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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2024‒04‒08
thirty-two papers chosen by |
| By: | Kuchler, Fred; Sweitzer, Megan; Chelius, Carolyn |
| Abstract: | U.S. food suppliers make claims about their production processes on food packaging that highlight attributes some consumers want while charging a higher price than for unlabeled products. Some labels use such claims as “USDA Organic” and “raised without antibiotics, ” which require different and more expensive production techniques than conventional agriculture. However, food suppliers can use the label that claims the food is “natural” at a relatively low cost because regulatory agencies treat the claim as meaning nothing artificial was added and the product was minimally processed. Numerous consumer food choice studies concluded that consumers equate the natural label on food with healthier food choices and more costly production practices that signify environmental stewardship. Informed by these previous studies’ findings, the authors of this report estimate the frequency with which food suppliers make the natural claim on food packaging labels. Estimates are based on scanner data and comprehensive label data. Across all foods in 2018, 16.3 percent of retail food expenditures and 16.9 percent of all items purchased (unit sales) were for foods labeled natural, whereas 11.0 percent of Universal Product Codes (UPC) in stores were labeled natural on the packaging. Expenditures for food labeled natural were larger than expenditures for foods labeled USDA Organic. Natural labels were found predominately on processed products. For example, 95.6 percent of expenditures for vitamins and meal supplements were for products labeled natural, compared with 0.5 percent of expenditures for potatoes. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Health Economics and Policy, Livestock Production/Industries, Marketing |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uerseb:340804&r=agr |
| By: | Seth Asante (International Food Policy Research Institute Accra, Ghana); Kwaw Andam (International Food Policy Research Institute Abuja, Nigeria); Andrew M. Simons (Fordham University, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Fertilizer use among small holder farmers in Africa is often thought of as a pathway to improved agricultural productivity and reduced poverty. We examine the perceptions of fertilizer quality along the input supply chain in Ghana and also chemically test collected fertilizer samples. Our objective is to understand whether substandard quality hinders the adoption of fertilizers by farmers. We find that agricultural input dealers perceive fertilizer quality to be lower than farmers do, though both estimate the prevalence of substandard fertilizer at much higher rates than what chemical tests find. Chemical tests at an international laboratory, on average, found fertilizer had the labeled quantity of plant nutrients. Adding to the complicated learning environment farmers face, many local media outlets report on fake or substandard fertilizers and local laboratory tests reported misleading incorrect results when testing the same fertilizer samples. |
| Keywords: | Fertilizer, Technology Adoption, Asymmetric Information, Sub-Saharan Africa, Farmer Beliefs, Agricultural Supply Chains, Learning Challenges |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frd:wpaper:dp2024-02er:dp2024-02&r=agr |
| By: | Hrozencik, R. Aaron; Perez-Quesada, Gabriela; Bocinsky, Kyle |
| Abstract: | Drought imposes significant costs on the U.S. agricultural sector, particularly for livestock producers who rely on precipitation to grow forage. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers several programs to mitigate the economic costs of drought. One of these programs is the USDA, Farm Service Agency’s (FSA) Livestock Forage Disaster Program (LFP), which provides payments to livestock producers impacted by drought. Program evaluation results suggest that producers in drought affected counties that received LFP payments achieved similar herd retention and liquidation outcomes as producers in less drought impacted counties that were ineligible for LFP payments. Simulation modeling results in this report suggest that LFP poses a financial-climate risk to the Federal budget. Depending on the future increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, annual Federal Government expenditures on LFP are projected to increase above the current average expenditures by 45–135 percent (in 2022 dollars) by 2100. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Livestock Production/Industries, Public Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:340568&r=agr |
| By: | Yeh, D. Adeline; Kramer, Jaclyn; Calvin, Linda; Weber, Catharine |
| Abstract: | Fruits are vital to consumer diets and an important part of the U.S. agricultural industry. Two berries (strawberries and blueberries) are among the most economically important fruits. With more than $2 billion in annual farm gate sales and accounting for a 13-percent share of the total production value of fruit, strawberries rank third for all fruit produced in the United States in 2020. Blueberries account for 5 percent of the total fruit production value. This report examined changes in domestic production, consumption, prices, and trade for strawberries and blueberries over two decades. This study helps explain how the major berry markets evolved in a short time and examines opportunities and challenges these markets face. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Relations/Trade, Labor and Human Capital, Marketing, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:340564&r=agr |
