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on Agricultural Economics |
| By: | Raszap Skorbiansky, Sharon; McFadden, Jonathan; Saavoss, Monica |
| Abstract: | Cellular agriculture is the production of animal products, such as meat, seafood, milk, and eggs, with no or minimal use of animals. This system includes both precision-fermented proteins and fats (e.g., from meat, seafood, eggs, and dairy) treated by encoding genetic material into an organism and cell-cultured meats and seafood. Between 2015 and 2023, cumulative invested capital in cell-cultured meat and seafood reached $3.1 billion. During the same period, invested capital in precision fermentation reached $2.1 billion. These increases are partially in response to growing interest in the environmental and animal welfare dimensions of conventional livestock production, concerns about disease transmission between humans and animals, and issues of global access to protein. Although novel, products using cellular agriculture have been commercialized to meet rising consumer demand for animal-free foods that are close substitutes to conventional dairy, eggs, meat, and seafood. Using data from publicly available sources, this report introduces the economics of cell-cultured and precision fermentation foods and documents the growth in the sector. Areas of emphasis are market drivers, structural aspects of the industry, the U.S. regulatory environment, government research funding, and market challenges as of 2023. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Industrial Organization, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Marketing, Production Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:348715 |
| By: | Sehgal, Mrignyani; Clarke, Rebecca Namara; Marshall, Quinn; Kumar, Neha |
| Abstract: | Key Findings • Research in Tanzania has focused on cultivated food environments in rural contexts, while urban and peri-urban contexts, and market food environments are understudied; • Seasonality limits affordability and availability of nutritious foods; wild food environments may help maintain diet quality and food security, but access to them is threatened by deforestation and conservation efforts; • Informal food vendors are important sources of fruit and vegetables in urban areas. |
| Keywords: | capacity development; diet quality; food environment; food security; rural areas; Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:159872 |
| By: | Raitzer , David (Asian Development Bank); Drouard , Joeffrey (Université Côte d’Azur) |
| Abstract: | Although agriculture is often considered vulnerable to climate change, recent gridded crop growth modelling intercomparison exercises have found that staple crop yields will be modestly affected by global warming. However, those crop growth models also do not fully reflect impacts of increasing climate extremes. This paper uses global remote sensing-derived yield and agrometeorological reanalysis data to construct a grid cell panel at 0.1-degree resolution for 2003–2015. Regressions that control for grid cell-specific intercepts and time trends, temperature, rainfall, and cloudiness empirically estimate the relationship between yields and precipitation-evapotranspiration extremes for each growing season of rice, wheat, and maize by subregion. Estimated coefficients are applied to projections from an ensemble of global circulation models to project potential losses from climate change. All crops are found as having substantial potential future global yield reductions, but reductions are highest for wheat and maize, with losses most pronounced in Southern Asia and Southern Africa. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; climate change; drought; yield loss |
| JEL: | D22 Q12 Q15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–12–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0759 |
| By: | Adeyanju, Dolapo; Amare, Mulubrhan; Andam, Kwaw S.; Bamiwuye, Temilolu; Gelli, Aulo; Idowu, Ifetayo |
| Abstract: | This paper examines Nigeria’s Home-Grown School Feeding Program (HGSFP), an initiative that enhances traditional school feeding by supporting local agriculture. Operating across federal, state, and school levels, the HGSFP sources meals from local smallholder farmers, aiming to stimulate rural economies and improve food security. The program creates demand for locally grown food, encouraging farmers to increase productivity and adopt sustainable practices while providing them with stable income. The HGSFP has successfully expanded its impact beyond students to benefit farmers, communities, and local businesses; despite these achievements, the program still faces challenges including funding constraints, logistical issues, and monitoring difficulties. By analyzing successful implementations in other countries that are characterized by strong government support, well-developed supply chains, and active community participation, the paper offers insights for improvement. The discussion concludes with evidence-based recommendations for policymakers and program administrators. These suggestions aim to enhance the HGSFP’s effectiveness, efficiency, and long-term sustainability, ultimately contributing to Nigeria’s broader agricultural and economic development goals. |
| Keywords: | school feeding; efficiency; sustainability; agricultural development; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Africa; Nigeria |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2290 |
| By: | Aysegül Kayaoglu; Ghassan Baliki; Tilman Brück |
| Abstract: | Climate change and violent conflict are defining challenges of our time. However, it is not yet understood how they interact in shaping human welfare and food security, how their interaction shapes gendered outcomes, or how social protection systems can mitigate their impact. To address these knowledge gaps, we first examine how household food insecurity relates to conflict and climate shocks and whether these associations are gender-sensitive. Second, we test what mechanisms can reduce the negative impacts of these shocks. |
