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on Agricultural Economics |
| By: | Isabelle Tsakok |
| Abstract: | For over six decades, Morocco has largely equated the achievement of food self-sufficiency (FSS) in ‘strategic’ food commodities to achieving food security. Successive governments have succeeded in guaranteeing the availability of and access to these commodities for the poor and vulnerable. In so doing, they have maintained social stability by fulfilling a basic social contract with the people. This is a major achievement, but the financial, economic, and environmental costs of this FSS approach are enormous. Morocco is now under increasing pressure to revisit these costs under the existential threat of climate change. Water scarcity, is of course, not a new problem for Morocco, a semi-arid country, but climate change threatens to turn water scarcity into a water crisis. Although governments have invested heavily in dams, irrigation infrastructure, and micro-irrigation technologies, and have succeeded in building a significant irrigated agriculture sector; recurrent droughts still have major adverse impacts on GDP growth and the livelihoods of the smallholder majority, most of the poor and vulnerable in rural areas. Despite the substantial achievements of the Plan Maroc Vert with irrigated agriculture, Moroccan agriculture is still dualistic. Rainfed agriculture still occupies 80% of the cultivated area, employs most of the agricultural workforce, and is relied on by the majority of smallholders most of whom are still involved in low-productivity farming. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pp_06-23 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | The agricultural sector is responsible for 72% of global water withdrawals, and is the biggest employer of the world’s most vulnerable and poor populations. Still, close to 84% of smallholder farms in low- and middle-income economies are located in water-scarce regions, with less than one third of them having access to irrigation (UN, 2024). These small-scale farmers also bear the heavy weight of land degradation and climate crisis. It is estimated that food production will need to increase by 50% by 2050 to meet the requirements of the growing world population (FAO, 2020). The agriculture sector amounts to 35% of total African GDP, yet a mere 4% of total government expenditure went into this sector (Hodder and Migwala, 2023). It is imperative to increase system resilience by reducing water-energy-food interdependencies through improved multisectoral policies, technologies, and adapted management. With the impacts of climate-related extreme events and the vulnerability of rural populations, an integrated approach to water management is the only way to close the water gap. Moving forward towards achieving global sustainable goals, rural communities must be empowered to ensure that they are the drivers of the expected socio-economic development through water development and management. This policy brief explores sustainable development in Africa through investment in rural development as the foundation for economic growth and community development. It provides a case study exploring the interrelationships of the resource nexus in Morocco, and the need to promote water as a catalyst for development and for development of policy coherence with related sectors. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_34-24 |
| By: | Burchfield, Emily; Ferro, Marco; Hüttel, Silke; Lakes, Tobia Maike; Leonhardt, Heidi; Niedermayr, Andreas; Rissing, Andrea; Seifert, Stefan; Wesemeyer, Maximilian |
| Abstract: | Understanding agricultural land systems is paramount to preparing for future transitions under climate change. A first step in moving towards a systematic, multi-context comparison of agricultural land systems is an assessment of data availability and commensurability. We compare publicly available and publicly curated data describing agricultural land systems-those devoted to the production of food, fuel, and fiber-to map analytical potential for comparative research in the United States (US) and European Union (EU). We discuss how political priorities shape what we can(not) see in each region and articulate future data needs to support cross-context understanding of agricultural land systems dynamics. This comprehensive understanding of how and why agricultural land systems change is imperative to promoting sustainable, resilient, and just agriculture futures. |
| Keywords: | land systems, agricultural land, data comparison, US Farm Bill, EU Common Agricultural Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:forlwp:304300 |