| By: | Schling, Maja; Pazos, Nicolás; Corral, Leonardo; Inurritegui, Marisol |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the impact of a rural land administration program in Ecuador on female empowerment and household food security. Using a double robust estimation that combines the difference-in-difference approach with inverse probability weighting, we explore whether receiving a georeferenced cadastral map of ones parcel provides women with increased bargaining power, empowering them to participate more actively in productive and consumption decision-making that leads to improved diversification of the production portfolio and the households food security. Although we find no significant effects on aggregate levels of empowerment, results show that female beneficiaries became more empowered with regards to access to resources, particularly in terms of applying for and receiving credit. Program participation also significantly affected womens time use, as beneficiary women spent more hours working in non-agricultural activities, investing in their own businesses, and generating off-farm wages. Households who received jointly titled cadastral maps also increased their food security and shifted their production portfolios towards crops and livestock products of both higher market and nutritional value. These results suggest that increasing informal tenure security through cadastral mapping may spur female empowerment, which enables women to increase their bargaining power within the household in order to improve their own and the family's overall welfare. |
| Keywords: | Female empowerment;food security;land property rights;Ecuador;Latin America |
| JEL: | H43 J16 O12 O13 Q15 Q18 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:13321&r=agr |
| By: | Vivien Huelsen; Makaiko Gonapanyanja Khonje; Matin Qaim |
| Abstract: | Child malnutrition and low-quality diets remain widespread public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa. Providing access to nutritious and healthy foods for all is key, but it is not at all clear how this can be achieved in various local contexts. Here, we analyze the role of markets and food environments for child diets and nutrition in Malawi along an urban-rural continuum. We develop a new methodology to characterize food environments in terms of the variety of fresh and processed foods available in local market settings. Geocoded data of market food variety are combined with individual-level child diet and anthropometric data collected through a household survey. We find large differences in food environments and diet and nutrition outcomes between urban, rural, and remote locations. The spatially-explicit analysis shows that market food variety is positively associated with child dietary diversity and negatively associated with child stunting, even after controlling for household wealth, own farm production, and other confounding factors. Our findings stress the importance of improving the functioning of markets for nutritious foods, especially in rural areas. Conceptually, we add novelty to the literature on measuring food environments. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gausfs:340816&r=agr |
| By: | Williams, Brian R.; Pounds-Barnett, Gayle |
| Abstract: | The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Agricultural Baseline provides a 10-year outlook for seven major U.S. crops (corn, soybeans, wheat, sorghum, barley, oats, and cotton). The baseline plays an important role in predicting farm program expenditures in the President’s annual budget proposal. To provide the best possible projections, it is necessary to frequently revisit the underlying models behind the baseline to ensure that they are theoretically consistent and produce realistic projections. This study examined the performance of the existing area planted equations for seven major U.S. crops in the baseline model relative to observed historical area planted values. It subsequently estimates a system of equations for the crops to produce price consistent supply (i.e., higher price increases the supply of the crop associated with higher prices but decreases other crop supplies). Projections created from the resulting price and net return elasticities are shown to be an improvement over the existing U.S. base line equations. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Marketing, Productivity Analysis, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:340567&r=agr |
| By: | Matchaya, Greenwell (International Water Management Institute); Makombe, T.; Mihaylova, N. G. |
| Keywords: | Food systems; Transformation; Databases; Policies; Sustainable Development Goals; Indicators; Stakeholders |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h052413&r=agr |
| By: | Kohnert, Dirk |
| Abstract: | Human activity has transformed the planet at a pace and scale unprecedented in recorded history, causing irreversible damage to communities and ecosystems. Countries have focused their capacities on economic growth, with too little attention to externalities in terms of environmental quality. The world will not avoid catastrophic warming unless wealthy nations accelerate their reduction of own emissions and help poorer countries to do the same. North America and Europe have contributed 62 % of carbon dioxide emissions since the industrial revolution, while Africa has contributed only 3%. However, it is in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that the impacts are most severe and the people most vulnerable. Developed countries, in their own interests, should focus on ways to help developing countries phase out fossil fuels and transition to renewable energy. However, there are tensions between richer and poorer nations over who should pay the costs of global warming. Rich countries have a