| Keywords: | Gender, Climate change, Conflict, Food security, Social protection, Sudan |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-75 |
| By: | Balana, Bedru; Olanrewaju, Opeyemi |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effects of financial inclusion on adoption and intensity of use of agricultural inputs and household welfare indicators using data from the nationally representative Nigerian LSMS wave-3 (2015/2016) survey. For this, we constructed a financial inclusion index from four formal financial services access indicators (bank account, access to credit, insurance coverage, and digital transaction) using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). We used Cragg’s two-step hurdle, instrumental variables for binary response variables, and a Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) models in the econometric analysis. Results show that households with access to formal financial services are more likely to adopt agricultural inputs and to apply these more intensively. These same households are less likely to experience severe food insecurity and are more likely to consume diverse food items. We also find that these effects are less for female farmers regardless of formal financial inclusion, suggesting that they may bear more non-financial constraints than their male counterparts. The results suggest a need for targeted interventions to increase access to formal financial services of farm households and gender-responsive interventions to address the differential constraints women farmers face. |
| Keywords: | farm inputs; financial inclusion; food security; households; inorganic fertilizers; seeds; Africa; Western Africa; Nigeria |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2293 |
| By: | Yami, Mastewal; Cavicchioli, Martina; Abate, Gashaw T.; Kramer, Berber |
| Abstract: | Limited adoption of agricultural technologies such as improved crop varieties has been a challenge for increasing crop productivity in low-income countries. We study drivers of varietal turnover by conducting gender-disaggregated focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with teff and wheat farmers, and key informant interviews with public and private seed actors, in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. We find that attributes specific not only to production and sales, but also to processing and consumption (such as color, texture, moisture, and taste) are key drivers for varietal uptake among both men and women farmers. In relative terms, processing and consumption attributes are more important to women than men farmers. Gender and social status are usually linked to access to resources (such as inputs or information about newly released varieties) that could become an important driver of uptake. Women’s and men’s prior experiences with improved varieties also influence adoption. For instance, farmers that experience crop losses when using new varieties during a drought reportedly become more risk averse in future decisions to adopt new improved varieties. Overall, the findings imply the need to adopt seed development and marketing strategies that pay close attention to the preferences of both producers and consumers, such as considering the importance of consumption attributes (e.g., not altering local recipes) and encouraging farmers to first experiment with new varieties on parts of their plots before adopting at scale or providing a risk management tool (e.g., insurance) that can protect farmers from potential risks associated with new technologies. |
| Keywords: | gender; social inclusion; teff; wheat; Africa; Eastern Africa; Northern Africa; Ethiopia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2292 |
| By: | Pal, Barun Deb; Kapoor, Shreya; Rashid, Shahidur |
| Abstract: | Salt water intrusion and rising soil salnity are threatening food and livelihood security of paddy farmers in coastal Bangladesh. Visible manifestations of these challenges are degraded soils and chronic decline in tradtional farming, as it is becoming an increasingly infeasible means of livelihood. Promoting saline-tolerant paddy varieties (STRV) has been one of the major focuses of the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) and the attention to the problem has been intensified in recent years through a partnerhsip with a consortium of CGIAR centers. Howewer, robust empirical analysis has hitherto been limited. Using farm level data, this paper analyzes the determinants and impacts of the adopting these new varieties. We use a multi-variate logit model to identify the constraints to adoption, and Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Endogeneous Switching Regression methods to assess the impacts on yeilds, and net income of the paddy farmers. Results show that adopting saline-tolerant rice varieties raises crop yield by an average of 1 to 2 tons per hectare, equivalent to a net income increase of about US$100 per hectare of cultivated land. Yet, adoption rates remain low due to several institutional constraints and perhaps a lack of nudging farmers in the scaling up strategies. Robustness of the results are tested, and the implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | climate change adaptation; impact; livelihoods; saltwater intrusion; rice; seeds; soil; technology adoption; Asia; Southern Asia; Bangladesh |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2291 |
| By: | Kramer, Berber; Pattnaik, Subhransu; Ward, Patrick S.; Xu, Yingchen |
