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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2024‒07‒08
28 papers chosen by |
| By: | Aymeric Ricome (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Seville]); Jesus Barreiro-Hurle (JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Seville]); Cheickh Sadibou Fall (ISRA - Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar]) |
| Abstract: | Most Sub-Saharan countries implement input subsidy programs (ISPs) in an attempt to increase fertilizer use, crop yields and farmers' income and to improve household food security. Senegal is no exception and has had an ISP in place for the last 15 years. This article assesses how access to subsidized fertilizer under the ISP is associated with changes in fertilizer and manure use and gross margin. Using household-level data from two agroecological zones, we employ an endogenous switching regression framework to control for the potential endogeneity of access to subsidized fertilizer. We find that access to subsidized fertilizer is associated with an increase in the total use of fertilizer of +39 % but also with a reduction in the use of commercial fertilizer of 18 %. Access to subsidized fertilizer is also associated with a reduction in the likelihood of using manure of 5 % and an increase in farmers' total gross margin of 11 %. Results are heterogeneous across agroecological zones, with a strong crowding-out of commercial fertilizer where widely available to farmers. In this case, revising the design of the ISP could lead to improved efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Fertilizer subsidies, Crowding-out, Endogenous switching regression, Senegal, Fertilizer subsidies Crowding-out Endogenous switching regression Senegal |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04586374&r= |
| By: | Ndione, Y. C.; Tall, L.; Sall, S.; Ciss, P. N.; Rousseau, E.; Amarnath, Giriraj (International Water Management Institute); Okem, Andrew (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Climate change adaptation; Intervention; Stakeholders; Climate change impacts; Vulnerability; Communities; Rural areas; Climate resilience; Food security; Agropastoral systems; Farmers |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:conprc:h052470&r= |
| By: | Demeke, Leykun |
| Abstract: | Diversifying livelihoods has over the last two decades been identified as an important theme in the development work, particularly for poverty reduction agenda. In the developing world, farm households, urged on by their survival instinct, diversify away from traditional subsistence agriculture to the production of high-value crops and at other times engage in off-farm and non-farm activities. The contribution of non-agricultural activities to household income in the developing world in general and Sub-Saharan Africa in particular is substantial. This study was conducted in Dodota Woreda of East Arsi Zone, Oromiya Region with a general objective of assessing the contribution of livelihood diversification activities to poverty mitigation of rural householders in Dodota Woreda. By using two stage sampling procedure 294 sample respondents were selected from four Kebeles. The result of the logit regression showed that most of the variables tested for the probability of farmer’s participation in livelihood diversification activities had expected sign. Thus; educational status, access to infrastructure, training and participation in safety net had positive sign and significantly affects the probability of farmers’ participation in livelihood diversification activities. Whereas; land size owned, agricultural activity, participation in irrigation, access to credit and perceived level of poverty had negative sign and significantly affect the probability of farmers’ participation in livelihood diversification activities. Thus, improving rural householder knowledge through formal educational and training, expanding availability of accessible infrastructure, and enhancing participation of smallholder farmers in safety net were recommended as possible policy intervention to improve farmers’ participation in livelihood diversification activities so as to mitigate the level of poverty in the study area. |
| Keywords: | livelihoods, poverty reduction, Dodota Woreda |
| JEL: | I31 O1 Q12 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121103&r= |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | The frequency and severity of extreme wildfires are on the rise in Greece, causing unprecedented disruption and increasingly challenging the country’s capacity to contain losses and damages. These challenges are set to keep growing in the context of climate change, highlighting the need to scale up wildfire prevention and climate change adaptation. This paper provides an overview of Greece's wildfire policies and practices and assesses the extent to which wildfire management in the country is evolving to adapt to growing wildfire risk under climate change. |
| Keywords: | climate adaptation, climate change, prevention, risk reduction, wildfire |
| Date: | 2024–06–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaac:43-en&r= |
| By: | Mutsami, Chrispinus; Parlasca, Martin C.; Qaim, Matin |