| By: | Thierno Bocar Diop; Lionel Védrine (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Territoires - Territoires - AgroParisTech - VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to shed light on the impact of the crop diversity criterion of green payments on farms' economic and environmental performances, alongside land use practices. In order to provide causal evidence, we exploit the natural experiment from the 2013 Common Agricultural Policy reform, which established stronger crop diversity eligibility criteria for farmers with over 10 ha (and 30 ha) of arable land. More precisely, we use a difference-in-discontinuity design on a sample of French farms and compare those respectively above and below the two thresholds. Our findings suggest that farms around 10 ha experienced significant land reallocation and an increase in crop diversity, while farms around 30 ha increase their number of crops. Interestingly, we also found that the main effects were primarily driven by farms that already met the diversification requirements. This suggests that the crop diversity criterion did not result in much additional change. |
| Keywords: | Green payments; Crop diversification; Difference in discontinuity; Windfall effect; France |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04739921 |
| By: | Corrêa-Dias, Lucas; Norris, Jordan; Pellegrina, Heitor |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of economic development on greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from agriculture. We document the environmental implications of two agricultural transformations linked to economic development. First, a shift in consumer demand to food products with higher GHG emissions. Second, the adoption of modern, input-intensive technologies with high levels of GHG emissions. We incorporate these mechanisms in a quantitative, trade model by featuring different income elasticities of demand across food products, and multiple agricultural technologies for production across grid-cells covering the surface of the Earth, with food products and technologies being heterogeneous in their GHG emission intensity. Using the model's open economy structure, we prove that the income elasticities are identified without price data. We conduct a host of policy counterfactuals related to economic growth, trade policies, and sustainable diets. The GHG emissions from economic growth is understated by more than one third if diet and technology changes are shut down, and overstated by one hundred percent if global food supply readjustments are ignored. |
| Date: | 2024–10–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3dv4z |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | National and regional visions for the future of water and food security have been at the forefront of sustainability talks. Nevertheless, the role of soil in water and food security and carbon management needs to be highlighted and integrated into these discussions and visions. The dynamic characterization of soil as a medium that accounts for the long-term impact of the agro-environmental conditions is of utmost importance to sustainability of these resources and to sustainable development in general. As the agriculture sector seeks to provide for growing populations by increasing food production, alternative sources of water must be found to alleviate the competition for water with other sectors, including energy and domestic water demand. Alternative sources include grey water, green water, and increasing water productivity for food production. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_14-24 |
| By: | Kannika Thampanishvong; Nipon Paopongsakorn; Bhim Adhikari |
| Abstract: | Floods and drought are the extreme weather events that pose major concerns on rice farmers in Thailand, particularly those in the Chao Phraya River Basin (CPRB). To mitigate the impacts of extreme weather events on the rice production and their livelihoods, some of these farm households have undertaken some adaptation strategies, such as shifting crop calendar, changing rice varieties, etc. Using data from the survey of farm household in the CPRB, this study highlights the adaptation strategies adopted by farm households and analyzes the impacts of adaptation to extreme weather events on rice productivity using the endogenous switching model. Our results show that adaptation to floods that took place in CPRB increases the wet-season rice productivity. The unconditional impacts of adaptation on wet-season rice productivity are around 120 kilograms per rai (approximately 0.16 hectares). The treatment effect, which captures the counterfactual case whereby farm households who adapted instead chose not to adapt at the decision stage, shows that the impacts of adaptation on wet-season rice productivity is around 31 kilograms per rai, i.e. farm households who adapted to extreme weather events would have produced 31 kilograms less per rai if they did not adapt. |
| Keywords: | Adaptation; Extreme weather events; Chao Phraya River Basin of Thailand; Endogenous switching; Rice productivity |
| JEL: | Q12 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:221 |
| By: | COCKX Lara (European Commission - JRC); BOTI David |
