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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2023‒12‒18
forty papers chosen by |
| By: | Sands, Ronald D.; Meade, Birgit; Seale, James L., Jr.; Robinson, Sherman; Seeger, Riley |
| Abstract: | The global land base is under increasing pressure to provide food for a growing population. This report describes how increasing population, income, and agricultural productivity may affect the production and consumption of crops and food products by 2050. Rising incomes have historically implied increasing consumption of animal products, with large increases in feed calories relative to increases in calories consumed as food. Crop calories are the unit of agricultural production in this report, allowing aggregation across multiple crop types, comparison to calories consumed as food, and providing an indicator of cropland requirements. The following questions are addressed: How do increasing population and income affect global demand for crop and food calories by 2050? What is the effect of agricultural productivity growth on food prices and cropland area expansion? Results show that in an income-driven food demand scenario, production of world crop calories increases by 47 percent from 2011 to 2050. Demand for food calories and crop calories increases over time in all scenarios, with most of the adjustment through increases in crop yield (intensification). The amount of cropland also increases (extensification) but less on a percentage basis. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:338943&r=agr |
| By: | Dickens, Chris; Whitney, C.; Luedeling, E.; Dlamini, V.; O'Brien, G.; Greffiths, Ikhothatseng Jacob |
| Abstract: | This study evaluates the socioecological consequences of the potential trade-offs between maintaining environmental flows (e-flows) and providing water for sustainable subsistence agriculture and livelihoods to the vulnerable human communities living along the lower Great Letaba River in South Africa. Implementation of e-flows is now generally recognized as an essential part of water resources management as they are designed to ensure that sufficient water is retained in a river to protect river ecosystems and all the beneficiaries of services that arise from those ecosystems. Understanding the relationship between e-flows and the use of water for small-scale agriculture is important for the management of trade-offs. The Letaba River Basin and it's tributary, the Great/Groot Letaba, are located in the eastern part of the Limpopo province in South Africa. This is one of the most important river basins in the region supporting both large-scale commercial and small-scale farmers. The river sustains many vulnerable human communities who depend on the ecosystem services provided by the river. Yet, the water resources of the Letaba River are heavily overutilized due to expanding developments, including upstream dams with associated offtakes mostly for irrigation. The findings of the study indicate that irrigation water demand from subsistence agriculture in the Great Letaba Basin amounted to around 2 million cubic meters annually with median demand not exceeding 300, 000 cubic meters per month. This means that irrigation water demand from smallholder agriculture only amounts to about one-tenth of the estimated e-flow requirement. However, small-scale farmers contend with an increasing crop water gap which limits irrigated agriculture, especially during the dry season. Given the need to sustainably maintain e-flows for ecological purposes, crop water gaps are only likely to increase and compromise the sustainability of irrigated agriculture. With active upstream supplementation of river flows from dams to maintain both environmental and livelihoods-oriented river flows, the crop water gap can be fully eliminated. This supplementation is not assured due to competing uses. |
| Keywords: | Resource recovery; Environmental flows; Sustainable agriculture; Sustainable intensification; Small-scale farming; Livelihoods; River basins; Water resources; Water management; Water availability; Water demand; Irrigation water; Irrigated farming; Subsistence farming; Crop water use; Water requirements; Crop yield |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:worppr:h052105&r=agr |
| By: | Nour Nsiri (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes); Abderraouf Zaatra (CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes); Sophie Drogué (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Hatem Belhouchette (CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, UMR ABSys - Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Georgios Kleftodimos (CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Keywords: | WATER RESOURCES, RESOURCE DEPLETION, RESILIENCE, FARMS, SEMIARID ZONES, IRRIGATION, FARMING SYSTEM, AGRICULTURAL INCOME, MOROCCO, RESSOURCE EN EAU, EPUISEMENT DES RESSOURCES, EXPLOITATION AGRICOLE, ZONE SEMI ARIDE, SYSTEME DE PRODUCTION, REVENU AGRICOLE, MAROC |
| Date: | 2023–08–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04213830&r=agr |
| By: | Letort, Elodie; Dupraz, P |
| Abstract: | The objective of this study is to simulate a payment for environmental services scheme to reduce enteric methane emissions per litre of milk by incentivizing farmers to modify the diet of dairy cows. We estimated a milk yield function by distinguishing between types of fodder and concentrate feeds. Methane emissions were calculated from the technical relationship between different feed sources and milk productivity. The heterogeneity of the production conditions faced by the farmers was identified from a mixture model estimated by the EM algorithm. The results show that, with the introduction of the payment for environmental services, farmers reduce their methane emissions per litre of milk the more their production conditions, as reflected by the quality of their forage, are good. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2023–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:inrasl:338908&r=agr |
| By: | Gillespie, Jeffrey; Whitt, Christine; Davis, Christopher |