| Abstract: | Livelihood sources in rural Africa are diverse and dynamic. Using recent primary data from four African countries — Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania, and Zambia — we consider regions with different conditions related to climate, agroecology, infrastructure, and nature conservation to analyze the role of various income sources for households and individuals. While most rural households are involved in small-scale farming, we challenge the conventional notion that own agricultural activities still constitute the main source of income. Off-farm sources account for 60% of total household income on average. The off-farm income share increases with total income, meaning that the poorest households are the ones most dependent on agriculture. These patterns are similar across all four countries. While the concrete off-farm activities differ by context, most off-farm jobs are self-employed activities in small informal businesses. More lucrative formal employment opportunities are rare and mostly pursued by individuals with post-secondary education and training. Males are more likely to be involved in wage employment than females. Furthermore, individual social networks and access to road and market infrastructure increase the likelihood of off-farm employment. These results emphasize the policy need to acknowledge the important role of rural off-farm jobs and to invest more into generating inclusive non-agricultural employment. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2024–06–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:343385&r= |
| By: | Nigussie, Likimyelesh (International Water Management Institute); Minh, Thai Thi (International Water Management Institute); Schmitter, Petra (International Water Management Institute) |
| Abstract: | Achieving gender equality in irrigation can result in greater production, income, and job opportunities for both men and women smallholder farmers from diverse social groups, while building climate resilience in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, national irrigation agencies, donors, and researchers have been assisting project implementers to mainstream gender issues into the planning and implementation of irrigation programs. However, although efforts to close gender gaps in irrigation have been increasing, little is known about how interactions among institutions at different scales may determine the success of gender-mainstreaming strategies. This study presents a qualitative analysis of how the interaction of institutions at multiple levels can shape the success of gender-mainstreaming strategies. Specifically, the study analyzed how institutions' rules, roles, and capacities at state, market, community, and household levels shaped strategies in Ethiopia's nine small-scale and micro irrigation development projects. The findings show that ‘rule-based’ strategies adopted by small, scheme-based irrigation projects emphasize policies and rules for equal rights and opportunities for equal participation in individuals' and institutions' decision-making and capacity development. ‘Role-based’ strategies adopted by projects promoting small-scale and micro irrigation technologies focus on challenging social norms to address the imbalance of power and workloads by developing the capacity of all stakeholders. Both strategies focus on women and use participatory approaches to ensure gender equality. Negative stereotypes about women from families, communities, and the private sector often make it difficult for gender mainstreaming to succeed. Furthermore, institutional biases and limited capacities reproduce gender inequality by reinforcing stereotypical gender norms. Transformative gender mainstreaming strategies are critical to holistic approaches that facilitate change at different scales through broad-based partnerships between actors. It calls for 1) enacting policy, creating an institutional environment, and developing governance mechanisms for mainstreaming gender; 2) enhancing the accountability system and adoption of gender-transformative approaches to involve more women farmers in designing, planning, and management; 3) creating a supportive institutional environment at market, community and household level that helps women farmers invest in irrigation; and 4) applying an intersectional lens in gender analysis and mainstreaming. |
| Keywords: | Gender mainstreaming/Small-scale irrigation/Institutional development/Irrigation development/Development projects/Gender-transformative approaches/Strategies/Women farmers/Gender equality/Equal rights/Participatory approaches/Decision making/Smallholders/Farmer-led irrigation/Irrigation technology/Microirrigation/Climate resilience/Income generation/Markets |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:rerpts:h052414&r= |
| By: | Wanissa Suanin; Panit Wattanakoon |
| Abstract: | The global demographic shift to an ageing society poses challenges for the international food trade. People in different age groups have different dietary preferences, nutritional needs, and income levels, which influence consumer preference and purchasing power. This study examines the impact of global demographic shifts towards silver economies on international food imports using structural gravity analysis. The findings suggest that silver economies will shift consumer preferences to import healthier food, resulting in increased income elasticity of demand for these imports. The primary target markets for healthy food trade are developed countries, particularly Japan, the EU, and the US, where income elasticity is high and remains near or greater than one. Although consumers in developing countries may not prefer healthy foods, their income elasticity for healthy food imports will rise as the elderly population grows. |
| JEL: | F10 F14 J10 Q18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:papers:2024-5&r= |
| By: | Roshen Fernando |
