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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2024‒06‒17
sixty papers chosen by |
| By: | United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE) |
| Abstract: | Excerpts from the Executive Summary: The Northern Triangle of Central America (NTCA) is composed of three countries, namely El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Besides having common geographic features, the countries are characterized by increasing migration, and exposure and vulnerability to climate change. Agriculture is a significant sector that employs large numbers of rural population across the three countries. Concurrently, it is also heavily impacted by climate variability and climate change, which compounds the existing vulnerabilities of people employed in agriculture. The report is based on analyzing four main agricultural systems which are key for more than 80 percent of agricultural households in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras: coffee, staple grains, livestock, and vegetables. The objective of this report is to systematize primary data and existing knowledge about climate change impacts and vulnerability of the agricultural sector in the NTCA countries, specifically of coffee, staple grains, livestock and vegetables farmers, with an additional aim of having spatial detail on livelihoods and beneficiaries of interventions for building resilience and contributing to the U.S. Strategy for Addressing the Root Causes of Migration in Central America. To our best knowledge, this report is the only one to use systems and livelihoods approach for an analysis of agricultural vulnerability, resilience, food security and migration, and to additionally provide a comprehensive inquiry that includes spatial specificity. The report links the results of the analysis with the existing, on-the-ground practices and it offers concrete proposals for actions in the NTCA. Based on the field data, USDA and CATIE scientists’ inputs, and complemented with reviews of relevant literature, this report highlights some of the key issues related to agricultural livelihoods, their resilience to the effects of climate change, and interlinkages of agricultural resilience, food security and migration, and it provides concrete suggestions for strategic interventions for increasing agricultural resilience in the NTCA. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Food Security and Poverty, International Development, International Relations/Trade, Labor and Human Capital, Livestock Production/Industries, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:342472&r= |
| By: | Warner, James; Benimana, Gilberthe; Mugabo, Serge; Ingabire, Chantal |
| Abstract: | As Rwanda emerges from the effects of COVID-19 and global price shocks caused by the Russia/Ukrainian conflict, there is an opportunity to focus on agricultural fundamentals to drive its economic transformation. One aspect of the transformation is how farm households are engaging in crop commercialization. This policy note outlines basic findings and suggested recommendations derived from a 2022 Rwandan commercialization household survey. Our basic unit of analysis is total crop sold divided by total value produced, averaged at either the household or individual crop level. Key findings include: ï µ Approximately 20% of our sampled smallholder households do not sell any crops. However, contrary to a subsistence/commercial farm dichotomy, most households sell on a broad continuum ranging from 1 – 100% with an average of 33% of their total crop production marketed. ï µ Crop value per hectare increases with greater marketed sales, indicating that farmers switch from lower value food crops (e.g. beans, cassava, maize) to cash crops such as fruits and vegetables where they market higher percentages. ï µ Crop value per hectare is not correlated with land size, revealing that crop choices drive value and not increasing land-related economies of scale. This finding underscores the pivotal role of crop selection in determining agricultural productivity and economic returns, rather than mere expansion of land holdings. ï µ Irrigation, land size, hiring labor and input purchases increase market participation as well as percentage of sales. Conversely, a larger family size has a negative effect on both. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; commercialization; food crops; markets; cash crops; food security; income; surpluses; Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Rwanda |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:rssppn:11&r= |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Konstantinos Dellis; Olympia Miziaki |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the transformative potential of green innovation within Greece's agricultural sector. Leveraging the analytical power of the FABLE (Food, Agriculture, Biodiversity, Land Use, and Energy) Calculator, we quantify the impacts of enhanced crop and livestock productivity on key Agricultural, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) environmental indicators. By employing empirical evidence and sophisticated modelling techniques, we investigate the intricate interplay between agricultural innovation and environmental sustainability. Examining the pathways under distinct scenarios of the FABLE Calculator, we demonstrate how improved crop and livestock practices can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, reduce land degradation, and promote biodiversity conservation. We identify precision agriculture technologies like drones, soil moisture sensors, and variable rate technology advancements in precision livestock technologies such as automated feeding systems and health monitoring sensors as levers for bolstering agricultural productivity. We find that enhancing productivity in the livestock and crop sector significantly reduces GHG emissions from agriculture, with the result being most pronounced when embedded in a holistic transformational strategy following national commitments. Moreover, the paper elucidates the potential synergies and trade-offs associated with different agricultural strategies, offering insights into optimal pathways for sustainable development. In addition to its empirical findings, the paper delineates policy recommendations to support green innovation within the Greek agricultural sector, focusing on horizontal and vertical measures. Overall, this paper underscores the importance of integrating green innovation into agricultural policies to achieve both environmental and economic objectives. By harnessing the analytical capabilities of the FABLE Calculator, it offers valuable insights into the multifaceted effects of agricultural innovation, paving the way for evidence-based decision-making in sustainable agricultural development. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Productivity, FABLE, Green Innovation, AFOLU, GHG Emissions |
| Date: | 2024–06–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2412&r= |
| By: | Emanuele Ferrari (European Commission – JRC); Christian Elleby (European Commission – JRC); Beyhan DE JONG (European Commission – JRC); Robert M'barek (European Commission – JRC); Ignacio PEREZ DOMINGUEZ (European Commission – JRC) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the potential effects of 10 upcoming free trade agreements (FTAs) under the current EU trade agenda. It quantifies the cumulative sectoral impacts in terms of bilateral trade, production, demand and price developments. Moreover, it provides insights into the evolution of supply, demand and farm-gate prices for the most relevant EU agricultural commodity markets. In contrast to a forecast exercise, this analysis compares two variants of a trade liberalisation scenario (conservative and ambitious) with a business-as-usual (baseline) situation in 2032, including an analysis of the effects of the UK trade agenda on EU agri-food trade. The study confirms that the analysed FTAs have the potential to benefit the EU agri-food sector, especially the dairy, pigmeat, processed food and beverages sectors. It also highlights the vulnerability of the beef, sheep meat, poultry meat, sugar and rice sectors. |
| Keywords: | Trade, EU, general equilibrium model, partial equilibrium model |
| JEL: | C68 F11 Q17 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135540&r= |
| By: | Asuamah Yeboah, Samuel |
| Abstract: | The systematic review delves into the multifaceted impacts of climate change on food security across Africa, analysing variations across regions and socio-economic contexts. It identifies threats such as altered precipitation patterns, temperature rises, and intensified extreme weather events, each affecting different regions differently. Socio-economic factors, including resource access and infrastructure, shape vulnerability to climate-induced food insecurity. By synthesising existing literature, the review aims to provide insights into the intricate interplay between climate change and food security in Africa, informing targeted interventions and policies to bolster resilience and foster sustainable food systems. The study's originality lies in its comprehensive synthesis of diverse literature, consolidating evidence from academic databases and grey literature sources to offer fresh insights and guide future research and policy initiatives in the realm of climate change adaptation and food security in Africa. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Food security, Africa, Regional variations, Socio-economic contexts, Adaptation strategies, Vulnerability, Resilience |
| JEL: | I32 O55 Q18 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–03–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120918&r= |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Benimana, Gilberthe; Spielman, David J.; Warner, James |
| Abstract: | Optimal agricultural mechanization strategies in Rwanda can be better informed by a closer assessment of diverse production environments and experiences in other countries with similar topography. The findings from Rwanda’s latest agricultural surveys, review of recent experiences in countries with rugged terrain and smallholder farming systems similar to Rwanda and reviewing mechanization support strategies from other countries suggest that identifying mechanization technologies suitable for different types of farms, promoting greater private-sector innovations while focusing on the relevant public goods aspect of mechanization is the most promising way forward. Key findings include the following: • Variations in agroecology and cropping systems, irrigated/rainfed systems, farm size, and labor use intensity, among other factors, characterize the key types of mechanization use in Rwanda. • In the medium term, smallholders cultivating rainfed maize and legumes, in addition to irrigated rice, can benefit from the use of tractors, as well as irrigation pumps. • However, farm wages may still be too low and tractor-hiring fees may still be too high in Rwanda to induce a shift to mechanization in the short term. • Policy support for mechanization can focus on improving the understanding of mechanization needs among each type of farmers identified, knowledge of suitable machines, and required skills for their operations and maintenance. • Developing competitive markets and supply networks for promising machines, parts, and repair services at a viable and integrated market scale is also important. |
