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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2024‒05‒06
twenty-six papers chosen by |
| By: | Fuglie, Keith O.; Morgan, Stephen; Jelliffe, Jeremy |
| Abstract: | Over the past six decades, the role of agriculture has undergone a vast transformation in the world economy. Agricultural output increased nearly fourfold, while the global population grew by 2.6 times, leading to a 53-percent increase in agricultural output per capita between 1961 and 2020. Real food prices declined relative to the general price level, supplying more affordable and diverse diets. Most of the growth in agricultural production was achieved by raising productivity rather than expanding resource use. There was a pronounced and sustained shift in the location of production to the Global South (developing countries), which between 1961 and 2020 increased their share of global agricultural output from 44 to 73 percent. The composition of world agricultural production, however, remained generally stable, changing slightly to include a larger share of oil crops, nonruminant livestock products, and aquaculture. Global agricultural land area increased by 8 percent to 4.76 billion hectares, or 32 percent of the world’s land area. The total number of people working on farms peaked in 2003 at just over 1 billion and then declined to 841 million by 2020, working on approximately 600 million farms. Major technological developments included the spread of Green Revolution crop genetic improvements, increased fertilizer use in the Global South, and the development of biotechnology and genetically modified crops offering pest and disease resistance. Further, aquaculture was developed as an important food source. However, by the decade of the 2010s, the pace of output and productivity growth in world agriculture slowed, food prices rose in real terms, the number of food-insecure people increased, and pressure to expand the use of natural resources to produce food intensified. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty, Labor and Human Capital, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:341638&r=agr |
| By: | Marijn Bolhuis; Swapnika Rachapalli; Diego Restuccia |
| Abstract: | We exploit substantial variation in land-market institutions across Indian states and detailed household-level panel data to assess the effect of land-market distortions on agricultural productivity. We develop a model of heterogeneous farms and distorted land markets, featuring (a) state-level barriers to land-market participation and (b) idiosyncratic (farm-level) distortions to farm size. We use the framework to separately identify and estimate the two sources of land-market distortions in each state using farm data on productivity, land endowment, land-market participation, and operational farm size. We find substantial differences across states in rental barriers with large negative effects on agricultural productivity. An efficient reallocation of land in India increases agricultural productivity by 65 percent and by more than 100 percent in some states, with more than 50% of these effects attributed to state-level rental barriers. Distortions associated with land-market participation contribute substantially to agricultural productivity differences across Indian states. |
| Keywords: | Productivity, agriculture, distortions, land rentals, states, India. |
| JEL: | O4 O5 O11 O14 E01 E13 |
| Date: | 2024–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tor:tecipa:tecipa-773&r=agr |
| By: | Fanny Le Gloux (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Carole Ropars-Collet (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Alice Issanchou (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Pierre Dupraz (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Designing incentives for agri-environmental public good provision with threshold effects calls for payment mechanisms favouring critical mass participation and continuity of commitments at the landscape scale. We conducted a choice experiment to test the acceptability of a bonus in a scheme for improving river water quality in France. We introduce a sponsorship bonus each time the farmer convinces a peer into entering the scheme, which can be combined with a collective result bonus per hectare if the river reaches a higher step on the water quality scale. We consider the involvement of local financers could increase the willingness to pay beyond opportunity costs and income foregone and propose higher levels of payment than agri-environmental schemes. Results suggest a sponsorship bonus on its own is cost-effective. We characterize respondents' heterogeneity and identify three groups based on choice patterns: (i) "pro-environment individualists", (ii) "management change averse" farmers, and (iii) "pro-incentive" farmers. |
| Keywords: | Water quality, Choice experiment, Collective action, Mixed logit model, Latent class model |
| Date: | 2024–02–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04523614&r=agr |
