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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2023‒05‒29
thirty-two papers chosen by |
| By: | Kang, Munsu (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | The food security crisis in the Middle East has been exacerbated by several events, including COVID-19 and Russia's invasion of Ukraine, but the greater crisis is the decline in agricultural productivity caused by climate change and the rise of protectionist trade policies. This study examined the impact of drought on regional grain prices, specifically drought, which has the greatest impact on the Middle East region of Africa among weather changes. It was predicted by the IPCC (2019) that weather changes would affect agricultural production systems and that these changes would affect international grain markets and government trade policies. This study found that prices in the African Middle East maize and rice market increased as the drought intensified and the period lengthened, as predicted. Sorghum and millet, however, are relatively inelastic to climate change, so it can be assumed that they will receive attention as climate change intensifies. This study proposes areas for cooperation such as agricultural production, supporting the vulnerable, and crop reserve with the Middle East and Africa. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Food security; Africa; Middle East |
| Date: | 2023–03–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepwe:2023_011&r=agr |
| By: | Jean-Christophe Bureau (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Anton Jesus |
| Abstract: | Increased productivity and sustainability of the agricultural sector are core policy objectives in OECD and non-OECD countries. This Guide provides an overview of the current state of the art in measuring sustainable productivity of the agricultural sector and analysing sources of growth in a reliable and comparable manner across countries in a way useful for policy makers. It draws on the contributions from members of the OECD Network on Agricultural Total Factor Productivity (TFP) and the Environment that brings together relevant experts from academia and national statistical agencies. Its insights will be key for designing policies necessary to meet the triple challenge of feeding a growing world population and providing incomes to food system actors whilst ensuring environmental sustainability. The Guide presents recommendations in two areas. First, on how to improve the traditional calculation of TFP based on market prices inputs and outputs, proposing harmonised methods on capital measurement, land pricing, output aggregation and quality adjustment. Second, on how to account for environmental outcomes, considering a reduction in pollution or emissions as a productivity gain, but the increased use of natural capital as a productivity loss. A main challenge is the estimation of "shadow prices" for nonmarket inputs and outputs. It is recommended to pursue several complementary avenues: investing in improving TFP methodologies and data; continuing investigating its expansion to include environmental outcomes; and mapping traditional TFP with other indicators of agri-environmental performance. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural productivity Economic growth Environmental sustainability O11, O13, O41, O47, Q1, Agricultural productivity, Economic growth, Environmental sustainability O11 |
| Date: | 2022–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04025300&r=agr |
| By: | Johannes Sauer; Jesús Antón |
| Abstract: | Improving the resilience of farmers against external shocks is a priority for policy makers. This paper measures the resilience of a sample of farmers in the United Kingdom to assess the impact of the 2011-12 drought on their productivity and income. The analysis allows for the distinction of four resilience capacities: to prepare; to absorb the immediate impact of the shock; to adapt farming practices to a new environment; and to transform the business model, and improve productivity and income in the longer term. Results show that a single farm rarely performs strongly across these four capacities, and that those farms that best absorb the impact of the drought, perform poorly in transforming their business after the shock. While size and diversification improve absorption and adaptation, innovation is a key driver of long-term resilience to keep the pace of productivity gains. In the past, policies on agricultural risk management focused on the absorption capacity of farms and on stabilising income. Forward-looking resilience policies today need to prioritise other capacities, in particular preparedness, adaptation and transformation. |
| Keywords: | Adaptation, Agricultural productivity, Drought, Risk management, Transformation |
| JEL: | D24 O31 O33 Q12 Q18 |
| Date: | 2023–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:195-en&r=agr |