| Keywords: | agricultural mechanization; smallholders; farmer systems; agroecology; maize; rice; legumes; irrigation; remuneration; markets; Eastern Africa; Rwanda |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:rssppn:9x&r= |
| By: | Benimana, Gilberthe; Warner, James; Mugabo, Serge |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the broad spectrum of commercial engagement by Rwandan farmers by grouping farmers according to characteristics of the head of household, the degree of commercialization of their farms, size of livestock holdings and other factors. We use statistical methodologies, including factor and cluster analysis, combined with existing knowledge of the agricultural sector to define five types of Rwandan farmers, separated into two broad groups. The first group (Group A) includes three types broadly classified as less wealthy, less commercialized, with a net negative gross margin. Within this group the three types of farmers include: Type 1—Less commercialized older male headed households with larger families, Type 2—Better educated, youth headed households, who are more market oriented but have smaller land holdings, Type 3—Older female headed households who produce relatively lower agricultural production value relative to their assets owned. The second group (Group B) comprises two types of farmers. This group are wealthier, sell more crops with positive gross margins and larger landholdings. More specifically, farm type 4 is commercialized with higher access to agricultural extension services and inputs and farm type 5, also highly commercialized, but has significant livestock holdings as well. Taken together, these two groups, and five farm types, provide a framework to aid in understanding how commercialization takes place in smallholder Rwandan agriculture. This framework may also help in understanding how potential interventions would be received by various types of Rwanda farmers, thereby facilitating more efficient targeting of agricultural interventions. |
| Keywords: | commercialization; farmers; livestock; farm size; agricultural production; agricultural extension systems; typology; Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Rwanda |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:rsspwp:10&r= |
| By: | Wear, David N. (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Wood products markets influence returns to forest land uses, and policies targeting these markets could influence land use outcomes, with important implications for timber scarcity, as well as conservation outcomes from watershed protection to carbon sequestration. In this paper, I model interactions between wood product demands, timber prices, and land use switching in the US South between 1982 and 2012 and show that the amount and volatility of financial returns to forests and agriculture influenced both afforestation and deforestation decisions. I then simulate the effects of demand expansion and forest policies on afforestation, deforestation, and net change in forest land area using counterfactual scenarios applied to 2007–12. One scenario estimates the effects of economic growth using the Great Recession as a natural experiment. Other scenarios examine policy approaches that (1) encourage additional wood use in construction, (2) subsidize tree planting, and (3) change agricultural returns. The economic growth (recession counterfactual) scenario results in little net change in forest area—increased afforestation driven by higher timber prices is offset by deforestation from increased demand for urban land uses. In contrast, policies that increase timber demands without increasing demands for urban land (e.g., using more wood in the built environment) are twice as effective as tree-planting subsidies at encouraging afforestation and expanding forest land uses. Agricultural returns more strongly affect deforestation decisions (forest-to-agriculture switching) than afforestation decisions (agriculture-to-forest switching) and have a very small impact on forest area. Results highlight how any policy that increases returns to forest uses, such as through carbon offset markets, could increase forest area in this region and others. |
| Date: | 2024–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-24-07&r= |
| By: | Kulshreshtha, Shobhit |
| Abstract: | In this study, I delve into the factors shaping the adoption of new farming practices among Indian farmers, with a particular focus on the role of information access and its diverse sources. Leveraging nationally representative data on rural households from the National Sample Survey Office, Government of India for the year 2019, I employ logistic regression to gauge the likelihood of farmers adopting new agricultural techniques based on the information they receive from various channels. Additionally, I undertake spatial linear regression analysis to unravel the dynamics of information spillovers pertaining to new farming practices across districts. The results highlight the significance of the information source in driving adoption decisions, with progressive farmers and input dealers emerging as influential sources. Moreover, the spatial analysis provides compelling evidence of information diffusion across district boundaries, highlighting the varying efficacy of different information channels. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers aiming to craft targeted interventions aimed at shaping farmers' decision-making processes regarding the adoption of innovative farming practices. |
| Keywords: | Farming Practices, Information Access, Technology Adoption, Spatial Spillovers |
| JEL: | Q15 Q16 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1435&r= |
| By: | Warner, James; Benimana, Gilberthe; Mugabo, Serge; Ingabire, Chantal |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we explore the current levels and participation of crop commercialization by Rwandan smallholder farmers. Our basic unit of analysis is total crop sales divided by the total value of crop production, either at the household or specific crop level. Overall, our findings suggest that approximately 80 percent of farmers participate in crop market sales and sell an average of 33 percent of their total production. However, there is a wide variety of percentage sales by crop and, in general, higher-valued crops are sold by more commercialized farm households. We also find that value of crop production per hectare rises with greater commercialization, suggesting that developing greater market commercialization, particularly with more valuable crops, may increase household incomes and aid in the economic transformation. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; income; surpluses; food crops; cash crops; food security; markets; commercialization; Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Rwanda |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:rsspwp:11&r= |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Benimana, Gilberthe; Spielman, David J.; Warner, James |
| Abstract: | This paper summarizes general demand- and supply-side issues for agricultural mechanization based on recent studies that focus on experiences and evidence from both Africa and Asia. The paper pro vides typologies of agricultural mechanization in Rwanda along with policy options within the context of its current mechanization support strategies. Provincial variations in agroecology and cropping systems, irrigated/rainfed systems, farm size, and labor use intensity, among other factors, characterize the key types of mechanization use in Rwanda. Support for mechanization in Rwanda can be broadly tailored to (a) irrigated medium-scale farmers in the Eastern province and Kigali; (b) rainfed medium-scale farmers in the Eastern and Southern provinces; (c) rainfed, small-scale highland farmers in the Northern province; and (d) irrigated small-scale farmers in the Western province. Recent experiences in other countries with rugged terrain and smallholder farming systems similar to Rwanda suggest that significant growth in the use of tractors is possible in the medium term among smallholders cultivating rainfed maize and legumes, in addition to irrigated rice. However, farm wages may still be too low in Rwanda and tractor-hiring fees may still be too high to induce a shift to mechanization in the short term. Therefore, it may be advisable for policy support for mechanization to focus on improving the understanding of mechanization needs among each type of farmers identified, knowledge of suitable machines, and required skills for their operations and maintenance. Such efforts should also balance the need to develop competitive markets and supply networks for promising machines, parts, and repair services at a viable and integrated market scale. |
| Keywords: | supply balance; agricultural mechanization; irrigation; farm size; smallholders; tractors; income; Africa; Rwanda |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:rsspwp:9&r= |
| By: | Pardey, Philip G.; Alston, Julian M. |
| Abstract: | Has the golden age of U.S. agricultural productivity growth ended? We analyze the detailed patterns of productivity growth spanning a century of profound changes in American agriculture. We document a substantial slowing of U.S. farm productivity growth, following a late mid-century surge—20 years after the surge and slowdown in U.S. industrial productivity growth. We posit and empirically probe three related explanations for this farm productivity surge-slowdown: the time path of agricultural R&D-driven knowledge stocks; a big wave of technological progress associated with great clusters of inventions; and dynamic aspects of the structural transformation of agriculture, largely completed by 1980. |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2024–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umaesp:342428&r= |
| By: | Angelos Alamanos; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | Europe is a diverse mix of land cover types, that has experienced significant changes over the past decades. For large scale assessments, it is crucial to understand, capture or even quantify such changes. Measuring and monitoring land cover change is crucial because it directly affects multiple sustainability components, including agricultural management, biodiversity, climate stability, and ecosystem services such as water regulation, soil conservation, and carbon sequestration, to name a few. In this work, publicly available data and open-source software, based on satellite imagery techniques, have been used to estimate key relevant parameters such as land cover change, land productivity, and soil Carbon storage. Next, these parameters are connected to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)15: By synthesizing them spatially, the indicator SDG15.3.1 was estimated, quantifying the extents of land improvement, stability, and degradation across Europe, from 2010-2020. The results indicate that a significant proportion of land changes remain under a stable "land sustainability" according to the SDG15.3.1 metric, while there are variations in the 'improved' state countries. Degradation-state land changes account for a smaller percentage in most countries, indicating the need for targeted interventions to address land degradation and restore productivity. The code and results produced per country are publicly available. |