| By: | William Brock; Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Abstract: | Scientific evidence suggests that anthropogenic impacts on the environment, such as land-use changes and climate change, promote the emergence of infectious diseases (IDs) in humans. We provide a synthesis which captures interactions between the economy and the natural world and links climate, land-use and IDs. We develop a two-region integrated epidemic-economic model which unifies short-run disease containment policies with long-run policies which could control the drivers and the severity of IDs. We structure our paper by linking susceptible-infected-susceptible and susceptible-infected-recovered models with an economic model which includes land-use choices for agriculture, climate change and accumulation of knowledge that supports land-augmenting technical change. The ID contact number depends on short-run policies (e.g., lockdowns, vaccination), and long-run policies affecting land-use, the natural world and climate change. Climate change and land-use change have an additional cost in terms of IDs since they might increase the contact number in the long-run. We derive optimal short-run containment controls for a Nash equilibrium between regions, and long-run controls for climate policy, land-use, and knowledge at an open loop Nash equilibrium and the social optimum and unify the short- and long-run controls. We explore the impact of ambiguity aversion and model misspecification in the unified model and provide simulations which support the theoretical model. |
| Keywords: | infectious diseases, SIS and SIR models, natural world, climate change, land-use, containment, Nash equilibrium, OLNE, social optimum, land-augmenting technical change |
| JEL: | I18 Q54 D81 |
| Date: | 2024–03–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2409&r=agr |
| By: | Ahmed, Mosab;; Abushama, Hala; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver; Dorosh, Paul; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum |
| Abstract: | This report synthesizes the key discussions and outcomes of the “Navigating Sudan’s Conflict: Research Insights and Policy Implications†conference, held on March 5, 2024, in Nairobi, Kenya. Convening a diverse group of experts in research, development, and humanitarian efforts, the conference aimed to explore actionable solutions for the socioeconomic challenges triggered by Sudan’s ongoing conflict. Participants at the conference delved into the conflict’s adverse impacts on agriculture, markets, employment, and food security, as well as its wider regional impacts. Notably, the conference findings underscore the urgent need for supporting smallholder farmers, stabilizing markets, generating employment opportunities, and enhancing agricultural productivity within a comprehensive recovery strategy. Furthermore, conference participants stressed the importance of innovative data gathering, collaborative policy formulation, international support, and coordination to ensure effective interventions. This report succinctly presents the interventions discussed in the conference’s research and panel discussion sessions, particularly the pivotal insights offered in each to guide policy that will build peace, strengthen resilience, and relaunch and accelerate human and economic development efforts in Sudan. |
| Keywords: | REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; armed conflicts; data collection; policy innovation; food security; agriculture; resilience; markets |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ssspwp:140775&r=agr |
| By: | Abdul Haris; Muhammad Munawir Syarif; Hamed Narolla; Rachmat Hidayat |
| Abstract: | This study aims to develop a framework for multicriteria analysis to evaluate alternatives for sustainable corn agricultural area planning, considering the integration of ecological, economic, and social aspects as pillars of sustainability. The research method uses qualitative and quantitative approaches to integrate ecological, economic, and social aspects in the multicriteria analysis. The analysis involves land evaluation, subcriteria identification, and data integration using Multidimensional Scaling and Analytical Hierarchy Process methods to prioritize developing sustainable corn agricultural areas. Based on the results of the RAP-Corn analysis, it indicates that the ecological dimension depicts less sustainability. The AHP results yield weight distribution and highly relevant scores that describe tangible preferences. Priority directions are grouped as strategic steps toward achieving the goals of sustainable corn agricultural area planning. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.01782&r=agr |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | A 2023 United Nations progress report (UN, 2023) showed that, of the 169 targets that make up the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), only 15% are on track, and progress on many has either stalled or regressed. The Water-Energy-Food nexus approach has highlighted the utmost importance of understanding the interconnections between systems in order to accelerate the achievement of the SDGs. In this policy brief, we use the lessons learned from the water sector through a case study from Matagorda County in Texas, U.S. We take an analytical approach that facilitates the understanding of systems at different scales, using models that help reduce the complexity of the systems, and applying this knowledge to create synergies and solutions. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb01-24&r=agr |
