|
on Agricultural Economics |
|
Issue of 2022‒12‒19
forty-six papers chosen by |
| By: | Alix, Anne (Ed.); Bylemans, Dany (Ed.); Dauber, Jens (Ed.); Dohmen, Peter (Ed.); Knauer, Katja (Ed.); Maltby, Lorraine (Ed.); Mayer, Christoph J. (Ed.); Pepiette, Zelie (Ed.); Smith, Balthasar (Ed.) |
| Abstract: | An intrinsic feature of agriculture is the alteration of biodiversity within the cultivated area in favour of the production of the crop species. Ploughing, mechanical weeding or the use of herbicides, for example, reduce plant diversity and abundance, and influence other species that rely on these plants for food or habitat. However, both food security and biodiversity are important for human health and wellbeing. The overarching question is how can negative influences of agriculture on biodiversity be reduced and positive interactions be enhanced toward an efficient and sustainable food production. That is, how can we optimise (European) landscapes for food production and biodiversity. Identifying a consensual and targeted solution to this optimisation problem requires the involvement of all relevant stakeholders in an open discussion informed by data and science. To this end a participatory workshop with a professional independent facilitator was organised under the auspices of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) with participants from a range of affiliations from academia, authorities, farming, industry and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs). Participants were invited for their general or specific expertise and scientific knowledge and not simply to represent their institutions. To generate a truly collaborative and creative environment for discussion, significant time was allocated to trust building, articulating different perspectives, problem formulation and defining harmonised principles and criteria. The workshop was organised into four virtual workshops of half-day sessions spread between December 2020 and June 2021. Through a process of visualisation, polarity mapping and reconciliation, differing perspectives on the advantages and limitations of managing agricultural landscapes for either biodiversity or food production were collated and ways to reduce potential conflicts discussed; the emerging themes being communication, education, collaboration, integration, application and incentivisation. Codeveloped agricultural scenarios were used to successfully identify approaches that would enable maintaining efficient and sufficient food production in Europe whilst significantly improving biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Whilst many of the approaches identified were already in place, new (combinations of) approaches and ways to improve their implementation were identified. These included tailoring solutions to local needs and conditions, incentivising farmers to adopt specific approaches and using living laboratories to demonstrate the effectiveness of combining multiple approaches at scale. The workshop proposals and recommendations, which were agreed across all stakeholders, will contribute to reducing barriers to implementation of solutions and accelerating progress towards reaching the shared goal of optimising food production and biodiversity in European agricultural landscapes. |
| Keywords: | agriculture,biodiversity,food production,farming,land management,scenarios,co-development,tailored solutions,incentives,sustainability |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:98&r=agr |
| By: | Balana, Bedru B.; Fasoranti, Adetunji S. |
| Abstract: | In its endeavor to improve agricultural productivity, food security, and livelihoods, Nigeria has pursued several approaches in fertilizer policy. Most of these approaches revolved around variants of government-financed subsidy programs. This paper assesses the history of fertilizer policies in Nigeria and the tenets of the fertilizer policies in two recent national agricultural policy documents – the Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) (2010/11-2016) and the Agricultural Promotion Policy (APP) (2016-2020). Our review results show that despite some recent achievements in ATA and APP, Nigerian fertilizer policies have lacked consistency and continuity, which in turn affected the functioning of supply chains, logistics channels including distribution costs, fertilizer prices, farmers’ access to the input, and, ultimately, application rates and crop productivity. Thus, though Nigeria is one of the leading producers of fertilizer in sub-Saharan Africa, fertilizer consumption and farm application rates are generally low (below 20 percent of the application rate per hectare (ha) in developed countries). Moreover, several exogenous factors including poor infrastructure (especially bad roads), credit constraints, extension services, high fertilizer prices, lack of access to information, security threats, and lack of quality control or assurance also affect the functioning of fertilizer supply chains in Nigeria. The newly adopted national agricultural policy (National Agricultural Technology and Innovation Policy (NATIP) promises to build on ATA and APP and gradually deregulate the fertilizer sector to incentivize private sector investments in local fertilizer production and distribution. NATIP also requires the incorporation of practical approaches to tackle important exogenous constraints. We anticipate NATIP’s commitment to policy continuity and addressing exogenous challenges will bring efficiency and effectiveness to the fertilizer sector in Nigeria. |
| Keywords: | NIGERIA, WEST AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, fertilizers, agricultural productivity, food security, policies, government policy, smallholders, subsidies, farm inputs |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2145&r=agr |
| By: | Stevens, Andrew W.; Teal, Jim |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nc1117:329264&r=agr |
| By: | Heckert, Jessica; Martinez, Elena M.; Sanou, Armande; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Ganaba, Rasmané; Gelli, Aulo |
