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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2024‒07‒22
48 papers chosen by |
| By: | Kaur, S.; Pollitt, M. G. |
| Abstract: | Stabilization of prices has been an important element of achieving food price stability in most countries — both developing and developed, including India. In this paper, we rethink the ex-tension of the price stabilization as a compensation strategy to stimulate change in favour of low-water crops in Punjab. Groundwater facilitated impressive agricultural production, particularly record increases in wheat and rice productivity in Punjab, but also accelerated depletion of aquifers. Free electricity and negligible pumping costs aggravated the problem and the resultant policy failure encouraged unregulated use of groundwater, lower relative profitability of water efficient crops and a shift in favour of water intensive crops. Questions are now being raised about the sustainability of this intensive agriculture strategy. The rapidly depleting water table level and soil deterioration from overuse of fertilizers and pesticides are attributed to farmers’ preference for high-water rice variety. Drawing from the Payment for Ecosystem Services scheme, this stated preference experiment investigates farmers’ preferences to change high-water rice variety by low-water variety with compensatory payments. Results show that majority of farmers are willing to accept compensation for substitution by low-water intensive rice variety. In addition, the scheme can be accompanied by significant willingness to pay for electricity, but the WTP is contingent upon the nature of electricity charge. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, energy water nexus, electricity, discrete choice, Punjab, India |
| JEL: | O13 Q1 Q4 Q5 Q12 Q24 Q25 Q28 Q48 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024–06–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2433&r= |
| By: | Hayatullah Ahmadzai; Oliver Morrissey |
| Abstract: | The increasing impact of natural disasters (floods, earthquakes, landslides, and avalanches) in Afghanistan, notably flooding and similar climate shocks, poses a growing concern as vulnerability to climate change intensifies the potential severity of these impacts in future. This paper uses two household surveys (2011/12 and 2013/14) combined with other data to assess the effects of climate shocks (especially floods) on the welfare of agricultural households, allowing also for conflict and price shocks. We evaluate the impacts of shocks on several measures of food security, dietary diversity, household food consumption spending, farm revenue and income comparing affected to non-affected households. The analysis is based on endogenous switching regressions (ESR) and propensity score matching (PSM) allowing for selection bias and addressing endogeneity. Floods are the main shock and have significant adverse effects on food security and welfare indicators. For example, the estimated average treatment effect in 2013-14 implies a decrease of about a third in food consumption expenditures, with similar reductions in household income and farm revenue. The findings highlight the need for better disaster risk reduction and planing strategies to support affected populations to respond to and recover from climate shocks.disaster risk management, conflict, Afghanistan |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:not:notcre:24/04&r= |
| By: | Jafarov, Jafar; Singh, Tejendra Pratap |
| Abstract: | In April 2022, the Taliban imposed a ban on opium cultivation in Afghanistan. As opium was the main crop cultivated in many parts of the country, the ban upended the livelihoods of farmers and cultivators. Leveraging spatial variation in satellite-derived measures of opium cultivation along with detailed household survey data, we examine if, following the ban, there was any effect on food security in the affected areas. Our findings from a difference-indifferences framework suggest that food insecurity emerged in the immediate aftermath of the ban but gradually diminished over time. The sale of livestock and the shift of production from opium to grain on arable soils are potential coping mechanisms for decreasing food insecurity in the medium run. |
| Date: | 2024–06–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:bm3yw&r= |
| By: | Justin Quinton; Glenn P. Jenkins (Department of Economics Queen’s University Canada, and Cambridge Resources International Inc.); Godwin Olasehinde-Williams (Department of Economics, Istanbul Ticaret University, Turkey) |
| Abstract: | Faced with a significant devaluation of its currency and a surge in food prices, the Nigerian government prohibited the use of foreign currency for food imports. This essentially blocked the importation of numerous food items under the guise of stimulating domestic output of these staples. Consequently, food prices in Nigeria increased despite a global decline in food prices, and the incidence and severity of food insecurity escalated. This study examines the changes in the types and severity of coping mechanisms for food insecurity resulting from the food price shock caused by the oil price crash, currency devaluation and restrictions on foreign exchange. Nigeria’s General Household Survey Panel data from 2012 and 2015, during periods of high oil prices, is compared with data from 2018 when oil prices had remained low, the currency had been devalued, and the treasury had been depleted. Alongside detailed descriptive statistics, logistic and hurdle regressions are employed for statistical analysis. Findings indicate a rise in the percentage of Nigerian households grappling with food insecurity from 2015 to 2018. During this period, 68.7% of households resorted to at least one coping mechanism, 31.8% adopted six or more coping strategies, and 43.2% resorted to severe coping strategies. The issue stems not primarily from natural disasters or conflicts but from a failure in macroeconomic and agricultural economic policies. Our findings confirm that these policies come at great cost, particularly to female-headed households, single-parent households, households headed by elderly people, and other vulnerable populations, pushing them deeper into food insecurity. |
| Keywords: | Food insecurity, Nigeria, Oil price, Economic shock, Food policy |
| JEL: | Q17 D10 E2 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:wpaper:1520&r= |
| By: | Bhanjdeo, Arundhita |
| Abstract: | Over the last decade in India, farmer producer organizations (FPOs) have emerged as a means of collectivizing smallholder farmers and providing them access to extension, innovation, and market services. FPOs that center women farmers, traditionally at a disadvantage vis-Ã -vis their male counterparts in access to resources and extension, can serve to enhance women’s agency and collective action in agricultural value chains. We used 59 key informant interviews and nine focus group discussions to examine the constraints to, and facilitators of, women’s and men’s participation in three women-only FPOs in Jharkhand, an eastern Indian state. Additionally, we study the gender and power dynamics in such FPOs and the potential of collective efficacy to enhance agricultural and empowerment outcomes. The FPO intervention we evaluated was supported by an NGO that provides FPO members with both agricultural and gender-based inputs to improve agronomic practices, market linkages, agricultural yields and profits, and the role of women both within the FPO and within their households and communities. In this paper, we provide contextual insights on ‘what works’ to empower women in this context. Women’s perceptions of the benefits from FPO membership were heterogeneous. Our qualitative analysis suggests a nuanced picture of women’s autonomy and decision-making within and outside their household, further shaped by women’s and men’s perception of shifts in women’s access to resources and services. The emerging lessons provide inputs for development implementers and policymakers to recognize diverse contextual barriers in designing FPO interventions to enable and enhance women empowerment outcomes. The research also contributes to the body of knowledge on local gender norms and understanding of empowerment. |
| Keywords: | agricultural value chains; collectivization; extension; gender; innovation; women’s empowerment; India; Asia; Southern Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2259&r= |
| By: | Saroj Bhattarai; Arpita Chatterjee; Gautham Udupa |