| Abstract: | Smallholder farmers often lack documented land rights to serve as collateral for formal loans, with livelihoods inextricably linked to weather conditions. Resulting credit and risk constraints prevent them from investing in their farms. We implemented a randomized evaluation of KhetScore, an innovative credit scoring approach that uses remote sensing to unlock credit and insurance for smallholders including landless farmers in Odisha, a state in eastern India. In our treatment group, where we offered KhetScore loans and insurance, farmers - and especially women - were more likely to be insured and borrow from formal sources without substituting formal for informal loans. Despite increased borrowing, treated households faced less difficulty in repaying loans, suggesting that insured KhetScore loans transferred risk and eased the burden of repayment. Moreover, the treatment enhanced agricultural profitability by increasing revenues during the monsoon season and reducing costs in the dry season. Positive and significant effects are found among both farmers with unconstrained baseline credit access, and quantity rationed farmers, suggesting that KhetScore helps address supply-side credit constraints. Finally, the treatment significantly enhanced women’s empowerment and mental health. In conclusion, remote sensing-enabled financial products can substantially improve landless farmers’ access to agricultural credit, risk management, resilience, and well-being. |
| Keywords: | smallholders; land rights; loans; livelihoods; weather; credit; remote sensing; access to finance; gender; impact assessment; insurance; India; Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2288 |
| By: | Margolies, Amy; Amunga, Dorcas; Zerfu, Taddese; Ruel, Marie T.; Olney, Deanna K. |
| Abstract: | Key Messages -Undernutrition has declined over time, but stunting still affects 40 percent of rural children and 25 percent of urban children. -Micronutrient deficiencies—especially deficiencies in folate, zinc and Vitamin D—are a critical concern, particularly for urban women and girls. -Dietary quality is low in both rural and urban areas: while urban diets are moderately more diverse than rural ones, rising consumption of unhealthy foods is more of a concern than in rural areas at this time. -The cost of consuming a healthy diet in Ethiopia increased from US $2.83 to $3.72 from 2017—2022, and over half of the population is currently unable to afford a healthy diet. -Concurrent conflict and climate shocks are causing acute nutritional needs in some regions. Humanitarian food aid is key to reducing food insecurity and should be provided to households without access to land who rely on income for food purchases, such as those in urban areas. -Overweight and obesity are still uncommon among young children but are increasing rapidly among urban women. In urban areas, 20 percent of women are overweight, compared to 4 percent in rural areas. The rise in urban overweight is driven by lifestyle changes associated with urbanization and unhealthy food environments, which are associated with poor quality diets and reduced physical activity. -Overnutrition and diet-related noncommunicable diseases are especially prevalent in Addis Ababa. -Food safety is a challenge, and evidence is lacking on how to improve vendor safety knowledge and practices to protect consumer health. -National social protection programs often fail to reach the urban poor and lack explicit nutrition interventions in urban areas. -There is a need to design and test urban nutrition interventions that address both over and undernutrition (such as double-duty actions) in urban populations. |
| Keywords: | nutrition; stunting; children; micronutrient deficiencies; diet; rural urban relations; food safety; Eastern Africa; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Ethiopia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:159790 |
| By: | Marshall, Quinn; Hewavidana, Budni H. |
| Abstract: | As a sub-study within the R5N evaluation, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), University of Peradeniya, and Johns Hopkins University collected food environment data in 45 Grama Niladahari (GN) Divisions across 5 Districts of rural Sri Lanka from December 2020 to March 2024. These communities were in areas where the World Food Programme was targeting a nutrition sensitive resilience program (R5N) to smallholder farming families. The communities were in the agro ecological dry zone of Sri Lanka. The R5N program sought to increase their access to water for irrigation via creation and rehabilitation of community and household irrigation schemes, while also improving nutrition through a behavior change communication activity. In these contexts, the primary access points for food purchases are through periodic open-air markets (known as pola) and small village retail shops. Many of the communities were in relatively remote areas where the density of food vendors was low. Data collected primarily focused on food prices and food availability as a means of monitoring the cost of a healthy diet and the availability of nutritious food through monthly follow-ups. Other data collected have described market and shop characteristics—such as size, access to roads, electricity, and cold storage. |
| Keywords: | food environment; urban areas; nutrition; food prices; diet; typology; Asia; Southern Asia; Sri Lanka |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:159857 |
| By: | Ragasa, Catherine; Umar, Sulaiman; Sani, Rabiu Mohammed; Onyibe, Johnson E.; Omoigui, Lucky; Fasoranti, Adetunji; Nwagboso, Chibuso; Bamiwuye, Temilolu; Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Andam, Kwaw S. |
| Abstract: | This study provides an integrated assessment of the seed system for maize and cowpea, two of the most important crops in Nigeria. We analyze the various factors influencing seed supply and demand and present different measures of capacity and incentive of multiple actors along the seed value chain. We also present metrics on adoption of improved varieties and quality seed use, given the complexity of these concepts and persistent challenges in measuring them in a survey context. At the national level, the 2015 to 2018 Living Standards Measurement Survey data show that the adoption rate of improved varieties was 16 percent of maize area and 6 percent of cowpea area, with 9 percent of maize farmers and 3 percent of cowpea farmers reporting certified seed use of improved varieties. Data from household surveys conducted in 2022 show that in Bauchi and Kaduna—states with relatively high maize and cowpea production levels—the adoption rate of quality seeds of improved varieties was 10 percent of cowpea land area