| Abstract: | Diets are a significant contributor to malnutrition in all its forms. Moreover, changes in food consumption create opportunities and challenges for agrifood systems. An improved understanding of diets is therefore crucial to design appropriate food, agricultural, and nutrition policies. Urbanization is commonly put forward as a determinant of changing diets. Yet, research on this relationship has been challenged by the lack of a unified definition of what constitutes an âurbanâ area. In addition, a simple rural-urban dichotomy has resulted in a focus on the ârural-urban divideâ that disregards the interconnectedness between various types of population agglomerations and masks differences within rural and urban zones. In this study, we combine household survey data on food consumption with satellite data capturing the urbanisation gradient following the harmonized definition of the Degree or Urbanisation. While there are important differences across countries, several patterns emerge clearly including a shift away from traditional staples, towards more conveniently consumed and prepared foods. While the effects are often strongest cities, we find significant differences in food consumption at much lower levels of urbanization. This confirms the importance of moving beyond a simple rural-urban dichotomy and taking into account the great diversity among both rural and urban environments. |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:eapoaf:202405 |
| By: | Eder, Andreas |
| Abstract: | Using a 2007-2014 panel of Austrian crop farms, we analyze the effect of multiple dimensions of land fragmentation on farms' production efficiency and risk performance. We use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a non-parametric linear programming approach, to estimate efficiencies. Technical efficiency is decomposed into i) scale efficiency, ii) pure technical efficiency, and iii) input-mix efficiency. Risk efficiency, a concept borrowed from modern portfolio theory, measures the performance of a farm relative to a mean-variance frontier. A second-stage DEA analysis reveals that farms with fewer plots and a shorter average farmstead to plot distance tend to be more technically efficient. Larger plots allow for better exploitation of returns to scale. The scattering of plots has no statistically significant effect on technical efficiency but provides benefits in terms of higher risk efficiency. Land consolidation projects should carefully weigh the costs and benefits associated with different dimensions of land fragmentation. |
| Keywords: | Land consolidation, Farmland fragmentation, Economies of scale, Agriculturalproductivity, Risk management, Data Envelopment Analysis |
| JEL: | Q12 Q15 Q18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:forlwp:304301 |
| By: | Santiago Izquierdo-Tort (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico); Seema Jayachandran (Princeton University); Santiago Saavedra (Universidad del Rosario) |
| Abstract: | Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are a widely used approach to incentivize conservation efforts such as avoided deforestation. Although PES effectiveness has received significant scholarly attention, whether PES design modifications can improve program outcomes is less explored. We present findings from a randomized trial in Mexico that tested whether a PES contract that requires enrollees to enroll all of their forest is more effective than the traditional PES contract that allows them to exercise choice. The modification’s aim is to prevent landowners from enrolling only parcels they planned to conserve anyway while leaving aside other parcels to deforest. We find that the full-enrollment treatment significantly reduces deforestation compared to the traditional contract. This extra conservation occurs despite the full-enrollment provision reducing the compliance rate due to its more stringent requirements. The full-enrollment treatment quadrupled cost-effectiveness, highlighting the potential to substantially improve the efficacy of conservation payments through simple contract modifications. |
| Keywords: | Deforestation, Payments for Ecosystem Services, financial incentives, contract design, Mexico |
| JEL: | O13 Q23 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pri:cepsud:325 |
| By: | Edem Douvi (University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, EA 3920, Besançon) |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Cereal production, Irrigation, Sub-Saharan Africa, FGLS model |
| Date: | 2024–09–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04704851 |
| By: | ELI COHEN (Department of Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev); Tomer Levy (After Taste - Import marketing wines & spirits) |
| Abstract: | Marketing and selling wine can be quite complex due to the variety of wine types, grape varieties, vintage years, and production methods. Large wineries produce wines at different price levels using diverse marketing and distribution methods. More affordable wines are typically sold in supermarkets or wine shops, while the higher-priced wines are mainly sold in specialized wine shops. However, the wines produced in small wineries, known as ?boutique wineries, ? stand out for their complexity and exclusivity. These wines, often considered 'high cost, ' are primarily sold in wineries or specialized wine stores. Consumers, while price-sensitive, are also willing to pay more for quality. Evaluating the quality of wine without tasting it is challenging, so price is often used as an indicator of quality. Winery marketers should set selling