| Keywords: | Land cover change, Land Productivity, Soil Carbon Storage, SDG15, remote sensing, satellite imagery |
| Date: | 2024–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2410&r= |
| By: | Bowman, Maria; Afi, Maroua; Beenken, Aubree; Boline, Amy; Drewnoski, Mary; Krupek, Fernanda Souza; Parsons, Jay; Redfearn, Daren; Wallander, Steven; Whitt, Christine |
| Abstract: | Cover crops can provide environmental benefits, and their use is increasing across the United States. Cover crops can also be costly to implement. The literature suggests that for livestock operations, grazing or harvesting cover crops for forage can be profitable due to the forage benefit. However, a new analysis of Federal data shows that around 14 percent of cattle operations with cropland grew cover crops in 2017. Certain types of cattle operations are more likely to report cover crop use. Dairy and feedlot operations are more than twice as likely to use cover crops as cattle operations overall (33 percent of dairy and 27 percent of feedlot operations), and many operations with cover crops report grazing them or harvesting them for forage. In 2021, 72 percent of dairy operations and 89 percent of cow-calf operations with cover crops reported harvesting or grazing at least some cover crop acreage, which suggests the forage value of cover crops may be a driver of adoption on those operations. Finally, this report discusses the potential for integrating cover crops and livestock systems in the United States (as well as barriers) and presents several research opportunities that could address knowledge gaps. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Production Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersap:342471&r= |
| By: | Saroj Bhattarai (University of Texas at Austin); Arpita Chatterjee (University of New South Wales); Gautham Udupa (CAFRAL, Reserve Bank of India) |
| Abstract: | Exogenous global commodity price shocks lead to a significant decline over time in Indian household consumption. These negative effects are heterogeneous along the income distribution: households in lower income groups experience more adverse consumption effects following an exogenous rise in food prices, whereas households in the lowest and the two highest income groups are affected similarly following an exogenous rise in oil prices. We investigate how income and relative price changes contribute to generating these heterogeneous effects. Global food price shocks lead to significant negative wage income effects that mirror the pattern of negative consumption effects along the income distribution. Both global oil and food price shocks pass-through to local consumer prices in India and increase the relative prices of fuel and food respectively. Expenditure share of food increases with such a rise in relative prices, which provides unambiguous evidence for nonhomothetic preferences. Using the expenditure share responses together with theory, we show that food, compared to fuel, is a necessary consumption good for all income groups. |
| Keywords: | Global Price shocks; Food prices; Oil prices; Inequality; Household heterogeneity; Household consumption; Necessary good; Non-homotheticity; India |
| JEL: | F41 F62 O11 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:swe:wpaper:2024-03&r= |
| By: | Farris, Jarrad; Morgan, Stephen; Beckman, Jayson |
| Abstract: | Poultry is the second most consumed meat in the world and the most traded livestock commodity by volume. Much of this trade is driven by rising demand in developing country markets; as such, poultry trade is expected to continue to grow over the next decade as incomes increase in these countries. However, poultry trade is among the most heavily protected agricultural sectors in terms of tariffs and tariff rate quotas (TRQs). In addition, many nontariff measures (NTMs) limit or even prohibit poultry trade. This report combines data on World Trade Organization (WTO) poultry NTM notifications with domestic and international poultry trade flows to estimate whether and to what extent different types of NTMs affect the value of poultry trade. The results suggest that, on average, nondiscriminatory poultry NTM initiations notified to the WTO have a small positive effect on the value of international poultry trade compared to domestic poultry trade. In aggregate, this finding suggests that the trade facilitation effect dominates, but this may not be the case for any individual NTM or country pair. This study also finds that the effects of WTO notifications appear to vary by importer region. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Development, International Relations/Trade, Livestock Production/Industries, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:342470&r= |
| By: | Xavier Leflaive |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the current status of water availability, water demand, and influences from climate change in the European Union. It provides an overview of economic policy instruments to address water scarcity and manage water demand. Additionally, the paper explores policy options and considerations for addressing water scarcity and meeting Water Framework Directive (WFD) objectives. These considerations include balancing demand management and supply augmentation, managing water scarcity through robust allocation regimes, and increasing the use of agro-environmental measures and practices. The paper also discusses the principles and features of effective allocation regimes, drivers and incentives for allocation reforms, the hierarchy and sequencing of water use, abstraction charges, ensuring return flows and ecological flows, and improving the coherence of WFD measures and climate change policies. This is the third in a sub-set of four working papers within the Environment Working Paper series destined to support the further implementation of the economic pillar of the Water Framework Directive. The four papers are best read in combination and provide lessons which are relevant beyond the European Union. |
| Keywords: | abstraction charges, drought, ecological flows, environmental flows, water allocation, water demand, Water Framework Directive, water scarcity |
| JEL: | H23 H54 H76 O21 Q21 Q25 Q28 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:239-en&r= |
| By: | Ver Ploeg, Michele; Scharadin, Benjamin; Miller, Lauren; Gonzalez, Jeffrey; Odom, Rodney |
| Abstract: | Utilizing the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS) in conjunction with Circana’s OmniMarket Core Outlets and USDA’s Purchase to Plate Suite (PP-Suite), the authors calculated a household-level Food Retail Environment Healthfulness Quality (FREHQ) measure. The measure approximates a household’s exposure to a healthy food retail space, weighting each store within a 20-mile radius of a household by its distance from the household. This process is used to calculate the FREHQ measure for FoodAPS respondents. The FREHQ measure allows for greater household heterogeneity and more nuanced analyses of the influence of the food retail environment on household food spending, food security, and other diet-related health conditions. This FREHQ can be used in conjunction with the rich granularity provided by the 2012–13 FoodAPS data but is also intended to be calculated with updated data and used in conjunction with future FoodAPS data. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uerstb:342466&r= |
| By: | Haufe, Luise |
| Abstract: | Peri-urbanisation has been conceptualised during the recent years. In this research work, peri-urbanisation is viewed through the lens of water body conversion from rural to eventually urban use. Underlying power relations and networks are examined, using an assemblage thinking approach combined with the framework of Situated (Urban) Political Ecology on a case study in peri-urban Chennai, Tamil Nadu, South India. Chennai experiences rapid expansion and its peri-urban zone tells numerous stories of transformation. The underlying rural landscape was defined by the eri (or tank) system and has evolved as a cultural landscape within the past centuries. An eri (Tamil: lake, reservoir) is a semi-natural water body, which catches water during monsoon to retain and release it during the dry season. With the help of eris, agriculture was enabled throughout the year by creating a balance between wet and dry seasons. Eris are connected to each other and form a system of water bodies, which increases the efficiency of water retention as the capacities of the entire system can be utilised through spillover from one eri to another. Within the current context of urbanisation however, eris have to change their meaning to fit into the new setting. This research is focussed on how eris in peri-urban Chennai are being transformed from rural irrigation reservoirs to urban water bodies - a transformation with very diverse outcomes, ranging from modern drinking water reservoirs to decaying water bodies used as landfills. Moreover, the eri defines its surroundings in the traditional cultural landscape, by creating two types of land: irrigated farmland under individual ownership and common land. Peri-urbanisation of eris usually includes their disconnection from their immediate surroundings on the physical, social and administrative level. The characteristics of the two traditional land types and their connection to the eri shape the peri-urbanisation process in regard to legal security, pace of change, land value, environmental and social impact. This results in urban areas of different characteristics, which are based on their former rural land type. The eri as defining landscape feature can therefore be seen as peri-urban development nucleus. Hence, the term "urban eri" is established to define a water body, which has undergone disconnection from its earlier rural surroundings to be reintegrated into its later urban context, thus (re)shaping access mechanisms and the future urban form. |
| Date: | 2024–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:pgkn5&r= |
| By: | Gerken, Laura |