responsibility to act more quickly than their low-income counterparts. Yet governments continue to subsidise the use of fossil fuels, and banks and companies still invest more in polluting industries than in climate solutions. The consumption habits of the richest 10 % of people generate three times more pollution than those of the poorest 50 %. Emerging economies such as China and India, which plan to achieve net-zero emissions by 2060 and 2070 respectively, should join the developed world in accelerating emissions reductions. It is not just the way we produce and use energy that needs to change quickly. It's the way we consume food, the way we protect nature. It's everything, everywhere, all at once. The agricultural sector is particularly vulnerable, especially in SSA countries where agriculture is central to the economy. Among the top eight countries with the highest cumulative net emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land use are two SSA countries, Nigeria and DR Congo. Most of these emissions are embodied in trade and are caused by consumption in regions such as Europe, the United States and China. The establishment of the Loss and Damage Fund agreed at COP27 will not be enough to turn the tide, nor will it necessarily translate into climate finance commitments, given the lack of progress in delivering the promised US$100 billion in annual climate finance from rich countries. African countries themselves need to reflect on their own strengths and step up their efforts in a timely and substantial way. |
| Keywords: | Environmental sustainability; Carbon neutrality; climate change; Carbon dioxide; environmental pollution; greenhouse gas; fossil fuel; renewable energy; Governance; European Union; highly industrialized countries; emerging economies; BRICS; Sub-Saharan Africa; South Africa; Nigeria; DR Congo; |
| JEL: | E21 E22 E23 E26 F18 F54 F64 G38 H23 H84 H87 I15 I31 K32 N17 N37 N57 O13 O44 O55 Q54 Z13 |
| Date: | 2024–02–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120210&r=agr |
| By: | Illescas, Nelson; McNamara, Brian; Piñeiro, Valeria; Rodriguez, Agustín Tejeda |
| Abstract: | Intraregional agrifood trade in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) offers untapped opportunities for expansion. Comparative advantages in food production as well as variation in consumption patterns create a high degree of complementarity across many LAC countries. Making use of this variation to expand trade within the region could improve access to, availability, and diversity of food, as well as ensure more stable food supplies. Stable supplies are particularly important for food security given the likelihood of continued shocks, such as conflicts, epidemics, economic crises, and extreme weather events. Although trade between countries in the region plays an important role as a source of imports, more than 60 percent of LAC’s food purchases come from extraregional suppliers. However, the shares of intra- and extraregional imports vary by subregion. About 60 percent of South American food imports come from regional suppliers, but only 20 percent of Mexican and Central American imports come from LAC suppliers. In the Caribbean, the share of regional suppliers in food imports has increased over the past five years but is currently only 29 percent (UN Statistics Division, UN Comtrade 2022). Most intraregional trade takes place within subregions, meaning that trade between countries from different LAC subregions is less common and thus presents the greatest opportunities for expansion. In this analysis of trade opportunities and challenges, the authors show there is potential to expand intraregional agrifood trade in major products such as corn, soybeans, soybean meal, wheat, poultry meat, milk, and concentrated cream. Facilitating intraregional trade and establishing new trade relations between LAC countries (the extensive margin of trade) where complementarities have been identified would provide opportunities for growth in the agrifood sec tors of these countries, make LAC food systems more resilient to supply shocks, and reduce food insecurity by ensuring efficient and reliable food supplies for consumers. However, despite progress in recent years, a number of factors — including high tariff rates, nontariff measures, origin requirements, government procurement rules, government support, and high transportation costs — continue to hamper the expansion of intraregional trade. This analysis focuses exclusively on intraregional trade; it does not examine opportunities for trade with partners outside the LAC region or compare opportunities for intra regional trade to extraregional trade. While such analysis could be valuable for informing trade policy, one of our primary objectives is to encourage stronger linkages between the economies of LAC countries regardless of trade opportunities outside the region. This goal reflects the expectation that improving these linkages among neighboring countries will have positive spillovers in the form of improved resilience to shocks, stronger political cohesion, and broader cooperation across these economies. \To accurately contextualize this analysis, it is necessary to highlight the diversity of food systems within LAC. While “LAC†is a standard regional classification and our analysis includes all LAC countries, the agrifood sectors, and especially agrifood trade, in the various LAC subregions face diverse challenges and opportunities. For example, these challenges and opportunities differ markedly between the Caribbean island countries and the larger Latin American countries, most notably Brazil and Argentina. These distinctions should inform the interpretation and implementation of our findings. |