| Abstract: | Climate change continues to be an existential threat to humanity. With intrinsic linkages to the natural environment, food and energy supply chains are two fundamental channels via which climate risks could spill over into the economy. This paper explores the global economic consequences of the physical climate impacts on agriculture and energy. Firstly, we construct a range of chronic and extreme climate risk indicators. Secondly, we incorporate those climate risk indicators, alongside the historical data on global agriculture and energy, in machine learning algorithms to estimate the historical responsiveness of agriculture and energy to climate risks. Thirdly, we project agriculture and energy production changes under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Finally, the derived shocks are introduced as economic shocks to the G-Cubed model, which is a global multisectoral intertemporal general equilibrium model. We evaluate the G-Cubed model simulation results for various economic variables, including real GDP, consumption, investment, exports and imports, real interest rates, and sectoral production. We observe substantial losses to all economies and adjustments to consumption and investment under the SSPs. The losses worsen with warming. Developing countries are disproportionately affected. However, we observe the potential for double dividends from transitioning to sustainable livestock production and renewable energy sources, preventing further warming and physical damages, and enhancing the resilience of food and energy supply chains to climate risks. |
| Keywords: | climate change, extreme events, physical climate risks, macroeconomics, CGE, DSGE, machine learning |
| JEL: | C51 C53 C54 C55 C68 F41 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2024-37&r= |
| By: | Kamiar Mohaddes; Mehdi Raissi |
| Abstract: | We estimate country-specific annual per-capita GDP losses from global warming using the most recent climate scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) under different mitigation, adaptation, and climate variability assumptions. Our results indicate that without significant mitigation and adaptation efforts, global GDP per capita could decline by up to 24 percent under the high-emissions climate scenarios by 2100. These income losses vary significantly across the 174 countries in our sample, depending on the projected paths of temperatures and their variability. |
| Keywords: | climate change, economic growth, mitigation, adaptation, counterfactual analysis |
| JEL: | C33 O40 O44 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2024-42&r= |
| By: | Joseph (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Elda Nduka Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Justitia Odinaka Nnabuko (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Geraldine Egondu Ugwuonah (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Josaphat (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies’ (MOCs) corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of the global memorandum of understanding (GMoU) on mainstreaming gender sensitivity in cash crop market supply chains in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Design/ methodology/ approach – This paper adopts an explanatory research design, with a mixed method to answer the research questions and test the hypotheses. A total of 1200 rural women respondents were sampled across the Niger Delta region. Findings - Results from the use of a combined logit model and propensity score matching indicate a significant relationship between GMoU model and mainstreaming gender sensitivity in cash crop market supply chains in the Niger Delta. Research limitations/implications – This study implies that MOCs’ CSR intervention that improve women’s access to land and encourage better integration of food markets through improved roads and increased mobile networks, would enable women to engage in cash crop production. Originality/ value – This research contributes to gender debate in agricultural value chain from a CSR perspective in developing countries and rational for demands for social projects by hostcommunities. It concludes that business has an obligation to help in solving problems of public concern |
| Keywords: | Gender, cash crop market, supply chains, corporate social responsibility, multinational oil companies, sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aak:wpaper:24/005&r= |
| By: | Allan Hsiao; Jacob Moscona; Karthik Sastry |
| Abstract: | Do governments systematically intervene in agricultural markets in response to climate shocks? If so, what are the aggregate and distributional consequences? We construct a global dataset of agricultural policies and extreme heat exposure by country and crop since 1980. We find that extreme heat shocks to domestic production lead to increased consumer assistance. This effect is persistent, primarily implemented via border policies, and stronger in election years when politicians are particularly responsive to constituent demands. Shocks to foreign production lead to increased producer assistance, consistent with policymakers' targeting redistribution rather than price stabilization. Interpreted via a model, the estimates imply that policy responses almost fully stabilize prices in shocked markets, reducing losses to domestic consumers by 97% while increasing those to domestic producers and foreign consumers by 55% and 105%, respectively. Responsive policy exacerbates overall welfare losses from projected end-of-century climate shocks by 14%. |
| JEL: | Q18 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32539&r= |