| By: | Doudja Saïdi-Kabeche (DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pierre-Emmanuel Arduin (LAMSADE - Laboratoire d'analyse et modélisation de systèmes pour l'aide à la décision - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations clearly defines food security as a situation not only of availability and accessibility of foodstuffs, but also of social acceptability of food access conditions. In France, the fight against food insecurity is the subject of public policies which mainly result in the distribution of food aid in the form of foodstuffs (food parcels) through charities. As currently organized, food aid often raises the question of the dignity of the recipients.In this article, we present a monographic study based on first-hand material (six years of fieldwork by students with associations) and second-hand material (analysis of specialized, legal and activity reports). We describe inspiring information systems within three French associations to concretely show how they can enhance dignity in food aid. |
| Abstract: | L'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture définit clairement la sécurité alimentaire comme une situation non seulement de disponibilité et d'accessibilité des denrées alimentaires, mais aussi d'acceptabilité sociale des conditions d'accès à l'alimentation. En France, la lutte contre la précarité alimentaire est l'objet de politiques publiques qui se traduisent majoritairement par la distribution d'aide alimentaire sous forme de denrées (colis alimentaires) par le biais d'associations caritatives. Cette aide alimentaire, telle qu'elle est organisée se heurte souvent à la question de la dignité des personnes.Dans cet article, nous proposons une étude monographique s'appuyant sur du matériel de première main (six années de terrain d'étudiants auprès d'associations) et de seconde main (analyse de rapports spécialisés, juridiques et d'activité). Nous décrivons des systèmes d'information inspirants au sein de trois associations françaises pour montrer concrètement comment ils peuvent renforcer la dignité dans l'aide alimentaire. |
| Keywords: | Aide alimentaire, Dignité, Logistique, Système d’information |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04505067&r=agr |
| By: | Evious Zgovu; Oliver Morrissey |
| Abstract: | This paper provides estimates of the potential for EAC member countries to increase exports to the rest of Africa under AfCFTA, assuming the other countries reduce tariffs on imports from the EAC. We adopt a simple approach to identify the markets (countries) and products most likely to benefit and consider only growth of existing imports from the EAC; the assumption is that EAC have evident export capacity in such products and markets, and that these products are unlikely to be excluded from liberalisation by African importing countries. Results suggest that the EAC could expand exports overall by 10-15%, largely concentrated in relatively close countries and agriculture and resource-based products. Relatively distant markets in North and West Africa do offer potential to EAC countries except Rwanda (concentrated on DRC) and Tanzania (concentrated on Southern Africa). These estimates are complemented with analysis of the welfare effects on Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda of eliminating tariffs on imports from the rest of Africa – overall imports increase by around 10% and, as these tend not to displace intra-EAC trade, the consumption gains from lower prices deliver a positive welfare effect (negligible relative to GDP). The EAC can anticipate moderate gains from AfCFTA and, by identifying the markets and products most likely to be affected, the study provides a guide to policymakers in EAC countries on sectors to target in supporting export growth within Africa. |
| Keywords: | East African Community (EAC), African Free Trade (AfCFTA), Tariff Reductions, intra-African exports |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:not:notcre:24/03&r=agr |
| By: | Alex Bates |
| Abstract: | Evaluation of "Long term cost-effectiveness of resilient foods for global catastrophes compared to artificial general intelligence safety" for The Unjournal (Unjournal.org) |
| JEL: | Q18 O33 Q54 O38 H12 |
| Date: | 2023–05–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:foods2023-e1&r=agr |
| By: | Scott Janzwood |
| Abstract: | Evaluation of "Long term cost-effectiveness of resilient foods for global catastrophes compared to artificial general intelligence safety" for The Unjournal (Unjournal.org) |
| JEL: | Q18 O33 Q54 O38 H12 |
| Date: | 2023–05–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:foods2023-e3&r=agr |