| Keywords: | trade; food production; consumption; food security; Latin America and the Caribbean |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:polbrf:march2024&r=agr |
| By: | Reynaud, Arnaud; Ouvrard, Benjamin |
| Abstract: | We examine the influence of perceived social norms on the adoption by French farmers of eco-schemes (ES), a new type of direct monetary compensation provided by the EU Common Agricultural Policy to farmers who voluntarily adopt sustainable agricultural practices. Using a representative large scale web-survey, we show that French farmers hold inaccurate beliefs about their peers on various dimensions of the ES. Farmers are then randomly exposed to norm-based informational treatments where we vary the type of truthful information released about their peers. In addition to being able to assess the direct causal impact of the treatments, our between-subject design allows us to analyze cross-learning effects: providing information on the beliefs of peers may not only induce farmers to update their beliefs about their object of interest, but may also change their beliefs about other outcome variables. We demonstrate that norm-based informational treatments may modify:(i) farmers’ personal opinion regarding the ES; (ii) farmers’ beliefs about their peers regarding the ES; and (iii) that cross-learning effects may matter. While changes in beliefs are shown to be consistent with Bayesian-updating, we demonstrate that their causal effects may strongly depend upon the specific nature of the belief under consideration. |
| Keywords: | Beliefs; Misperception; Informational treatment; Norms; Agriculture |
| JEL: | D81 D83 D84 C9 Q18 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:129191&r=agr |
| By: | Peacock, Jacob Robert (The Humane League Labs) |
| Abstract: | Plant-based meats, like the Beyond Sausage or Impossible Burger, and cultivated meats have become a source of optimism for public health, environmental and animal welfare advocates hoping to mitigate the myriad harms of animal-based foods by replacing them with perfect alternatives. Some have proposed that these substitutes might soon replace animal-based meats based on the supposition that price, taste and convenience are the primary drivers of food choice. Thus, it is hypothesized that if a plant-based meat matches (or exceeds) its animal-based counterpart on the basis of these three criteria, consumption will largely shift from animal-based to plant-based. However, this hypothesis has received little critical attention. To fill this gap, we will review evidence testing the PTC hypothesis, including cross-sectional surveys, hypothetical discrete choice experiments, a field experiment and commercial case studies. Ultimately, given current consumer preferences, we do not find support for the PTC hypothesis. However, PBMs may still have important potential as a tool for reducing meat consumption. |
| Date: | 2024–03–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:dy76n&r=agr |
| By: | Whitt, Christine; Lacy, Katherine; Lim, Katherine |
| Abstract: | American farms represent a diverse set of business operations and farm operators. This annual report describes the characteristics of U.S. farms and ranches using the most recent data from the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), an annual survey conducted by USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) and USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS). Statistics are presented using a farm classification developed by USDA, ERS to categorize farms into groups with some common characteristics. The classifications used are mainly based on each farm’s annual revenue, the main occupation of the farm’s principal operator, and ownership (family versus nonfamily). This edition also contains two new sections. First, the report provides information on the usage of credit by lender type and farm size in 2022. Second, the report explores the differences in farm operations in 2022 by race and ethnicity of the operators. The section compares farm structure, financial stress, principal operator household well-being, credit usage, average Government payments received, and participation in Federal crop insurance between socially disadvantaged and nondisadvantaged operations. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Farm Management, Financial Economics |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:340566&r=agr |
| By: | Isabelle Tsakok |
| Abstract: | Mauritius was on the brink of disintegration in the 1980s, but by 2019 had managed a peaceful transformation from a low income, monocrop, inward-oriented economy to a diversified, outward-oriented, upper middle-income country. Mauritius is now again at a crossroads, having to adapt to accelerating climate change and the impacts of multiple crises. The government of Mauritius has a vision of transforming the country into a knowledge-intensive and inclusive economy of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Will it succeed this time? It can if it has the leadership, commitment to deepen reforms already started, and the implementation capacity. |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb10-23&r=agr |
| By: | Gonzalez, Rodrigo Barbone; Haas Ornelas, José Renato; Silva, Thiago Christiano |