| Abstract: | Exogenous global commodity price shocks lead to a significant decline over time in Indian household consumption. These negative effects are heterogeneous along the income distribution: households in lower income groups experience more adverse consumption effects following an exogenous rise in food prices, whereas households in the lowest and the two highest income groups are affected similarly following an exogenous rise in oil prices. We investigate how income and relative price changes contribute to generating these heterogeneous effects. Global food price shocks lead to significant negative wage income effects that mirror the pattern of negative consumption effects along the income distribution. Both global oil and food price shocks pass-through to local consumer prices in India and increase the relative prices of fuel and food respectively. Expenditure share of food increases with such a rise in relative prices, which provides unambiguous evidence for non-homothetic preferences. Using the expenditure share responses together with theory, we show that food, compared to fuel, is a necessary consumption good for all income groups. |
| Keywords: | global price shocks, food prices, oil prices, inequality, household heterogeneity, household consumption, necessary good, non-homotheticity, India |
| JEL: | F41 F62 O11 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2024-45&r= |
| By: | Philip Kofi Adom (School of Economics and Finance, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a discussion of future trends as established in the literature on the interaction between socioeconomic indicators and projected future climate change scenarios. It enhances our understanding of future predicted patterns of climate change effects in the coming decades and the need for climate-resilient interventions. There is a significant body of literature on climate impacts on GDP per capita and crop yield in developing countries. However, impacts on farmland value, water resources, and energy security have received much less attention. Across sectors, countries, and regions, the most vulnerable groups were found to be disproportionately affected, and the impact is predicted to be larger in the long term than in the medium term. There are feasible adaptation and mitigation options, but these need to be developed and designed to reflect local peculiarities or contexts. Generally, the review report indicates the need for urgent actions to be undertaken, especially in the most vulnerable countries, if we are to stand a chance of averting or minimizing the menace of climate change in the future. |
| Date: | 2024–02–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:681&r= |
| By: | Kaur, S.; Pollitt, M. G. |
| Abstract: | Diesel and electric pumps have dominated groundwater irrigation in Punjab since the advent of intensive agriculture in 1966. National policies offer a range of subsidies for solar pumps, but there is limited empirical evidence of their effectiveness in promoting adoption. To address this need, a discrete choice method is applied to estimate the level of financial incentives for solar pumps preferred by farmers. The results show that enhanced subsidies combined with energy buyback have a significant impact on adoption decisions. The impact of contextual factors on the acceptance of grid-connected solar pumps is also estimated. Additionally, willingness to pay estimates and economic evaluations are improved with the use of flexible mixed logit formulation. The findings confirm that low subsidy limits the diffusion of solar pumps in Punjab agriculture. Further, the results from the statistical models indicate high public acceptance of individual solar agriculture pumps. We suggest that solar subsidies combined with grid purchases of surplus solar electricity can both reduce emissions and reduce the over-use of ground water, by indirectly introducing a price of electricity for water pumping. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy, solar pumps, feeder level solarization, energy water nexus, energy subsidies, irrigation water, electricity, groundwater depletion, Punjab |
| JEL: | Q1 Q20 Q25 Q42 Q58 O13 O38 P48 |
| Date: | 2024–06–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2435&r= |
| By: | Dang, Hai Anh H.; Hallegatte, Stephane; Trinh, Trong Anh |
| Abstract: | We offer an updated and comprehensive review of recent studies on the impacts of climate change, particularly global warming, on poverty and inequality, paying special attention to data sources as well as empirical methods. While studies consistently find negative impacts of higher temperatures on poverty across different geographical regions, with higher vulnerability especially in poorer Sub-Saharan Africa, there is inconclusive evidence on climate change impacts on inequality. Further analyzing a recently constructed global database at the subnational unit level derived from official national household income and consumption surveys, we find that temperature change has larger impacts in the short term and more impacts on chronic poverty than transient poverty. The results are robust to different model specifications and measures of chronic poverty and are more pronounced for poorer countries. Our findings offer relevant inputs into current efforts to fight climate change. |
| Keywords: | climate change; inequality; poverty; subnational data; temperature |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2024–06–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:123884&r= |
| By: | Stéphane Ondo Ze (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Mechthild Donner (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sandrine Costa (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Zouhair Bouhsina (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Contexte The circular bioeconomy presents an opportunity to transform our relationship with resources and create a more sustainable future. Rural circular bioclusters play a crucial role in this transition by bringing together local actors to valorise waste and promote sustainable practices. Understanding the factors that influence their success is essential for ensuring their long-term viability and impact. •A biocluster is a type of sustainability-oriented cluster, with a geographically close group of interconnected companies and associated organisations in the field of the bioeconomy (Ayrapetyan and Hermans, 2020). •The viability of an emerging regional biocluster is its ability to maintain, innovate, co-create and share value while respecting the environmental limits and taking into account the social issues of the area in which it is located. Methodology To gain insights into the factors influencing rural circular bioclusters, we employed a mixed-methods approach. We first conducted a comprehensive literature review to establish a theoretical framework. Then, we carried out semi-directive interviews with key actors involved in bioclusters in the Occitanie region. These interviews allowed us to gather in-depth information about the experiences, challenges, and opportunities faced by these initiatives. Results Our analysis revealed that the success of rural circular bioclusters is influenced by a complex interplay of factors. These factors can be categorized as either levers or barriers, depending on their impact on the biocluster's development. Levers, such as strong leadership, clear common rules, and access to funding, can facilitate biocluster growth and success. On the other hand, barriers, such as excessive control, rigid rules, and dependence on external funding, can hinder biocluster development and sustainability. Discussion and Conclusion In conclusion, understanding the factors that influence rural circular bioclusters is essential for their sustainable development and long-term impact. By identifying and addressing the barriers, stakeholders can create an enabling environment for bioclusters to flourish. Bioclusters, in turn, can contribute to regional economic growth, environmental protection, and social well-being, fostering a more sustainable future for rural communities. To address these challenges, we developed the Emerging Rural Circular Bioclusters Viability Canvas. This multi-criteria tool empowers regional leaders to assess their initiatives through a comprehensive business model evaluation. |
| Keywords: | Biocluster, Business model |
| Date: | 2024–06–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04626926&r= |
| By: | Iyer, Lakshmi (University of Notre Dame); Weir, Coleson (University of Notre Dame) |
| Abstract: | Using updated data, we analyze the long-run effects of two British colonial institutions established in India. Iyer (2010) showed that areas under direct colonial rule had fewer schools, health centers, and roads than areas under indirect colonial rule. Two decades later, we find that these differences have been eliminated. Banerjee and Iyer (2005) found lower agricultural investments and productivity in areas with landlord-based colonial land tenure systems. Our updated data finds that only some of these differences have been eliminated. We conclude that the impact of colonial institutions can eventually fade away under the influence of targeted policies. |