| By: | Ignacio Cazcarro (Universidad de Zaragoza, ARAID); Miguel Martín-Retortillo (Universidad de Alcalá); Guillermo Rodríguez-López (Universidad de Zaragoza); Ana Serrano (Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2); Javier Silvestre (Universidad de Zaragoza, IEDIS) |
| Abstract: | Depopulation, especially, but not only, rural, has become a major concern across many countries. As one type of place-based policy, irrigation has been claimed to contribute to resettling populations and reducing outward migration, by increasing agricultural output, productivity, and competitiveness and, consequently, employment and living standards. This paper aims to elucidate on the relationship between irrigation and population for Spain, historically and currently the most irrigated country and one of the most depopulated countries in Europe. We use municipal-level data over the period 1910-2011 and exploit a staggered difference-in-differences design. Overall, we find an effect on population only for irrigation developments that started in the relatively distant past. In any case, effects are temporary or tend to level off. We also consider trade-offs. We discuss the policy implications of the findings in light of current policies, and in terms of environmental and economic costs of increasing the intensity of irrigation. |
| Keywords: | Depopulation, place-based policies, irrigation programs, long-term view, staggered DiD, Spain |
| JEL: | J11 Q15 Q25 R11 N54 N94 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hes:wpaper:0256&r=agr |
| By: | Hodges, Leslie; Toossi, Saied; Todd, Jessica E.; Ryan-Claytor, Cayley |
| Abstract: | The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides supplemental foods, nutrition education, and referrals to healthcare and other social services to low-income, nutritionally at-risk women, infants, and children up to 5 years of age. About 40 percent of all infants and 22 percent of children 1 to 5 years of age in the United States participate in the program. This report explains how WIC works, examines program trends, and discusses some of the major issues facing the program. The issues include program impacts on diet quality and health, barriers and facilitators of program access, and WIC State agency efforts to contain program costs. This report also outlines changes to WIC in response to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and the infant formula supply chain disruptions that occurred in 2022. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Health Economics and Policy, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:341637&r=agr |
| By: | Anca Hanea |
| Abstract: | Evaluation of "Long term cost-effectiveness of resilient foods for global catastrophes compared to artificial general intelligence safety" for The Unjournal (Unjournal.org) |
| JEL: | Q18 O33 Q54 O38 H12 |
| Date: | 2023–05–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:foods2023-e2&r=agr |
| By: | BERNAD BELTRAN David (European Commission - JRC); ALFIERI Felice (European Commission - JRC); SPILIOTOPOULOS Christoforos (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The Commission has decided to work on mandatory regulatory measures under Ecodesign Directive for imaging equipment and its consumables. This Preparatory Study is the first step towards the implementation of such measures. In this document, the current status of the imaging equipment market, user behaviour and technology aspects of this sector have been evaluated. Issues with environmental relevance have been identified as part of this research. For instance, devices seem to operate under short replacement cycles, despite the willing of consumers of prolonging their lifetime. Prevalent business models and high cost of repair partially explain this short lifetime of printers. Regarding cartridges, the main environmental issues are related to low reuse rates, usually caused by technical barriers introduced during the design phase. Other areas where cartridge environmental performance can improve are related to the optimisation their capacity or on the design of more material efficient configurations. Environmental and economic assessments of typical products have been carried out. Design options with the potential to reduce the environmental impact have been identified and evaluated.Then, ecodesign measures have been proposed. Improvements can be achieved in greenhouse gas emissions and consumer expenditure with measures aimed at increasing printer lifetime, shifting from integrated to single-part cartridge configurations or tackling the barriers against cartridge reuse. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc134590&r=agr |