| Abstract: | Clean water has a largely unknown economic value, particularly to small communities whose agricultural activities take place on river shores. In November 2015, the rupture of a mining tailings dam in the municipality of Mariana led to a record disposal of toxic residuals in southeast Brazil. A mud avalanche ran out for 600 km (373 miles) until it reached the Atlantic Ocean, leaving behind extreme ecological and economic damage in the Doce River basin. This is the largest environmental disaster in Brazil to date. We quantify the negative externalities using rich, identified, and comprehensive data from firm-to-firm electronic payments and individual-level consumer credit usage. We find that agricultural producers in affected municipalities received cumulatively 41% to 60% fewer inflows (income) from customer firms outside the affected zone three years after the disaster. Effects are driven by municipalities where the river shore is larger relative to the farming area. In these municipalities, individuals also faced an 8% fall in their credit card and consumer finance expenditures. This result is stronger for non-formal and high-risk workers. Thus, water contamination led to (first) production and (later) consumption decline with real effects on municipality-level agriculture and services output, causing a 7% decline in local GDP. |
| Keywords: | water;Environmental disaster;Agriculture;Consumer credit;Payment system |
| JEL: | C63 G01 G20 G21 G28 O16 O40 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:13273&r=agr |
| By: | Toossi, Saied |
| Abstract: | School meals are typically served to children for free, at a reduced price, or at full price, depending on their household’s income. In response to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the U.S. Department of Agriculture issued a waiver allowing schools to provide meals for free to all students regardless of household income in the 2020–21 and 2021–22 school years. This waiver expired on June 30, 2022, leading some advocates and policymakers to express concern that the reintroduction of prices for school meals could make it difficult for some households to meet their other expenses. However, it is unclear whether having to pay for school meals makes it difficult for households to meet their other spending needs. Using new data from the Household Pulse Survey, this economic brief finds that overall, nearly one-third of households with children aged 5–17 that paid for school meals in December 2022 reported that doing so made it difficult for them to pay for other usual expenses. The share reporting the same among households with children aged 5–17 and incomes below 225 percent of the Federal poverty level, and among non-White households with children aged 5–17, was higher than the overall share. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uerseb:340805&r=agr |
| By: | Effrosyni Adamopoulou; Elisabetta Olivieri; Eleftheria Triviza |
| Abstract: | This study explores the long-run effects of a temporary scarcity of a consumption good on preferences towards that good once the shock is over. Specifically, we focus on individuals who were children during World War II and assess the consequences of the temporary drop in meat availability they experienced early in life. To this end, we combine new hand-collected historical data on the number of livestock at the local level with microdata on eating habits, health outcomes, and food consumption expenditures. By exploiting cohort and regional variation in a difference-in-differences estimation, we show that individuals who as children were more exposed to meat scarcity tend to consume relatively more meat and spend more on food during late adulthood. Consistent with medical studies on the side effects of meat overconsumption, we also find that these individuals have a higher probability of being obese, having poor self-perceived health, and developing cancer. The effects are larger for women and persist intergenerationally, as the adult children of mothers who experienced meat scarcity similarly tend to overconsume meat. Our results point towards a behavioral channel, where early-life shocks shape eating habits, food consumption, and adult health. |
| Keywords: | preferences, food consumption, early life experiences, gender differences |
| JEL: | D12 I10 N44 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2021_276v2&r=agr |
| By: | Bruno Conte |
| Abstract: | How will future climate change affect rural economies like sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in terms of migration and welfare losses? How can policy enhance SSA’s capacity to adapt to this process? I answer these questions with a quantitative framework that, coupled with rich spatial data and forecasts for the future, estimates millions of climate migrants and sizeable and unequal welfare losses in SSA. Investigating migration and trade policies as mitigating tools, I find a tradeoff associated with the former: reducing SSA migration barriers to the European Union (EU) standards eliminates aggregate welfare losses at the cost of more climate migration and high regional inequality. Reducing tariffs to the EU levels attenuates this cost. |
| Keywords: | climate change, migration, economic geography |
| JEL: | O15 Q54 R12 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upf:upfgen:1880&r=agr |
| By: | H, Dr. Gopi; K B, Dr. Rangappa |
| Abstract: | Karnataka is a well-located geographical state which has been contributing in a good number by having a fourth place (2019-20) in GSDP to the country. The primary sector has been contributing less to others, not only in India but also in Karnataka. Many of the problems faced by the farmers in Karnataka and gradually, due to many causes, the small and marginal farmers have also increased. To uplift the weaker section of the society (SC/STs), Karnataka State Government launched a scheme that facilitates the bore well by providing supporting materials. Gradually the plan spread over to the communities, namely OBC, Minorities, and Vishwakarma. But the most benefit is required to the Schedule Caste small and marginal farmers (SMFs) with the rest of other communities. Hence, this article aims to describe the Ganga Kalyana Yojana operational mechanism with demand and supply side phenomenon to Schedule Caste Small and Marginal Farmers in Karnataka. As of documentation of the study, the supply is yet to be increased in few regions where the SC small and marginal farmers (SMFs) are very high to the total agricultural land holders. |