prices acceptable to consumers while providing a reasonable profit to the wine store. A study was conducted in wine stores to understand the crucial role of owners/managers in the marketing and selling of wines, particularly the 'high-cost' wines produced by small wineries. Their perceptions of the importance of wine marketing/selling issues such as the significance of wine tasting, awarded medals, labels, and brands, were explored. Results indicate that tasting wine and being awarded medals are important factors for both wine consumers and wine store managers. When tasting is impossible before purchasing a bottle of wine, consumers choose wine based on 'cognitive cues, ' which include the brand name, awarded medals, and other information on the label. This study presents potential marketing ideas based on the insights of wine store owners and managers to promote these unique 'high-cost' wines produced by small wineries. It is recommended that in-store wine festivals include wine tasting and a presentation by the winemaker, telling the story of the winery and the different wines being tasted during the event. Additionally, a promotional price for the tasted wines should be suggested, highlighting the crucial role of wine store owners/managers in the marketing process. |
| Keywords: | High-cost wine, Marketing small wineries, Boutique wineries |
| JEL: | A12 M29 M31 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:14816402 |
| By: | Abdul Majeed Seidu; Aleksandar Vasilev |
| Abstract: | The study sought to analyse the impact of trade liberalisation on Ghana’s agricultural sector. This study's research design, which is secondary quantitative, was chosen. The study used econometric methods such as multivariate regression analysis, Bounds test etc to analyse the data. According to the study's findings, trade liberalisation which comprises of flexible exchange rate (REXR), Export and Import price ratio (EP/IP), Agricultural Capital Formation (ACF), Foreign Investment in Agricultural Sector (FIA) and Agricultural Degree of Openness (ADO) haven’t really improved agricultural performance in Ghana from 1993-2022. In contrast, globalisation has favourably impacted technology, infrastructural development, growth, and living standards in other developing Asian nations including India, China, Lebanon etc. through the promotion of foreign direct investments (Siddiqui and Ahmed, 2017). Due to the limited absorption of technology, poor infrastructure and overdependence on other countries in Ghana, globalisation may not have an impact on sustainable agriculture. The negative interactions between Ghanaian Agricultural performance, Agricultural exports and imports price ratio, Real Exchange Rate, might have accounted for Ghana’s continuous decline in agriculture performance instead of having a positive impact. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, trade liberalisation, real exchange rate |
| JEL: | F10 |
| Date: | 2024–10–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eei:rpaper:eeri_rp_2024_06 |
| By: | d'Agostino, Giorgio; Dunne, J. Paul; Pieroni, Luca |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to the literature on the costs of conflict, focusing on the important channel of its effect on food security. It does this by examining whether people in conflict zones lack sufficient food and whether this can be directly attributed to armed conflicts. It uses the Afrobarometer household survey and data from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) for conflict indicators, specifically the number of battle- related events at the regional level. The dataset spans 2012–2022 across 29 African countries.The effect of battle-related events (i.e., battle deaths) on food insecurity is evaluated using a two-way fixed effect and a weighted regression framework that directly addresses unobserved heterogeneity. The model shows that a rise in battle-related events in a region leads to increased food insecurity and this result is found to be robust. When more intense food insecurity is considered conflict is also found to have an even larger effect. This provides evidence that conflict has a significant impact on food security in Africa. This has important health implications and adds to the evidence of the important legacy costs of conflict that can last long after the conflict ends. |
| Keywords: | Food insecurity; Armed conflicts; African regions |
| JEL: | D74 O55 Q18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:122247 |
| By: | Madhok, Raahil; Yin, Leikun; Jin, Zhenong |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the development-environment tradeoff from cultivating cash crops. We classify cashew plantations between 2015-2021 across Benin, one of West Africa’s largest cashew producers, using a deep learning model trained on data from field visits. We document large income gains from exposure to these cashew plantations, but at the expense of nearby forest cover. We identify this tradeoff with cross-sectional comparisons on household survey data, two-way fixed effects with panel data, and a shift-share instrumental variables design using global cashew price shifts to instrument local cultivation. A 10 percentage point increase in land share under cashews increases local GDP by 1.3%, but reduces forest cover by 2.6%. Cost- benefit calculations show that doubling cultivation would generate $USD 66 million in aggregate income gains but cost $USD 147 million in terms of forest loss. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–10–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umaesp:347614 |