| By: | Gabriela Demarchi (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Subervie Julie (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Fernando Palha Leite (CENIBRA - Celulose Nipo-Brasileira SA); Jean-Paul Laclau (UMR Eco&Sols - Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | In a climate change context, changing temperature and precipitation patterns are expected to have strong impacts on Brazilian eucalypt plantations. Implementing adaptive water-efficient management practices is thus becoming necessary to maintain high levels of productivity while preserving the water resources. This paper investigates the ability of eucalypt farmers to modify their current silvicultural practices in order to adapt to drought in the near future. We ran a choice experiment in the state of Minas Gerais, among 80 eucalypt tree farmers, who were asked to choose from several management options associated with various financial supports. The results show that adaptation by reducing the length of the eucalypt rotation proves to be by far the preferred option, despite the associated costs. On the contrary, reducing density appears to be the least chosen option by the respondents, which may suggest that they underestimate the benefits of this strategy. We moreover find a clear and relevant segmentation of farmers' choice behavior, the general preference for reducing the length of the eucalypt rotation being driven by the most vulnerable farmers of the sample |
| Keywords: | Choice experiment, Climate change, Drought, Water resources, Adaptation, Eucalypt, Brazil |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03215028&r=agr |
| By: | Akhmadiyeva, Zarema |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iamost:334356&r=agr |
| By: | Aggarwal, Sakshi |
| Abstract: | The rise in global trade has led to improvements in the standard of living and lifted many out of poverty, but not all countries have been able to fully integrate into the world trading system due to lack of resources. Access to food supplies is critical for those with inadequate access to food for sustainable consumption. The evolving trade dynamics and climate change will result in winners and losers for the global food system, with some regions experiencing double exposure to economic and climate-related shocks and stressors. Trade openness can significantly reduce vulnerabilities and enhance food security, if necessary, infrastructure is in place. Although global trade can play a crucial role in ensuring that the global food system adapts to a changing climate, this potential will only be realized if trade is managed to maximize the benefits of broadened access to new markets and minimize the risks of increased exposure to international competition and market volatility. For regions like Africa, enhanced transportation networks, combined with greater national reserves of cash and enhanced social safety nets, could reduce the impact of double exposure on food security. |
| Keywords: | International trade, food security, climate change |
| JEL: | F18 O19 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2023–04–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:117152&r=agr |
| By: | Margaret Chitiga-Mabugu (Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of Pretoria); Martin Henseler (EDEHN - Equipe d'Economie Le Havre Normandie - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université); Helene Maisonnave (EDEHN - Equipe d'Economie Le Havre Normandie - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université); Ramos Mabugu (Sol Plaatje University, School of Economic and Management Sciences) |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews literature on climate change impacts and adaptation in developing countries with a focus on women, their role in households, production and economic growth. Climate change impacts are a phenomenon channeled initially via the influence of changed climatic conditions on natural resources and their productivity. The consequences from these environmental shocks affect the whole economy and particularly vulnerable socioeconomic groups such as women. Implementing adaptation measures requires an understanding of the climate change impacts on women in households, production and economic growth. The review indicates that climate change impacts are complex and highly dependent on region and socioeconomic circumstances. Overall, women from developing countries are more vulnerable to climate change impacts than men and are, at the same time, less able to adapt to its effects, particularly in the agricultural sector. Further, the review suggests that since climate impacts affect growth, counteracting the effects of climate change on women has the potential to support growth. The compilation of findings from the reviewed studies assists by providing an overview on the current state of problems and the particular socioeconomic conditions at play. |
| Keywords: | developing countries, macroeconomics, agriculture, production, gender |
| Date: | 2023–04–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04072199&r=agr |
| By: | B. Kelsey Jack (University of California at Santa Barbara); Seema Jayachandran (Princeton University); Namrata Kala (MIT Sloan School of Management); Rohini Pande (Yale University) |