and 25 percent of maize land area. In addition, the improved varieties in the cowpea and maize plots were old; the area-weighted varietal age in cowpea farms was 12 years and in maize farms, 13 years. The most popular cowpea variety was Kananado (likely matching released variety SAMPEA 9 or SAMPEA 11, released in 2005 and 2009, respectively), and the most popular maize variety was SAMMAZ 15, released in 2008. Newer varieties have not caught up in popularity. Different stages of the seed value chain face major bottlenecks. Two major themes emerged as barriers and drivers of adoption of newer improved varieties and quality seed: (1) Seed supplies were limited, especially breeder and foundation seeds, implying that Nigeria’s seed system needs to increase coordination, funding, and capacity for early-generation seed production and management; and (2) new varieties were not promoted to farmers, who therefore lacked exposure to the seeds, implying that both public and private sectors need to invest more in the promotion of these varieties and increase exposure and testing among farmers. There is also a need to look at the breeding and offerings of newer improved varieties. Some newer varieties do not consistently and comprehensively outperform older bred varieties in field trials and farm demonstrations; some older bred varieties remain attractive and popular to farmers. Beyond seeds, several contextual factors disabled farmers’ and seed actors’ capacity and incentive to expand production and adopt improved varieties. Security issues; poor soil conditions; and high fertilizer, transportation, irrigation, and diesel costs were some of the major disablers in the seed system that must be addressed. |
| Keywords: | cowpeas; maize; seed systems; supply balance; varietal screening; Africa; Western Africa; Nigeria |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2297 |
| By: | Pechtl, Sarah; ardonova, Mohru; Ergasheva, Tanzila; Lambrecht, Isabel |
| Abstract: | Tajikistan faces food insecurity and multiple forms of malnutrition in its population, with women particularly at risk. Social norms related to gender and intrahousehold hierarchy are pervasive and are commonly upheld in household roles. Yet, how gender may impact dietary intake in Tajikistan remains to be studied. Understanding this mechanism is critical to develop adequate strategies for effective, equitable progress in mitigating malnutrition and food insecurity. mixed-methods study was conducted to assess the extent and identify the drivers of gender-based and intrahousehold differences in dietary intake in Khatlon Province, Tajikistan. Predictors of food intake and dietary diversity were statistically assessed using quantitative survey data from 1, 704 individuals collected in winter- and springtime 2023. Qualitative data from 12 focus group discussions, 20 individual interviews, and 22 Photovoice interviews collected in winter- and springtime 2024 was analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis to further ascertain and understand these drivers. We find gender differences in dietary diversity, with women reporting lower dietary diversity than men, even when comparing men and women living in the same household. Among women, there are significant differences in dietary diversity based on their role in the household. Gendered social norms and intrahousehold power relations influence food acquisition, preparation, distribution, and consumption. Men, particularly household heads, and children tend to be prioritized over women in consuming food products that are deemed more nutritious (e.g., meat). Women adapt their food intake to meet the expectations and needs of other household members. This study highlights the importance of considering household dynamics and gender roles when creating programs and policies aiming to equitably address food and nutrition insecurity and malnutrition. The findings suggest that mitigating malnutrition in Tajikistan will necessitate gender equity-focused social behavior change interventions targeting women and men across different generations. |
| Keywords: | food security; malnutrition; gender; diet; intrahousehold relations; dietary diversity; Central Asia; Tajikistan |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2296 |
| By: | Mishra , Ashok (Arizona State University); Hazrana , Jaweriah (Arizona State University); Yamano , Takashi (Asian Development Bank); Sato, Noriko (Asian Development Bank); Arif, Babur Wasim (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Many rice farmers burn stubble and straw after harvest, which worsens air pollution. This paper examines the impact of training on the adoption of advanced rice harvesting technologies that reduce the need for crop burning. It uses data from a cluster randomized controlled trial in Pakistan. The results reveal that the training program improved the farm performance of rice growers. The cost–benefit analysis shows that farmers who received the training and used improved mechanical rice harvesting generated higher profits, an average gain of PRs19, 784 per acre. The results highlight the potential of targeted extension strategies to accelerate the adoption of productivity-enhancing and sustainable technologies among smallholder farmers. |
| Keywords: | rice farming randomized control trial; difference-in-difference method; revenues; harvest losses |
| JEL: | C31 O33 Q12 Q16 |
| Date: | 2024–12–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0758 |
| By: | Rida Lyammouri; Boglarka Bozsogi |
| Abstract: | Communities around the Lake Chad Basin (LCB) rely on three major economic activities: farming, fishing, and livestock herding. The floods that began in August 2024 damaged and destroyed hundreds of thousands of hectares of farmland, killed thousands of livestock, and rendered fishing unsafe for fishermen. This climate shock caused families dependent on these activities to lose their primary sources of income. Worse still, these economic activities also serve as the main source of daily food consumption, putting communities at an even higher risk of food insecurity. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbcoen:pb_67-24 |