| Abstract: | The cow-calf segment of the U.S. beef industry is diverse in farm size, structure, and location, with farms located in every State and ranging from very small to very large. Modest structural change has occurred in this segment over the past two decades, resulting in moderately fewer farms that produce more animals and are more specialized in cow-calf production. In this report, cow-calf farms are compared by region, farm size, phases of beef production that are present on the farm, and farm typology using the cow-calf version of the 2018 USDA Agricultural Resource Management Survey. Larger scale cow-calf farms were found in the Northern Plains and West regions, whereas smaller scale farms tended to be located in the southeast and Southern Plains regions. Larger scale cow-calf farms had lower economic costs per cow and tended to adopt advanced technologies, management practices, and production systems at greater rates than smaller farms. Operators of cow-calf farms had a range of motivations that influenced their decisions. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Livestock Production/Industries, Production Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:338941&r=agr |
| By: | Rabbitt, Matthew P.; Hales, Laura J.; Burke, Michael P.; Coleman-Jensen, Alisha |
| Abstract: | This report provides statistics on food security in U.S. households throughout 2022 based on the Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement data collected by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, in December 2022. An estimated 87.2 percent of U.S. households were food secure throughout the entire year in 2022, with access at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life for all household members. The remaining households (12.8 percent, statistically significantly higher than the 10.2 percent in 2021 and the 10.5 percent in 2020) were food insecure at least some time during the year, including 5.1 percent with very low food security (statistically significantly higher than the 3.8 percent in 2021 and the 3.9 percent in 2020). Very low food security is the more severe range of food insecurity where one or more household members experience reduced food intake and disrupted eating patterns at times during the year because of limited money and other resources for obtaining food. Children and adults were food insecure at times during 2022 in 8.8 percent of U.S. households with children, up from 6.2 percent in 2021 and 7.6 percent in 2020. In 2022, very low food security among children was 1.0 percent, statistically significantly higher than the 0.7 percent in 2021. From 2021 to 2022, there were statistically significant increases in food insecurity and very low food security for nearly all subgroups of households described in this report. In 2022, the typical food-secure household spent 15 percent more on food than the typical food-insecure household of the same size and household composition. About 55 percent of food-insecure households participated in one or more of the three largest Federal nutrition assistance programs from the U.S. Department of Agriculture: the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP); the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); and the National School Lunch Program during the month prior to the 2022 survey. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:338945&r=agr |
| By: | Arellano Gonzalez Jesus; Juárez-Torres Miriam; Zazueta Borboa Francisco |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we investigate the effect of weather shocks on the price of two crops of great importance in Mexican agriculture: white corn and dry beans. We rely on panel data techniques applied to a 20-year long panel of prices at the market/city level. Our results show that positive temperature and negative precipitation shocks of at least 0.5 standard deviations relative to the climate normal have immediate and lagged positive effects on the price of these crops. The immediate effect is about 2.0%, while the lagged effect is between 1.0% and 2.5%, depending on the timing of the shock within the crop's growing period. We also show that one of the mechanisms explaining the effect of weather shocks on the price of these crops is their detrimental effect on productivity, especially for rainfed production. |
| Keywords: | Food Inflation;Weather Shocks;Staple prices;Local Markets |
| JEL: | E31 Q15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdm:wpaper:2023-16&r=agr |
| By: | Taneja, Garima (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Katyaini, S.; Bhattacharjee, Suchiradipta (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Chaturvedi, K.; Mitra, Archisman (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Verma, Shilp (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Bassi, N. |
| Keywords: | Food systems; Land resources; Water systems; Policy coherence; Stakeholders; State intervention; Government; Development programmes; Livelihoods; Sustainability |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:conprc:h052104&r=agr |
| By: | Bodach, Susanne; Athukorala, Aruni Narmada; Wickramaarachchi, Hasintha |
| Keywords: | Food surplus; Food waste; Waste reduction; Circular economy; Food security; Partnerships; Food insecurity; Policies; Food safety; Guidelines; Regulations; Transport; Stakeholders; Developing countries |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:conppr:h052325&r=agr |
| By: | Anbacha, A.; Mapedza, Everisto (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Joshi, Deepa (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Nigussie, Likimyelesh (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Puskur, R.; Nchanji, E.; Mukhopadhyay, P.; Nortje, Karen (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Enokenwa Baa, Ojongetakah (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Jacobs-Mata, Inga (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Zewde, Y.; Ketema, D.; Roothaert, R.; Lutomia, C.; Gartaula, H. N. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural value chains; Gender equality; Social inclusion; Women's participation; Youth; Farmers; Empowerment; Capacity development; Stakeholders; Vegetables; Agribusiness; Diversification; Farm inputs; Technology; Innovation; Resilience; Non-governmental organizations; Policies |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:conprc:h052223&r=agr |
| By: | Devenish, Adam J. M.; Schmitter, Petra; Jellason, Nugun. P.; Esmail, Nafeesa; Abdi, Nur M.; Adanu, Selase K.; Adolph, Barbara; Al-Zu’bi, Maha; Amali, Amali A.; Barron, Jennie; Chapman, Abbie S.A.; Chausson, Alexandre M.; Chibesa, Moses; Davies, Joanne; Dugan, Emmanuel; Edwards, Glory I.; Egeru, Anthony; Gebrehiwot, Tagel; Griffiths, Geoffrey H.; Haile, Amleset; Hunga, Henry G.; Igbine, Lizzy; Jarju, Ousman M.; Keya, Francis; Khalifa, Muhammad; Ledoux, Wamba A.; Lejissa, Lemlem T.; Loupa, Pius; Lwanga, Jonathan; Mapedza, Everisto D.; Marchant, Robert; McLoud, Tess; Mukuyu, Patience; Musah, Labram M.; Mwanza, Morton; Mwitwa, Jacob; Neina, Dora; Newbold, Tim; Njogo, Samuel; Robinson, Elizabeth; Singini, Wales; Umar, Bridget B.; Wesonga, Frank; Willcock, Simon; Yang, Jingyi; Tobias, Joseph A. |