| Abstract: | Particulate matter significantly reduces life expectancy in India. We use a randomized controlled trial in the state of Punjab to evaluate the effectiveness of conditional cash transfers (also known as payments for ecosystem services, or PES) in reducing crop residue burning, which is a major contributor to the region’s poor air quality. Credit constraints and distrust may make farmers less likely to comply with standard PES contracts, which only pay the participant after verification of compliance. We randomize paying a portion of the money upfront and unconditionally. Despite receiving a lower reward for compliance, farmers offered partial upfront payment are 8-12 percentage points more likely to comply than are farmers offered the standard contract. Burning measures based on satellite imagery indicate that PES with upfront payments significantly reduced burning, while standard PES payments were inframarginal. We also show that PES with an upfront component is a cost-effective way to improve India’s air quality. |
| Keywords: | India, Life Expectancy, Payments for Ecosystem Services, PES |
| JEL: | O13 Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pri:cepsud:307&r=agr |
| By: | Pul, Hippolyt; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Konde, Bernard B.; Zogho, Donatus; Kuuchille, Emmanuel V.; McCarthy, Nancy; Marivoet, Wim |
| Abstract: | The World Food Programme (WFP) supports communities to mitigate the impact of and build resilience to natural and human-made shocks and stressors that contribute to food insecurity and destabilize people’s livelihoods. WFP’s interventions, therefore, aim to equip communities with the knowledge, skills, and tools to avert or mitigate the impact of cyclical natural events such as droughts and floods through asset and capacity building in affected communities. In the Sahelian areas of Burkina Faso and Niger (as part of a broader regional program also covering Chad, Mali, and Mauritania), WFP promotes climate-resilient agricultural infrastructure and systems to help address issues of land degradation, deforestation, dwindling pasturelands, and depletion of water sources, which all trigger competition for productive resources and migration of people and livestock into better-resourced areas. The interventions also aim to address the impacts of violent conflict from within and outside communities in the Sahelian belt of the two countries, especially those related to extremist groups operating in the area. Though primarily designed to increase community assets for productive purposes, WFP’s support for the rehabilitation of lands, construction of water-harvesting and retention structures, reforestation and protection of farmlands and pastures, and soil fertility improvement interventions also aims to increase the availability of, reduce intergroup competition for, and ensure equitable access to these resources. In this way, WFP hopes to reduce conflicts over community resources. The use of participatory and collaborative processes for mobilizing and engaging communities should also contribute to increased dialogue within and between different communities and promote peaceful coexistence among the different groups. In particular, the requirement of collaborative approaches to development of communal assets is intended to create spaces of encounter and dialogue that could ease tensions, promote equity in the distribution and use of the created assets, and build relationships among various stakeholders and community groups to ensure that actions for resilience building have the support of government, development partners, and other decision-makers at several administrative levels. |
| Keywords: | BURKINA FASO; NIGER; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; resilience; shocks; food insecurity; livelihoods; natural disasters; climate change adaptation; agricultural systems; conflict; migration; infrastructure; resources; WFP |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:othbrf:136696&r=agr |
| By: | Raymond Saner (Centre for Socio-Eco-Nomic Development - CSEND); Lichia Yiu (Centre for Socio-Eco-Nomic Development - CSEND); Shaun Roberts (Centre for Socio-Eco-Nomic Development - CSEND) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the broader context of smallholder farmers' operations and provides insights into the options that smallholder farmers in poor developing countries have when engaging in agripreneurial undertakings for additional income generation. Such personal agency when effective could support them to alleviate poverty, reduce hunger, and attain sustainable livelihood. Yet in practice, such personal efforts are often wrought with uncertain outcomes. Therefore an enabling policy environment is necessary to ensure the success of this strategic intervention in lifting and supporting sustainable livelihoods of rural farmers struggling with the precarity of their life situation. |
| Date: | 2023–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04084559&r=agr |
| By: | Justin Hastings; David Ubilava |
| Abstract: | Social conflicts are inevitable, but their occurrence and intensity have varied over time and across locations. In lower-income economies, where employment and income from agriculture are substantial, forms of political violence and social conflict may be linked with this sector. We investigate this linkage using granular conflict data covering a 13-year period across seven Southeast Asian countries. We focus on changes in conflict incidents during the rice harvest season, which is the most produced and consumed cereal crop in the region. We observe an increase in political violence but a decrease in social unrest in rice-producing areas during the harvest season. We investigate different plausible mechanisms that may lead to such effects, by incorporating shocks associated with rice prices and growing season rainfall, and by comparing regions with predominantly irrigated vs predominantly rainfed rice production practices. These findings offer important insights to policymakers as they point to possible temporal and geographic displacements of conflict, which can be linked with locations where a crop is produced and times when it is harvested. |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2304.10027&r=agr |
