement par quantile sur le traité sous l'hypothèse de stabilité de la copule. Cette méthode généralise le cadre de la différence des différences à l'ensemble de la distribution. La méthodologie est appliquée à une enquête géoréférencée et représentative au niveau national sur les ménages de deux pays d'Afrique subsaharienne : Éthiopie et Malawi. Les résultats montrent que les sécheresses aggravent les inégalités de revenus dans les deux pays. Les quantiles de revenus inférieurs subissent une baisse plus importante du revenu par habitant, jusqu'à 40 % pour le quantile de revenus le plus bas. En revanche, les quantiles de revenus plus élevés ne sont pas affectés ou semblent bénéficier de la sécheresse. Ces résultats sont robustes à plusieurs spécifications et offrent un aperçu quantitatif de la manière dont les conditions météorologiques extrêmes affectent la dynamique des inégalités dans les pays en développement. La formation des inégalités est déterminée par les différences de capacité à faire face aux sécheresses. Les résultats montrent que les ménages les plus riches ont une plus grande capacité à trouver d'autres sources de revenus pour éviter une baisse de bien-être. En revanche, les ménages les plus vulnérables, en particulier ceux qui disposent de peu d'actifs, qui sont isolés ou qui sont dirigés par des femmes ou des personnes âgées, sont les plus gravement touchés. Enfin, on observe également des comportements de lissage de la consommation et des stratégies d'épuisement des actifs chez les ménages à revenus moyens. |
| Keywords: | Inequality, Drought, Adaptation |
| Date: | 2025–01–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04886547 |
| By: | Lyons-White, Joss (University of Cambridge); Spencer, Matthew; Arif, Joko; Balmford, Andrew; Barlow, Jos; Brandão, Joyce; Börner, Jan; Camara, Gilberto (INPE - Brazilian National Institute for Space Research); Chandra, Adelina (ETH Zurich); Cleary, David |
| Abstract: | What factors have been most important for protecting the two-thirds of tropical forests that remain standing? Qualitative factors like politics and governance are challenging to assess using existing statistical methods. To address this gap, we conducted a Delphi study with 36 experts to identify factors that contributed to forest protection in the Brazilian Amazon and Indonesia. Our results unpacked the complex dynamics affecting forest protection in both regions and highlighted the importance of political will, advocacy by civil society, and intergovernmental diplomacy, as well as shifts in factors' importance over time. Our analysis in Brazil emphasised the central importance of the state, while our findings in Indonesia revealed a complex and evolving mix of public, private and civil society factors. These results shed new light on the critical intersections of international advocacy and local policy contexts to generate enabling conditions for conservation. |
| Date: | 2025–01–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:bpgsm |
| By: | Hasan, Amena; Hasan, Kamrul; Haque, Sumaia |
| Abstract: | Bangladesh faces significant environmental challenges stemming from improper industrialization and unsustainable commercial practices. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of various attributes and sub-attributes associated with manufacturing companies in Chittagong in addressing environmental sustainability. A multi-criteria decision-making approach, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), was employed to assess the natural environment through six primary attributes and 27 sub-attributes identified via a participatory process. The study determined the relative weights of these attributes and sub-attributes using a pair-wise comparison matrix. The findings revealed that Image/Relationship was the most influential attribute (35.92%), followed by Regulatory (27.6%) and Internal Voluntary (17.9%). Manufacturing organizations were found to prioritize image building, often investing significantly in environmental assessments to enhance their corporate reputation. Under the Regulatory attribute, organizations demonstrated considerable attention to monitoring, inspection, testing, and protective equipment. However, in the Internal Voluntary category, while employee health and satisfaction were highly valued, environmental audits received minimal focus. This study underscores the need for a unified framework to systematically assess and address the environmental impacts of manufacturing organizations. By establishing such a framework, organizations can better align their operations with sustainable practices. This research represents an ongoing effort to develop a standardized approach to natural environment assessment in industrial contexts. |
| Keywords: | Natural environment, Manufacturing corporation, Effect on natural environment, Corporate organization in Chittagong, Sustainability |
| JEL: | F42 F6 N6 N60 |
| Date: | 2025–01–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123414 |
| By: | Anna Schulze-Tilling |
| Abstract: | Carbon labels have been shown to reduce the carbon footprint of consumption choices in several contexts. But are they also an effective policy tool? This depends on how the reductions produced by carbon labels relate to what can be achieved with the alternative policy tools we have available. This paper establishes a comparison to carbon taxes, using several field experiments in the student canteen. I estimate that carbon labels reduce carbon emissions by approx. 4%, and that a carbon tax of €120 per ton would be needed to achieve similar reductions with price changes alone. This comparison conveys that carbon labels are relatively effective: €120 per ton exceeds current EU ETS trading prices by more than 150% and is three times the current German carbon tax on gasoline. Furthermore, I provide evidence that the main reason carbon labels are effective is not that they are able to correct consumers’ misperceptions about carbon footprints. Instead, they appear to primarily influence consumers by directing attention towards carbon emissions at the moment of choice. |
| Keywords: | carbon footprint, food consumption, welfare, behavioral intervention, field experiment |
| JEL: | D12 C91 C93 Q18 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2025_639 |
| By: | Fernando Avalos; Ryan Niladri Banerjee; Matthias Burgert; Boris Hofmann; Cristina Manea; Matthias Rottner |
| Abstract: | Major price increases in energy and food were key drivers of the 2021–22 inflation surge. These large supply-driven commodity price increases, occurring when inflation was already elevated in many countries, increased the risk of moving to a high-inflation regime. Central banks have tended to look through commodity price fluctuations due to their often transitory nature and the implied trade-off between inflation and output stabilisation in the case of supply-driven price shocks. Growing geopolitical disruptions, climate change and a bumpy transition to green energy threaten to make commodity price shifts larger and more frequent going forward. This potentially raises greater risks for price stability, thereby limiting the scope for monetary policy to look through them. |