| By: | Simon Hupfel (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar, BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Antoine Missemer (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The term "Lauderdale paradox" has been used by ecological economists since the late 1980s. It refers to the idea, developed by the Earl of Lauderdale in 1804, according to which private riches -- the sum-total of the exchangeable value of goods -- and public wealth -- the sum-total of the use value of goods -- vary in opposite directions. The Lauderdale paradox has been used in ecological economics in relation to the valuation of ecosystem services, and also in connection to some branches of political ecology, especially eco-Marxism. Based on a careful reading of Lauderdale's work, taking into account his political context, this article shows that some of the recent interpretations of the Lauderdale paradox, especially regarding wealth indicators, deserve to be qualified in the light of the original meaning of Lauderdale's words. Other aspects of Lauderdale's reflections that could be sources of inspiration for today's research programs in ecological economics are also emphasized: the extension of environmental accounting to human capital, the study of commodification and decommodification processes in a comprehensive anthropological perspective, and the specification of the characteristics of a steady-state economy. |
| Keywords: | Commodification, Environmental accounting, Steady state, Public good, Commons, Contrived scarcity, History of economic thought |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04213171&r=agr |
| By: | Pablo Martinelli Lasheras (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, and Figuerola Institute); Dario Pellegrino (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the role of landownership distribution in shaping the Italian post-WWII long-run growth experience (1951-2001). By exploiting an extraordinarily high-quality sub-national dataset, we find a strong and robust negative relationship between private landownership inequality and different measures of economic development and structural change during the Economic Miracle. Our results show that a relatively egalitarian agrarian milieu was conducive to the most successful growth model in post-WWII Italy: the ‘industrial districts’, the flexible network of small and medium-sized enterprises whose origins can be traced back to the 1950s. Widespread access to property and family farming was key to accelerating structural transformation. We find the effect of land inequality to be driven by the compression of the resources available to the lower-middle rural class. The intensity of sharecropping and rent-paying tenancy among non-owning farmers is also associated with higher growth, mitigating the growth-depressing effects of land inequality. The growth-enhancing effects of access to property are limited by minimum asset value levels and fade above a certain threshold, consistent with the existence of credit constraints and poverty traps that shape structural transformation in the long run. |
| Keywords: | land inequality, wealth distribution, structural change, long-run economic growth |
| JEL: | O1 O4 N3 Q1 R1 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:workqs:qse_52&r=agr |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Emerging technologies can contribute to unprecedented gains in health, energy, climate, food systems, and biodiversity. However, these technologies and their convergence sometimes carry risks to privacy, security, equity and human rights. This dual-edged nature of emerging technology requires policies that better anticipate disruptions and enable technology development for economic prosperity, resilience, security and sustainable development. Drawing on prior OECD work and legal instruments, this framework equips governments, other innovation actors and societies to anticipate and get ahead of governance challenges, and build longer-term capacities to shape innovation more effectively. Its “anticipatory technology governance” approach consists of five interdependent elements and associated governance tools: (1) embeding values throughout the innovation process; (2) enhancing foresight and technology assessment; (3) engaging stakeholders and society; (4) building regulation that is agile and adaptive; and (5) reinforcing international cooperation in science and norm-making. The emerging technology context determines how each of these elements is applied. |
| Keywords: | anticipation, citizen engagement, Emerging Technologies, foresight, Governance |
| Date: | 2024–04–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaac:165-en&r=agr |
| By: | Gavin Taylor |
| Abstract: | Provides an overview and summary of the metrics for the evaluation of "Long Term Cost-Effectiveness of Resilient Foods for Global Catastrophes Compared to Artificial General Intelligence Safety" for The Unjournal (Unjournal.org). |
| JEL: | Q18 O33 Q54 O38 H12 |
| Date: | 2023–05–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:foods2023&r=agr |