| By: | Heigermoser, Maximilian |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Food Security and Poverty, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iamost:334357&r=agr |
| By: | Jean-Marie Cardebat (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSEEC - Institut des hautes études économiques et commerciales | School of Business and Economics) |
| Keywords: | Vin, Agriculture, Alcool, Viticulture, Exportations, Luxe, Industrie Viticole |
| Date: | 2023–03–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04072467&r=agr |
| By: | Kamar, Abul; Roy, Devesh |
| Abstract: | The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is a regional organization that comprises seven nations, five of which are from South Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka) and two from Southeast Asia (Myanmar and Thailand). BIMSTEC aims to increase trade including agri-food products to much higher levels than its historical low values lying much below potential. In 2020, intra-BIMSTEC trade accounted for a mere 6.15% of the total trade among its member countries. In contrast, intra-ASEAN trade made up around 23% of the total trade within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). These figures highlight the significant room for growth in intra-regional trade among BIMSTEC member countries. Importantly the low share of intra BIMSTEC trade is not due to greater integration with supra-BIMSTEC partners. This policy note seeks to spell out some of the key agricultural trade policy-related challenges in the BIMSTEC region and their implications for economic integration in the area. |
| Keywords: | SRI LANKA; BANGLADESH; BHUTAN; INDIA; NEPAL; MYANMAR; BURMA; THAILAND; SOUTH ASIA; SOUTH EAST ASIA; ASIA; trade; agrifood sector; agricultural sector; policies; economic integration |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:prnote:march2023a&r=agr |
| By: | Tobi Kossigan (Faculty of Economics, University of Lomé); Edgeweblime Kcodgoh |
| Abstract: | The main objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of land security on the adaptation strategies of agricultural households to climate change in Togo. By applying the multinomial logit model to data from the Harmonized Household Living Conditions Survey conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED) in 2018- 2019 in Togo, the results show that land tenure security positively and significantly affects the adaptation strategies of agricultural households in Togo. This result remains valid even if we apply ordinary least squares to the coping strategy index constructed from the principal component analysis. The study suggests policies to formally secure agricultural plots in Togo. |
| Abstract: | L'objectif principal de ce papier est d'analyser l'effet de la sécurité foncière sur les stratégies d'adaptation des ménages agricoles au changement climatique au Togo. En appliquant le modèle de logit multinomial aux données de l'enquête Harmonisée sur les Conditions de Vies des ménages réalisée par l'Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques et Démographiques (INSEED) en 2018-2019 au Togo, les résultats montrent que la sécurité foncière affecte positivement et significativement les stratégies d'adaptation des ménages agricoles au Togo. Ce résultat reste valable même si nous appliquons les moindres carrés ordinaires à l'indice de stratégie d'adaptation construit à partir de l'analyse en composante principale. L'étude suggère des politiques visant la sécurisation formelle des parcelles agricoles au Togo |
| Keywords: | Climate change, land security, adaptation strategies, multinomial logit model, Togo, Changement climatique sécurité foncière stratégies d'adaptation modèle de logit multinomial Togo Climate change land security adaptation strategies multinomial logit model Togo, Changement climatique, sécurité foncière, stratégies d'adaptation, modèle de logit multinomial |
| Date: | 2022–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04031537&r=agr |
| By: | Daniel O. Beltran; Pinar Uysal |
| Abstract: | We review the "climate action plans" of Global Systemically Important Banks (GSIBs) and the progress they are making toward achieving them. G-SIBs have identified the drivers of climate risk and their transmission channels to credit and other risks. Additionally, some have started to measure and model these risks. While most GSIBs have committed to fully offsetting their emissions by mid-century, they are only beginning to measure financed emissions resulting from their loans and investments, which comprise the vast majority of their emissions. G-SIBs have also committed to increase green finance and have started to do so. All told, despite some progress by large global banks to address climate change considerations, much work lies ahead to properly measure and disclose climate-related risks, and to better align financing activities with their net-zero targets. |