| Abstract: | The right to land is increasingly recognized in transnational governance. In this paper, I argue that it has been established as a transnational norm. This argument is presented by tracing the transnational governance of land over time. I identified four phases that land governance progressed through. Initially, the issue of land was only indirectly included, while later on rights and regulations dealing specifically with land emerged, until the right to land finally became an established norm. It recognizes the crucial role of land for rural lives and livelihoods, grants individuals and communities a right to the land they are using, and protects them from dispossession. With the examples of the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests (FAO 2012) and the Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas (UNGA 2018), I trace the role of social movements in the creation processes of both regulations. I argue that the growing market of land on a large scale in the mid-2000s led to the necessity of its regulation as a double movement. Due to the accompanying salience, social movements took political opportunities, to struggle for the recognition of a right to land. Because of past efforts of those movements, they provided expertise in this context. By closely connecting their claims to already established norms, the movements increased the likelihood of adopting the transnational right to land norm. |
| Keywords: | Norm Emergence, Large-Scale Land Acquisitions, Social Movements, Transnational Governance, Land Rig |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:khkgcr:294846&r= |
| By: | NECHIFOR Victor (European Commission - JRC); FERRARI Emanuele (European Commission - JRC); NDONG NTAH Marcellin; NANDELENGA Martin; YALEW Amsalu Woldie |
| Abstract: | The Kenyan economy was significantly affected by the global supply chain disruptions stemming from the Russian invasion. The macroeconomic impacts were largely driven by global fertilizer and fossil fuel price increases. Rural households were nevertheless affected by raising food prices, notably those of vegetable oils. Kenyan Government intervention through fossil fuel subsidies contributed to an ease of the cost of living crisis by reducing prices, but came at a considerable fiscal cost. Fertilizer subsidies proved to enhance food security by boosting agricultural output with positive fiscal secondary effects. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc136628&r= |
| By: | Ekonomou, George; Halkos, George |
| Abstract: | Climate change and environmental degradation constitute challenging and demanding issues that need mitigation and adaptation strategies and plans, as well as scientific research to test the causality between economic growth and pollution levels. From this viewpoint, the present theoretical approach defines the concept of circular economy in the high-leverage economic sector, which is the agribusiness sector. A circular economy approach can help agribusiness develop its potential in terms of quality and sustainability without losing its economic orientation and perspective. The circular economy assists in becoming competitive, producing eco-friendly products, minimizing materials used and wastes, and protecting the good ecological status of natural resources, such as land and water resources. Management approaches such as the project management methodology and the construction of a circular business model canvas will provide a solid bedrock on which the circular economy projects within the business will create tangible and sustainable results in a sustainable manner. Furthermore, the concept of environmental benchmarking is a valuable tool for comparing the business's environmental performance with those considered leaders or bets in class in the field. |
| Keywords: | Environmental degradation; circular economy; agribusiness sector; sustainability. |
| JEL: | Q10 Q13 Q18 Q50 Q53 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120929&r= |
| By: | Shilpa Aggarwal; Jenny C. Aker; Dahyeon Jeong; Naresh Kumar; David Sungho Park; Jonathan Robinson; Alan Spearot |
| Abstract: | While cash transfers will tautologically increase contemporaneous consumption, it is unclear whether these gains will persist, especially in rural agricultural settings with limited productive investment opportunities. Using bi-monthly survey data from recipients of a large, unconditional cash transfer in Liberia and Malawi, we document sustained food security improvements until 1.5-2 years after disbursement, driven by increased farm investments and production. We additionally document reductions in casual off-farm labor, increases in psychological well-being and, in Liberia, a decline in IPV. We find similar increases in harvest output across different transfer sizes. Those receiving larger transfers spend more on housing and durables. |
| JEL: | I30 O12 O13 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32431&r= |
| By: | Zelingher, Rotem |
| Abstract: | The Gaza Strip (GS) is facing a severe food crisis, with a significant portion of the population facing famine conditions, which has aggravated during the ongoing Israel-Hamas war. However, the region's food security challenges are not new, but rather rooted in historical, political, and socioeconomic factors that have shaped the GS's vulnerability and resilience. In this article, we examine the complex causes and consequences of chronic food insecurity in the Palestinian territories, while comparing both regions: the West Bank (WB) and GS. The article draws upon recent reports by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), as well as other sources. We also discuss the urgency of action and the potential long-term solutions to address the food security crisis, focusing on the role of the Gazan government and the international community. We argue that global efforts should aim to encourage the Gazan government to invest in social equity, prioritising food security, health, and other vital aspects, while also supporting humanitarian relief and peace-building initiatives. |
| Date: | 2024–04–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:7w6fz&r= |
| By: | Kulvik, Martti; Berg-Andersson, Birgitta; Nippala, Veera; Kiema, Ilkka |
| Abstract: | Abstract In this report, we present the current state of the Finnish food industry through statistics and propose perspectives on the future of the sector. We observe that although the wage level in the industry in Finland is relatively high compared internationally, productivity is also at a good level, resulting in good cost competitiveness. Finnish food industry is very domestically focused compared to other industries and benchmark countries. Despite lagging behind in profitability and research and development investments compared to other industries, internationally, the Finnish food industry performs excellently. The level of processing in Finnish food industry even surpasses that of benchmark countries. Interesting questions affecting the future of the food industry include changes in consumption habits, sustainability, climate change, geopolitical crises, obesity prevention, and general economic development. This overview is part of the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health’s TYÖ2030 program, which encourages dialogue among stakeholders and industry representatives regarding the future of work in various sectors in Finland. |
| Keywords: | Food industry, Food export, Food production, Competitiveness, Industry review, Future work |
| JEL: | L6 L66 |
| Date: | 2024–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:report:149&r= |
| By: | Corey J A Bradshaw (Flinders University [Adelaide, Australia]); Philip E Hulme (Lincoln University [Nouvelle-Zélande]); Emma J Hudgins (McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]); Brian Leung (McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]); Melina Kourantidou (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pierre Courtois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Anna J Turbelin (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Shana M Mcdermott (Trinity University); Katherine Lee (University of Idaho [Moscow, USA]); Danish A Ahmed (GUST - Gulf University for Science and Technology); Guillaume Latombe (University of Vienna [Vienna], Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research - University of Vienna [Vienna], Edin. - University of Edinburgh); Alok Bang (Azim Premji University); Thomas W Bodey (University of Aberdeen); Phillip J Haubrock (Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters [University of South Bohemia] - University of South Bohemia, GUST - Gulf University for Science and Technology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum [Frankfurt] - Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung - Leibniz Association); Frédérik Saltré (Flinders University [Adelaide, Australia]); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | While data on biological invasions and their economic toll are increasingly available, drivers of susceptibility to damage and cost-effectiveness of management in reducing long-term costs remain poorly understood. We used data describing the damage costs of, and management expenditure on, invasive species among 56 nations between 2000 and 2020 reported in the InvaCost database to test the overarching hypothesis that higher-income nations and those with higher trade volume have a higher efficiency to limit the damage incurred by invasive species by spending relatively more on management. We also tested whether nations with (i) more corruption have a reduced capacity to manage invasive species, leading to relatively higher damage costs, (ii) more educated citizens or greater technological and scientific output allow for improved incentives and ability to manage invasive species, thereby reducing relative damage costs, and (iii) economies based on higher primary resource dependencies (e.g., agriculture) are at greater risk of incurring high costs of invasive species, and so all other conditions being equal, have higher relative damage costs compared to management expenditure. By focusing on the ratio between damage costs and management expenditure, we analyse the willingness of countries to invest in management as a function of the extent of the damage suffered. We show that economic activity, measured by the volume of trade, is the main determinant of this ratio — the greater the volume, the smaller the ratio. We also found a higher rate of increase in the damage:management ratio as a country's proportion of total land area devoted to agriculture increased, suggesting that a higher economic dependency on agriculture predisposes a country to greater damage costs from invasive species over time. When considering the proportion of total costs identified as damage-related, results indicated that higher government investment in education produced higher proportional damage, and lower corruption and lower trade volume both reduced proportional damage. Our overall results suggest that wealthier nations with high per-capita imports of goods and services are more susceptible to damage, but also have a greater capacity to reduce it, and are therefore less threatened by biological invasions than countries with fewer resources and lower imports. |
| Keywords: | Management capacity, Invasion science, Primary production, Inva Cost, Damage susceptibility, International trade, Cost effectiveness |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04554467&r= |
| By: | Martin, Will; Mamun, Abdullah; Minot, Nicholas |