| Abstract: | Sub-Saharan Africa is facing an expected doubling of human population and tripling of food demand over the next quarter century, posing a range of severe environmental, political, and socio-economic challenges. In some cases, key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are in direct conflict, raising difficult policy and funding decisions, particularly in relation to trade-offs between food production, social inequality, and ecosystem health. In this study, we used a horizon-scanning approach to identify 100 practical or research-focused questions that, if answered, would have the greatest positive impact on addressing these trade-offs and ensuring future productivity and resilience of food-production systems across sub-Saharan Africa. Through direct canvassing of opinions, we obtained 1339 questions from 331 experts based in 55 countries. We then used online voting and participatory workshops to produce a final list of 100 questions divided into 12 thematic sections spanning topics from gender inequality to technological adoption and climate change. Using data on the background of respondents, we show that perspectives and priorities can vary, but they are largely consistent across different professional and geographical contexts. We hope these questions provide a template for establishing new research directions and prioritising funding decisions in sub-Saharan |
| Keywords: | agricultural development; acroecosystems; environmental impacts; horizon scan; food security; food systems; social inclusion; Sustainable Development Goals; trade-offs; UKRI Global Challenges Research Fund grant ES/P011306/1 (JAT) |
| JEL: | R14 J01 J1 |
| Date: | 2023–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120693&r=agr |
| By: | Noubissi Domguia, Edmond; Asongu, Simplice |
| Abstract: | This study contributes to the extant literature on the nexus between information and communication technologies (ICTs) and agriculture. Despite increasing attention on the subject, existing studies are sparse on the channels through which ICTs affect the agricultural sector. We use a stochastic impact model extended to the population, affluence and technology regression model to assess both the impact and transmission of ICTs on agriculture in 18 sub-Saharan African countries. The empirical results show that ICT use measured by Internet, mobile and fixed-line telephone penetration boosts the agricultural sector enormously. In addition, the mediation analysis reveals that ICTs not only have a direct positive effect on agriculture but also a positive indirect effect through its impact on financial development and trade openness and a negative indirect effect through energy consumption. However, the total effect is positive and shows that ICTs are supporting the development of the agricultural sector in sub-Saharan Africa. To enhance the positive effects of ICTs on agriculture, governments should design policies to improve access to credit for the private sector, promote liberalization, and provide financial incentives for the development of green and less expensive agricultural technologies. |
| Keywords: | ICT, agriculture, Sub-Saharan Africa, transmission channels, mediation |
| JEL: | L96 O55 |
| Date: | 2022–01–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119055&r=agr |
| By: | Xu, Ankai |
| Abstract: | This note synthesises the available literature examining the impact of agricultural support on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as its impact on water, biodiversity, and land. In keeping with the Secretariat's impartiality, the note reports the findings as they appear in the literature. The primary source of analysis is the work conducted by Ash and Cox (2022), supplemented by additional insights from recent literature on this subject. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, environment, climate change |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wtowps:279895&r=agr |
| By: | Asongu, Simplice; Salahodjaev, Raufhon |
| Abstract: | This study explores the empowerment of women in politics on the environmental sustainability. Using data for the period 2015-2019 from 179 countries, we investigate the link between representation of women in parliament and the Environmental Performance Index (EPI). To explore the causal effect, we rely on gender quotas, language intensity and land suitability for agriculture as instruments for the share of women in parliament. Our results suggest that 10 percentage points increase in instrumented proportion of women in parliament leads to 7.1 points increase in the EPI. The results remain robust to a number of robustness checks. |
| Keywords: | environmental performance, women in parliament |
| JEL: | Q50 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–01–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119050&r=agr |
| By: | EMEDIEGWU Lotanna; ROGNA Marco (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The transmission of commodities prices from the international to local markets is an interesting and deeply investigated topic. A fast and strong link between the two levels of the market is seen by economists as a sign of local market efficiency, allowing actors to respond fast to signals coming from the international market. However, the empirical evidence on the topic is very mixed, ranging from a very weak linkage between the two market prices to a high-speed and almost complete transmission. The present paper aims to advance the knowledge on the topic by focusing on the price transmission of four main cereals – maize, rice, sorghum, and wheat – in 23 developing and fragile economies. Employing a recent World Bank dataset with prices for several local markets in select countries, we estimate panel vector autoregressions (PVAR) to analyze the pass-through effects of international price shocks on local food prices. We find evidence for a relatively strong price transmission elasticity for all commodities except sorghum. Furthermore, the observed transmission of shocks is almost immediate. We present the policy implications for these findings. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:eapoaf:202308&r=agr |
| By: | Geraldo Costa Junior (Universidade Federal Fluminense); Andrea Calef (School of Economics, University of East Anglia) |