| Keywords: | banks; climate finance; environmental reporting; climate change |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 G21 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgif:1368&r=agr |
| By: | Zakaria Kadiri (University Hassan II [Casablanca]); Ahmed Benmihoub (CREAD - Centre de recherches en économie appliquée au développement); Stefano Farolfi (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Faten Khamassi (Institut National Agronomique de Tunis (TUNISIE)); Nicolas Faysse (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Date: | 2022–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:cirad-03945495&r=agr |
| By: | Taylor, Charles A.; Druckenmiller, Hannah (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | In 2020 the EPA narrowed the definition of ‘Waters of the United States’, significantly limiting wetland protection under the Clean Water Act. Current policy debates center on the uncertainty around wetland benefits. We estimate the value of wetlands for flood mitigation across the US using detailed flood claims and land use data. We find the average hectare of wetland lost between 2001 and 2016 cost society $1, 840 annually, and over $8, 000 in developed areas. We document significant spatial heterogeneity in wetland benefits, with implications for flood insurance policy and the 50% of ‘isolated’ wetlands at risk of losing federal protection.Click "Download" above to read the full paper. |
| Date: | 2021–08–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-21-26&r=agr |
| By: | Hoffmann, Vivian; Kariuki, Sarah; Murphy, Mike; Ndisio, Boaz; Ochenje, Ibrahim; Okoth, Sheila |
| Abstract: | Problems caused by eating unsafe food are a major health issue in many countries. Contamination by bacteria or toxins can cause these health risks, particularly for young children whose bodies are still developing. It can be difficult to know which foods are risky because you usually cannot tell by looking if food is contaminated. The goal of this research was to see whether giving consumers in Kenya infor-mation about one of these contamination risks would make them choose to purchase different products. |
| Keywords: | KENYA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; food safety; information; aflatoxins; maize; corn flour; policies |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:prnote:march2023&r=agr |
| By: | Viral V. Acharya; Richard Berner; Robert Engle; Hyeyoon Jung; Johannes Stroebel; Xuran Zeng; Yihao Zhao |
| Abstract: | We explore the design of climate stress tests to assess and manage macroprudential risks from climate change in the financial sector. We review the climate stress scenarios currently employed by regulators, highlighting the need to (i) consider many transition risks as dynamic policy choices; (ii) better understand and incorporate feedback loops between climate change and the economy; and (iii) further explore “compound risk” scenarios in which climate risks co-occur with other risks. We discuss how the process of mapping climate stress scenarios into financial firm outcomes can incorporate existing evidence on the effects of various climate-related risks on credit and market outcomes. We argue that more research is required to (i) identify channels through which plausible scenarios can lead to meaningful short-run impact on credit risks, given typical bank loan maturities; (ii) incorporate bank-lending responses to climate risks; (iii) assess the adequacy of climate risk pricing in financial markets; and (iv) better understand and incorporate the process of expectations formation around the realizations of climate risks. Finally, we discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of using market-based climate stress tests that can be conducted using publicly available data to complement existing stress testing frameworks. |
| Keywords: | climate risk; financial stability; systemic risk |
| JEL: | Q54 G1 G2 |
| Date: | 2023–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsr:95943&r=agr |
| By: | Francisco Estrada; Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, BN1 9SL Falmer, United Kingdom); Wouter Botzen |
| Keywords: | climate change; climate impacts; spatial variation; temporal variability; social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0123&r=agr |
| By: | Edge, Brittani (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign); Mieno, Taro; Bullock, David S. |