| Abstract: | Food trade barriers in many countries are systematically adjusted to insulate domestic markets from world price changes—a response not predicted by traditional political economy models. In this study, policymakers are assumed to minimize the political costs associated with changing domestic prices and deviating from longer-run political-economy equilibria. Error correction techniques applied to domestic and world price data for rice and wheat collected to measure trade policy distortions allow estimation of policy response parameters. The results suggest that systematic short-run price insulation reduces shocks to domestic prices but sharply increases world price volatility and the costs of trade distortions. However, idiosyncratic domestic price shocks resulting from inefficient policy instruments such as quantitative restrictions increase domestic price volatility relative to the magnified volatility of world prices—frequently outweighing the stabilizing impacts of price insulation. This fundamentally changes our understanding of the impacts of price-insulation—from a zero-sum game where some countries reduce the volatility of their prices using beggar-thy-neighbor policies that raise price volatility elsewhere, into one where price volatility rises in most countries. National policy reforms to move away from discretionary, destabilizing policies could lower costs, reduce volatility in domestic and world prices, and facilitate reform of international trade rules. |
| Keywords: | food prices; volatility; consumer economics; trade policies; behaviour; econometric models |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2253&r= |
| By: | Minot, Nicholas; Hossain, Shahadat; Kabir, Razin; Dorosh, Paul A.; Rashid, Shahidur |
| Abstract: | Rice plays a central role in the diet in Bangladesh and as a source of income for farmers. Although Bangladesh has largely liberalized international trade in rice, it maintains a public food distribution system to stablize prices, distributing an average of 2 million tons of rice per year at a cost of almost US$ 800 million per year. This study explores whether alternative policies could achieve similar stabilization at a lower cost. It uses a stochastic spatial-equilibrium model of rice markets to simulate monthly prices in eight regions of the country. Stochastic shocks are used to simulate fluctuations in regional production, replicating historical patterns at the region-season level, as well as inter-regional correlation in production shocks. It also simulates fluctuation in world rice prices, mimicking the mean, variance, and serial correlation of historical wholesale prices of rice in Delhi. Public procurement and distribution follow historic averages by month and region. Private storage is represented by a simplified version of rational expectations models, in which net storage is a non-linear function of availability in the previous month. One set of simulations tests alternative levels of distribution, finding that cutting distribution to 1 million tons would have minimal effects on the level of rice price stability. Another set of simulations tested different import tariff levels, including the baseline rate of 25%1. We find that lower tariffs result in both lower rice prices and less price instability, as world rice prices tend to be more stable than local prices. Simulating a buffer stock with different price bands shows that a narrow band can achieve high price stability but at a high fiscal cost. A 20 T/kg (USD 0.26/kg) price band generates similar price stabilization at a lower cost compared to current policy. However, it is difficult to set the “right†purchase and sale price, and many simulations result in exhausting reserves or reaching warehouse capacity. An adaptive buffer stock, in which the price is adjusted as the stock runs too low or too high, solves some of these problems. In general, the study finds that current procurement and distribution patterns do not match well with the regional and monthly patterns of surplus and deficit, possibly reflecting multiple and conflicting goals of the public food distribution system. |
| Keywords: | equilibrium; price stabilization; stochastic models; rice; tariffs, Asia; Southern Asia; Bangladesh |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2252&r= |
| By: | Toke S. Aidt; Facundo Albornoz; Esther Hauk |
| Abstract: | This article explores the complex interplay between deforestation policies and foreign influence, using a game theoretical model to analyze geopolitical factors influencing forest conservation decisions in countries with significant rainforests. The model highlights the conflicting interests of foreign powers – one aiming for economic benefits from agriculture and the other advocating for forest preservation due to environmental services. The paper demonstrates how domestic political dynamics and economic shocks influence the regulatory decisions on deforestation. This understanding is crucial for formulating strategies that balance developmental needs and global environmental concerns. |
| Keywords: | foreign influence, geopolitics, deforestation, food security, Brazil, China, rainforest |
| JEL: | D72 D74 O13 Q23 P33 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1441&r= |
| By: | Winikoff, Justin B.; Maguire, Karen |
| Abstract: | A significant portion of energy production in the United States takes place on farmland, which can have substantial economic implications for the farmers who host such developments. This report analyzes energy payments made to farmers for the production of oil, natural gas, and wind energy on their land. The authors used 10 years of data (2011–20) from the USDA’s Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) in their analysis. Results show that 3.5 percent of farm operations received energy payments and that the average annual payment to the operators was more than $30, 000 (in 2020 dollars), contributing substantially to farm household income and exceeding government payments to these operations. Energy payments were more common in counties producing oil and natural gas than in those with wind energy development. Larger farms were significantly more likely to receive energy payments and received higher payments on average. Further, Hispanic producers and those with less education were significantly less likely to receive energy payments. Although the average energy payment varied by ethnicity and education status, this report did not find a statistically significant difference after accounting for farm location and size. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:342468&r= |
| By: | Noland, Marcus |
| Abstract: | Over the past several years, North Korea has adopted legal changes that are increasing the centrality of the Workers Party of Korea and the state in agricultural production, distribution, and consumption. This development changes the basic nature of food insecurity in North Korea from one in which access to food is determined by the ability to purchase it in the market to one in which access to food is determined by political status. This development is of potential policy relevance: Although current conditions do not appear to be severe, if and when North Korea experiences another food crisis, foreign partners are likely to encounter a state-dominated model resembling the system that existed in the early 1990s at the onset of the famine and with it the attendant problems that humanitarian-relief agencies confronted at that time. |
| Keywords: | famine; food security; food prices; North Korea; entitlement |
| JEL: | P3 P32 P36 Q1 |
| Date: | 2024–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120950&r= |
| By: | Will Davis; Jose O. Xilau; Rusty Tchernis; Christian A. Gregory |
| Abstract: | We propose a novel Bayesian Graded Response Model (BGRM) for food security measurement. Our BGRM has several attractive features. It produces continuous food security estimates and measures of estimation uncertainty at the household level. Unlike the USDA’s official measurement model, the BGRM can be used with binary and polytomous items. We further modify our BGRM to include any combination of binary, ordered polytomous, and continuous variables. With data from the 2017-18 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we estimate our BGRM for responses to the 10 adult core Food Security Module (FSM) questions. We find substantial uncertainty in household-level estimates, emphasizing the inherent uncertainty of latent trait estimation. We observe overlap in BGRM estimates across USDA-defined food security categories and significant variation within categories. We estimate our model using Current Population Survey (CPS) data as a robustness check. CPS results are qualitatively similar to those from the NHANES, highlighting possible implications for national USDA food security estimates. We explore the BGRM’s ability to explain variations in health outcomes associated with food security and compare results to those produced using standard USDA category definitions. Finally, we demonstrate the BGRM’s flexibility by incorporating an additional continuous variable, the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), into the model, capturing nutrition quality and food security information in a novel latent construct. The adaptability of our BGRM positions it as a versatile tool for measuring food security and other latent traits requiring a diverse range of variable types like nutrition security. |
| JEL: | C11 I14 I32 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32460&r= |
| By: | von Braun, Joachim; Beyene Chichaibelu, Bezawit; Laborde, David; Torero Cullen, Maximo |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2024–06–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:343159&r= |
| By: | ANTONIOLI Federico (European Commission - JRC); CIAIAN Pavel (European Commission - JRC); BALDONI Edoardo (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Relying on the EU FADN dataset for the period 2004-2020, the reports quantitatively estimates the impact of Geographical Indications (GIs) on the economic, environmental and social performances of GI vineyard farms. The empirical analyses employed the combined matching and difference-in-differences estimation technique, which allows several important sources of bias to be addressed, such as self-selection bias, time-invariant and time-variant systematic differences across farms and functional form misspecification. The estimated results suggest that GIs improve economic performance of vineyard farms. GIs also have some positive impact on social dimension by stimulating higher farm wages, while have statistically insignificant impact on farm employment. In contrast, GIs are found to have rather small impact on environmental performance of farms potentially leading to some reduction of energy use, while having no impact on plant protection use of vineyard farms. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135467&r= |
| By: | Paula Bustos; Juanma Castro-Vincenzi; Joan Monràs; Jacopo Ponticelli |
| Keywords: | agricultural productivity, skill-biased technical change, productivity, labor mobility, genetically engineered soy, Brazil |
| JEL: | F16 J43 O13 O14 O33 O41 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upf:upfgen:1888&r= |