| Abstract: | Weather variation plays a primary role in commodity price formation. In most contexts, the amount of rainfall is usually taken by farmers as an indicator of crop success or failure. However, the literature is still vague in defining when in the pre-harvest period weather information is more critical for price formation. In this sense, we investigate the impact of dryness on commodity price formation during the pre-harvest period and across phenological stages in the context of a major corn producing country. We build a database containing variables such as price and the number of days with no precipitation between January 2005 and December 2019. We use a panel data regression of corn spot prices on the number of days without rain, and its squares. We find a significant and nonlinear relationship between the number of dry days in a week and local corn price variations. Overall, prices start rising after 4 days with no precipitation. Disentangling this impact into phenological stages, we find that dryness events tend to impact prices during the vegetative and flowering stages but have no effect during the grain filling stage. We also find that abnormal precipitation events tend to increase corn prices, as they contribute to depressing farmers expectations on future corn availability by harvest time. However, this result is led by water scarcity events, while, on the contrary, water overabundance events negatively affect prices. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uea:ueaeco:2023-04&r=agr |
| By: | Shobande, Olatunji; Asongu, Simplice A |
| Abstract: | The struggle to combat climate change remains complex and challenging. Currently, two climate change approaches, namely, mitigation and adaptation, have been widely supported. These are empirical, requiring further explanation of the main drivers of carbon emissions. This research seeks to tackle this problem by providing a strategy to reduce climate change impacts. This study contributes to the existing empirical literature in several ways. It investigates whether education and information and communication technology (ICT) matter in promoting environmental sustainability in the Eastern and Southern Africa. The empirical evidence is based on third-generation panel unit root and cointegration tests that account for the potential issue of structural breaks in the series. We further dissect the long and short run dynamics using the panel Granger causality approach. Our findings show the possibility of using education and clean technology investment in a complementary strategy for mitigating carbon emissions and promoting environmental sustainability in the sampled countries. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Sustainability; ICT; Education; Eastern Africa; Southern Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2022–01–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119054&r=agr |
| By: | RAHAL, Imen |
| Abstract: | In recent years, food loss has emerged as a global concern, with research indicating that between 20% to 60% of total production is lost within the food supply chain. Consequently, both researchers and practitioners have increasingly directed their attention towards maximizing the availability of food products for society. As a result, researchers have employed various operations research tools to optimize the food supply chain and facilitate decision�making processes. This paper aims to provide a literature review of modeling and optimization approaches in perishable supply chain management, with a specific focus on minimizing losses throughout the supply chain. Our primary emphasis is on perishable foods, and we analyze selected research papers based on their objectives, employed models, and solution approaches. Through our research analysis, we identify potential avenues for future research in the field of perishable products supply chains, with the overarching goal of reducing losses along the entire supply chain. |
| Keywords: | Optimisation, supply chain, perishable products. |
| JEL: | C6 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119193&r=agr |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Given the direct impacts of climate change are felt first and foremost at the local level, many have called for climate adaptation to be a local responsibility. Indeed, local authorities have a major influence on climate change adaptation - such as through their land use and permitting decisions. Yet, their actions are strongly determined by the national fiscal, regulatory and policy contexts in which they are embedded in. This policy paper provides an overview and a discussion of the roles and responsibilities for climate adaptation across levels of government. It argues that co-operation across levels of government is needed to strengthen adaptation at the local level. This policy paper was prepared as part of the OECD Territorial Approach to Climate Action and Resilience programme, which supports subnational authorities in their efforts to accelerate the net zero transition and build systemic resilience. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, climate change adaptation, climate risk, local government |
| Date: | 2023–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaac:38-en&r=agr |
| By: | Leight, Jessica; Alderman, Harold; Gilligan, Daniel; Hidrobo, Melissa; Mulford, Michael |
| Abstract: | In recent years, a growing literature has examined the potential of multifaceted, intensive “graduation model†interventions that simultaneously address multiple barriers constraining households’ exit from poverty. In this paper, we present new evidence from a randomized trial of a lighter-touch graduation model implemented in rural Ethiopia. The primary experimental arms are a bundled intervention including a productive transfer valued at $374 (randomly assigned to be cash or an equivalent value in poultry), training, and savings groups; a simpler intervention including training and savings groups only; and a control arm. We find that three years post-baseline, the intervention inclusive of the transfer leads to some increases in assets, savings, and cash income from livestock, though there is no shift in consumption or household food security; these effects are consistent regardless of the modality of the transfer (cash versus poultry). The effects of training and savings groups alone are minimal. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; graduation model; households; poverty; cash transfers; poultry; training; savings groups; assets; income; livestock; consumption; food security |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2203&r=agr |
| By: | Guillaume Martin (Humanis - Hommes et management en société / Humans and management in society - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg) |