| By: | DI MARCANTONIO Federica (European Commission - JRC); NEDELCU Bogdan Radu; PADIU Bogdan; REBEDEA Traian; BARREIRO HURLE Jesus (European Commission - JRC); CIAIAN Pavel (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | In the context of the policy debate and initiatives to address misleading practices that suggest to consumers that products marketed under the same brand and in the same or similar packaging have the same composition or characteristics across different Member States when this is not the case (often referred to as ‘dual quality’ (DQ)), the European Parliament has emphasised the importance of establishing a permanent monitoring system to track products sold on the single market. This feasibility study aims to explore the effectiveness of a crowdsourcing mobile app (Food-Checker) as a tool to monitor the occurrence of DQ. The app uses artificial intelligence (AI) technology and was tested using an awareness campaign and incentives to motivate users to submit product images. The app was piloted in five Member States (Germany, France, Italy, Poland and Romania) between September 2022 and March 2023. The study results demonstrate that Food-Checker can effectively utilise AI technology for monitoring DQ, particularly for capturing and extracting information from product packaging. Although there was a substantial awareness campaign, users’ engagement with the app was limited. In this regard, monetary rewards were found to be more effective than behavioural interventions. As a result of low user engagement and a small sample size, AI could not be fully trained in certain functions relevant to identifying DQ − such as identifying the same or similar branded products, distinguishing different product versions within a Member State and detecting DQ practices. The app could be a viable solution for monitoring DQ if the AI behind the app is further trained to enhance its performance and effective engagement tools are developed. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135723&r= |
| By: | Roshen Fernando; Warwick McKibbin |
| Abstract: | Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat that led to 1.27 million deaths in 2019. Given the widespread use of antimicrobials in healthcare, agriculture, and industrial applications and a range of factors affecting AMR, including demographic trends and physical climate risks, an economy-wide approach is essential to understand and assess the economic consequences of AMR. We model the global economic impacts of AMR under six alternative scenarios. These scenarios are designed to incorporate assumptions about changes in AMR-related disease incidence, the impact of a central scenario about future demographic change on AMR over time, and explore the sensitivity of assumptions about the effects of AMR on agriculture productivity. We also examine the additional impacts of changing climate risks on the evolution of AMR (focusing on one climate scenario), the consequences of changes in country risk premia due to the differential im-pacts of the evolution of AMR on countries, and the global economic impacts of changes in government expenditure in response to AMR. Our results find a significant global economic burden of worsening AMR due to demographic change and climate change risks, as well as significant eco-nomic benefits of taking action to address AMR. We emphasize that a “one-health†approach to managing AMR will have substantial economic benefits over the coming decades. |
| Keywords: | antimicrobial resistance, antibiotic resistance, infectious diseases, macroeconomic modelling |
| JEL: | C51 C53 C54 C55 C63 C68 E37 F01 F41 Q51 Q54 I10 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2024-41&r= |
| By: | Hackmann, Angelina |
| Abstract: | In recent decades, biodiversity has declined significantly, threatening ecosystem services that are vital to society and the economy. Despite the growing recognition of biodiversity risks, the private sector response remains limited, leaving a significant financing gap. The paper therefore describes marketbased solutions to bridge the financing gap, which can follow a risk assessment approach and an impact-oriented perspective. Key obstacles to mobilising private capital for biodiversity conservation are related to pricing biodiversity due to its local dimension, the lack of standardized metrics for valuation and still insufficient data reporting by companies hindering informed investment decisions. Financing biodiversity projects poses another challenge, mainly due to a mismatch between investor needs and available projects, for example in terms of project timeframes and their additionality. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity, Green Finance, Financing Gap |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewh:296481&r= |
| By: | Rajibul Alam (Ministry of Public Administration, Dhaka, Bangladesh); Yoko Kijima (National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan) |
| Abstract: | This study provides empirical evidence on how financial and non-financial incentives improve service delivery of government agricultural extension agents. A randomized control trial was conducted in 40 sub-district agriculture offices in Bangladesh, with 807 agricultural extension officers, randomly allocated into five groups (one control and four treatment). The financial incentive was a one-time monetary reward, while the non-financial incentive was recognition by the district director. In the non-financial incentive treatment, we added another treatment in which the two worst performers, instead of best, are selected for inspection. In the financial incentive, we created another treatment where the best performer is selected based on performance level. We find that financial and non-financial incentives have positive effects of equal magnitude, about one standard deviation of total performance index on average. Giving a disadvantage to better performers does not decrease effort by better performers. |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ngi:dpaper:23-08&r= |