| Abstract: | This simulation study identifies the economic impact of treatment mixing on the estimated optimal nitrogen recommendations (EONR) from on-farm research and evaluates a data processing procedure to remove treatment mixing and improve the EONR. Treatment mixing is when the combine harvests from more than one treatment area at a time; this can be caused by a parallel shift in the ab-line, different application and harvest headings, or machinery with incompatible widths. Due to the concavity of the yield response curve to nitrogen, Jensen’s Inequality implies that treatment mixing will result in observations lying below the true yield response curve and may affect the resulting EONR. We simulate the effects of the three causes of treatment mixing, varying degrees of these causes, trial rates centered on different areas of the response curve, and different curvatures of the yield-response function on the estimated optimal nitrogen rates. We find that the impact of treatment mixing depends on all of these factors and their interactions. The trial rates have a large impact on the estimated yield response function because they shift the dataset along the yield response function. For example, if the rates are in a steep part of the response function, the estimated response function may overestimate the response to nitrogen. However, without knowledge of the true yield response function or EONR, a researcher cannot determine what trial rates are best for a given OFPE. In general, parallel shift or incompatible machinery have the largest impact on the estimation of optimal nitrogen, particularly a shift of half the combine width or a harvester that is smaller than the applicator. These scenarios result in average profit losses of as much as $37 per hectare. We find overestimation of the EONR is common with harvest misalignment, introducing environmental and economic impacts and reducing nitrogen use efficiency. These results highlight the importance of reducing treatment mixing in OFPE through communication with farmers, trial design, and improved data processing procedures. For example, when machinery is relatively small, designing trials that are twice the width of the combine ensures that each trial plot will have a pass of the combine without treatment mixing even if there is a parallel shift during harvesting. As OFPE are increasingly implemented, these are common problems researchers will be facing. This research shows that the implications of decisions around treatment mixing impact NUE and profitability of OFPE recommendations; thus, working on a common protocol around treatment mixing is important for the future of OFPE. |
| Date: | 2023–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:j5zg8&r=agr |
| By: | Saroj, Sunil; Roy, Devesh; Kamar, Abul; Pradhan, Mamata |
| Abstract: | The focus of research on international trade has recently shifted from industries and countries to firms. Firm heterogeneity is shown to be a determinant of trade at both the intensive margin (increase exports per firm/product) and extensive margins (the number of firms exporting – new products, new partners, new varieties, and new prices). It is now widely accepted that exporting firms are larger, comparatively productive, more skilled, and capital-intensive, and pay higher wages than non-exporting firms. The innovations in international trade literature that explains both the emergence as well as levels and the nature of trade flows through value chain integration necessitates examining trade-based exchanges at the highest possible levels of product disaggregation. Developments in trade theory emphasize that it is individual firms not countries that trade and analysis needs to incorporate firm characteristics in decisions and ability for exporting and importing. Firms are the appropriate unit of analysis for trade flows. It helps several paradoxes once the import of firm heterogeneity is understood. Despite the substantive importance of granular level data and the significant level of disaggregated product-level bilateral trade flow data and enhanced computing power that are becoming available, most studies have tended to rely on analysis with high level of aggregation. Recent research on firm heterogeneity in international trade highlights the importance of extensive margins i.e., new products, new partners, new varieties, and cumulative of these i.e., new prices in trade patterns and firms' responses to trade liberalization and other policy changes. However, the high dimensionality of the data and the large number of responses to changes can easily overwhelm researchers. Additionally, bigger data sets may contain more noise, which can mask important systematic patterns. In analysis of trade flows, notwithstanding the rising incidence of differentiated products (varieties) and value chains that transcend national boundaries, methods in agri-food trade analysis in particular have not kept pace in terms of empirical methods and suitable data. |
| Keywords: | BANGLADESH; BHUTAN; NEPAL; INDIA; SOUTH ASIA; MYANMAR; BURMA; SRI LANKA; THAILAND; SOUTH EAST ASIA; ASIA; international trade; firms; exports; productivity; wages; value chain; innovations; data; agri-food system; policies |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:prnote:april2023&r=agr |
| By: | Salaheddine Soummane; Aisha Al-Sarihi (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Climate policies are tightening in an effort to curb carbon dioxide emissions. As a result, global oil demand may peak and gradually decline, causing oil prices to fall. A structural fall in oil prices may have serious implications for Middle Eastern oil exporters. Many studies attempt to estimate the economic implications of climate change response measures for oil exporting countries. However, they have not reached a consensus regarding the magnitude of these implications. |
| Keywords: | Air conditioning, Applied general model, Article 6, Blockchain |