| Abstract: | In Cambodia, only 16% of the population in rural areas has access to safely managed and clean water supply services, putting the health of 10.12 million people at stake. (Cambodia's Voluntary National Review 2019 of the Implementation of the 2030 SDG Agenda). 1001fontaines, a community-based enterprise located mainly in Cambodia, responds to this issue by enabling the production of safe drinking water directly in the targeted communities, through the establishment of small water enterprises. These units, called water kiosks, are entrusted to local entrepreneurs and supported in the long run thanks to a franchise model. In 2014, 1001fontaines su ered from low-performing water kiosks, which impacted the viability of the whole portfolio. As a result, 1001fontaines decided to launch the so-called "4G" capacity building project to upgrade the initial and continuing training of water entrepreneurs, expand distribution channels, and further leverage the local "O-We" brand to reach more bene ciaries. The "4G project" was implemented from 2014 to 2015, and resulted in the identi cation of best practices to be followed by every water entrepreneur. Since 2016, 1001fontaines has generalised the use of these best practices to build the capacities of new entrepreneurs. This case study aims to investigate the impact of the "4G project" and its conclusion on the water kiosks' performance and on 1001fontaines' ability to better and faster scale up its approach in Cambodia. |
| Keywords: | Capacity building local entrepreneurs scale-up social marketing sustainability, Capacity building, local entrepreneurs, scale-up, social marketing, sustainability |
| Date: | 2021–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04225146&r=agr |
| By: | Matthias Firgo; Dieter Pennerstorfer |
| Abstract: | We use two waves of census data with detailed farm characteristics for the total population of Austrian farms to examine the causal effect of agritourism on farm survival. To account for self-selection into agritourism, we use regional variation in tourism intensity that is exogenous to individual farms. On average, agritourism causally increases survival probabilities by 10.3 percentage points over an eleven-year period, which is both large and statistically significant. Marginal effects vary by farm characteristics and are as large as 15.9 percentage points for some sub-populations. Agricultural policies to facilitate entry into agritourism can therefore be effective in keeping farms in the market. Our analysis shows that the magnitude of the estimated coefficients is heavily biased as long as we do not adequately account for endogenous self-selection into agritourism. This suggests that even with a big database, an appropriate identification strategy is required to obtain causal and thus policy-relevant estimates. |
| Keywords: | agritourism, firm survival, agriculture, diversification, big data, bivariate probit |
| JEL: | Z30 Q12 L25 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jku:econwp:2023-15&r=agr |
| By: | B. Kelsey Jack (University of California at Santa Barbara); Seema Jayachandran (Princeton University); Namrata Kala (MIT Sloan School of Management); Rohini Pande (Yale University) |
| Abstract: | We test the effectiveness of payments for ecosystem services (PES) in reducing crop residue burning, which contributes significantly to India’s poor air quality. Standard PES contracts pay a monetary reward after verification that the participant has met a pro-environment condition (clearing agricultural fields without burning). We randomize paying a portion of the money upfront and unconditionally to address liquidity constraints and farmer distrust, which may undermine the standard contract’s effectiveness. Despite providing a lower reward for compliance, contracts with partial upfront payment increase compliance by 10 percentage points, which is corroborated with satellite-based burning measurements. The cost per life saved using this strategy is $4400. In contrast, standard PES has no effect on burning; the payments made are entirely inframarginal. |
| Keywords: | India, Life Expectancy, Payments for Ecosystem Services, PES |
| JEL: | O13 Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pri:econom:2023-14&r=agr |
| By: | Beckman, Jayson; Ivanic, Maros; Nava, Noé J. |
| Abstract: | The United States is one of the largest producers and exporters of corn and soybeans globally partly because of yields that are among the highest in the world. However, a changing climate could affect these yields, which could ultimately affect production and the availability of products for export. In this report, the authors estimate that U.S. corn yields could increase 3.1 percent and soybean yields could decrease 3.0 percent in 2036 relative to 2016, based on climate projections. These results are driven primarily by the increased frequency of periods of extreme heat and declines in precipitation in counties east of the 100th meridian part of the United States. These estimates are then used in a simulation model to explore the market implications from these yield projections, and those results indicate that these yield changes could affect U.S. production and ultimately trade. The estimated growth in U.S. corn yields increases corn production that could ultimately affect the amount of corn the United States has available to export. Holding yields in other countries fixed, the model indicates that U.S. corn exports increase 0.36 percent (the equivalent of $63 million). The decline in soybean yields decreases production, leading to a 1.17-percent drop in U.S. exports (the equivalent of $319 million) based on 2016 exports. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, International Relations/Trade, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:338944&r=agr |
| By: | Crescenzi, Riccardo; De Filippis, Fabrizio; Giua, Mara; Salvatici, Luca; Vaquero Pineiro, Cristina |
| Abstract: | The Geographical Indications (GIs) scheme of the European Union guarantees visibility and protection to high-quality agri-food products associated with a demarcated region of origin. This paper estimates the impact of the scheme in attracting agri-food Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in European NUTS3 regions, using a novel dataset and a Generalized Propensity Score Matching approach. Areas endorsed with GIs attract more FDI in agri-food related activities than their non-GI counterparts. Positive effects, estimated for FDI inflows, related job creation, and inter-sectoral spillovers on local employment, involves territories with lower institutional quality. |