| By: | Mattauch, Linus; Hepburn, Cameron; Spuler, Fiona; Stern, Nicholas |
| Abstract: | Avoiding unmanageable climate change implies that global greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced rapidly. Carbon prices and technological development are essential to deliver such reductions. Changes in preferences, however, are rarely considered, even though other major socioeconomic transitions – such as those from reducing smoking and drink-driving – have succeeded partly because preferences have changed. This article examines the impact of climate policy-induced changes in consumers’ preferences. We show that low-carbon policies could be better designed if it is recognised that preferences can be endogenous to such policies. For instance, carbon taxes must be adjusted, if they crowd-in or -out social preferences, to achieve a given target. Further, when the urban built environment changes mobility preferences, the value of low-carbon infrastructure investments can be underestimated if such effects are ignored. Third, policy-induced changes in preferences for active travel and plant-based diets could increase the net benefits of the transition to zero emissions. |
| Keywords: | carbon pricing; climate change; crowding-in; endogenous preferences; health co-benefits; transport infrastructure; ESRC Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (ref. ES/R009708/1) and the Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment; ES/R009708/1; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 681228. |
| JEL: | A12 D91 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115389&r= |
| By: | Emir Fejzic; Will Usher |
| Abstract: | A fast-paced policy context is characteristic of energy and climate research, which strives to develop solutions to wicked problems such as climate change. Funding agencies in the European Union recognize the importance of linking research and policy in climate and energy research. This calls for an increased understanding of how stakeholder engagement can effectively be used to co-design research questions that include stakeholders' concerns. This paper reviews the current literature on stakeholder engagement, from which we create a set of criteria. These are used to critically assess recent and relevant papers on stakeholder engagement in climate and energy projects. We obtained the papers from a scoping review of stakeholder engagement through workshops in EU climate and energy research. With insights from the literature and current EU climate and energy projects, we developed a workshop programme for stakeholder engagement. This programme was applied to the European Climate and Energy Modelling Forum project, aiming to co-design the most pressing and urgent research questions according to European stakeholders. The outcomes include 82 co-designed and ranked research questions for nine specific climate and energy research themes. Findings from the scoping review indicate that papers rarely define the term 'stakeholder'. Additionally, the concepts of co-creation, co-design, and co-production are used interchangeably and often without definition. We propose that workshop planners use stakeholder identification and selection methods from the broader stakeholder engagement literature. |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2406.01640&r= |
| By: | Andre, Peter; Hackmann, Angelina |
| Abstract: | This paper shows that support for climate action is high across survey participants from all EU countries in three dimensions: (1) Participants are willing to contribute personally to combating climate change, (2) they approve of pro-climate social norms, and (3) they demand government action. In addition, there is a significant perception gap where individuals underestimate others' willingness to contribute to climate action by over 10 percentage points, influencing their own willingness to act. Policymakers should recognize the broad support for climate action among European citizens and communicate this effectively to counteract the vocal minority opposed to it. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Climate Behavior, Climate Policies, Social Norms |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewh:296482&r= |
| By: | Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Christian Pierdzioch (Department of Economics, Helmut Schmidt University, Holstenhofweg 85, P.O.B. 700822, 22008 Hamburg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Motivated by the comovement of realized volatilities (RVs) of agricultural commodity prices, we study whether multi-task forecasting algorithms improve the accuracy of out-of-sample forecasts of 15 agricultural commodities during the sample pe- riod from July 2015 to April 2023. We consider alternative multi-task stacking algorithms and variants of the multivariate Lasso estimator. We find evidence of in-sample predictability, but hardly evidence that multi-task forecasting improves out-of-sample forecasts relative to a classic univariate heterogeneous autoregres- sive (HAR) RV model. We also study an extended model that features the RVs of energy commodities and precious metals. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural commodities, Realized volatility, Multi-task forecasting |