| By: | Margolies, Amy; Pather, Kamara; Namara, Rebecca; Sehgal, Mrignyani; San Valentin, Carleneth; Olney, Deanna |
| Abstract: | Child stunting is a persistent problem in the Philippines. While stunting prevalence is higher in rural than in urban areas, it still affects one in four children under the age of five in urban areas and coexists with rising overweight in school-age children, adolescents, and adults. Some urban nutrition interventions have focused on reducing diet-related noncommunicable disease (NCD) risks, but they have not addressed the challenges of the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) (e.g., the coexistence of problems of undernutrition and overnutrition) in school-age children and adolescents. Likewise, the lack of evidence on interventions in the urban food environment (FE) signals a need for studies to better understand the role of FEs in driving unhealthy dietary changes and the DBM and to test approaches to shift consumption patterns toward healthier diets and lifestyles. NCDs are the leading cause of mortality in the Philippines, and NCD risks are higher in urban areas than rural ones. National policies support nutrition with multisectoral approaches, particularly through urban farming and gardening to promote healthy and affordable urban diets. Yet the urban-specific programs must be evaluated. Evaluations of urban agricultural initiatives are needed to document any impact on diets and nutrition and to assess the potential for scale up, especially given land scarcity in dense urban areas. Additionally, multisectoral double-duty actions must be developed to address all forms of malnutrition. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; child stunting; diet; nutrition; malnutrition; urban areas; Asia; South-eastern Asia; Philippines |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:159838 |
| By: | Mehta, Yashree |
| Abstract: | An exploratory visit to the rural-urban interface of Bengaluru city revealed that dairy producers with larger herd size and potentially stable income preferred to sell to the cooperative whereas those producers with minuscule herd size (upto two cattle) stated a preference to sell to urban customers in the private market. Sales in the private market were uncertain due to volatile demand but they fetched a higher price than the cooperative per transaction. Given that producers in the latter category were highly cash strapped and needed cash for fulfilling their transaction demand, the stated preferences can be attributed to liquidity concerns on part of the producers. This sets a hypothesis for quantitative research on income stability as a determinant of market choice by dairy producers. This paper provides the linkages between such observed market preferences and the understanding of the producers' and consumers' resilience in terms of food security as well as an understanding of the ethical principles of social embeddedness and moral economy in the context of the production system. |
| Keywords: | Dairy farming, Direct sales, Agricultural cooperative, Revealed preferences, India |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:daredp:308054 |
| By: | Faaiqa Hartley; Sherwin Gabriel |
| Abstract: | The world has faced an increasing number of global shocks that have resulted in large and unpredictable changes in global prices, particularly of food. These increases, coupled with the negative impacts of shocks to economic growth, have had damaging effects on welfare, hunger, and diets. Future global price shocks are likely, whether spurred by geopolitical tensions, climatic extremes, or natural disasters. This paper assesses the distributional impact of food price shocks on households in South Africa using price increases during the 2022 Russia-Ukraine war as a case study. |
| Keywords: | Computable general equilibrium, Microsimulation, Price shocks, Poverty, Food price |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-81 |
| By: | Fujisaki, Maoko; Fujimaki, Shiori; Mochizuki, Taro; Mashimo, Naoki; Taki, Kenichi; Takasaki, Kenji; Saijo, Miki; Taoka, Yuki; Nakatani, Momoko; Ohashi, Takumi |
| Abstract: | This study explores the transition toward a sustainable meat and alternative protein supply chain in Japan using a transition design approach. Amid growing global demands for sustainability in livestock systems, Japan faces unique challenges, such as geographical and structural constraints and low consumer awareness regarding sustainability and animal welfare. The aim of this study is to address the structural issues within Japan’s protein supply system and present sustainable transition scenarios. Through detailed interviews with 21 frontrunners and co-creation workshops, the structural challenges of the current socio-technical regime that hinder transition were analyzed, and a theory of change was developed. The findings reveal that Japan’s meat and protein supply systems are locked into unsustainable practices due to regulatory, cognitive, and normative rules. Based on these insights, three transition scenarios are proposed: “Grazed Lean Beef as a Feast, ” “Localized Circular Communities, ” and “Food Printer”. These scenarios emphasize the importance of experimental networks, culturally grounded visions, and phased interventions. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of sustainable transitions in the food sector and provides practical strategies for policymakers and industry stakeholders in Japan. |
| Date: | 2025–01–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:uyqn7 |
| By: | Hernandez, Manuel A.; Ceballos, Francisco; Berrospi, Maria Lucia; Perego, Viviana Maria Eugenia; Brown, Melissa; Lopez, Elena Mora |