| Keywords: | foreign direct investment; geographical indications; regional development; territorial policy; European Union; European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme H2020 project BATModel [grant agreement number 861932] and the PON “Ricerca e Innovazione 2014–2020—Azione IV.6. Contratti di ricerca su tematiche Green”; D.M. 1062/2021; Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca. This research was also funded by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) under the UK government’s Horizon Europe funding guarantee [grant number 10041284]. This work is also part of a project that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe Programme [Grant agreement No. 101061104- ESSPIN-HORIZON-CL2-2021-TRANSFORMATIONS-01]; Wiley deal |
| JEL: | R11 Q18 O24 C31 |
| Date: | 2023–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120408&r=agr |
| By: | Valero, Diana; Cook, Jess; Lee, Angus; Browne, Alison L.; Ellis, Rowan; Pancholi, Vidya Sagar; Hoolohan, Claire |
| Abstract: | Access to safe, clean and affordable water is a basic human right and a global goal towards which climate change poses new challenges that heavily impact the health and wellbeing of people across the globe and exacerbate or create new inequalities. These challenges are shaped by a number of geographical and social conditions that, apart from the risks of weather-driven impacts on water, include water governance and management arrangements in place, including pricing tariffs, and the interplay of social and economic inequalities. Building on examples from Australia, Scotland and England and Wales that illustrate access to water in different types of water provision systems, and regarding to aspects of access, quality and affordability, this paper explores the types of challenges related to water poverty in the context of climate crisis and reflects on the multiple dimensions of water poverty oriented social policy at the interplay of climate change associated risks. |
| Keywords: | water poverty; water insecurity; water affordability; cost of living |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2023–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120704&r=agr |
| By: | Pablo Delgado (Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business Studies, Universidad de Zaragoza and Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.); Vicente Pinilla (Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business Studies, Universidad de Zaragoza and Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.); Ignacio Belloc (Department of Economic Analysis, Faculty of Economics and Business Studies, Universidad de Zaragoza and Institute of Employment, Digital Society and Sustainability (IEDIS), Zaragoza, Spain.) |
| Abstract: | How has Spain transitioned from historically having a relatively low meat production and being a net importer of meat in 1990 to becoming the world's leading exporter of pork in 2020? This is the research question we aim to address in this article. In our quest for an answer, we constructed a gravity model to examine the determinants of Spanish meat exports. We posit that a significant surge in domestic meat consumption since the 1960s led to substantial economies of scale in the sector, rendering it highly competitive by the 1980s. Consequently, when Spain joined the European Union and liberalized the sector, it was sufficiently competitive to conquer international markets. In other words, we aim to study how a Home Market Effect has occurred in Spain and how it has been reinforced by the European Union adhesion. Ultimately, this high competitiveness has allowed Spain to capitalize on China's demand for pork in recent years. |
| Keywords: | meat exports, Home market effect, gravity equation, Spain, international trade. |
| JEL: | N54 N74 F12 F13 F14 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahe:dtaehe:2307&r=agr |
| By: | Grupp, Tristan Earle; Mishra, Prakash; Reynaert, Mathias; Van Benthem, Arthur |
| Abstract: | The European Union designates 26% of its landmass as a protected area, limiting economic development to favor biodiversity. This paper uses the staggered introduction of protected-area policies between 1985 and 2020 to study the selection of land for protection and the causal effect of protection on vegetation cover and nightlights. Our results reveal protection did not affect the outcomes in any meaningful way across four decades, all countries, protection cohorts, and a wide range of land and climate attributes. We conclude that European conservation efforts lack ambition because policymakers select land for protection not threatened by development. |
| Keywords: | land protection; conservation; biodiversity; deforestation; vegetation cover; night-lights; staggered difference-in-differences |
| JEL: | Q23 Q24 Q57 R14 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:128755&r=agr |
| By: | Muhammad Adnan Hayat; Khalid Alhadhrami; Amro Elshurafa (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Countries are exploring various options to achieve net-zero emissions, including bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), which is the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) from processes that utilize bioenergy to produce heat, electricity or biofuels. However, this technology faces sustainability concerns, an unclear public perception and has complex value chains for its emissions. Adding to this complexity, the literature presents two opposing views regarding the potential of BECCS to achieve negative emissions. This paper analyzes in detail a wide range of BECCS pathways in terms of their ability to achieve negative emissions and their associated costs. Out of the seven assessed pathways, our analysis shows that the corn-to-ethanol and biomethane-production-from-maize BECCS pathways in the U.S., along with biomethane production from wet manure in Europe and baling of straw pellets with trans-Atlantic shipment, can achieve negative emissions at a cost of 50, 108, 159 and 232 dollars per ton of CO2 ($/tCO2), respectively. Other technologies, such as poplar pellets, forest residue and agricultural residue with trans-Atlantic shipments, are not able to achieve negative emissions. |
| Keywords: | Battery Storage, Benefits of electricity trade, Business models, Climate change |
| Date: | 2023–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2023-dp28&r=agr |
| By: | Seymour, Greg; Faas, Simone; Ferguson, Nathaniel; Heckert, Jessica; Malapit, Hazel J.; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth; Quisumbing, Agnes R.; van Biljon, Chloe; Gender Agriculture Assets Project Phase 2 Study Team |