| By: | Ariel Ortiz-Bobea; Robert G. Chambers; Yurou He; David B. Lobell |
| Abstract: | Increasing agricultural productivity is a gradual process with significant time lags between research and development (R&D) investment and the resulting gains. We estimate the response of US agricultural Total Factor Productivity (TFP) to both R&D investment and weather, and quantify the public R&D spending required to offset the emerging impacts of climate change. We find that offsetting the climate-induced productivity slowdown by 2050 alone requires a sustained public R&D spending growth of 5.2-7.8% per year over 2021-2050. This amounts to an additional $208-$434B investment over this period. These are substantial requirements comparable to the public R&D spending growth that followed the two World Wars. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2405.08159&r= |
| By: | Jacob Michels (UNL); Yacob Abrehe Zereyesus (USDA ERS); John Beghin (UNL and Iowa State University) |
| Abstract: | We compute corrections for sedentary behavior in physical activity levels (PALs) and incorporate them along with corrections for over estimation of basal metabolic rates (BMRs) into threshold caloric intakes, known as Minimum Dietary Energy Requirements (MDERs). Using these modified MDERs, we compute new estimates of food insecure populations using USDA-ERS International Food Security Assessment (IFSA) model for the 83 countries covered by IFSA for 2023. We compute moderate upward biases in the FAO’s MDERs due to sedentarism of 3.52% or 57.49 kcal a day, leading to an average of 1720 caloric MDER, which translate to reductions in the estimate of food insecure population of 71.3 million in the 83 IFSA countries. With both BMR and PAL corrections, the MDER falls to 1638 kcal on average and the food insecure population estimate falls by 173.6 million. Relative to USDA-ERS’ 2100-calorie threshold estimating 1.056 billion food-insecure, the 1638 kcal per capita per day accounting for BMR and PAL corrections would result in 711.7 million reductions. Robustness checks using a lognormal distribution approach with FAO data confirm similar large responses of food insecure population estimates to the MDER corrections for the same countries. Beyond the correction for systematic upward bias, estimating more precise MDERs will lead to more precise food insecure estimates. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2024–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nbaesp:342426&r= |
| By: | Christoph Albert; Paula Bustos; Jacopo Ponticelli |
| Abstract: | Climate change is expected to reduce agricultural productivity in developing countries. Classic international trade and geography models predict that the optimal adaptation response is a reallocation of capital and labor from agriculture towards sectors and regions gaining comparative advantage. In this paper, we provide evidence on the effects of recent changes in climate in Brazil to understand to what extent factor market frictions constrain this reallocation process. We document that persistent increases in dryness do not generate capital reallocation but a sharp reduction in credit to all sectors in both drying areas and financially integrated regions. In additionn, dryness generates a large reduction in agricultural employment. Workers staying in drying regions reallocate towards manufacturing but climate migrants are allocated to small firms outside of manufacturing in destination regions. The evidence suggests that frictions in the interbank market and spatial labor market frictions constrain the reallocation process from agriculture to manufacturing. |
| Keywords: | droughts, SPEI, Brazil, migration, financial integration |
| JEL: | O1 Q54 O16 J61 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upf:upfgen:1887&r= |
| By: | Klaus Abbink (Monash University); Gaurav Datt (Monash University); Lata Gangadharan (Monash University); Digvijay Negi (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research); Bharat Ramaswami (Ashoka University) |
| Abstract: | Are in-kind transfers associated with deadweight losses? To answer this question, we conducted an incentivized field experiment in India and offered low-income respondents the choice between a free quantity of rice and varying amounts of cash to elicit their willingness to pay for rice. Contrary to expectation, we find evidence of deadweight gain on average, though with a striking contrast between a deadweight loss among women from female-headed households and a deadweight gain among women from male-headed households. After investigating alternative mechanisms, our results highlight that greater bargaining power of women within households increases the propensity to choose cash over rice. |
| Keywords: | cash transfer; deadweight loss; field experiment; food subsidy; in-kind transfer |
| Date: | 2024–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:110&r= |
| By: | Sutirtha Bandyopadhyay (Indian Institute of Management, Indore); Pranabes Dutta (The City University of New York); Naveen Hari (Texas A& M University); Bipasha Maity (Ashoka University) |
| Abstract: | We study the causal impact of legislator gender on forest cover growth in India. Exploiting quasi-random variation in close mixed gender electoral races in a regression discontinuity framework, we find that assembly constituencies where a female politician won witnessed an increase in subsequent annual forest cover growth by 6%. However, this result is limited to constituencies that are reserved for historically marginalized communities. Our findings underscore the role of legislator identity in influencing environmental conservation and thereby achieving sustainable development in India. |
| Keywords: | close elections; female legislators; forest; India; regression discontinuity |
| Date: | 2023–09–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:104&r= |
| By: | Sweitzer, Megan; Byrne, Anne T.; Page, Elina T.; Carlson, Andrea; Kantor, Linda; Muth, Mary K.; Karns, Shawn; Zhen, Chen |
| Abstract: | The Food-at-Home Monthly Area Prices (F-MAP) data product provides detailed food price data to support a broad range of food economics research, supplementing existing public food price data. The data product contains monthly mean unit values and 6 price index measures for 90 food-at-home categories across 10 major metropolitan areas and 4 census regions. This report introduces the USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS) Food Purchase Groups (EFPGs) food classification system and describes the methods used to construct the F-MAP data product using weighted retail scanner data from 2016 to 2018. The F-MAP data product is modeled after the Quarterly Food-at-Home Price Database (QFAHPD) previously published by USDA, ERS to report 1999–2010 food-at-home prices. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uerstb:342467&r= |
| By: | Bård Harstad |
| Abstract: | There are often conflicts between proponents of trade and environmental activists. This paper shows, however, how trade agreements can be designed so as to motivate environmental conservation. I first analyze a standard trade model, where resource exploitation (e.g., deforestation) is a trade-specific investment that causes environmental damage. In this model, traditional trade agreements will cause more exploitation. Next, I investigate the extent to which conservation can be motivated by a contingent trade agreement (CTA), where default tariffs can vary with changes in the resource stock (e.g., the forest cover). The model permits many products, countries, and collaborators. A numerical example suggests that growth and liberalization can cause Brazil's agricultural area to expand by 27%, but this expansion can be avoided if the EU and the US offer a CTA. |
| JEL: | F13 F18 F55 Q37 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32392&r= |
| By: | Delia Sanchez Trancon; Xavier Leflaive |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the challenges and policy imperatives involved in implementing the Polluter Pays principle (PPP) in the context of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). It presents the state of play of the Polluter Pays principle in EU Member States. It also analyses the coherence with other policies in EU Member States, such as agriculture, land planning and industry. Furthermore, it examines the practical limitations of the Polluter Pays principle in relation to diffuse and legacy pollution. Finally, it questions how the principle fits into the Green Deal and future water-related challenges in the EU. This is the second in a sub-set of four working papers within the Environment Working Paper series destined to support the further implementation of the economic pillar of the Water Framework Directive. The four papers are best read in combination and provide lessons which are relevant beyond the European Union. |
| Keywords: | diffuse pollution, legacy pollution, polluter pays principle, pollution, water |
| JEL: | H23 H54 H76 O21 Q21 Q25 Q28 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:238-en&r= |
| By: | Intan Hamdan-Livramento; Gregory D. Graff; Alica Daly |
| Abstract: | This paper illustrates successful policies and incentives that build on local innovation capabilities across three agricultural innovation hubs at different income levels and across different geographical regions. It makes the case for how countries highly complex innovation ecosystems, which refer to the diversity and sophistication of local innovators and the types of innovation they produce, tend to have more opportunities to shift their technological path to the frontier. The paper focuses on three agricultural hubs across different income levels and geography to illustrate how smart policies that focus on building local capabilities can help countries diversify and create their own agricultural technological paths. These hubs include: São Paulo in Brazil, Nairobi in Kenya and Colorado in the United States of America. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, Innovation complexity, Technologies, Intellectual property |
| JEL: | O25 O31 O33 O30 O11 O14 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wip:wpaper:82&r= |
| By: | Amandine Belard; Stefano Farolfi (Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Damien Jourdain; Marc Willinger; Mark Manyanga; And Tarisai Pedzisa |
| Date: | 2023–05–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04562837&r= |
| By: | Christoph Albert; Paula Bustos; Jacopo Ponticelli |
| Abstract: | Climate change is expected to reduce agricultural productivity in developing countries. Classic international trade and geography models predict that the optimal adaptation response is a reallocation of capital and labor from agriculture towards sectors and regions gaining comparative advantage. In this paper, we provide evidence on the effects of recent changes in climate in Brazil to understand to what extent factor market frictions constrain this reallocation process. We document that persistent increases in dryness do not generate capital reallocation but a sharp reduction in credit to all sectors in both drying areas and financially integrated regions. In addition, dryness generates a large reduction in agricultural employment. Workers staying in drying regions reallocate towards manufacturing but climate migrants are allocated to small firms outside of manufacturing in destination regions. The evidence suggests that frictions in the interbank market and spatial labor market frictions constrain the reallocation process from agriculture to manufacturing. |