| Keywords: | historical institutions, colonial rule, land tenure, agriculture, public goods, India |
| JEL: | P14 N45 O12 O13 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17051&r= |
| By: | thomas, anna; Mathur, Maya B; Hope, Jessica Elizabeth (Stanford University School of Medicine) |
| Abstract: | Plant-based diets can help mitigate climate change. We investigated longitudinal effects of popular media that encourage plant-based diets from diverse perspectives, including health, environment, and animal welfare. We systematically searched for the most popular such media, which were all films. In initial correlational analyses, Google search interest for the films explained the majority (73%) of variance in search interest for plant-based food, but was not associated with consumption of meat or of plant-based alternatives. In primary analyses using pre-registered causal inference models that controlled for confounding, we estimated that each 1-SD increase in search interest for the health-focused films What the Health (2017), The Game Changers (2018), and You Are What You Eat (2024) increased search interest in plant-based food by 43%, 11%, and 11% respectively in the following week. These results can inform communication approaches for ongoing efforts of governments and other organizations encouraging sustainable diets. |
| Date: | 2024–07–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:yh94d&r= |
| By: | Schnedler, Wendelin; Vigano, Antonia |
| Abstract: | Food labels are supposed to quickly inform consumers about the nutritional values of products. We provide evidence that in a system where labels are voluntary, they are systematically distorted. The probability of finding a label on a product of the category with the highest nutritional value is 51 percentage points larger than in the lowest category. |
| Keywords: | food labels, marketing, consumer protection |
| JEL: | M38 D18 I18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:299877&r= |
| By: | Abate, Gashaw T.; Bernard, Tanguy; Bulte, Erwin; Miguel, Jérémy Do Nascimento; Sadoulet, Elisabeth |
| Abstract: | When quality attributes of a product are not directly observable, third-party certification (TPC) enables buyers to purchase the quality they are most interested in and reward sellers accordingly. Beyond product characteristics, buyers’ use of TPC services also depends on market conditions. We study the introduction of TPC in typical smallholder-based agriculture value chains of low-income countries, where traders must aggregate products from many small-scale producers before selling in bulk to downstream processors, and where introduction of TPC services has oftentimes failed. We develop a theoretical model identifying how different market conditions affect traders’ choice to purchase quality-certified output from farmers. Using a purposefully designed lab-in-the-field experiment with rural wheat traders in Ethiopia, we find mixed support for the model’s prediction: traders’ willingness to specialize in certified output does increase with the share of certified wheat in the market, and this effect is stronger in larger markets. It, however, does not decrease with the quality of uncertified wheat in the market. We further analyze conditions where traders deviate from the theoretically optimal behavior and discuss implications for future research and public policies seeking to promote TPC in smallholder-based food value-chains. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; certification; markets; quality; smallholders; Africa; Eastern Africa; Ethiopia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2258&r= |
| By: | Rahman Md. Mostafizur; Khatun Mst. Asma; Moinul Islam; Tatsuyoshi Saijo; Koji Kotani |
| Keywords: | Sustainable food consumption, Organic vegetables, Future design, Deliberation, Social experiment |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kch:wpaper:sdes-2024-4&r= |
| By: | Ambler, Kate; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; de Brauw, Alan; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Wagner, Julia |
| Abstract: | A key challenge in systematically collecting data on intermediary agri-food value chain actors is that value chains take the form of a network, with actors linked by a series of transactions. Moreover, we have limited ex ante knowledge about the structure or scale of these networks, which complicates the construction of valid sampling frames and limits traditional random sampling approaches to collect data. To address these challenges, we adapt the respondent-driven sampling approach to collect data on intermediary agri-food value chain actors within their transaction-linked network and implement this approach in the arabica coffee and soybean value chains in Uganda and the rice and potato value chains in Bangladesh. We observe meaningful heterogeneity in the structure and scale of agri-food value chains across commodities and countries. Focusing on traders, we show that the respondent-driven sampling approach generates a larger sample of traders who differ in observable characteristics (i.e., value added, enterprise scale, and financial access) compared to a sub-sample of traders generated in a way that mimics traditional random sampling approaches used to study traders. We conclude by discussing how this respondent-driven sampling approach, applied within transaction-linked networks, can provide a useful data collection method for studying intermediary agri-food value chain actors. |
| Keywords: | data; agrifood systems; value chains; networks; arabica coffee; soybeans; rice; potatoes; Bangladesh; Uganda; Asia; Eastern Africa; Southern Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2256&r= |
| By: | Rodríguez-López, Abelardo (Abelardo Rodriguez Associates); de los Rios Ibarra, Emilio |
| Abstract: | The industrial livestock and agriculture production in the Merida Metropolitan area, Yucatan Mexico, relies on groundwater in a karstic environment, leading to water pollution due to a weak regulatory scheme. The study aims to assess whether most groundwater users are aware of the tradeoff between short-term economic gains and the sustainability of the aquifer, as well as to determine the necessary incentives for regulating groundwater use by major polluters to ensure sustainability. Official municipal secondary data on swine and poultry production is analyzed to estimate nitrogen excreta following ASAE guidelines. Concessions for groundwater extraction and permits to release wastewater into the aquifer at the municipal level are assessed concerning the amount of nitrogen excreted. We have found that the nitrogen excreted is too high to be absorbed by the limited agricultural land, and it would require a circular economy to dispose of the excess nitrogen. However, this evidence and possible alternatives are not easily accepted by those involved in the pollution process that has been identified for the past 25 years. |
| Date: | 2024–06–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:d2xsk&r= |
| By: | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |
| Abstract: | Hunger, food insecurity, and unhealthy diets underpin many critical public health challenges, including all forms of malnutrition and diet-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). These health outcomes, in turn, have short- and long-term impacts on the well-being and productivity of human populations worldwide. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), progress has slowed in reducing hunger and undernutrition, while overweight and obesity has rapidly increased worldwide. Many countries now face a double burden of malnutrition — meaning that undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies coexist with overweight and obesity, or diet-related NCDs, within individuals, households, and communities, and across the life course. At the same time, climate change is imposing new challenges on our food systems, including on the supply and nutritional content of our food. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; development; food security; hunger; policy; resilience; crises |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:synops:141760s&r= |