| JEL: | C22 C32 C53 Q11 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202423&r= |
| By: | Santaro Sakata; Abenezer Zeleke Aklilu; Rodrigo Pizarro |
| Abstract: | Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data is essential for tracking progress towards the Paris Agreement’s global temperature goals. In addition to the emissions inventories based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines, which are used for tracking progress under the framework of the Paris Agreement, there are other GHG emissions datasets that cater to different users and policy objectives. This paper evaluates three OECD datasets on GHG emissions: Air emissions – Greenhouse gas emissions inventories, Agricultural greenhouse gases emissions, and the Air Emissions Accounts (AEAs) based on the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting. It also looks at one dataset from the International Energy Agency: CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. It discusses the inventory and AEA approaches in terms of accounting principles (production- versus demand-based, territory versus residence), as well as classifications and scope of emissions. It looks at the coverage of the GHG emissions datasets and identifies the data gaps. Finally, the paper outlines several steps to enhance data coverage and quality of the datasets. |
| Keywords: | Emissions source classifications, Official greenhouse gas emissions data gaps, Production- and demand-based emissions, Residence principle, Territory principle |
| JEL: | C82 E01 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–06–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2024/03-en&r= |
| By: | Justine Monique Florine Ballon; Thomas Blondeel; Marius Chevallier (GEOLAB - Laboratoire de Géographie Physique et Environnementale - UBP - Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 - IR SHS UNILIM - Institut Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UNILIM - Université de Limoges - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne, GEOLAB-CE - Capital Environnemental - GEOLAB - Laboratoire de Géographie Physique et Environnementale - UBP - Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 - IR SHS UNILIM - Institut Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UNILIM - Université de Limoges - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Orville Pletschette |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the democratic governance of large cooperatives (in terms of number of members) through the prism of systems and practices designed to strengthen member participation. We compare the evolution of formal and informal mechanisms supporting the dynamics of participative democracy at Railcoop and SmartCoop. This research is based on an ongoing action-research based on statistics and qualitative data. It sheds light on their practices, the tensions encountered and the experiments undertaken to reduce them. This working paper puts into perspective the initial results of a descriptive and comparative analysis of two schemes designed to increase member participation: circles at Railcoop and the Smart in Progress process at SmartCoop. In this respect, we demonstrate the importance of ongoing reflexivity on our practices, through surveys, collective writing, and spaces conducive to critical and contradictory discussions, provided this is done in a constructive and transparent manner. Beyond this, we show the value of highlighting the 5th and 6th principles of ICA - education, training and information on the one hand, and intercooperation on the other - between two cooperatives sharing issues relating to governance and democratic participation. |
| Keywords: | cooperative governance, democracy, participation, experimentation, action-research, democracy cooperative, social innovations |
| Date: | 2023–07–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04576634&r= |
| By: | Frances C. Moore; Moritz A. Drupp; James Rising; Simon Dietz; Ivan Rudik; Gernot Wagner |
| Abstract: | Estimating the cost to society from a ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere requires connecting a model of the climate system with a representation of the economic and social effects of changes in climate, as well as the valuation and aggregation of diverse, uncertain impacts across both time and space. The literature on this cost, termed the social cost of carbon (SCC), is large and growing. Prior work has largely focused on better constraining the values of parameters such as climate sensitivity, the discount rate, and the damage function. A growing literature has also examined the effect of varying more fundamental structural elements of the models supporting SCC calculations. These structural model choices—including the introduction of climate or economic tipping points, changing the structure of economic preferences, and accounting for the persistence of climate damages—have been analyzed in piecemeal, uncoordinated fashion, leaving their relative importance unclear. Here we perform a comprehensive synthesis of the evidence on the SCC, combining 1823 estimates of the SCC from 147 studies published between 2000 and 2020 with a survey of the authors of these studies. The distribution of published SCC values for a 2020 pulse year is wide and substantially right-skewed, showing evidence of a heavy right tail (truncated mean of $132, median $39). Analysis of variance reveals important roles for structural elements in driving SCC estimates, particularly the inclusion of persistent damages via effects on economic growth, representation of the Earth system, and distributional weighting. However, our survey reveals that experts believe the literature is biased downwards due to an under-sampling of structural model variations, as well as biases in damage-function and discount-rate parameters. To address this imbalance, we train a random forest model on variation in the literature and use it to generate a synthetic SCC distribution that more closely matches expert assessments of appropriate model structure and discounting. This synthetic distribution has a median and mean of $185 and $284 per ton CO2, respectively, for a 2020 pulse year (5%–95% range: $32–$874), higher than all official government estimates, including a 2023 update from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. |