| By: | KARLIS Panagiotis (European Commission - JRC); PRESICCE Francesco (European Commission - JRC); GINER SANTONJA German (European Commission - JRC); BRINKMANN Thomas (European Commission - JRC); ROUDIER Serge (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document (BREF) for Slaughterhouses, Animal By-products and/or Edible Co-products Industries is part of a series of documents presenting the results of an exchange of information between EU Member States, the industries concerned, non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection, and the Commission, to draw up, review and – where necessary – update BAT reference documents as required by Article 13(1) of Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU. This document is published by the European Commission pursuant to Article 13(6) of the Directive. The BREF for Slaughterhouses, Animal By-products and/or Edible Co-products Industries covers operating slaughterhouses with a carcass production capacity greater than 50 tonnes per day, the processing of animal by-products and/or edible co-products (such as rendering and fat melting, feather processing, fishmeal and fish oil production, blood processing and gelatine manufacturing) and a number of other activities specified in the Scope of the document. The BREF consists of seven main chapters. General information on the Slaughterhouses, Animal By-products and/or Edible Co-products Industries and their key environmental issues is given in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 provides information and data on generally applied processes and techniques, emission levels and techniques to consider for the determination of BAT across the sector. Chapter 3 provides information and data on applied processes and techniques, emission and consumption levels and techniques to consider in the determination of BAT for slaughterhouses. Chapter 4 provides information and data on applied processes and techniques, emission and consumption levels and techniques to consider in the determination of BAT for installations processing animal by-products and/or edible co-products. Chapter 5 presents the BAT conclusions as defined in Article 3(12) of the Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU). Chapter 6 provides information on emerging techniques. Concluding remarks and recommendations for future work are presented in Chapter 7. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135916&r=agr |
| By: | Matthew Agarwala; Matt Burke; Jennifer Doherty-Bigara; Patrycja Klusak; Kamiar Mohaddes |
| Abstract: | Climate change is an existential threat to the world economy, with complex, evolving and nonlinear dynamics that remain a source of great uncertainty. There is a bourgeoning literature on the economic impact of climate change, but research on how climate change affects sovereign risks is limited. This paper provides forward-looking regional analysis of the effects of climate change on sovereign creditworthiness, probability of default and the cost of borrowing for the Caribbean economies. Our results indicate that there is substantial variation in the sensitivity of ratings to climate change across the region which is due to the non-linear nature of ratings. Our findings improve the identification and management of sovereign climate risk and provides a forward-looking assessment of how climate change could affect the cost of accessing international finance. As such, it leads to a suite of policy options for countries in the region. |
| Keywords: | sovereign credit rating, climate change, counterfactual analysis, climate-economy models, sovereign debt, physical risks, fiscal policy, transition risks, Latin America, Caribbean |
| JEL: | C33 C53 G10 G18 H63 O44 O54 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2024-26&r=agr |
| By: | Agarwala, M.; Burke, M.; Doherty-Bigara, J.; Klusak, P.; Mohaddes, K. |
| Abstract: | Climate change is an existential threat to the world economy, with complex, evolving and nonlinear dynamics that remain a source of great uncertainty. There is a bourgeoning literature on the economic impact of climate change, but research on how climate change affects sovereign risks is limited. This paper provides forward-looking regional analysis of the effects of climate change on sovereign creditworthiness, probability of default and the cost of borrowing for the Caribbean economies. Our results indicate that there is substantial variation in the sensitivity of ratings to climate change across the region which is due to the non-linear nature of ratings. Our findings improve the identification and management of sovereign climate risk and provides a forward-looking assessment of how climate change could affect the cost of accessing international finance. As such, it leads to a suite of policy options for countries in the region. |
| Keywords: | Sovereign Credit Rating, Climate Change, Counterfactual Analysis, Climate Economy Models, Sovereign Debt, Physical Risks, Fiscal Policy, Transition Risks, Latin America, Caribbean |
| JEL: | C33 C53 G10 G18 H63 O44 O54 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camjip:2414&r=agr |
| By: | Minghao Qiu; Jessica Li; Carlos F. Gould; Renzhi Jing; Makoto Kelp; Marissa Childs; Mathew Kiang; Sam Heft-Neal; Noah Diffenbaugh; Marshall Burke |