| By: | Thierry Blayac (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Pierre Courtois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Lucille Sevaux (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Hélène Rey-Valette (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Anais Page (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Nicole Lautrédou-Audouy (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Jean-Michel Salles (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Frédérique Viard (UMR ISEM - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EPHE - École Pratique des Hautes Études - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Marinas have a major ecological footprint, not only because of the pollution they generate but also because of the introduction and spread of non-indigenous species (NIS). This invites us to reconsider both the practices and infrastructures of marinas but also their uses and users, as marinas are increasingly recognized as places of well-being. The twofold objective of this article is to analyze the public's perception of environmental and ecological degradation in marinas and to assess the willingness to pay to improve their environmental quality. We conducted a field survey among residents and boaters of four marinas in France and showed that both have a relatively low knowledge of NIS, as well as of the responsibility of the boating activity for their spread. Other environmental degradations, such as the pollution generated by boats, are better identified and many agree on the positive economic impact of marinas. We showed a high willingness to pay to improve the environmental quality of marinas and on this basis make recommendations on how to encourage support for reducing environmental degradation. In particular, we discuss the appropriation of marinas by a wider population, including residents, young people and women. The challenge is for marinas to become multifunctional spaces, with the extension of their uses to a wider range of users going hand in hand with an improvement in their environmental quality. |
| Keywords: | Contingent valuation, Public and user survey, Ecological impacts, Marine invasive species, Boaters Coastal environments, Ports |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04596361&r= |
| By: | Missirian, Anouch |
| Abstract: | I study a phenomenon of hastened technology adoption facilitated by a negative spatial externality. GMO seeds have been engineered to withstand the application of particular weedkillers: farmers can use them in-crop, killing the weeds, leaving the crop unscathed. I show that the adoption of such seeds generates negative externalities on downwind neighbors, increasing the probability of the adoption of the same seed by 29% as well as a conversion of cropland to different crops able to withstand the weedkiller. Overall yields remained unchanged as the benefits of the weedkiller on yields are offset by the negative effects of crop failures for neighbors. Consequences of such rapid adoption include possible monopolization on the seed market. |
| Keywords: | Technology adoption; spatial externalities; land use, pesticides |
| JEL: | Q5 Q15 Q16 O33 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:129419&r= |
| By: | Kaur, S.; Pollitt, M. G. |
| Abstract: | The policy of free electricity since 1997 is hugely popular with farmers in Punjab who are its biggest beneficiaries. Successive Governments have either lacked the courage or willingness to pursue market oriented electricity sector reforms even though the adverse con-sequences are increasingly visible. Over the past few decades, experts have expressed concern over the rapidly receding level of the water table and forecast of desertification, as well as the financial burden on the electricity distribution utility and government. Withdrawing free electricity and charging a price for electricity is a huge challenge. This research aims to estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for electricity and consider preferences for an annual free electricity limit with reward for meter installation and a novel incentive-penalty scheme designed to reward low consumption and discourage over-consumption. A discrete choice experiment assuming random probit and multinomial logit choice behaviour model is deployed to estimate the model parameters. We find that more than 82% of respondents are willing to accept an entitlement to a free electricity limit – with a reward for consuming less than this – rather than the current policy of free and unmetered electricity. We also find that the WTP for electricity increases with higher entitlements. Considering the WTP alone, the results suggest that increasing the electricity price can be acceptable to farmers. Further research is needed to develop a pricing strategy that considers the inter-relatedness between electricity entitlement, saving incentive and price. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, energy water nexus, entitlement, incentive, groundwater, irrigation, electricity consumption, paddy, subsidy, electricity pricing, discrete choice, Punjab |
| JEL: | O13 Q1 Q4 Q5 Q12 Q24 Q25 Q28 Q48 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024–06–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2434&r= |
| By: | Charlotte Klatt (University of Kassel); Anna Schulze-Tilling (Bocconi University & University of Bonn) |
| Abstract: | Interventions to decrease meat consumption are often only implemented for short periods of time, and it is unclear how they might have lasting effects. We combine student canteen consumption (over 270, 000 purchases made by over 4, 500 guests) and survey data (N>800) to study how a one-month intervention to decrease meat consumption affects consumer behavior post-intervention. During the intervention period, meat meals were eliminated from the menu of the treatment canteen, while the two control canteens were unaffected. Using a difference-in-difference approach, we estimate that guests usually frequenting the treatment canteen did not significantly reduce their visits to the canteen during or after the intervention. In the two months following the intervention, they were still 4% less likely to choose the meat option when visiting the canteen, relative to baseline. A large part of this effect seems explicable with guests learning about the quality of the canteen's vegetarian meals. We find little to no evidence of the intervention changing perceived social norms. |
| Keywords: | Food consumption, behavioral intervention, field experiment, habit formation, experience |
| JEL: | C93 D12 D83 Q18 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:315&r= |
| By: | Rubén Collao P. (Guest Researcher at INESAD); Beatriz Muriel Hernández (Executive Director and Senior Principal Researcher of INESAD) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the quinoa sector situation and prospects in Bolivia, based on both secondary and primary information sources (i.e. surveys of producers and interviews to key actors). The quinoa sector has sustainability problems in production, market shares and price volatility. However, this grain – specifically the royal quinoa from the Southern Altiplano – has great potential to remain in the world market within niches that value organic or regenerative production, as well as to increase national consumption. In this regard, we believe that it is necessary to impulse the quinoa transformation with greater diversification, productive complementation and coordination between the various stakeholders. In this productive dynamics, small quinoa producers can insert themselves into the value chain, which requires the strengthening of their hard and soft skills, as well as greater technical assistance. Finally, the quinoa sector sustainability requires a comprehensive approach that includes good agricultural practices caring the environment, as well as more conscious consumption. |
| Keywords: | quinoa, quinoa value chain, Bolivia. |
| JEL: | D29 Q11 Q19 Q59 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adv:wpaper:202409&r= |
| By: | frédéric Tshimpaka Kalala (UPC - Université protestante au Congo); Jean-Claude Nkashama Mukenge (UPC - Université protestante au Congo); Glodie Tshibola Biduaya (UPC - Université protestante au Congo); Edwige Mbiya Mukala (UPC - Université protestante au Congo) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to determine the explanatory factors of agricultural credit demand and the key factors of agricultural credit supply. To achieve this objective, we respectively conducted a survey of 161 farmers in the city of Kinshasa and interviewed 3 microfinance institutions. After analysis, the results showed that 14% of farmers have already requested agricultural credit. The probability of requesting credit increases among individuals aged 30-39, married individuals, high school graduates or higher, experienced in agriculture, those with some knowledge of agricultural credit, those with an account at a microfinance institution, those with family and wage labor, and those belonging to an associative movement. On the other hand, the probability of requesting credit decreases based on gender (male), practicing agriculture for consumption and marketing reasons, cultivating vegetables and cereals, and housing status (tenant). Furthermore, as for agricultural credit supply, the results revealed that the socio-economic factors of farmers and the conditions imposed by institutions are the key factors of agricultural credit supply. |