| By: | Tefera, Mulugeta; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Leight, Jessica; Tambet, Heleene |
| Abstract: | The Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) is Ethiopia’s national safety net program, launched in 2005 and currently in its fifth phase. The objective of the PSNP is to protect households’ food consumption and assets, reduce their vulnerability to shocks, and address underlying causes of extreme poverty (MoA FSCD 2020). Households who have an adult available to work are required to take part in public works that focus on building infrastructure and improving the natural resource base (MoA FSCD 2020). As such, these projects are partially designed to contribute to disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation and mitigation. However, there is limited evidence about how sustainable land management (SLM) activities are conducted under the PSNP on both publicly and privately operated lands, and how the uptake of these activities and their benefits differ by gender. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA, EAST AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, households, food consumptio, poverty, shock, vulnerability |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:spirlb:8 |
| By: | Warner, James; Benimana, Gilberthe Uwera; Mugabo, Serge; Niyonsingiza, Josue; Mukangabo, Emerence; Ingabire, Chantal |
| Abstract: | The importance of maize for Rwanda cannot be overstated. Most smallholder farmers, along the spectrum of both land size and level of commercialization, engage in both production, own consumption, and sale of maize. Unlike most other crops, maize is commonly produced by all levels of commercialized and subsistence smallholder farmers. For example, recent research revealed that even though almost half of all maize produced is sold (44%), only an average of 23 percent is marketed at the household level (Warner et al. 2024). This indicates that while maize is widely sold by most smallholders, it is disproportionally sold by those with relatively larger farms. Therefore, maize is important for both own consumption as well as commercial sales and price movements are critical for understanding potential welfare impacts on both buyers and sellers. Research presented here outlines some important maize price relationships, including multi-year trends, interrelationships between Rwandan markets and seasonality. Overall, we find strong correlation between all markets suggesting a good degree of integration but persistent individual market prices above and below national averages as well as seasonality that generally conforms to maize’s main harvest period (Season A). This policy brief provides an overview of maize prices in Rwanda in order to enhance evidence-based policymaking for targeting recommendations aimed at more integrated and stable maize market prices throughout the country. For example, seasonal price changes suggest an annual average price fluctuation of approximately 30 percent and if targeted policies could reduce this seasonal price variation, smallholder welfare would likely be improved. |
| Keywords: | Rwanda; Eastern Afica; consumption; maize; smallholders; welfare |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:rssppn:15 |
| By: | Julius Berger |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the relationship between extreme weather conditions and the risk of flooding-induced harvest failure in Nigerian agriculture using a probit model. I use household-level survey and gridded weather data to exploit weather variation across time and space. Risk of harvest failure increases for agricultural households with more extreme weather conditions. The effect is especially pronounced for a subsample of households in high-risk areas. Overall, extreme weather conditions more than double the risk of flooding-induced harvest failure. Educational attainment acts as a resilience strategy by enabling individuals to shift into other economic sectors and actively choose a less risky location of residence. Internet access per se does not seem to have a significant impact. |
| Keywords: | Flooding Risk, Nigeria, Agriculture, Resilience Strategy, Education, Communication |
| JEL: | Q12 Q54 I25 D83 N57 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_412 |
| By: | da Silva Neto, Darcy Ramos; da Silva Cavalcante, Joubert Ryan; Bernabé, Jhonatan Kallil |