| JEL: | Q0 Q50 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32544&r= |
| By: | Melanie Dunger; Janina Kraus |
| Abstract: | Effectively combating climate change requires a dual approach: individual and industrial transformation. However, to mitigate climate change the synergies between individual Pro-Environmental Behavior (PEB) and climate engineering techniques, such as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), have often been neglected, thereby promoting only one of them. This study examines the relationship between PEB and the acceptance of CCS, taking into account attitudes toward climate change, norms, trust, and uncertainty aversion. Our analysis of survey data reveals a positive relationship between PEB and the acceptance of CCS, with PEB serving as a mediator linking attitudes toward climate change to CCS-acceptance. Our findings demonstrate the urgency of advancing PEB and technology-integrated strategies for climate mitigation. Therefore, this study contributes to the ongoing conversation about how to combine technological solutions with individual actions to successfully mitigate climate change. |
| Keywords: | Pro-Environmental Behavior, Carbon Capture and Storage, Technology Acceptance, Attitudes, Climate Change |
| JEL: | Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:atv:wpaper:2401&r= |
| By: | Supratim Das Gupta (Amrut Mody School of Management, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, India); Marco Baudino (Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France); Saikat Sarkar (Department of Economics & Politics, Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, India) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the growth-energy-pollution nexus of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) considering the joint contribution to CO2 emissions of the different sectors of the economy for a set of 43 emerging and developing countries. Since energy consumption and contribution to GDP growth can vary remarkably among sectors, the latter are likely to be characterized by heterogeneous responses to pollution from macroeconomic factors. We adopt an index decomposition approach disentangling the effect of energy consumption from intra-sectoral shifts in economic activities, which allows to evaluate improvements in energy efficiency across sectors. For the empirical analysis, we employ System and Difference GMM estimations using longitudinal obser- vations from 1998 to 2019. Our econometric results reveal substantial heterogeneity of responses to carbon dioxide reduction across sectors. Particularly, we validate the exis- tence of the EKC in energy-related measures for the sole manufacturing sector, and in GDP growth for the commercial and public sector. On the other hand, while emissions increase proportionately with growth in the transportation sector, energy efficiency measures seem to be ineffective in curtailing emissions in both the transportation and commercial and public sectors. Our results bear recommendations for the achievement of effective carbon neutrality policies. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Kuznets Curve, Energy Intensity Decomposition, CO2 Emissions |
| JEL: | Q01 Q53 O13 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2024-17&r= |
| By: | Liao, Yanjun (Penny) (Resources for the Future); Sølvsten, Simon; Whitlock, Zachary (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of disaster experiences on communities’ engagement in risk mitigation actions, focusing on flooding in the United States. We measure risk mitigation actions using communities’ scores in the Community Rating System, an incentive program that scores flood preparedness and mitigation activities and rewards communities with flood insurance premium discounts. Leveraging a panel of communities from 1998 to 2019, we find a significant increase in risk mitigation activities following flood events, in both participation rates and intensity of actions. The effects continue to increase up to 10 years. Communities with greater capacity, particularly those in urban areas, exhibit a much stronger response. The findings highlight the adaptive capacity of communities but also raise several concerns regarding the inefficiency of disaster-driven responses and inequitable outcomes across communities. |
| Date: | 2024–06–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-24-08&r= |
| By: | Nuria Moratal (Nantes Univ - Nantes Université, LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université); Anne-Lorène Vernay (GEM Recherche - EESC-GEM Grenoble Ecole de Management); Carine Sebi (GEM Recherche - EESC-GEM Grenoble Ecole de Management) |