| Abstract: | Cette étude a pour objectif de déterminer les facteurs explicatifs de la demande de crédit agricole et les facteurs clés de l'offre de crédit agricole. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons respectivement recouru à une enquête auprès de 161 agriculteurs de la ville de Kinshasa et à une interview auprès de 3 institutions de microfinance. Après analyse, les résultats ont montré qu'en ce qui concerne la demande de crédit agricole, 14% des agriculteurs ont déjà eu à le solliciter. La probabilité à demander le crédit croit chez les personnes ayant un intervalle d'âge de 30-39ans, les mariées, les diplômés d'Etat (D6) ou gradué, les expérimentés en matière agricole ; ceux qui ont une certaine connaissance du crédit agricole, ceux qui possède un compte auprès d'une institution de microfinance, le fait d'avoir une main d'œuvre familiale et salariale ; et enfin croit par le fait d'appartenir à un mouvement associatif. En revanche, la probabilité à demander le crédit baisse en fonction du genre (Homme), de la pratique de l'agriculture pour les raisons de consommation et de commercialisation, du fait de cultiver les légumes et les céréales et aussi avec le statut du logement (Locataire). Par ailleurs, pour ce qui est de l'offre de crédit agricole, les résultats ont révélé que les facteurs socio-économiques des agriculteurs et les conditions imposées par les institutions sont les facteurs clés de l'offre de crédit agricole. |
| Keywords: | Farmers, Kinshasa, Agriculteurs, Crédit agricole, Demande, Offre, Agricultural credit, Demand, Supply |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04602781&r= |
| By: | Nkechi S. Owoo (University of Ghana; World Bank Development Economics Research Group; Center for Global Development) |
| Abstract: | The research paper adopts a mixed methods approach to understanding climate shock and consequences in the Ghanaian context. The nationally representative Ghana Living Standards Household Survey (GLSS) is merged with district-level geocoded information on climate events to quantitatively explore associations between climate shocks and farm inputs demand. Results show commercial purchases of inputs as a potential coping strategy among agricultural households. The remainder of the paper uses qualitative methods to better understand other adaptation strategies. Interviews with women shine more light on their housework adjustments and implications for leisure. Adaptation is, however, not a universal response to climate change and disaster events. Despite observed mental health associations, the paper highlights the role of religion in passive dispositions when it is believed that disaster events are divine and do not merit an adaptation response. The study improves understanding of individuals’ adaptation, and non-adaptation, responses to climate shocks in Ghana. |
| Keywords: | climate change fatalism, farm input demand, gender roles, mental health, mixed methods, Ghana |
| JEL: | Q12 Q54 I15 J16 |
| Date: | 2024–04–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:692&r= |
| By: | Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Abay, Kibrom A.; Chamberlin, Jordan; Sebsibie, Samuel |
| Abstract: | The emergence of rural land rental markets in Sub-Saharan Africa is recognized as a key component of the region’s ongoing economic transformation. However, the evidence base on land market participation relies on survey-derived measures, which do not always cohere when compared and triangulated, suggesting the possibility of non-trivial measurement error. We report the results of a priming and list experiments designed to shed light on a persistent mystery in rural household survey data from Africa: why there are so many fewer self-reported landlords (renters-out) than tenants (renters-in)? Our design addresses two hypotheses using experimental data from Ethiopia. First, rented-out and rented-in land may be systematically underreported because enumerators and respondents are typically primed to emphasize parcels that are actively managed/cultivated by the household. Second, rented or sharecropped-out land may be systematically underreported because of respondents’ reluctance to acknowledge an activity for which public disclosure may have negative repercussions. We address the first hypothesis with a priming experiment by exposing a random subset of respondents to a nudge that explicitly reminded them to fully account for all land, including rented/sharecropped-in and rented/sharecropped-out. We address the second hypothesis with a double-list experiment, designed to elicit true rates of land renting and sharecropping-out. We find that nudging induces about 4 percentage points increase (or 13% in relative terms) in the share of households participating in renting in or sharecropping-in practices but has negligible effects on reported rates of renting and sharecropping-out. Interestingly, our list experiment indicates much higher revealed rates of renting-out (14-15%) than is reflected in the nominal parcel-roster responses (3%). The magnitude of the latter finding fully explains the apparent difference in renting in versus renting-out rates derived from the regular parcel roster responses. These results indicate that efforts to document land market participation rate and associated impacts must overcome large systematic reporting biases. |
| Keywords: | land; households; survey design; surveys; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2255&r= |
| By: | Maria José Sousa (ISCTE Instituto Universitário de Lisboa) |
| Abstract: | Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a focal point for researchers and industry experts, continuously redefined by technological advancements. AI encompasses the development of machines impersonating human cognitive processes, such as learning, reasoning, and self-correction. Its wide-ranging applications across industries have showcased its increasing precision and efficiency, and Agriculture has also embraced AI to increase income and efficiency. In this regard a literature review to comprehensively understand the concept, existing research, and projects related to AI in agriculture was performed. Moreover, this paper approaches the potential of AI in agriculture practically, addressing the emergence of new methods and practices, using a case study approach, and analyzing the perceptions of impacts of AI in agriculture, from experts, academics, and agriculture professionals regarding the application of AI. It contributes to real application development, offering insights that resonate within academic and practical dimensions. |
| Keywords: | Artificial Intelligence, Agriculture, Efficiency, Quantitative analysis |
| JEL: | D20 Q16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mde:wpaper:180&r= |
| By: | TIEN MANH VU (Faculty of Global Management, Chuo University); Hiroyuki Yamada (Faculty of Economics, Keio University) |
| Abstract: | We examine impacts of improved rural roads on villagers, using panel data of Cambodian villages (2006-2021). We find an association between the wealth of villagers and the improvement of rural roads. A higher minimum price for rice at farm gate may be one of the reasons for the increase in wealth. We also find impacts of improved rural roads on (reducing) illiteracy rates among villagers. However, we do not find any statistically significant impacts on school enrollment rate, structural change, or internal migration. Instead, improved rural roads lead to a higher share of families being subjected to environmental pollution. |
| Keywords: | Improved rural roads, wealth, rice, education, pollution, Cambodia |
| JEL: | O15 R11 R58 R42 |
| Date: | 2024–06–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:keo:dpaper:2024-016&r= |
| By: | Edwards, Ryan Barclay (Australian National University) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses the proliferation of palm oil factories across Indonesia’s undeveloped hinterland to study industrial onset and estimate spillovers from agricultural processing. The main finding is signs of urbanization and structural change around factories: more non-agricultural employment, higher incomes, and more people, firms, and other economic and social organizations. These patterns are largely explained by economic linkages, infrastructure and other public goods, and economies of scale in production. By focusing on subsistence rural regions in a large developing economy, this paper adds a globally-significant new case to a growing literature emphasizing the importance of agglomeration externalities for understanding the birth of new towns, the spatial distribution of economic activity, and structural transformation. |