| Abstract: | Following recent major global shocks that resulted in significant spikes in international food and fertilizer prices, this study analyses the degree of price and volatility transmission from international to selected domestic food and fertilizer markets across seven countries in Central America. We follow a multivariate GARCH approach using monthly data over the period 2000–2022. We find varying results by country and commodities and an overall low to moderate degree of price transmission in levels, but a stronger degree of volatility transmission. We similarly observe some changes in the degree of co-movement between international and domestic price variations over time—depending on the market and commodity under consideration—including after the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine as well as after the 2007-2008 food price crisis. Back-of-the-envelope calculations of the effect of an increase in international prices of different food and fertilizers mimicking the peak inflation observed in 2022 reveal small yet non-negligible effects on consumer and producer welfare in Central American countries, which however do not match the magnitude of the food security crisis observed in the region. |
| Keywords: | shock; food prices; fertilizers; markets; price volatility; inflation; food security; welfare |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2299 |
| By: | Margolies, Amy; Choo, Esther; Singh, Nishmeet; Parvin, Aklima; Ruel, Marie T.; Olney, Deanna K. |
| Abstract: | Urban-rural disparities in undernutrition in children under five have dissipated. Stunting declined from 2014 to 2022 in both urban and rural areas, but more so in rural areas, leading to comparable rates of stunting in urban and rural areas (22 percent, 24 percent). Wasting remains “high†(according to the World Health Organization) in both urban and rural areas (11 percent). The prevalence of child overweight is low but increasing, especially in Dhaka. Vitamin A deficiency affects half of children under five. Vitamin D and iron deficiencies are higher in urban areas, with zinc and iodine deficiencies more prevalent in rural areas. Urban and rural diets lack fruits and vegetables. A third of urban households have inadequate caloric intake. The cost of a healthy diet increased from $3.03 to $3.64 per person per day from 2017– 2022 and the percentage of the population unable to afford a healthy diet fell from 65 to 48 percent. Currently, 82 million people are unable to afford a healthy diet in the country. The diet diversity of young children has improved since 2011, but gains were seen mostly in rural areas. The percentage of all children fed the minimum meal frequency dropped by 20 percentage points from 2017 to 2022. Urban informal settlements are a concern – children have higher rates of stunting, lower dietary diversity, and higher prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies compared to other urban children. Overweight and obesity in urban adults is a critical problem. More urban women (48 percent) are overweight compared to rural women (35 percent); the same is true for urban men (29 percent) compared to 17 percent for rural men. Some urban nutrition interventions to tackle child undernutrition are being implemented, but few have been rigorously evaluated. Data on urban food environments (FEs) is becoming more available, but there are gaps in knowledge, particularly on the design and evaluation of interventions to counter the influence of the country’s increasingly obesogenic urban FE. National policies include targeted actions to improve urban diets and nutrition. More could be done, however, to improve the healthiness and safety of FEs, leverage social protection programs for the urban poor to make healthy diets more affordable, and to implement double-duty actions to address all forms of malnutrition. |
| Keywords: | rural urban relations; nutrition; children; stunting; non-communicable diseases; micronutrient deficiencies; food prices; dietary diversity; food environment; Asia; Southern Asia; Bangladesh |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:159793 |
| By: | Margolies, Amy; Vilca, Jessica Huamán; Pather, Kamara; Olney, Deanna K. |
| Abstract: | Key Messages -Peru has made significant strides in reducing the burden of stunting, but progress has stalled: 8 percent of urban children and 20 percent of rural children are stunted. -Overweight and obesity in women have been highly prevalent for more than a decade, with no signs of improvement; they affected 66 percent of urban and 61 percent of rural women in 2023). The problem also affects school-age children, adolescents, and adult men. -Peru has the third highest urban sugar intake among eight countries in the region, but saturated fat intake is comparatively lower than the regional average (6.5% of total energy compared to 9.7%). Among all adults, consumption of fruits and vegetables is low. -The cost of a healthy diet increased from $3.28 to $4.00 per person per day from 2017 to 2022, and 34% of the total population is unable to afford a healthy diet. -Urban food environment (FE) studies, which mostly focus on Lima, Peru’s capital, should be expanded to other urban areas (e.g., smaller urban areas and Amazonia) and to rural areas where FEs have also started to undergo rapid changes. -Research is needed to better understand how level of urbanicity, region (Amazon/Andean), ethnicity, or settlement type intersect to affect nutrition and diets. -Evidence regarding the success of urban nutrition interventions is inconsistent and there is limited guidance on how nutrition programs can be adapted to urban contexts. -Double-duty actions to address poor diets and the multiple forms of malnutrition that are affecting both urban and rural areas are urgently needed. These should include a redesign of social protection programs to ensure that they focus on healthy foods and meals and address all forms of malnutrition, especially among school-age children and women. -While Peru has nutrition policies that both cover urban dwellers and encourage consumer demand for healthier diets and improved access to food, these programs should be adapted to effectively do double duty in preventing all forms of malnutrition, particularly overweight. -Policy implementation and enforcement must be strengthened to address obesogenic FEs. In addition, accompanying interventions that target children and adolescents and innovations that stimulate consumer demand for healthier and more sustainable diets are needed. |