| Keywords: | GSDP, Primary Sector, SMFs, Weaker section, Demand, Supply |
| JEL: | D3 D31 D6 D61 D63 I3 I32 I38 J11 Q01 Q11 Q14 Q15 |
| Date: | 2023–08–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120268&r=agr |
| By: | Bopha Chhun; Deepika Sehdev; Amy Cano Prentice; Miguel Cárdenas Rodríguez; Ivan Haščič |
| Abstract: | This paper presents tagging methodologies for 22 environmental domains in the OECD Policy INstruments for the Environment (PINE) database, including seven domains on environmental protection (air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, solid waste, ozone layer, noise and radiation), six domains on natural resource management (fisheries, forests, freshwater, renewable energy, fossil fuels and minerals) and nine cross-cutting domains (climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, land degradation, biodiversity, ocean, chemicals management, energy efficiency, circular economy and mercury). The environmental domains in the PINE database support tracking progress towards domestic and international environmental objectives. Tagging environmental domains allows harmonised comparisons across countries, years and policy instrument types. |
| Keywords: | deposit-refund schemes, environmental policy, environmental protection, fees, market-based instruments, natural resource management, subsidies, taxes, tradable permits, voluntary approaches |
| JEL: | H25 H27 H71 H72 P48 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 R48 |
| Date: | 2024–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:232-en&r=agr |
| By: | Pérez S., Rodrigo; Castillo, Mayarí; Cazzuffi, Chiara |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a pressing issue, affecting the lives of all people across the world. However, poorer and excluded communities are usually more affected, especially in low-income countries. Among them, women but particularly indigenous groups in rural areas seem to bear the bulk of the impacts produced by climate change and its many manifestations. We study the relationship between droughts and incomes and labor market outcomes in Chile over the period 1990-2017, focusing in particular on indigenous women. Our results show that overall indigenous women are the group most severely affected by droughts, decreasing their income, their probability of working in agriculture, and increasing their likelihood of working as an unpaid family worker or being out of the labor force. Results are robust to the use of different variables to measure droughts and to different econometric specifications. Our study corroborates the existence of marked heterogenous effects of climate change on different population groups and the vulnerability of indigenous communities to these shocks. |
| Keywords: | climate change;women;Indigenous groups;Water scarcity;Chile;Droughts |
| JEL: | E24 I31 J16 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:13231&r=agr |
| By: | Boothroyd, Anne; Adams, Vanessa; Alexander, Karen; Hill, Nicole |
| Abstract: | Establishing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in international waters is critical for the conservation of marine biodiversity. The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) is a global leader in high seas conservation, having established two international MPAs in Antarctica’s Southern Ocean, as part of a commitment to establish a representative system of MPAs for the CAMLR Convention Area. However, proposals for new MPAs have faced ongoing challenges in the planning process, and since 2016 the Commission has been unable to agree and implement further MPAs, which has stalled the development of the circumpolar representative system. The key aim of this study was to identify how features of the planning process contribute to outcomes, problems and solutions. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 18 scientists, policymakers, and expert observers from fisheries and environmental non-government organisations involved in CCAMLR MPA planning, to explore their perceptions (experiences, opinions, impressions) of the planning process. Our results identify four key features that are influential across multiple areas of the CCAMLR MPA planning and decision-making process: i) a lack of common understanding; ii) the influence of historical relationships and legacy in subsequent planning processes; iii) inconsistencies between expectations of and requirements for MPA planning; and iv) the degree to which CCAMLR principles and practices, norms, and values are shared. We describe how these four features may help or hinder the effectiveness of the current planning process. We then make suggestions regarding how the planning process could be adapted to capitalise on these features. |
| Date: | 2024–03–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:cwun6&r=agr |
| By: | Christina Anderl; Guglielmo Maria Caporale |
| Abstract: | This paper uses the endogenous regime switching model with dynamic feedback and interactions developed by Chang et al. (2023) to estimate global food price mean and volatility indicators, the latter measuring uncertainty and risk in the global food market. Both are then included in structural VAR models to examine their effects on domestic food price inflation for a range of countries with different food shares in total consumption and in the CPI basket. Next, counterfactual analysis is carried out to assess the effects on core inflation. The results suggest that both global food price mean and volatility shocks have sizeable effects on food price inflation in all countries and persistent second-round effects on core inflation in most countries. An extension of the analysis using disaggregate global food price data shows that the existence of second-round effects is independent of the size of the response of domestic food inflation to global food price shocks. These findings imply that policymakers should distinguish carefully between the two types of global food price shocks (namely mean or volatility) and their effects on core inflation to formulate appropriate policy responses. |