| Date: | 2024–07–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:uvjef&r= |
| By: | Bayerlein, Michael; Böttcher, Miranda; Rudloff, Bettina; Villarreal, Pedro A. |
| Abstract: | In the European summer of 2027, the world faces a threat, not only to human health but also to biological diversity and food security. An alarming scenario is emerging: The rapidly thawing permafrost in the Russian tundra has released an unknown form of anthrax that is primarily transmitted by birds. European efforts to collaborate with Russia in combating the spread of this pathogen are being met with resistance. |
| Keywords: | pathogens, permafrost, climate change, anthrax, Russia, global health, health threats, global health governance architecture |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpcom:299529&r= |
| By: | Gono Sagno (UGLCS - Université Général Lansana Conté de Sonfonia-Conakry) |
| Abstract: | In order to better understand the causes of the water crisis in Guinea's major cities despite its natural predispositions that offer it very abundant water resources, we analyze the determinants of drinking water supply using data from 1996 to 2019. After testing the stationarity of the variables, we use an Engle-Granger error-correction model estimated by ordinary least squares. The results show that water consumption, average applied tariff and urban population significantly influence the supply of drinking water in Guinea, whereas investment does not. To solve the water problem in Guinea, the results of the study suggest policies aimed at increasing water consumption, increasing tariffs and raising public awareness of rational water resource management in the short term, with substantial investment in the sector. |
| Abstract: | Afin de mieux comprendre les causes de la crise hydrique des grandes villes de la Guinée malgré ses prédispositions naturelles qui lui offrent des ressources en eau très abondantes, nous analysons les déterminants de l'offre d'eau potable en utilisant les données de 1996 à 2019. Après avoir testé la stationnarité des variables, nous utilisons un modèle à correction d'erreur à la Engle-Granger estimé par les moindres carrés ordinaires. Les résultats montrent que la consommation d'eau, le tarif moyen appliqué et la population urbaine influencent significativement l'offre d'eau potable en Guinée alors que l'investissement ne l'impact pas. Ainsi pour résoudre le problème hydrique en Guinée, les résultats de l'étude suggèrent des politiques allant dans le sens de l'accroissement de la consommation d'eau, un changement tarifaire à la hausse et la sensibilisation de la population à la gestion rationnelle des ressources d'eau à court terme, avec un investissement conséquent dans le secteur. |
| Keywords: | Water crisis - Drinking water supply - Drinking water tariffs - Guinea., hydrique -Offre d'eau potable -Tarifs de Water crisis -Drinking water supply -Drinking water tariffs -Guinea. JEL Classification: Q25 -H41 -Q21 -D24 -L95 |
| Date: | 2023–12–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04606205&r= |
| By: | Kitano, Shinichi; Horie, Ryosuke; Yamamoto, Naotoshi |
| Abstract: | With the surge in global demand for seafood, although efforts are being made to guide fisheries and farmed aquaculture, which still rely on natural resources, toward sustainability, it is pertinent to guide people toward sustainable consumption patterns. We consider bluefin tuna, whose largest consumer is Japan and whose stock levels were at risk in the early 2010s, and examine whether consumers can be impelled to consume fish produced in a resource-conserving manner if they have adequate information on stock status and fishing methods. We explore the potential of fixed shore net fisheries and full-cycle aquaculture techniques, which have received limited attention in previous studies. Furthermore, we analyzed the effectiveness of ecolabels indicating that, in the case of natural products, no juvenile fish were caught, and in the case of farmed fish, no juveniles were used as seedlings or artificial seedlings were used. We conducted randomized controlled trial to analyze how information provision changes the marginal willingness to pay for fish commodity attributes. The analysis reveals that the information provision significantly and positively affects payments for bluefin tuna produced by resource-conserving fixed shore net fisheries and full-cycle aquaculture. Moreover, it significantly increases the premium for ecolabeling, suggesting the need to provide consumers with knowledge on resource status and fishing methods. However, as the effects of information provision are heterogeneous, new approaches such as consumer segmentation at the retail level are required to implement these efforts in society. |
| Date: | 2024–07–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:89zgr&r= |
| By: | Javier Aliaga Lordemann (INESAD Associate Researcher); Ignacio Garrón Vedia (INESAD Guest Researcher); María Cecilia Lenis Abastoflor (INESAD Junior Researcher) |
| Abstract: | Quinoa has evolved considerably in the past decades, becoming consolidated as a fundamental pillar for Andean farming communities and emerging as a prominent actor in the global superfood market. Despite this, prices of this grain have been characterized by complex dynamics, with substantial fluctuations that directly affect smallholder income. The goal of this research is to analyze Bolivian quinoa price dynamics, identifying both the main events and factors that caused structural breaks in the price trend and the persistence of shocks in time. The approach employed combines, on the one hand, an analysis of the structural breaks by means of the Bai and Perron contrast, together with estimates of long memory using the 2ELW estimator. Also evaluated was the influence of exogenous variables that affect prices, for which the world commodity activity index (Index of Global Real Economic Activity), the Oceanic Niño Index and world quinoa production were considered. The findings show multiple structural breaks in the quinoa price series, related to certain key events. Among the latter are for example changes in research and development, the production and sales boom, and the boost prompted by State initiatives and international cooperation. These breaks are also related to different degrees of persistence in the shocks under the different regimes identified. Although the exogenous variables show no significant short-term effects, it is understood that they may have a relevant influence in different periods. The present study shows the complexity of Bolivian quinoa price dynamics, characterized by several structural breaks. To take proper advantage of this market, producers and policy makers must implement flexible strategies, as well as continuous monitoring of the sector’s progress, considering the key factors that induced price trend changes over the years. |
| Keywords: | quinoa, prices, structural breaks, long memory, market dynamics, Andean region. |
| JEL: | Q10 Q11 Q17 O13 C22 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adv:wpaper:202410&r= |
| By: | Benjamin J. Keys; Philip Mulder |
| Abstract: | We develop a new dataset to study homeowners insurance. Our data on over 47 million observations of households’ property insurance expenditures from 2014-2023 are inferred from mortgage escrow payments. First, we find a sharp 33% increase in average premiums from 2020 to 2023 (13% in real terms) that is highly uneven across geographies. This growth is associated with a stronger relationship between premiums and local disaster risk: A one standard-deviation increase in disaster risk is associated with $500 higher premiums in 2023, up from $300 in 2018. Second, using the rapid rise in reinsurance prices as a natural experiment, we show that the increase in the risk-to-premium gradient was largely caused by the pass-through of reinsurance costs. Third, we project that if the reinsurance shock persists, growing disaster risk will lead climate-exposed households to face $700 higher annual premiums by 2053. Our results highlight that prices in global reinsurance markets pass through to household budgets, and will ultimately drive the cost of rising climate risk. |
| JEL: | G21 G22 G52 Q54 R31 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32579&r= |
| By: | Ofori, Isaac K.; Gbolonyo, Emmanuel Y.; Ojong, Nathanael |