| Date: | 2023–03–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2022-dp16&r=agr |
| By: | Bazzana, Davide; Rizzati, Massimiliano; Ciola, Emanuele; Turco, Enrico; Vergalli, Sergio |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the potential impacts of climate change and mitigation policies on the Euro Area, considering the uncertainty and heterogeneity in both climate and economic systems. Using the MATRIX model, a multi-sector and multi-agent macroeconomic model, we simulate various climate scenarios by employing different carbon cycle models, damage functions, and marginal abatement curves found in the literature. We find that heterogeneous climate damages amplify both the magnitude and the volatility of GDP losses associated with global warming. By the end of the century, we estimate that assuming homogeneous shocks may underestimate the effects of climate change on aggregate output by up to one-third. Moreover, we find that the speed and feasibility of a low-carbon transition crucially depend on (i) the stringency of emission reduction targets, which determine the level of a carbon tax, and (ii) the rate of technological progress, which influences the shape of the abatement cost curve. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–05–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:334607&r=agr |
| By: | Nwaobi, Godwin |
| Abstract: | As a lower income country with extreme poverty status, Nigeria is characterized by very large informal sector. Consequently, National Social investment programme (NSIP) of the Nigerian government were created to enshrine the value and vision for graduating Nigerian citizens from poverty circles through capacity building, investment and direct support. Specifically, the National Home Grown school feeding program (NHGSFP) is a government – led (cost effective) school feeding programme that uses food grown locally by small holding farmers to tackle critical poverty issues. However, school program and their evaluation is complex. Yet, there is relatively little evidence on the mechanisms through which they operate as well as their effects on desirable outcomes. Thus, using detailed administrative records for program participants, follow-up surveys and field experiments; we shall construct Randomized Control Trial (RCT) models that will allow us to establish the effects of the NHGSF programme on primary education and welfare in the selected states of Nigeria. |
| Keywords: | Nigeria, poverty education, welfare, RCT models, impact evaluation, Nigerian States, Randomized Control, primary education, Randomization, field experiment, retention, academic performance, class attendance, hunger health. |
| JEL: | C83 C90 C91 C92 C93 I0 I25 I28 J43 L66 O15 Q18 |
| Date: | 2023–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:117195&r=agr |
| By: | Gilles Dufrénot (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPII - Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Centre d'analyse stratégique); William Ginn (LabCorp); Marc Pourroy (CRIEF - Centre de recherche sur l'intégration économique et financière - Université de Poitiers) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the role of ENSO climate patterns on global economic conditions. The estimated model is based on a rich and novel monthly dataset for 20 economies, capturing 80.2% of global output (based on 2021 IMF data) over the period 1999:01 to 2022:03. The empirical evidence from an estimated global vector autoregression with local projections (GFAVLP) model links an El Niño (EN) shock with higher output and inflation, corresponding with lower global economic policy uncertainty (GEPU). While a shock to the world oil and food price is inflationary, a food price shock leads to elevated GEPU, more so during a LN shock. A main finding is that an increase of the food price can be a source of global vulnerability. The findings indicate that the weather shock impact on global economic conditions is dependent on the climate state. Our result undermines existing studies connecting climate change and economic damage via statistical approach. |
| Keywords: | Weather, Oil and Food Prices, Global Macroeconometric Modeling, Economic Policy Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2023–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04064759&r=agr |
| By: | Demarcq François; Couturier Christian (SOLAGRO - Association); Etienne Elyne; Duru Michel (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Morineau Jacques (CIVAM - Centres d’Initiatives pour Valoriser l’Agriculture et le Milieu rural); Boitias Mathilde; Jean-Christophe Bureau (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Le besoin est essentiel de protéger les prairies permanentes, pour le stock important de carbone qu'elles abritent dans leurs sols et pour les services écosystémiques qu'elles rendent à l'agriculture et à la société. Le paradoxe est la nécessité de réduire les émissions de méthane dues aux ruminants (environ 9 % des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de la France) et notre consommation de protéines animales (pour suivre les recommandations de santé publique), ce qui passe par la réduction de la place de l'élevage dans notre production agricole. Face à l'urgence écologique et aux enjeux sanitaires, la transition agricole et alimentaire, donc de l'élevage, est nécessaire mais s'avère complexe. |