| Abstract: | We reproduced West (2024) "Formal designation of Brazilian indigenous lands linked to small but consistent reductions in deforestation, " which investigates the impact of formally recognizing Indigenous Lands (ILs) on deforestation rates in Brazil from 1986 to 2021. The original study uses a quasi-experimental design, employing temporal and sectional matching methods to compare deforestation rates before and after IL designation, concluding an average reduction of -0.05% in deforestation. To verify these findings, we conducted three main tests: a logit analysis, the consideration of negative deforestation values in the Atlantic Forest, and the synthetic control method. The logit analysis assessed the relationship between IL designation and covariates like land size, elevation, slope, and proximity to urban centers, confirming that these factors significantly influence IL designation, consistent with the original study. We also examined the treatment of negative deforestation values in the Atlantic Forest, originally treated as zero. By retaining these values, we found no significant impact on the study's overall results, indicating that the original methodological choice did not affect the main conclusions. Finally, the synthetic control method was used to replicate the counterfactual analysis of IL-designated areas, demonstrating that these areas consistently exhibited lower deforestation rates compared to the synthetic control post-2011. These tests confirmed the original study's findings, demonstrating that the formal designation of ILs contributes to small but significant reductions in deforestation, supporting the effectiveness of ILs as a strategy for environmental conservation and indigenous rights protection. The reproducibility of these results reinforces the study's conclusions. |
| Keywords: | Land tenure, Governance, Impact evaluation, Matching, Leakage |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:173 |
| By: | Isabelle Tsakok |
| Abstract: | If the recent peaceful transfer of power in Madagascar heralds a new trend, then the Malagasy people can dream big. For decades, the exercise of economic-cum-political power in the hands of a tiny elite has held the entire nation hostage. Today, the high poverty rate—around 80% (2021) stands in stark contrast to the natural resource abundance of this huge enormous island. There is hope, however, that with political stability, the Plan d’Émergence Madagascar (PEM) President Andry Rajoelina will undertake critical investments and reforms the Plan d’Émergence Madagascar (PEM) under President Andry Rajoelina will undertake key critical investments and reforms. If these initiatives persist, Madagascar can grow and exploit the historic market opportunities offered by the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). Major sectors like agriculture and agri-business; tourism; textile and apparel industry hold promise for making a major significant contribution to poverty reduction in the short to medium terms, thus strengthening the current fragile recovery towards a more food secure and resilient Madagascar. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rtrade:pb_64-22 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | A 2023 United Nations progress report (UN, 2023) showed that, of the 169 targets that make up the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), only 15% are on track, and progress on many has either stalled or regressed. The Water-Energy-Food nexus approach has highlighted the utmost importance of understanding the interconnections between systems in order to accelerate the achievement of the SDGs. In this policy brief, we use the lessons learned from the water sector through a case study from Matagorda County in Texas, U.S. We take an analytical approach that facilitates the understanding of systems at different scales, using models that help reduce the complexity of the systems, and applying this knowledge to create synergies and solutions. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_01_24 |
| By: | Kaivan Munshi (Yale University and Toulouse School of Economics); Swapnil Singh (Bank of Lithuania and Kaunas University of Technology); Nancy Luke (Pennsylvania State University); Anu Mary Oommen (Christian Medical College) |
| Abstract: | This research connects two seemingly unrelated facts that have recently been documented in developing countries, with important consequences for global health: (i) the weak association between nutritional status and income, and (ii) the elevated risk of diabetes among normalweight individuals. The model that we develop to reconcile these facts is based on a set point for body size that is adapted to (low) pre-modern food supply, but subsequently fails to adjust to rapid economic change. During the process of development, some individuals thus remain at their low-BMI set point, despite the increase in their income (food consumption), while others who have escaped their set point (but are not necessarily overweight) are at increased risk of diabetes. The model is tested along different dimensions with multiple data sets. Our analysis indicates that many lean diabetics in developing country populations will be close to their individual- specific set point, suggesting a promising approach to diabetes control (reversal) that involves relatively little weight loss. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2407 |
| By: | Otaviano Canuto; Sabrine Emran; Badr Mandri |