| Date: | 2025–01–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:bisblt:96 |
| By: | Morgane Noirot (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon); Aurélie Kessous (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon) |
| Abstract: | This paper looks at the impact of emotional groundedness on the consumer-brand relationship. It studies consumption anchored in a physical (place), socio-familial (people) and historical (past) environment. Our study involves an experiment on a sample of 405 respondents, testing the impact of the three facets of emotional groundedness (temporal, social and spatial) on brand relationship variables. Two product categories and two brands were selected: Burger King hamburgers evoking modernity and Bonne Maman jams representing tradition. The results show that the socio-familial stimulus is statistically the most significant, while at the same time noting the direct and indirect impact of emotional groundedness on the consumer-brand relationship. These two studies lead to managerial recommendations for brands. |
| Abstract: | Cette communication appréhende l'impact de l'enracinement émotionnel sur la relation consommateur-marque. Elle étudie la consommation ancrée dans un environnement physique (lieu), socio-familial (personnes) et historique (passé). Notre étude réside dans la conduite d'une expérimentation sur un échantillon de 405 répondants, testant l'impact des trois facettes de l'enracinement émotionnel (temporel, social et spatial) sur des variables de relations à la marque. Deux catégories de produits et deux marques ont été retenues : les hamburgers de Burger King évoquant la modernité et les confitures de Bonne Maman représentant la tradition. Les résultats démontrent que le stimulus socio-familial est statistiquement le plus significatif, tout en constatant l'impact direct et indirect de l'enracinement émotionnel sur la relation consommateur-marque. De ces deux études découlent des préconisations managériales à destination des marques. |
| Keywords: | Food consumption, emotional groundedness, food brand, anchors, authenticity, enracinement émotionnel, authenticité, nostalgie, Consommation alimentaire |
| Date: | 2025–01–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04888516 |
| By: | Florence Euzéby; Juliette Passebois Ducros (IRGO - Institut de Recherche en Gestion des Organisations - UB - Université de Bordeaux - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Bordeaux); Sarah Machat |
| Abstract: | While social media influencers' impact on consumer choices in brands and products has been extensively studied, their influence in the realm of arts and culture, particularly literature, remains underexplored. This study fills this gap by examining the influence of literary influencers, or "book influencers", on readers' book choices and their likelihood of following such recommendations. Using source theory as our framework, we develop a model focused on the perceived credibility of these influencers. We hypothesize that this credibility depends on the influencer's characteristics, like popularity, and the reader's literary preferences, such as genre specialization. Our empirical experiment with 280 French readers reveals that an influencer's perceived credibility significantly affects readers' intentions to read a book, only when the influencer is less popular. This effect is amplified when readers lack genre specialization, indicating omnivorous reading habits. These findings challenge initial hypotheses and open new avenues for research into the role of literary influencers in shaping readers' choices. [Abstract from author] |
| Keywords: | Book influencers, Credibility, Omnivorousness, Readers' choices, Social media, Influencer marketing, Brand choice, Consumer preferences, Reading interests, Artistic influence |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04886682 |
| By: | Hlungwani, Khanimamba |
| Abstract: | The World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed in 1995. Since then, trade liberalisation has been on the agenda, resulting in diverse trade agreements and a subsequent decline in import tariffs. With the decrease in import tariffs, trade is expected to increase. However, despite this trend as well as a great increase in global trade since the 1990s, certain developing countries still struggle to participate in global trade. South Africa and the European Union (EU) trade agreements have existed since 2000. This is through the Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA)â-later replaced by the Southern African Development Community-European Union Economic Partnership Agreement (SADC-EU EPA) in 2016. The expected result of such agreements is an improvement in trade relations and flows between the partners. Thus, it can be expected that South Africa would export more orientated products to the EU. South Africa became a net beef exporter in 2014. Trade flows for beef between South Africa and the EU, however, reveal the opposite of what was expected. Beef exports from South Africa to the EU have declined since the early 2000s. Trade patterns demonstrate that South Africa increasingly traded with countries with which it had no formal trade agreements, such as in the Middle East and East Asia. South African beef exports to the EU rapidly declined despite trade liberalisation between the two trading partners and South Africa becoming a net beef exporter. Thus, this research investigates South Africa's market access challenges in the EU. |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:7b03dffc-b7a7-4c29-9ee4-c5f19da6651d |
| By: | Hajdu, Tamás |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effect of temperature on emergency department (ED) visits using administrative data covering 50% of the Hungarian population and 3.52 million ED visits from 2009 to 2017. The results show that ED visit rates increase when average temperatures exceed 10°C, primarily driven by mild cases that do not result in hospitalization. Higher humidity amplifies the heat effect, which is also stronger following consecutive hot days. The findings further indicate that the impacts of climate change - both present and future - are substantial. Between 2009 and 2017, 0.66% of the ED visits were attributed to temperature changes relative to the period 1950-1989. Furthermore, by the 2050s, compared to the first 15 years of the 21st century, the annual ED visit rate is projected to rise by 1.24%-1.70%, depending on the climate scenario. A heterogeneity analysis reveals that the effects of high temperatures and the future impacts of climate change are disproportionately greater in lower-income districts, areas with lower general practitioner density, and among younger adults. |
| Keywords: | temperature, climate change, morbidity, emergency department visits, heterogeneous impacts |
| JEL: | I10 I14 I18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1560 |