| Date: | 2022–03–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04025298&r=agr |
| By: | Abrahamsson, Sara (Norwegian Institute of Public Health); Bütikofer, Aline (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Karbownik , Krzysztof (Emory University) |
| Abstract: | Using spatial and temporal variation in openings of fast food restaurants in Norway between 1980 and 2007, we study the effects of changes in the supply of high caloric nutrition on the health and cognitive ability of young adult males. Our results indicate that exposure to these establishments during childhood and adolescence increases BMI and has negative effects on cognition. Heterogeneity analysis does not reveal meaningful differences in the effects across groups, including for those with adverse prenatal health or high paternal BMI, an exception being that cognition is only affected by exposure at ages 0–12 and this effect is mediated by paternal education. |
| Keywords: | Fast food restaurants; food supply; BMI; obesity; cognitive ability |
| JEL: | I12 I20 J13 L66 |
| Date: | 2023–05–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhheco:2023_007&r=agr |
| By: | Sugandha Srivastav; Tanmay Singh |
| Abstract: | Laws that govern land acquisition can lock in old paradigms. We study one such case, the Coal Bearing Areas Act of 1957 (CBAA) which provides minimal social and environmental safegaurds, and deviates in important ways from the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act 2013 (LARR). The lack of due diligence protocol in the CBAA confers an undue comparative advantage to coal development, which is inconsistent with India's stance to phase down coal use, reduce air pollution, and advance modern sources of energy. We argue that the premise under which the CBAA was historically justified is no longer valid due to a significant change in the local context. Namely, the environmental and social costs of coal energy are far more salient and the market has cleaner energy alternatives that are cost competitive. We recommend updating land acquisition laws to bring coal under the general purview of LARR or, at minimum, amending the CBAA to ensure adequate environmental and social safeguards are in place, both in letter and practice. |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2304.14941&r=agr |
| By: | Chinh T. Mai (Graduate School of Economics and Management, Tohoku University); Akira Hibiki (Graduate School of Economics and Management, Tohoku University) |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes an in-depth study of the short- and long-term effects of floods on the cognitive development of school-aged children. Specifically, we exploit individual-level microdata from a longitudinal study of childhood poverty in Vietnam. Our analyses indicate that floods immediately imposed negative impacts on children’s cognitive skills, but these impacts would be mitigated in the long run. Changes in child schooling, time allocation between school and work, and household food consumption (child nutrition) appear to be potential channels behind these impacts. Girls, older children, firstborn children, and children belonging to ethnic minorities are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of flooding. Our results suggest that policies to alleviate the credit constraints of households in the above groups could mitigate the damage imposed by natural disasters on human capital accumulation. |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tky:fseres:2023cf1211&r=agr |
| By: | Sofia Brito-Ramos (ESSEC Business School - Essec Business School); Maria Céu Cortez (School of Economics and Management - University of Minho [Braga]); Florinda Silva (School of Economics and Management - University of Minho [Braga]) |
| Abstract: | Several labels for sustainable investment funds sponsored by government and nonprofit organizations (GNPOs) have emerged in Europe. This paper examines the coherence of the signals sent by these sustainable labels versus those from the private sector. While some GNPO-labeled funds are perceived as bearing high Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) risks, we find that labeled funds are more likely to be assessed as top ESG funds by private rating providers. Furthermore, equity funds with governmental and multiple labels are more likely to show better ESG ratings. Additionally, GNPO-labeled funds show greater alignment with article 9 of the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation and tend to exhibit ESG terminology in their name, consistent with internal signals of sustainability coherence with GNPO labels. However, our research draws attention to the existence of sustainable signals that are not always coherent, jeopardizing their role as efficient tools for promoting sustainability. |
| Keywords: | asymmetric information government labelling nonprofit organizations SFDR socially responsible investments sustainable finance third-party certifications, asymmetric information, government, labelling, nonprofit organizations, SFDR, socially responsible investments, sustainable finance, third-party certifications |
| Date: | 2022–11–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04064367&r=agr |