| Abstract: | Africa has a wealth of natural resources, including minerals, agriculture, and energy commodities, which provides an opportunity for the financialization of these commodities on the continent, a concept that has gained global attention and sparked debate on the potential benefits and drawbacks. Although the financialization of commodities has been studied in various contexts, including in African countries, challenges such as liquidity constraints and market readiness have emerged as critical impediments to its widespread adoption. This paper examines the existing literature to clarify the positive and negative aspects of commodity financialization, drawing on global examples and specific cases within Africa. By examining best practices and lessons learned, this paper offers guidance on how African countries can navigate the complexities of preparing for and embracing commodity financialization in order to unlock its potential benefits while mitigating the associated risks. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pp_08-24 |
| By: | Vesco, P.; Baliki, G.; Brück, T.; Döring, S.; Eriksson, A.; Fjelde, H.; Guha-Sapir, D.; Hall, J.; Knutsen, C. H.; Leis, M. R.; Mueller, H.; Rauh, C.; Rudolfsen, I.; Swain, A.; Timlick, A.; Vassiliou, P. T. B.; von Schreeb, J.; von Uexkull, N.; Hegre, H. |
| Abstract: | The detrimental impacts of wars on human development are well documented across research domains, from public health to micro-economics. However, these impacts are studied in compartmentalized silos, which limits a comprehensive understanding of the consequences of conflicts, hampering our ability to effectively sustain human development. This article takes a first step in filling this gap by reviewing the literature on conflict impacts through the lens of an inter-disciplinary theoretical framework. We review the literature on the consequences of conflicts across 9 dimensions of human development: health, schooling, livelihood and income, growth and investments, political institutions, migration and displacement, socio-psychological wellbeing and capital, water access, and food security. The study focuses on both direct and indirect impacts of violence, reviews the existing evidence on how impacts on different dimensions of societal wellbeing and development may intertwine, and suggests plausible mechanisms to explain how these connections materialize. This exercise leads to the identification of critical research gaps and reveals that systemic empirical testing of how the impacts of war spread across sectors is severely lacking. By streamlining the literature on the impacts of war across multiple domains, this review represents a first step to build a common language that can overcome disciplinary silos and achieve a deeper understanding of how war reverberates across society. This multidisciplinary understanding of conflict impacts may eventually help reconcile divergent estimates and enable forward-looking policies that minimize the costs of war. |
| Keywords: | Conflict, War, Human Development, Public Health, Policies |
| Date: | 2024–10–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2462 |
| By: | Donni F. Anugrah (Bank Indonesia); Danny Hermawan (Bank Indonesia); Denny Lie (University of Sydney); Solikin M. Juhro (Bank Indonesia); Misbahol Yaqin (Bank Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | In line with the dynamics of inflation in the last 10 years in ASEAN, especially inIndonesia, this research analyzes the factors that influence inflation in Indonesiaand ASEAN. Apart from that, this research also reviews the role of supply-sidepolicies to overcome inflation trends. The panel data used is 34 provinces inIndonesia from 2010Q1 to 2022Q4 using the GMM method. Meanwhile, for theASEAN analysis, data from three countries, namely Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam, were included for the same time period and used the ARDL method. Theestimation results for the Indonesian case show that food price inflation is influencedby Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), wages, food imports, global food pricesand National Religious Holidays (HKBN). From a policy perspective, this researchalso finds that apart from (conventional) monetary policy which influences demand (through interest rates), there is a role for food subsidies which influence the supplyside in stabilizing food prices in Indonesia. These findings are also confirmed in theempirical analysis for selected ASEAN countries. This implies that a mix of monetarypolicy and food subsidies can be used to control food prices in Indonesia. |
| Keywords: | Food Inflation, Food Subsidies, GMM |
| JEL: | E31 H20 E51 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp112023 |
| By: | Zahniser, Steven; Zeng, Wendy; Dong, Fengxia; Ivanic, Maros; Husby, Megan; Pham, Xuan; Meade, Douglas |