| Abstract: | Tracking the progress of countries in inclusive green growth (IGG) is crucial for shaping effective sustainable development policies. However, comprehensive IGG data is often inaccessible. Accordingly, rigorous empirical contributions in this direction in the context of Africa remain sparse. To address this, we computed IGG scores for 22 African countries from 2000-2020. Our data reveal that only nine of these countries are achieving green and inclusive growth. This dataset equips researchers and institutions to assess IGG progress and identify pathways that African governments can leverage to promote sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | Africa, Inclusive green growth, IGG, Sustainable Development |
| JEL: | O55 Q01 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esrepo:298863&r= |
| By: | Heinz Welsch (Universiy of Oldenburg, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The Paris Agreement on Climate Change requests signatory countries to specify voluntary caps on their greenhouse gas emissions. The caps stated by the end of 2021 imply percentage emission reductions that vary widely across countries. This paper uses globally representative data from the Global Climate Change Survey to study how countries’ emission reduction pledges are related to climate action preferences of their respective citizens. The study finds the following: (1) Nations’ percentage reduction pledges (PRPs) are not significantly related to citizens’ mean national willingness to contribute (WTC) to climate change mitigation. (2) WTC and PRPs are linked to key country characteristics in diametrically opposite ways. Specifically, (2a) WTC is positively related to average annual temperatures and negatively related to per-capita income and per-capita emissions, whereas (2b) PRPs are negatively related to average annual temperature and positively related to per-capita income and per-capita emissions. (3) Measures of divergence between PRPs and WTC are negatively related to citizens’ satisfaction with democracy. Assuming that temperatures, per-capita income, and per-capita emissions indicate sensitivity to climate change, adaptive capacity, and mitigation costs, respectively, finding (2a) is consistent with standard cost-benefit considerations. Assuming that per-capita emissions and per-capita income indicate “Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities†, finding (2b) is consistent with ethical principles of equity and fairness. Considering right-wing populists’ using climate change as a political battleground, finding (3) suggests the possibility that ambitious mitigation targets may backfire by fuelling support for anti-climate populist parties – a political- economy tragedy of the commons. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:old:dpaper:445&r= |
| By: | Dirk Pilat (The Productivity Institute) |
| Keywords: | Climate change, net zero, environmentally-adjusted productivity measurement |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anj:ppaper:032&r= |
| By: | Sinaga, Markus |
| Abstract: | The objective of this research is to investigate how investments in oil palm plantations have affected the social and economic transformation of the Ketungau Hulu Subdistrict, located in Sintang Regency. Data were gathered from representative samples in Nanga Bugau Village, Mungguk Kempas Village, and Sepiluk Village using a quantitative technique and a cross-sectional survey design. Stratified random sampling was used to choose the research sample, and multiple linear regression, correlation analysis, normality tests, and descriptive statistics were used for analysis. The findings demonstrated that investments in oil palm plantations greatly increased the income of all groups—rubber farmers, plasma farmers, plantation workers, traders, and government employees. However, the cost of living increased significantly along with this wage increase, which somewhat offset the benefits of the income increase. From a social perspective, the changes were neutral to slightly positive, including changes in lifestyle, social interactions, and access to education and health services. However, issues of income inequality and land conflicts emerged as challenges that need to be addressed. These findings align with previous studies, indicating that while oil palm investment can increase income and infrastructure development, negative impacts such as environmental degradation and significant social changes need to be managed well. This study suggests the need for wise and inclusive policies to ensure that the economic benefits of oil palm plantation investment can be felt by all community layers without causing significant negative impacts. |
| Date: | 2024–06–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:t2uce&r= |
| By: | Otaviano Canuto; Sabrine Emran; Badr Mandri |
| Abstract: | Africa has a wealth of natural resources, including minerals, agriculture, and energy commodities, which provides an opportunity for the financialization of these commodities on the continent, a concept that has gained global attention and sparked debate on the potential benefits and drawbacks. Although the financialization of commodities has been studied in various contexts, including in African countries, challenges such as liquidity constraints and market readiness have emerged as critical impediments to its widespread adoption. This paper examines the existing literature to clarify the positive and negative aspects of commodity financialization, drawing on global examples and specific cases within Africa. By examining best practices and lessons learned, this paper offers guidance on how African countries can navigate the complexities of preparing for and embracing commodity financialization in order to unlock its potential benefits while mitigating the associated risks. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaper:pp-08-24&r= |
| By: | Anthony McDonnell (Center for Global Development); Ranil Dissanayake (Center for Global Development); Katherine Klemperer (Center for Global Development); Flavio Toxvaerd (University of Cambridge); Michael Sharland (St. George’s, University of London) |
| Abstract: | Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a major challenge that already contributes to almost five million deaths per year. Without action, this number will likely rise substantially. In this paper, we provide the first comprehensive assessment of the economic drivers of ABR, arguing that ABR in large part arises from extensive unresolved market (and regulatory) failures on both the supply and demand side. Each of these failures is well-understood from other contexts in economics. Specifically, ABR is a common pool problem that arises from too-rapid depletion of the stock of working antibiotics and insufficient replenishment with new antibiotics. We identify specific unresolved failures in the market for antibiotic innovation, in pricing structures that undermine its insurance function and in the production of known antibiotics on the supply side. We also identify failures on the demand side, including an underinvestment in preventative action, mismatch problems in the market for human antibiotic use and un-internalised negative externalities in pharmaceutical production and agriculture. We conclude by briefly considering how to resolve these market failures. |
| Date: | 2024–02–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:682&r= |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Agendas on climate change mitigation and plastic pollution have largely developed independently. However, the two issues are closely linked. Most plastics are produced from fossil fuels. Jointly, the production, conversion and waste management of plastics generate greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reviews the interactions and synergies between climate change and plastics pollution. It subsequently reviews interactions between policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and plastic pollution. The findings from this work can help inform policy agendas and provide opportunities for countries to develop policies which exploit synergies. |
| Date: | 2023–05–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaac:45-en&r= |
| By: | Khezri, Mohsen; Karimi, Mohammad Sharif; Naysary, Babak |