| Abstract: | We discuss the evolution of the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI) from its initial launch in 2018 until early 2023. We explain the reasons motivating changes to the composition of pro-WEAI and the adequacy thresholds of several indicators and discuss the implications of both for the overall measurement of project impacts on women’s empowerment. We present supporting empirical results comparing projects’ impacts calculated using the abbreviated Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI) (the predecessor to pro-WEAI with fewer indicators and less stringent indicator cut-offs), the pilot 12-indicator version of pro-WEAI, and the final, revised 10-indicator version of pro-WEAI, based on longitudinal data from six agricultural development projects in East and West Africa and South Asia as part of the Gender, Agriculture, and Assets Project, Phase 2 (GAAP2). In addition, we assess the sensitivity of the revised pro-WEAI to an alternative weighting scheme, namely inverse covariance weighting (ICW). Overall, we find that the revised pro-WEAI performs well: In comparison to A-WEAI, pro-WEAI—regardless of version—identifies larger and more frequently significant impact estimates, indicating that pro-WEAI is more sensitive to detecting project impacts on women’s empowerment than A-WEAI. And we find only minor differences in impact estimates produced using the 12-indicator, 10-indicator, or alternate weighting scheme versions of pro-WEAI. We conclude with reflections on six years of work on pro-WEAI during GAAP2. |
| Keywords: | SOUTH ASIA; WEST AFRICA; EAST AFRICA; women's empowerment; gender equality; agricultural development; impact assessment; impact evaluation; WEAI |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2201&r=agr |
| By: | Camille Eslan (FFE - Fédération Française d'Equitation, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, IFCE - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]); Servane Le Clinche (UCO - Université Catholique de l'Ouest) |
| Keywords: | equestrian activities, Horse well-being, Horse welfare, self-organization, Riding schools, Horse-human relationship |
| Date: | 2023–02–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04273911&r=agr |
| By: | B. Kelsey Jack (University of California); Seema Jayachandran (Princeton University); Flavio Malagutti (University of California); Sarojini Rao (Virginia Department of Planning and Budget) |
| Abstract: | In addition to generating a negative environmental externality, a household’s water consumption entails another “market failure†: household members free-ride off each other and overconsume. The problem stems from consumption being billed at the household level and the difficulty of monitoring one another’s consumption. We document the importance of this phenomenon in urban Zambia by combining utility billing records and randomized person-specific price variation. We derive and empirically confirm the following prediction: Individuals with weaker incentives to conserve under the household’s financial arrangements reduce water use more when their person-specific price increases. Another prediction is that this overconsumption problem is more acute when the financial benefit of a lower utility bill is shared unevenly among household members. We show that households indeed seem more responsive to a change in the household-level price of water when their financial arrangements are more equal. Our results offer a novel explanation for the low price sensitivity of residential water (and electricity) consumption. |
| Keywords: | environmental externalities, intrahousehold decision-making, moral hazard, Pigouvian pricing, water use |
| JEL: | D10 H21 H23 O10 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pri:econom:2023-13&r=agr |
| By: | ISSIFOU, Hamza; NADJIMADNAN L., Stéphane |
| Abstract: | Several studies have suggested that an increase in per capita income has an impact on environmental quality; however, other research rejects this conclusion. This paper aims to empirically test the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis by analyzing the interaction between per capita income growth and environmental degradation, measured through CO2 emissions as the dependent variable. Furthermore, this study compiles panel data from 2000 to 2014 for all countries in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). The study's results revealed that the EKC hypothesis is not supported in the WAEMU countries. Consequently, it is recommended that WAEMU countries strengthen their environmental policies, with a focus on reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Additionally, implementing environmental education programs to raise awareness among citizens is advised. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Kuznets Curve, per capita income, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. |
| JEL: | O55 Q52 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119224&r=agr |
| By: | Mathilde Salin |
| Keywords: | Environment; Land Use; Transition Risks; Urban Sprawl |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_313&r=agr |
| By: | Alexandros Skouralis; Nicole Lux; Mark Andrew |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; flood risk; Flood Risk Discount; UK Property Prices |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_79&r=agr |
| By: | Jesper Akesson; Robert W. Hahn; Rajat Kochhar; Robert D. Metcalfe |
| Abstract: | Water suppliers are showing greater interest in using different mechanisms to promote conservation. One such mechanism is conducting home water audits, which involves assessing water use and providing tailored suggestions for conserving water for residential customers. Yet, very little is known about the economic impacts of these water audits. This paper helps fill this gap by implementing a natural field experiment in the United Kingdom. The experiment involves randomly allocating 45, 000 water customers to a control group or to treatment groups that receive different behavioral encouragements to take-up an online water audit. Our analysis yields three main findings. First, encouraging subjects to participate in an audit with financial incentives reduces household consumption by about 17 percent over two months. Furthermore, we find that the size of the financial incentive used to encourage conservation matters for take-up, but not conservation. Second, notwithstanding these improvements in water conservation, the per capita net benefits of the intervention are close to zero under a wide range of assumptions. We also implement a marginal value of public funds approach that considers benefits and costs and we reach a similar conclusion. Third, we find that targeting of high users could double the effectiveness of the financial incentive interventions. |