| Abstract: | USDA’s Economic Research Service (ERS) produces the Agricultural Trade Multipliers (ATMs)—a data product that provides annual estimates of the economic output and number of jobs supported by U.S. agricultural trade, with detail for 124 product groups. The ATMs are a resource for government agencies, academics, and other stakeholders to estimate the effect that U.S. agricultural trade has on the farm and nonfarm sectors of the U.S. economy and the contribution of U.S. agricultural exports to employment and economic output. In 2021, ERS researchers overhauled the computer programming used to estimate the multipliers to implement an approach that was more streamlined and automated while retaining the structure of the existing model. This bulletin outlines the methodology used in the new programming to access the data needed to estimate the ATMs and to utilize that information to calculate the estimates. |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade, Labor and Human Capital, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uerstb:347597 |
| By: | Vijayakumar Bharathi S (Symbiosis International University); Arif Perdana (Monash university); T S Vivekanand; V G Venkatesh (Métis Lab EM Normandie - EM Normandie - École de Management de Normandie); Yang Cheng (AAU - Aalborg University [Denmark]); Yangyan Shi (Macquarie University [Sydney]) |
| Abstract: | his study integrates technology-organisation-environment (TOE) theory with situation-actor-process(SAP) and learning-action-performance (LAP) models to provide a comprehensive evaluation of com-plex seafood supply chain management (SCM) systems. We present a framework based on Blockchaintechnology that facilitates the transformation of the seafood supply chain ecosystem from its currentstate to a more streamlined one in the future. This framework offers the potential for driving trans-formation and delivering advantages that encompass improved data efficiency, sustainable practices, and streamlined integration across the seafood supply chain. Our research highlights the importanceof accurate data management, stakeholder involvement, regulatory compliance, cybersecurity, cost-effectiveness, transparency, and sustainability for the successful integration of Blockchain in seafoodSCM systems. This allows stakeholders to make informed decisions and optimise spending.Furthermore, we emphasise the significant value of transparency provided by Blockchain, which ena-bles stakeholders to make well-informed decisions and optimise their spending. |
| Keywords: | Blockchain, Supply chainmanagement, Seafood industry, TOE, Blockchain supply chain management seafood industry TOE, supply chain management, seafood industry |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04737690 |
| By: | Fabiano Compagnucci (Gran Sasso Science Institute); Alessandra Faggian (Gran Sasso Science Institute); Giulia Urso (Gran Sasso Science Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to assess whether the branding of context-specific intangible assets can be associated with resilience to shocks. Linking the literature on place branding with that on local development, we explore whether the presence of brands related to natural, wine and food, and cultural-historical capital in Italian municipalities was able to mitigate the effect of the 2008 crisis. Results underline the counter-cyclical role of the wine and food sector, which, however, seems to characterise more urban areas than inner areas. This aspect should be considered in the recent policy focus on peripheral areas in Italy and the EU. |
| Keywords: | Place branding; Resilience; 2008 crisis; Italian inner areas. |
| JEL: | R23 R58 Q18 O18 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahy:wpaper:wp38 |
| By: | Heinrichs, Sven; Isselstein, Franz |
| Abstract: | Climate change exists and poses a great threat to all living beings on our planet. Any further delay in global action on mitigation will make it more difficult to secure a liveable and sustainable future for all. In this exploratory study, an inductive approach based on qualitative evidence from expert interviews as well as literature is applied to assess the economic feasibility of ecologically enhancing unused land with an initial focus in Germany and using the so far limited financing potential of blockchain token to incentivize project participation and let investors earn sustainable returns from carbon sequestration and probable future biodiversity rewards. Security token offerings can be a valuable alternative for business and project financing. Tokenization reduces transaction costs through automation and disintermediation, supporting transparency and liquidity. The creation of agroforestry systems can serve as an effective way to benefit the environment as well as agriculture. Private funding initiatives are highly demanded for such activities as government subsidies diminish. Financial modelling shows that under the given assumptions the project can be economically feasible, providing returns comparable to benchmarks for agriculture investments and a positive Net Present Value. However, the expert interviews show, that the lease model / user right schematic should not be neglected and needs to be investigated further as it promises highly promising results. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Sequestration, Security Token, Security Token Offering, Blockchain, climate finance, HedgeToken |
| JEL: | Q57 Q52 Q58 G23 O31 Q01 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iubhbm:304401 |