| Abstract: | Many countries emphasize entrepreneurship promotion as a policy focus. However, empirical research has often neglected the complex environmental consequences associated with such initiatives. In this study, we analyzed data using a panel model from 14 countries, covering the years 2002 to 2018. Our goal was to thoroughly assess the impact of eleven distinct entrepreneurship indicators on CO2 emissions. Our findings indicate that some control variables, like trade liberalization, are fundamental in reducing emissions. This contrasts with traditional views, which typically revolve around a consistent Kuznets curve that depicts the environmental effects of economic growth. Instead, our research uncovers a dynamic pattern transitioning from a concave upward trajectory to an inverted U-shaped curve, primarily due to increased levels of entrepreneurship. Remarkably, various entrepreneurial indicators, such as government support and policies, taxes and bureaucracy, governmental programs, and cultural and social norms, demonstrate direct positive impacts on CO2 emissions. Conversely, other indicators show a mix of positive and negative effects. Furthermore, examining the spill-over effects of entrepreneurship indicators, particularly in their role in energy use intensity and GDP per capita, reveals significant implications for improving energy consumption efficiency. However, it is important to acknowledge that despite the potential for enhanced efficiency, the negative effects resulting from an increased scale of output may not be completely counteracted. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emission; economic development; entrepreneurship; Kuznets curve |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–05–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:123865&r= |
| By: | Zhiyuan Li (School of Economics, Fudan University); Bing Lu (School of Statistics, Beijing Normal University); Sili Zhou (Faculty of Business and Administration, University of Macau, and Asia-Pacific Academy of Economics and Management, University of Macau) |
| Abstract: | This paper documents that international trade can cause uneven distribution of production opportunities to countries in face of uncoordinated environmental policies. Specifically, we use exogenous introductions of national carbon policy to study how local firms react to such shocks, especially when they make sourcing decisions on carbon inputs. Results show that regulatory carbon taxes lead domestic firms to import more carbon products, such as cement, iron and steel, from foreign producers. Micro evidence further shows that firms will increase their trade shares to foreign suppliers located in pollution haven. Exploiting global supply chain information, we further find that domestic regulatory carbon taxes do benefit foreign carbon suppliers, helping them to, for example, increase fixed investment, expand production scales and improve financial performance. These findings highlight the importance to take into account international trade when forming environmental policies in order to fulfill the growth, welfare and emission reduction goals of such policies. |
| Keywords: | Green Trade, Carbon Taxes, Carbon Leakage, Production Reallocation, Global Supply Chain |
| JEL: | F18 F23 F64 H23 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boa:wpaper:202413&r= |
| By: | John Van Reenen; Agnes Norris Keiller |
| Abstract: | Climate change is making natural disasters more frequent, yet little is known about the capacity of firms to withstand such disasters and adapt to their increased frequency. We examine this issue using a the latest wave of the World Management Survey (WMS) that includes new questions on firms’ climate change perceptions and adaptation behavior. Combining this with geocoded data on natural disasters and previous WMS waves, we create a panel spanning 8, 000 firms across 33 countries and three decades that shows exposure to disasters decreases growth inputs, outputs and firm survival. More importantly, firms with structured management practices are more resilient, suffering much smaller drops in jobs and capital. To understand the mechanisms behind this resilience, we use the new WMS climate questions to show better managed firms have more accurate perceptions of climate-related risks to their businesses. Such firms are also more likely to have implemented measures to adapt to climate change both overall and in response to their perceived climate risk. Other aspects of firm organisation, such as decentralisation, also help protect against disasters, but their adaptation behaviour is not well-targeted. These results show that improving management is one way to help protect economies from climate change shocks. |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32595&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Abstract: | Cash transfers in general appear to be more effective than in-kind transfers or vouchers at improving a range of outcomes, including decreasing monetary poverty, improving health and nutrition, and increasing food security, across diverse country contexts, program objectives, and design features. However, identifying a superior modality is challenging due to the heterogeneity in context, program design, and objectives of the studies reviewed, despite evidence generally favoring the effectiveness of cash transfers and acknowledging the enhanced effectiveness of a combination of modalities, referred to as cash plus, in specific cases. |
| Date: | 2024–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hdnspu:191207&r= |
| By: | Fatica, Serena (European Commission); Grammatikopoulou, Ionna (European Commission); Hirschbuehl, Dominik (European Commission); La Notte, Alessandra (European Commission); Pisani, Domenico (European Commission) |
| Abstract: | Nature-related financial risks have emerged as critical concerns for policymakers and financial actors. Central to this issue are ecosystem services, which play an integral role in various production processes but may be interrupted due to nature degradation. This article delves into the vulnerability of European SMEs by combining firm-level exposures to ecosystem service dependencies with regional information on the relative abundance of ecosystem services provisioning and the risk of natural hazards. Focusing on long-term debt positions to gauge financial stability implications, the results reveal moderate nature risks for European SMEs at the current stance but also highlight a possible concentration of risks and a need to further refine the use of available indicators. |
| Keywords: | ecosystem services, natural capital, nature degradation, physical risks, environmental risks, ENCORE, risk management, SMEs |
| JEL: | G21 G38 Q5 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202403&r= |
| By: | Sahar Amidi (Université d'Orléans); Rezgar Feizi (University of Luxembourg) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how various factors affect pollution levels in Europe’s manufacturing industry. The paper explores how productivity, expenditure share, trade cost, and environmental regulations affect pollution levels in Europe’s manufacturing industry. The World Input-Output Database provides data on global and local pollution for each industrial sector solely for the period ranging from 1995 to 2009. We use a general equilibrium model and quantitative trade model that considers pollution as a byproduct of production. The study aims to examine the effectiveness of regulations and control for the primary causes of environmental pollution (the main causes). Our empirical results reveal that air pollution emissions from EU manufacturing decreased by 33.21 percent despite an 85.44 percent increase in real manufacturing output. This outcome could provide evidence for the role of reducing the pollution contamination of manufacturing. The study finds that most of the decrease in emissions can be ascribed to changes in environmental regulations, rather than changes in expenditure share, trade cost, and productivity. Increasing environmental regulations by 20 percent can eliminate emissions intensity. After increasing environmental regulations by 20%, the emission of global pollutants such as methane decreased by 17.27% in 2009. |
| Keywords: | Environmental account and accounting, environmental taxes, general equilibrium model, productivity, quantitative model, technological innovation, trade cost |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inf:wpaper:2024.10&r= |
| By: | Julien JACOB; Antoine LEBLOIS; Marielle BRUNETTE |
| Abstract: | Storm is among the main threat for European forestry generating huge economic damage. The decrease of the timber price due to the storm occurrence largely contributes to these economic impacts. Timber storage appears as the standard policy to implement in order to limit these negative impacts. Consequently, in this article, we propose a global economic assessment of a storage policy taking into account the impacts on producers, consumers and the cost of public funds. For that purpose, we develop a tractable theoretical model which assesses welfare losses and gains incurred/earned by all agents of the society (forester (supply), consumers (downstream agents), and the public agent), from the storage. The model is then simulated. Our results show that globally, the storage policy is always desirable except for the consumers in the case of storms associated with a low magnitude. |
| Keywords: | risk, price, forest, storage. |
| JEL: | D81 Q23 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2024-27&r= |