| Keywords: | droughts, SPEI, Brazil, migration, financial integration |
| JEL: | O1 Q54 O16 J61 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1445&r= |
| By: | Resnick, Danielle |
| Abstract: | Why is there high variability—both across countries and across different food staples—in the adoption and implementation of large-scale food fortification (LSFF)? A systematic diagnostic of the enabling environment for LSFF can identify key bottlenecks and help to calibrate policy interventions appropriately. This paper delineates the components of such a tool by focusing on two core elements of the enabling environment—political will and implementation capacity—and applies the framework to Madagascar. With more than 75 percent of its population living below the poverty line and almost 40 percent of children under five who are stunted, Madagascar faces major hurdles to addressing malnutrition, including weak consumer purchasing power, recurrent political crises, and frequent climate shocks that undermine agricultural productivity. LSFF has been identified in several national nutrition plans as an option for addressing malnutrition. Yet, thus far, only salt has been fortified at a national scale. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 31 knowledgeable stakeholders in Madagascar in the areas of mandatory fortification of salt, voluntary targeted fortification of infant flour, and fortification of foods for humanitarian assistance, the framework reveals several key priorities. First, weak governance overall affects several dimensions of nutrition and fortification policy, including policy momentum, commitment, and communication. Nutrition interventions therefore need to be calibrated to the country’s broader political risks, incentive structures, and capacities of relevant civil servants. To this end, fortification advocates should go beyond drawing on the expertise of nutrition professionals alone and also engage public sector governance experts as partners in fortification efforts. Second, major priorities for investment include a large-scale micronutrient and consumption survey to update information on micronutrient deficiencies and identify viable food vehicles for mass fortification. Third, an accredited laboratory to test micronutrients is sorely needed in the country to help reduce costs faced by companies who currently send their products overseas for testing and who face competition from counterfeit products. Fourth, financial and technical partners must pursue a multi-pronged lobby approach to overcome high government taxes on imported premix. Fifth, the National Food Fortification Alliance, which serves as a multi-stakeholder platform, requires a sustainable financing model to attract committed leadership and ensure consistent coordination activities. These and other lessons hold policy relevance for other low-income and fragile settings where LSFF is being considered as an option to address micronutrient deficiencies. |
| Keywords: | environment; food fortification; implementation; micronutrient deficiencies; governance; fragility; Africa; Southern Africa; Eastern Africa; Madagascar |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2251&r= |
| By: | Clara Turner; Jeff Allen; Karen Chapple; Sarah A. Smith (University of Toronto) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the potential effects of housing development on regional greenhouse gas emissions in Ontario’s Greater Golden Horseshoe. Using models of different development scenarios based on household vehicle kilometres travelled and energy use, we evaluate the impacts of different forms of new housing production on greenhouse gas reduction targets and suggest housing and land use best practices and policy approaches. We model core scenarios of development from 2023 to 2030 that reflect current debates on housing development and land use planning in the region that include Build as Usual (on-going intensification); All-Sprawl (under recent policy changes); and four alternatives: Business as Usual, Moderate, Limited, and No Sprawl. Our findings suggest that aggressive intensification would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 26 percent, with particularly significant and compounding effects to be expected over the long term. We conclude that progressive land use planning and other mechanisms by the provincial, regional, and municipal orders of government that reduce the emissions generated by buildings, preserve open space that provides critical carbon sequestration, and reduce vehicle miles travelled, should be aggressively strengthened to build on progress made under the Province’s Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe. |
| Keywords: | intensification, sprawl, land use planning, climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, Canada, ghg, greater golden horseshoe, ontario |
| JEL: | R52 R58 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mfg:wpaper:67&r= |
| By: | Roland Condor (Métis Lab EM Normandie - EM Normandie - École de Management de Normandie) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this article is to present and discuss an ongoing research programme on local carbon offsetting. It is based on a literature review and a few interviews with local voluntary carbon offsetting actors: farmers, communities, farmer services and experts. The paper first outlines how we moved from international to local carbon offsetting. The research methodology is then presented before the first elements of reflection are presented and discussed. In conclusion we propose a new term for designing local carbon offsetting: short carbon supply chain. This new concept suggests to think about carbon offsetting as a local supply chain dedicated to carbon storage and credits. |
| Keywords: | Carbon offsetting, Short Carbon Supply Chain, Carbon credits |
| Date: | 2023–07–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04552631&r= |
| By: | Drichoutis, Andreas C.; Cerjak, Marija; Kovačić, Damir; Juračak, Josip |
| Abstract: | This study examines consumer preferences for organic and local apples by combining between- and within-subject design characteristics in a second price auction. We first ask subjects to bid for 1 Kg of apples without any information. In subsequent rounds we reveal information about the organic or local attributes of apples and then allow subjects to taste the apples. Results show a significant price premium for the organic attribute (but not for the local attribute) once information is provided while tasting does not further increase elicited willingness-to-pay. We also find that the mixed-subject design results in more accurate willingness-to-pay estimates than when we use information from the between-subjects or within-subjects treatments alone. These results highlight the interplay between different quality attributes in consumer decision making and emphasize the gains that can be achieved by combining between- and within-subjects characteristics in experimental auctions. |
| Keywords: | experimental auctions, second (2nd) price auction, SPA, between-subjects random incentive scheme, BRIS |
| JEL: | C80 C91 D44 |
| Date: | 2024–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120880&r= |
| By: | Adrien Bilal; Diego R. Känzig |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates that the macroeconomic damages from climate change are six times larger than previously thought. We exploit natural variability in global temperature and rely on time-series variation. A 1°C increase in global temperature leads to a 12% decline in world GDP. Global temperature shocks correlate much more strongly with extreme climatic events than the country-level temperature shocks commonly used in the panel literature, explaining why our estimate is substantially larger. We use our reduced-form evidence to estimate structural damage functions in a standard neoclassical growth model. Our results imply a Social Cost of Carbon of $1, 056 per ton of carbon dioxide. A business-as-usual warming scenario leads to a present value welfare loss of 31%. Both are multiple orders of magnitude above previous estimates and imply that unilateral decarbonization policy is cost-effective for large countries such as the United States. |
| JEL: | E01 E23 F18 O44 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32450&r= |
| By: | Samuel Fiifi Eshun (Institute of Economic Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic); Evzen Kocenda (Institute of Economic Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; CESifo, Munich, Germany; IOS, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Banking and Insurance, Faculty of Finance and Accounting; Institute of Information Theory and Automation of the CAS, Prague; the Euro Area Business Cycle Network) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the dynamic relationship between financial inclusion and green sustainability across 38 African countries. We constructed an environmental pollution index and a financial inclusion index covering the period 2000-2021 to account for the several dimensions within both indicators and employed them in the System GMM approach. We also tested for intra-regional heterogeneity in Africa. Our empirical results show that financial inclusion, while economically beneficial, poses a significant risk of environmental degradation and has a distinctive inverted U-shaped relationship. A direct link between increases in financial inclusion and pollution alters at a turning point, beyond which further increments in financial inclusion enhance green sustainability. The same pattern is observed for aggregate output. The results hold even when we control for a score of macro-level determinants. Our findings indicate the existence of an intra-regional heterogeneity in that Southern and Western African states exhibit a more significant negative impact on environmental pollution than Eastern Africa. These results remain robust for alternative proxies of green sustainability. We offer valuable insights for policymakers to promote sustainability through inclusive financial practices and policies in Sub-Saharan Africa. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Pollution Index, Financial Inclusion Index, Green Sustainability, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), System Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) |
| JEL: | C23 E44 F64 K32 O55 Q43 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2024_23&r= |