| Abstract: | Wildfire activity has increased in the US and is projected to accelerate under future climate change. However, our understanding of the impacts of climate change on wildfire smoke and health remains highly uncertain. We quantify the past and future mortality burden in the US due to wildfire smoke fine particulate matter (PM2.5). We construct an ensemble of statistical and machine learning models that link variation in climate to wildfire smoke PM2.5, and empirically estimate smoke PM2.5-mortality relationships using georeferenced data on all recorded deaths in the US from 2006 to 2019. We project that climate-driven increases in future smoke PM2.5 could result in 27, 800 excess deaths per year by 2050 under a high warming scenario, a 76% increase relative to estimated 2011-2020 averages. Cumulative excess deaths from wildfire smoke PM2.5 could exceed 700, 000 between 2025-2055. When monetized, climate-induced smoke deaths result in annual damages of $244 billion by mid-century, comparable to the estimated sum of all other damages in the US in prior analyses. Our research suggests that the health cost of climate-driven wildfire smoke could be among the most important and costly consequences of a warming climate in the US. |
| JEL: | Q51 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32307&r=agr |
| By: | Herrala, Risto |
| Abstract: | We compare the economic and environmental performances of India and China over the past decade against the Euro Area, Japan, and the USA. India has emerged as the world's fastest growing large economy, but closer scrutiny suggests this impressive economic performance derives largely from structural factors such as labor force growth and the Balassa-Samuelson effect. Indeed, notwithstanding its superior level of economic development relative to India, China still posts stronger economic gains from investment and total factor productivity growth. While the two economies have grown markedly faster than the three developed economies against which we compare them, both Indian and Chinese growth has come with huge increases in greenhouse gas emissions. Our findings underscore the importance of Chinese and Indian participation in efforts to avoid the more dire impacts of climate change. |
| Keywords: | India, China, economic growth, CO2 emissions |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bofitb:289621&r=agr |
| By: | Alessandro Annarelli; Tiziana Catarci; Laura Palagi |
| Abstract: | Pursuing sustainable development has become a global imperative, underscored adopting of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). At the heart of this agenda lies the recognition of social sustainability as a pivotal component, emphasizing the need for inclusive societies where every individual can thrive. Despite its significance, social sustainability remains a "forgotten pillar, " often overshadowed by environmental concerns. In response, this paper presents the development and validation of the S-Assessment Tool for Social Sustainability, a comprehensive questionnaire designed to evaluate organizations' performance across critical dimensions such as health and wellness, gender equality, decent work, and economic growth, reducing inequalities, and responsible production and consumption. The questionnaire was constructed on the critical dimensions identified through a systematic and narrative hybrid approach to the analysis of peer-reviewed literature. The framework has been structured around the values of the SDGs. It aims to empower organizations to better understand and address their social impact, fostering positive change and contributing to the collective effort towards a more equitable and sustainable future. Through collaborative partnerships and rigorous methodology, this research underscores the importance of integrating social sustainability into organizational practices and decision-making processes, ultimately advancing the broader agenda of sustainable development. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.04077&r=agr |
| By: | Hervé, Justine (Stevens Institute of Technology); Mani, Subha (Fordham University); Behrman, Jere R. (University of Pennsylvania); Laxminarayan, Ramanan (Princeton University); Nandi, Arindam (The Population Council) |
| Abstract: | Food coma, also known as postprandial somnolence, is a commonly cited reason for experiencing reduced alertness during mid-afternoon worldwide. By using exogenous variation in the timing of tests and, hence, by extension, plausibly exogenous variation in the temporal distance between an individual's last meal and the time of test, we examine the causal impact of postprandial somnolence on cognitive capacities. Analyzing novel time use data on ~ 4, 600 Indian adolescents and young adults, we find that testing within an hour after a meal reduces test-takers' scores on English, native language, math, and Raven's tests by 8, 8, 8, and 16 percent, respectively, compared to test-takers who took the tests more than an hour after their meal. We further find that the negative effect of postprandial somnolence on cognition operates through increased feelings of fatigue and depletion of cognitive resources that become more pronounced while dealing with more challenging test questions. |
| Keywords: | post-meal fatigue, cognitive skills, low-stakes tests, India, adolescents |
| JEL: | I12 I18 I21 J24 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16909&r=agr |