| JEL: | H0 Q25 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31831&r=agr |
| By: | Ivan Mužić (Croatian National Bank, Croatia); Ivan Žilić (Croatian National Bank, Croatia) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyze the effects of a price control program designed to mitigate the inflation burden for households. In particular, as a part of a larger relief package, in September 2022 the Croatian government lowered and fixed the price of essential food products, including long-term milk. While selective price controls on food products have a social dimension, setting the price ceiling too low might lead to shortages and a decrease in consumer welfare. Applying a difference-in-difference identification strategy and using weekly data on milk availability and pricing across a number of stores in Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, we estimate the causal effects of the price-ceiling policy. We find that the regulated milk was around 35% cheaper than it would have been if there was no program, and we find no adverse effect on the regulated milk availability. We document that the price of substitutes (other types of milk) did not increase, but we do record an increase in the availability of close substitutes of the regulated milk type. While our back-of-the-envelope calculation indicates that the effect of milk price ceilings on overall inflation is negligible, we show that this inflation-soothing effect is more prominent for poorer households. |
| Keywords: | inflation, price controls, availability, substitution |
| JEL: | E31 G50 E64 |
| Date: | 2023–11–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hnb:wpaper:71&r=agr |
| By: | Dobis, Elizabeth A.; Cromartie, John; Williams, Ryan; Reed, Kyle |
| Abstract: | Mountains and other topographic features with variable elevation provide benefits to residents and visitors but may also impose barriers to travel and restrict development. The authors developed two national representations of relative topographic variability for census tracts: the Area Ruggedness Scale characterizes overall ruggedness and the Road Ruggedness Scale characterizes ruggedness along roads. To understand variation of characteristics by terrain ruggedness, the authors analyzed population, population density, and income across road ruggedness categories, rurality, and regions in the United States. The authors found that as land becomes more rugged, population density decreases, more people live in rural locations, and more rural residents live in low-income census tracts. Ruggedness is distinct from rurality, but in locations that are both highly rugged and rural, unique challenges may arise. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Land Economics/Use, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:338942&r=agr |
| By: | Chen, Liming (Asian Development Bank); Hasan, Rana (Asian Development Bank); Jiang, Yi (Asian Development Bank); Parkhomenko, Andrii (University of Southern California) |
| Abstract: | We study the interaction between transit improvements and land use policies in the context of Bengaluru, one of India’s largest cities. The city inaugurated a metro system in 2011. Yet it has low building heights even near metro stations, reflecting low floor-area ratio limits. We construct a rich dataset that includes information on travel times between 198 wards, parcel-level land use, and building heights from satellite images. We then build a quantitative spatial model where heterogeneous workers choose among different commuting modes. The simulations show that the metro system increases citywide output and welfare, even net of costs. However, the net gains are several times larger when floor-area ratio limits are relaxed near metro stations (transit-oriented development) or in the city center. Moreover, the metro and transit-oriented development are complementary—their joint effect on incomes, prices, and welfare is greater than the combined effect of the two policies implemented separately |
| Keywords: | : urban; transit; land use; building heights; transportation; transit-oriented development; spatial equilibrium; development; India |
| JEL: | R31 R33 R41 R42 R52 |
| Date: | 2023–11–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0702&r=agr |
| By: | Taron, Avinandan; Majumder, A.; Bodach, Susanne; Agbefu, Dzifa |
| Abstract: | Processing biomass from different waste streams into marketable products such as organic fertilizer and bio-energy is increasingly realized through public-private partnerships (PPPs). In developing countries, the private sector can be expected to contribute technical skills, organizational capabilities and marketing expertise, and leverage capital inflow. In contrast, the public sector will provide the regulatory framework and help its enforcement, plan public investment, involve and educate stakeholders, and ensure waste supply. This report reviews case studies that implemented PPPs in resource recovery and reuse (RRR) from waste streams with a particular focus on Asia and Africa, including those PPPs facilitated by the authors. Critical factors behind the success and failure of these cases are analyzed. The review indicates three key barriers to success: (i) waste-related bottlenecks, (ii) limited awareness about RRR products and their market(ing), and (iii) lack of proper institutional frameworks. Common shortfalls concern failure to meet commitments related to the quality and quantity of waste, missing understanding of the reuse market, etc. The report points out mitigation measures addressing possible challenges around appropriate technologies, finance and revenue streams, legal issues, as well as social and environmental concerns. It is required to establish close monitoring, appropriate procurement mechanisms and due diligence during the project preparation and pre-bid. If possible, such a PPP project should consider risk and commercial viability assessment as well as financial strategy planning (scaling). Successful involvement of the private sector in the RRR market is critical to close the resource loop and safeguard human and environmental health, which is the overarching objective of sustainable waste management. |
| Keywords: | Resource recovery; Resource management; Reuse; Circular economy; Bioeconomy; Public-private partnerships; Developing countries; Case studies; Waste management; Solid wastes; Recycling; Composting; Organic wastes; Organic fertilizers; Bioenergy; Biogas |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:rerere:h052155&r=agr |