| By: | Xavier Leflaive; Aude Farnault |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the concept of cost recovery of water services under the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), including the different types of costs and cost-recovery mechanisms. It presents the state of play in the implementation of cost recovery in EU Member States, for financial, environmental and resource costs. It also analyses the political, societal and technical issues affecting cost recovery in EU Member States. Furthermore, it examines emerging options to recover rising costs, including ways to minimise costs and innovative arrangements to supplement existing funding streams. Finally, it questions how fit cost recovery is as a concept for emerging and future water-related challenges in the EU. This is the fourth in a sub-set of four working papers within the Environment Working Paper series destined to support the further implementation of the economic pillar of the Water Framework Directive. The four papers are best read in combination and provide lessons which are relevant beyond the European Union. |
| Keywords: | affordability, charges, cost recovery, equity, financing, pricing, tariffs, water |
| JEL: | H23 H54 H76 O21 Q21 Q25 Q28 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:240-en&r= |
| By: | Huenchuan, Sandra; Del Castillo Negrete, Miguel |
| Abstract: | In this book, those who search for an equitable and sustainable future will find a valuable collection of methodological proposals, case analyses and recommendations for varied aspects of development. This book is an indispensable tool for decision-makers, researchers, development professionals and anyone interested in inequality issues. When diving into its pages, readers will discover a comprehensive approach based on evidence and endorsed by the experience and knowledge of experts. The book addresses topics ranging from poverty and income inequality to social protection, agriculture, energy, innovation, productivity and investment. It pays special attention to inequality gaps to understand them more fully and precisely. The groundbreaking research included in this book springs from the New Narratives for Rural Transformation in Latin America and the Caribbean project implemented by the Mexico City Subregional Headquarters of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) funded this book. |
| Date: | 2024–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:69152&r= |
| By: | Fahr, Stephan; Senner, Richard; Vismara, Andrea |
| Abstract: | While global supply chains have recently gained attention in the context of the Covid-related crisis as well as the war in Ukraine, their role in transmitting and amplifying climate-related physical risks across countries has received surprisingly little attention. To address this shortcoming, this paper for the first time combines country-level GDP losses due to climate-related physical risks with a global Input-Output model. More specifically, climate-related GDP-at-risk data are used to quantify the potential direct impact of physical risks on GDP at the country or regional level. This direct impact on GDP is then used to shock a global Input-Output (IO) model so that the propagation of the initial shock to country-sectors around the world becomes observable. The findings suggest that direct GDP loss estimates can severely underestimate the ultimate impact of physical risk because trade can lead to losses that are up to 30 times higher in the EA than what looking at the direct impacts would suggest. However, trade can also mitigate losses if substitutability across country-sectors is possible. Future research should (i) develop more granular, holistic, and forward-looking global physical risk data and (ii) examine more closely the role of both partially substitutable outputs, and critical outputs that are less substitutable or not substitutable at all, such as in the food sector. JEL Classification: E01, Q54, Q56, F18 |
| Keywords: | climate change, physical risk, supply chains |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20242942&r= |
| By: | Sutirtha Bandyopadhyay (Indian Institute of Management Indore.); Bipasha Maity (Ashoka University) |
| Abstract: | Using a collective household model and a new structural estimation methodology, we estimate the intrahousehold resource shares of individual members in both rural and urban India. Our findings indicate that men’s and children’s per-capita intra-household resource shares are higher in urban compared to rural areas, while the opposite is true for women. Our results suggest that urbanisation, which is a sign of economic development, is associated with lower child poverty; but significantly higher gender gap in access to consumption within the household for adults. We explore two potential channels that explain our findings. Firstly, urban locations are dominated by upper-caste households, and we find that the gender resource share gap worsens as one moves higher up the caste hierarchy. Secondly, we found that the most favorable intra-household consumption distribution for women occurs in rural areas with clayey soil textures, which traditionally foster women’s participation in agriculture. However, in urban areas, even within clayey soil regions, agriculture is no longer a prominent occupation, and women’s advantage in accessing intra-household consumption resources due to higher potential for labor market participation disappears. Therefore, caste identity and greater relative involvement of women in agriculture on account of exogenously varying soil textures could explain the larger gender gap in within-household resource sharing in urban compared to rural locations. |
| Keywords: | caste; collective households; India; intra-household consumption allocation; resource shares; soil textures; urbanisation |
| Date: | 2023–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:100&r= |
| By: | Huenchuan, Sandra; Del Castillo Negrete, Miguel |
| Abstract: | In this book, those who search for an equitable and sustainable future will find a valuable collection of methodological proposals, case analyses and recommendations for varied aspects of development. This book is an indispensable tool for decision-makers, researchers, development professionals and anyone interested in inequality issues. When diving into its pages, readers will discover a comprehensive approach based on evidence and endorsed by the experience and knowledge of experts. The book addresses topics ranging from poverty and income inequality to social protection, agriculture, energy, innovation, productivity and investment. It pays special attention to inequality gaps to understand them more fully and precisely. The groundbreaking research included in this book springs from the New Narratives for Rural Transformation in Latin America and the Caribbean project implemented by the Mexico City Subregional Headquarters of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) funded this book. |
| Date: | 2024–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:69153&r= |
| By: | Delia Sanchez Trancon; Guy Halpern |
| Abstract: | This paper is part of a subset of working papers within the Environment Working Paper series, presenting research on the enabling environment for investment in water security. The subset includes country and regional projects aimed at pilot testing the Scorecard, designed to assess the enabling environment for investment in water security. The paper “Assessing the Enabling Conditions for Investment in Water Security: Scorecard Pilot Test in Asian Countries” delineates the findings from the initial phase. This paper marks the commencement of the second round of pilot tests in the EU’s Eastern Partnership Countries. It presents the results obtained from assessing the enabling environment for investment in water security in Armenia, using the Scorecard. It also presents policy recommendations based on the priority investment barriers identified during stakeholder consultations in the country, involving representatives from various Ministries engaged in water security and international donors. The assessment and recommendations cover the public investment framework and its impact on water-related sectors, the water investment framework, project bankability and sustainability, as well as the contribution of other economic sectors to water security. |
| Keywords: | Armenia, data, enabling environment, investment, irrigation, policy, public and private finance, regulation, sanitation, tool, wastewater, water resource management, water security, water supply |
| JEL: | H23 H41 H51 H54 L32 L38 L50 L95 L98 Q25 Q53 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:241-en&r= |
| By: | Ramon Ramon-Muñoz |
| Abstract: | This work explores the impact of large urban centres on historical processes of agrarian change and the transformation of the agri-food industry. Using Barcelona and the olive oil sector in Catalonia as a case study, it presents evidence on the evolution of consumption and inflows of olive oil in the Catalan capital during the second half of the 19th century and the first third of the 20th century. The paper shows the growth and significance of Barcelona in the consumption and commerce of this product. Considered the largest olive oil market in early 1920s Spain, this study also posits various hypotheses regarding the extent and mechanisms through which this major western Mediterranean city could have influenced the trajectory and transformations experienced by the Catalan olive oil sector before the Spanish Civil War. |
| Keywords: | olive oil, agroindustry, urban growth, consumption, trade, exports |
| JEL: | N50 N70 N90 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:seh:wpaper:2403&r= |
| By: | Jacinthe Cloutier; Karima Afif; Marie-Claude Roy |
| Abstract: | Several initiatives aimed at reducing food loss and waste (FLW) have been implemented by organizations operating at various levels of the bio-food chain in Quebec. In this report, the authors assess the barriers and facilitators to the deployment of these initiatives, explore their sectoral impacts and identify the most promising initiatives. To meet these objectives, a mixed research methodology was adopted, including a questionnaire-based approach and a qualitative approach based on conducting focus groups with key stakeholders in the bio-food chain. The results of the online questionnaire were triangulated with the results of the focus groups to further analyze the results. Plusieurs initiatives visant la réduction des pertes et gaspillages alimentaires (PGA) ont été mises en œuvre par des organisations opérant à divers niveaux de la chaîne bioalimentaire au Québec. Dans ce rapport, les auteures évaluent les barrières et les facilitateurs du déploiement de ces initiatives, explorent leurs impacts sectoriels et identifient les initiatives les plus prometteuses. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, une méthodologie de recherche mixte a été adoptée incluant une approche basée sur un sondage par questionnaire et une autre basée sur la conduite de groupes de discussion avec les parties prenantes clés de la chaîne bioalimentaire. Les résultats du questionnaire en ligne ont été triangulés avec ceux des groupes de discussion dans le but d’approfondir l’analyse des résultats. |
| Keywords: | Food wastage, Reducing losses, Gaspillage alimentaire, Réduction des pertes |
| Date: | 2024–05–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirpro:2024rp-04&r= |