| Keywords: | stunting; rural urban relations; obesity; non-communicable diseases; diet; food environment; nutrition; policies; South America; Peru |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:159789 |
| By: | Diatta, Ampa Dogui; Olney, Deanna K.; Honeycutt, Sydney; Mitchodigni, Irene Medeme; Bliznashka, Lilia |
| Abstract: | Key Findings: -In Benin, undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing. -Diets in Benin have declined in quality over time, particularly among children. For example, low dietary diversity and inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption are prevalent. -Food-based dietary guidelines exist; however, awareness of the guidelines is unknown. -Most nutrition policies in Benin lack guidance on promoting fruit and vegetable intake. -Stronger evidence related to how to improve diet quality and combat malnutrition in Benin is needed to develop relevant interventions and policies. |
| Keywords: | nutrition; diet; trace elements; dietary guidelines; Western Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Africa; Benin |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:159608 |
| By: | Stewart, Hayden; Young, Sabrina K.; Dong, Diansheng; Byrne, Anne T. |
| Abstract: | The average U.S. resident is consuming less fruit over time. Per capita total fruit intake, which includes fresh, frozen, canned, dried, and 100 percent juice products, decreased almost 20 percent during the 2000s and 2010s when measured in cup equivalents. Using data collected between 2005 and 2020 through the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, this report compares total fruit intake by adults and children to recommendations stated in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Results show that a stable share of the population—about 23 percent of children and 15 percent of adults–has been consuming enough fruit to satisfy recommendations since at least the mid-2000s. However, a larger and growing share of people is consuming below a quarter of the recommendations. This group totaled almost 29 percent of children and 40 percent of adults at the beginning of the 2020s. Using data on adults, this report models the probability of a consumer falling into one of these two groups. Whether a consumer fully satisfies or satisfies below 25 percent of the recommendations is associated with some key behaviors indicative of one’s level of concern for health and nutrition knowledge. Fruit prices and household income have less influence. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Demand and Price Analysis, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:348766 |
| By: | Margolies, Amy; Craig, Hope; Namara, Rebecca; Sehgal, Mrignyani; Hemachandra, Dilini; Olney, Deanna K. |
| Abstract: | Key Messages Child stunting has declined in both rural and urban areas since 2016, but still affects a third of children on estates. Wasting prevalence has increased dramatically since 2016, reaching an alarming prevalence of 20 percent in urban areas. There is insufficient intake of nutritious foods, particularly in rural areas, and diet quality is negatively influenced by obesogenic food environments as the urbanization process continues. The cost of a healthy diet increased from $3.58 to $4.77 per person per day from 2017 to 2022, and 41 percent of the population is unable to afford a healthy diet. The prevalence of overweight, obesity and noncommunicable diseases is increasing nationally with higher burdens of overweight and obesity in urban populations and among women. National nutrition policies reference urban areas but do not adequately address the dual challenges of undernutrition (such as wasting) and overnutrition (such as overweight, obesity, and NCDs) common to urban contexts. Evidence is lacking on how to effectively address the double burden of malnutrition, yet clearly double-duty actions to address all forms of malnutrition will be essential. |
| Keywords: | stunting; rural urban relations; children; wasting disease (nutritional disorder); nutrition; diet; food prices; non-communicable diseases; policies; Asia; Southern Asia; Sri Lanka |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:159794 |
| By: | McLaughlin, Eoin (Heriot-Watt University); Sharp, Paul (University of Southern Denmark, CAGE, CEPR); Skovsgaard, Christian Volmar (University of Southern Denmark); Vedel, Christian (University of Southern Denmark) |
| Abstract: | Agricultural cooperation is seen as a way to solve collective action problems and has been associated with high social capital and other beneficial impacts in the countryside beyond productivity increases. But what if it comes into conflict with existing private concerns? The Irish dairy cooperatives from the 1890s entered a contested market for milk, and soon became associated with various degrees of conflict: legal disputes and physical violence. We hypothesize that this led to poor social capital, manifesting in conflict during the Irish War of Independence. We analyze novel data on cooperative and private creameries, as well as measures of conflict. Our findings indicate a significant positive correlation between the presence of cooperatives and local conflict intensities, persisting even after controlling for various confounders. An instrumental variable approach based on prior specialization in dairying validates this. Cooperation might thus both reflect social capital but also have pernicious impacts on it. |
| Keywords: | Ireland, Cooperatives, Social Capital, Market Contestation JEL Classification: N53, N54, Q13, Z13 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:737 |
| By: | John Hoddinott; Guush Berhane; Daniel O. Gilligan; Kalle Hirvonen; Neha Kumar; Jeremy Lind; Rachel Sabates-Wheeler; Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse |
| Abstract: | We assess the impact of a large-scale social protection intervention, Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP), over a 15-year period. We find that the PSNP had a positive impact on food security but inconsistent impacts on assets. There were positive impacts on fertilizer use, investments in terracing, and cereal yields but only when the program was twinned with complementary programming. The PSNP enabled households to be more resilient to covariate shocks. There were no adverse incentive effects on labour supply or fertility. |
| Keywords: | Ethiopia, Social protection, Public works, Food security, Assets |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-76 |
| By: | Marcelle Chauvet (University of California Riverside, USA; Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis); Claudio Morana (Center for European Studies, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy; Center for Research on Pensions and Welfare Policies; Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis); Murilo Silva (University of California Riverside, USA) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the linkage between deteriorating extreme weather conditions and anthropogenic GHG emissions and their economic impact on 40 European countries. The analysis employs the European Extreme Events Climate Index (E3CI) and its seven subcomponents, i.e., extreme maximum and minimum temperatures, wind speed, precipitation, droughts, wildfires, and hail. Using an innovative panel regression-based trend-cycle decomposition approach, we find support for the contribution of human-made GHG emissions to the deterioration of underlying extreme weather conditions and their highly nonlinear pattern. We then conduct a Growth-at-Risk analysis within a quantile panel regression framework to assess the economic implications of our findings. We show that deteriorating extreme weather conditions, as measured by the E3CI index, negatively impact the entire GDP growth rate distribution. Yet the impact on the downside risk to growth is much more substantial than the upside risk. This result holds for various E3CI components, such as rising extreme maximum temperature, wind speed, drought, and wildfires. |
| Keywords: | climate change, extreme weather events, global warming, GHG emissions, trend-cycle decomposition, Growth-at-Risk, panel quantile regressions, Europe |
| JEL: | C21 C23 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rim:rimwps:25-01 |
| By: | Yuri Barreto; Rodrigo Oliveira |
| Abstract: | The economic literature has shown that exogenous transitory shocks affect education by changing the opportunity cost of children. We argue that this is only part of the explanation. When permanent, shocks may change contracts and the organization of labour by eroding the productive structure and decreasing land values. This paper studies the long-term effects of a long-lasting environmental shock on individuals' educational achievement and earnings. We investigate the 1988 witches' broom outbreak in Brazil, the world's second-leading cocoa producer at the time. |
| Keywords: | Long-run effects, Education, Earnings, Child labour, Agriculture, Shocks |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-73 |
| By: | Ulimwengu, John M. |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a novel framework for assessing resilience in food systems, focusing on three dynamic metrics: return time, magnitude of deviation, and recovery rate. Traditional resilience measures have often relied on static and composite indicators, creating gaps in understanding the complex responses of food systems to shocks. This framework addresses these gaps, providing a more nuanced assessment of resilience in agrifood sectors. It highlights how integrating dynamic metrics enables policymakers to design tailored, sector-specific interventions that enhance resilience. Recognizing the data intensity required for these metrics, the paper indicates how emerging satellite imagery and advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) can make data collection both high-frequency and location-specific, at a fraction of the cost of traditional methods. These technologies facilitate a scalable approach to resilience measurement, enhancing the accuracy, timeliness, and accessibility of resilience data. The paper concludes with recommendations for refining resilience tools and adapting policy frameworks to better respond to the increasing challenges faced by food systems across the world. |
| Keywords: | food security; nutrition security; policy innovation; shock; resilience |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2300 |
| By: | ISBASOIU Ancuta (European Commission - JRC); FELLMANN Thomas (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The Common Agricultural Policy Strategic Plans (CSPs) of the EU Member States (MSs) introduce a new CAP delivery model for the programming period 2023-2027, establishing a common framework for CAP payments, while granting MSs the flexibility to design interventions for direct payments, sectoral interventions, and rural development tailored to the needs of their agricultural sector. This report serves a dual purpose: Firstly, it provides an overview of the CSPs Master file, which consolidates all 28 CSPs to facilitate a structured analysis of the new CAP, along with essential concepts characteristic to the CSPs. Secondly, the report presents a comparative analysis of the initially approved CSPs, focusing on the financial aspects and specifics of their implementation across MSs, as well as some insights into the contributions to organic farming. The analysis of all CSPs highlights significant diversity and heterogeneity in the interventions adopted by the MSs. The CAP is supported by 307 billion EUR, comprising 264 billion EUR from the EU Budget and 43 billion EUR from national co-financing. Direct Payments are the most dominant component, with the Basic Income Support for Sustainability remaining the most important CAP tool to support EU farmer income, accounting 51% of direct payments, followed by eco-schemes at 24%. Rural Development allocations also show considerable diversity across intervention types and MSs. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc138785 |