| Abstract: | This paper analysis the emergence of asset-intensive ecosystems. These ecosystems have been largely overlooked in the literature despite their potential contribution to sustainability transition. The paper presents four inherent characteristics of these ecosystems- supply and demand uncertainty, capital intensive, prone to technological lock-in and geographically anchored. It argues that these characteristics strongly influence how these ecosystems emerge. Using the case of the emergence of a regional ecosystem around hydrogen mobility, this paper shows that processes of ecosystem emergence are influenced by two dimensions: a temporal dimension and a spatial dimension. It also discusses a key dilemma for these emerging ecosystems which is to juggle between path creation and path dependence. |
| Keywords: | business ecosystem emergence infrastructure hydrogen Annecy 31 mai -3 juin 2022, business ecosystem, emergence, infrastructure, hydrogen Annecy, 31 mai -3 juin 2022 |
| Date: | 2022–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04577068&r= |
| By: | Missbach, Leonard; Steckel, Jan Christoph |
| Abstract: | We analyze the distributional impacts of climate policy by examining heterogeneity in households' carbon intensity of consumption. We construct a novel dataset that includes information on the carbon intensity of 1.5 million individual households from 88 countries. We first show that horizontal differences are generally larger than vertical differences. We then use supervised machine learning to analyze the non-linear contribution of household characteristics to the prediction of carbon intensity of consumption. Including household-level information beyond total household expenditures, such as information on vehicle ownership, location, and energy use, increases the accuracy of predicting households' carbon intensity. The importance of such features is country-specific and model accuracy varies across the sample. We identify six clusters of countries that differ in the distribution of climate policy costs and their determinants. Our results highlight that, depending on the context, some compensation policies may be more effective in reducing horizontal heterogeneity than others. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy, Distributional impacts, Inequality, Transfers |
| JEL: | C38 C55 D30 H23 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:296491&r= |
| By: | Driss Hammou (Faculté des sciences juridiques, économiques et sociales de Rabat Souissi); Fadi Lekbira (Faculté des sciences juridiques, économiques et sociales de Rabat Souissi) |
| Abstract: | Résumé Les produits locaux jouent un rôle crucial dans l'évolution territoriale du Maroc. La mise en valeur et la mobilisation de ressources spécifiques ou territoriales contribuent à dynamiser l'économie locale, créant ainsi une valeur ajoutée pour le territoire. L'importance accordée au développement des produits du terroir au Maroc découle d'une part de réelles potentialités en termes d'écosystèmes propices, de biodiversité variée et de savoir-faire dans le domaine, et d'autre part de la demande constamment croissante pour ces produits sur les marchés nationaux et internationaux, offrant ainsi d'importantes opportunités de commercialisation. L'objectif de notre recherche est de définir de manière appropriée le terme "produits du terroir" pour ensuite mettre en lumière le rôle de ces produits dans le développement des territoires d'origine. Sur le plan méthodologique, cet article s'appuie sur approche combinat une revue de littérature et une étude documentaire consistant à explorer les recherches antérieures en relation avec le sujet traité. En définitive, les résultats obtenus ont permis de démonter l'importance de la valorisation des produits du terroir et le rôle que jouent ces derniers dans le développement économique, social et culturel des territoires d'origine. Mots clés : Terroir, Territoire, Produits du terroir, Développement territorial. Abstract Local products play a crucial role in the territorial development of Morocco. The enhancement and mobilization of specific or territorial resources contribute to invigorating the local economy, thereby creating added value for the region. The significance given to the development of local products in Morocco stems, on the one hand, from the real potentialities our country possesses in terms of favorable ecosystems, diverse biodiversity, and expertise in the field, and on the other hand, from the constantly growing demand for these products in both national and international markets, providing significant opportunities for commercialization. The objective of this study is to appropriately define the term "local products" and then shed light on the role of these products in the development of their respective territories. Methodologically, this article is based on a combined approach, a literature review and a documentary study consisting of exploring previous research in relation to the subject treated. Ultimately, the results obtained demonstrate the importance of promoting local products and the role they play in the economic, social and cultural development of the territories of origin. Keywords : Keywords : Terroir, Territory, Local Products, Territorial Development. |
| Keywords: | Terroir, Territoire, Produits du terroir, Développement territorial, African Scientific Journal, Terroir Territoire Produits du terroir Développement territorial Terroir Territory Local Products Territorial Development. www.africanscientificjournal.com, Développement territorial Terroir, Territory, Local Products, Territorial Development. www.africanscientificjournal.com |
| Date: | 2024–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04578306&r= |