| Keywords: | food price volatility, core inflation, endogenous regime switching, second-round effects |
| JEL: | C13 C58 E31 Q10 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10992&r=agr |
| By: | Olivier Blanchard (Peterson Institute for International Economics); Christian Gollier (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean Tirole (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses an existential threat. Theoretical and empirical research suggest that carbon pricing and green R&D support are the right tools, but their implementation can be improved. Other policies, such as standards, bans, and targeted subsidies, also all have a role to play, but they have often been incoherent, and their implementation is delicate. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Carbon price, Green R&D, Carbon border adjustment, Climate finance |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04472569&r=agr |
| By: | Cavallo, Eduardo A.; Gómez, Santiago; Noy, Ilan; Strobl, Eric |
| Abstract: | Caribbean Islands are exposed to hurricanes, the damages of which are projected to intensify due to anthropogenic climate change. The region is also highly indebted. We focus on the interaction between climate change, hurricanes, and public debt. We investigate what the typical impact of Caribbean hurricanes on public debt in the region has been and how anthropogenic climate change has shaped this impact. Our findings show that for the 10 most severe storms, the average increase in debt, measured as the difference between post and pre-storm trends, is about 10 percent. Three years after such a storm, debt levels are 18 percent higher than what would have been expected otherwise. Based on findings from Extreme Weather Event Attribution (EEA) research, we calculate that the impact of a severe hurricane on public debt that is attributable to climate change amounts to an increase of 3.8 percent of the debt stock relative to the level of debt at the time of the event. |
| Keywords: | Caribbean;Public Debt;Hurricanes;Attribution;climate change |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:13351&r=agr |
| By: | Martinez-Espiñeira, Roberto; Pérez Urdiales, María |
| Abstract: | Standard water affordability measures that only account for expenditure on piped water are unlikely to adequately capture the situation of all consumers in developing countries, who often experience water service quality issues and must rely on coping strategies. We construct and compare a series of water affordability ratios including coping costs, and we also adjust these ratios by normative judgements about the need for coping strategies. We use nationally representative household-level data from 18 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, providing, for the first time, a regional perspective on water affordability. We show that the share of income devoted to water expenses substantially increases when we consider coping costs, particularly affecting the bottom 20% of the income distribution. These findings should be of interest to policy makers aiming at promoting access to safe and affordable water as we also identify the characteristics associated with water affordability issues. |
| Keywords: | water affordability;water quality issues;regulation;Latin America and the Caribbean;water tariff design;water and sanitation tariffs;drinking water quality |
| JEL: | Q21 Q23 Q25 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:13395&r=agr |
| By: | Sánchez, César; Roberts Cummings, Andrew; López, David; González, Astrid; García, Marielos; Molina, Celeste |
| Date: | 2023–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:68917&r=agr |
| By: | McDonald, Tia M.; Durst, Ron |
| Abstract: | Two recent laws enacted temporary provisions to the Federal tax code: the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) and the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA). The authors of this report assess the impact of these expired and expiring Federal income and estate tax policies on tax liabilities for farm households. The authors estimate that the expiration of the temporary provisions of the ARPA and TCJA would increase farm households’ Federal income tax liabilities by $8.9 billion and estate tax liabilities by $647 million the year following expiration. The change in tax liabilities varies by farm size and for groups of farmers considered underserved by USDA programs. This analysis suggests that the combined effect of the sunsetting of reduced individual income tax rates, the increased standard deduction, a cap on State and local tax deductions, and the elimination of the personal exemptions would have the largest impact on underserved and all other farm households, except for very large farm households identified as those with annual gross cash farm income above $5 million. For these very large farm households, the sunsetting of the qualified business income deduction (QBID) would result in the largest increase in tax liabilities. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Financial Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:340569&r=agr |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | The fundamental role that water resources play in human development has been highlighted in multiple ways; the United Nations SDGs underline 17 different goals and over a hundred targets to be achieved by 2030. Out of 169 SDG targets, 59 were found to have direct links and synergies with the water goal SDG6 (UN Water, 2016). Careful policy making and interventions need to be implemented to avoid conflict among sectors and tradeoffs must be well established. The Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM – since 1992) was adopted by most countries and made significant strides in formulating a good foundation for policies and synergies between stakeholders. Nevertheless, IWRM concepts need to be adaptive and revisited to achieve the Agenda 2030 targets. This policy brief introduces water management as a system of interactions between water and other vital resources including food, energy, and health among others; it presents several concepts to bring about policy coherence and quantitative protocols for a more cohesive implementation of policies and tradeoffs in the water sector and beyond. |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb08-23&r=agr |
| By: | Michael Jakob (MCC - Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change - PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Stavros Afionis (Cardiff University, University of Leeds); Max Åhman (Lund University); Angelo Antoci (UNISS - Università degli Studi di Sassari = University of Sassari [Sassari]); Marlene Arens (Lund University); Fernando Ascensão (cE3c - Centre for Ecology - Evolution and Environmental Changes - ULISBOA - Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon); Harro van Asselt (University of Eastern Finland, Universiteit Utrecht / Utrecht University [Utrecht]); Nicolai Baumert (Lund University); Simone Borghesi (EUI - European University Institute, UNISI - Università degli Studi di Siena = University of Siena); Claire Brunel; Justin Caron (HEC Montréal - HEC Montréal); Aaron Cosbey (IISD - International Institute for Sustainable Development); Susanne Droege (Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik); Alecia Evans (Purdue University [West Lafayette]); Gianluca Iannucci (UniFI - Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence); Magnus Jiborn (Lund University); Astrid Kander (Lund University); Viktoras Kulionis (ETH Zürich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich]); Arik Levinson (GU - Georgetown University [Washington]); Jaime de Melo (UNIGE - Université de Genève = University of Geneva); Tom Moerenhout (Columbia University [New York]); Alessandro Monti (UCPH - University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet); Maria Panezi (UNB - University of New Brunswick); Philippe Quirion (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Lutz Sager (GU - Georgetown University [Washington]); Marco Sakai (University of York [York, UK]); Juan Sesmero (Purdue University [West Lafayette]); Mauro Sodini (University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava [Ostrava]); Jean-Marc Solleder (UNIGE - Université de Genève = University of Geneva); Cleo Verkuijl (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Valentin Vogl (Lund University); Leonie Wenz (MCC - Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change - PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Sven Willner (PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research) |
| Abstract: | Economic analysis has produced ample insights on how international trade and climate policy interact (1). Trade presents both opportunities and obstacles, and invites the question of how domestic climate policies can be effective in a global economy integrated through international trade. Particularly problematic is the potential relocation of production to regions with low climate standards. Measures to level the playing field, such as border carbon adjustments (BCAs), may be justified for specific emissions-intensive and trade-exposed sectors but need to be well-targeted, carefully navigating tensions that can arise between the desire to respect global trade rules and the need to elaborate and implement effective national climate policies. The conformity of specific trade measures with international trade and climate change law is not entirely clear. Yet, clarity is needed to ensure that the industry actors affected will find the rules predictable and be able to adhere to them. |
| Date: | 2022–06–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04466107&r=agr |
| By: | Soloaga, Isidro; Plassot, Thibaut; Gaudin, Yannick; Reyes, Moisés; Hess, Sara |
| Date: | 2023–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:68915&r=agr |
| By: | Emilio Depetris-Chauvin; Ömer Özak |
| Abstract: | We explore the effect of historical ethnic borders on contemporary conflict in Africa. We document that both the intensive and extensive margins of contemporary conflict are higher close to historical ethnic borders. Exploiting variations across artificial regions within an ethnicity’s historical homeland and a theory-based instrumental variable approach, we find that regions crossed by historical ethnic borders have 27 percentage points higher probability of conflict and 7.9 percentage points higher probability of being the initial location of a conflict. We uncover several key underlying mechanisms: competition for agricultural land, population pressure, cultural similarity, and weak property rights. |
| Keywords: | Borders, Conflict, Territory, Property Rights, Landownership, Population Pressure, Migration, Historical Homelands, Development, Africa, Voronoi Tessellation, Thiessen Tessellation |
| JEL: | D74 N57 O13 O17 O43 P48 Q15 Q34 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ioe:doctra:573&r=agr |