| Abstract: | Understanding the types of food systems interventions that foster women’s empowerment and the types of women that are able to benefit from different interventions is important for development policy. SELEVER was a gender- and nutrition-sensitive poultry production intervention implemented in western Burkina Faso from 2017 to 2020 that aimed to empower women. We evaluated SELEVER using a mixed-methods cluster-randomized controlled trial, which included survey data from 1763 households at baseline and endline and a sub-sample for two interim lean season surveys. We used the multidimensional project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI), which consists of 12 binary indicators, underlying count versions of 10 of these, an aggregate empowerment score (continuous) and a binary aggregate empowerment indicator, all for women and men. Women’s and men’s scores were compared to assess gender parity. We also assessed impacts on health and nutrition agency using the pro-WEAI health and nutrition module. We estimated program impact using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models and examined whether there were differential impacts by flock size or among those who participated in program activities. Program impacts on empowerment and gender parity were null, despite the program’s careful approach to developing a gender-sensitive intervention. Meanwhile, results of the in-depth gender-focused qualitative work conducted near the project mid-point found there was greater awareness in the community of women’s time burden and their economic contributions, but it did not seem that awareness led to increased empowerment of women. We reflect on possible explanations for the null findings. One notable explanation may be the lack of a productive asset transfer, which have previously been shown to be essential, but not sufficient, for the empowerment of women in agricultural development programs. We consider these findings in light of current debates on asset transfers. Unfortunately, null impacts on women’s empowerment are not uncommon, and it is important to learn from such findings to strengthen future program design and delivery. |
| Keywords: | BURKINA FASO; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; agriculture; agricultural development; agricultural policies; agricultural value chains; food systems; value chains; health; nutrition; women; gender; training; market access; mixed-methods research; Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2144&r=agr |
| By: | Jeanne Pahun (Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Eve Fouilleux (Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, LISIS - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Sciences, Innovations, Sociétés - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Abstract: | To better understand policy integration dynamics, this paper analyses the early implementation of three urban food policies in France (Montpellier, Rennes, Strasbourg). A key challenge of food policies is their intersectoral nature, while policy design is usually meant to be sectoral. This article seeks to understand both levers and brakes to the implementation of effective integrated policies at the urban level. To explore the making and "everydayness" of the three policy case studies, we collected empirical data based on a multi-faceted methodology comprising a wide review of the grey literature, 29 in-depth interviews, and several series of participant observations on the ground. Our analysis indicates that dedicated organisational resources, including assigned units, trained staff and appropriate financial resources, are keys to the deployment of integrated food policies. We argue that such organisational resources should be more systematically studied in the policy integration literature. Local food policies should also be assessed more critically by putting the organisational resources they receive into perspective with the massive use the local government can make of them for communication purposes. |
| Keywords: | Urban food policy,Policy integration,Policy analysis,Local government,Food politics |
| Date: | 2022–11–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03851689&r=agr |
| By: | Sebastien Desbureaux (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Frederic Mortier (UPR Forêts et Sociétés - Forêts et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Esha Zaveri (World Bank Group); Michelle T H van Vliet (Utrecht University [Utrecht]); Jason Russ (World Bank Group); Aude Sophie Rodella (World Bank Group); Richard Damania (World Bank Group) |
| Abstract: | Clean water is key for sustainable development. However, large gaps in monitoring data limit our understanding of global hotspots of poor water quality and their evolution over time. We demonstrate the value added of a data-driven approach (here, random forest) to provide accurate high-frequency estimates of surface water quality worldwide over the period 1992-2010. We assess water quality for six indicators (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, nitrate-nitrite, phosphorus) relevant for the sustainable development goals. The performance of our modeling approach compares well to, or exceeds, the performance of recently published process-based models. The model's outputs indicate that poor water quality is a global problem that impacts low-, middle-and high-income countries but with different pollutants. When countries become richer, water pollution does not disappear but evolves. Water quality exhibited a signif icant change between 1992 and 2010 with a higher percentage of grid cells where water quality shows a statistically significant deterioration (30%) compared to where water quality improved (22%). |
| Keywords: | water quality,sustainable development goals,random forest,data-driven modelling |
| Date: | 2022–11–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03855421&r=agr |
| By: | William Brock; Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Abstract: | Scientific evidence suggests that anthropogenic impacts on the environment such as land use changes and climate change promote the emergence of infectious diseases in humans. We develop a two-region epidemic-economic model which unifies short-run disease containment policies with long-run policies which could control the drivers and the severity of infectious diseases. We structure our paper by linking a susceptible-infected-susceptible model with an economic model which includes land use choices for agriculture and climate change and accumulation of knowledge that supports land augmenting technical change. The contact number depends on short-run containment policies (e.g., lockdown, vaccination), and long-run policies affecting land use, the natural world and climate change. Climate change and land use changes have an additional cost in terms of infectious disease since they might increase the contact number in the long run. We derive optimal short-run containment controls for a Nash equilibrium between regions, and long-run controls for climate policy, land use and knowledge at an open loop Nash equilibrium and the social optimum and unify the short- and long-run controls. We explore the impact of ambiguity aversion and model misspeciffication in the unified model and provide simulations which support the theoretical model. |
| Keywords: | infectious diseases, SIS model, natural world, climate change, land use, containment, Nash equilibrium, OLNE, social optimum, land augmenting technical change |
| JEL: | I18 Q54 D81 |
| Date: | 2022–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2232&r=agr |
| By: | C. D., Neetha Rose |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asae21:329429&r=agr |
| By: | Chandio, Randio; Katchova, Ani L. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nc1117:329253&r=agr |
| By: | Ollendorf, Franziska; Ansah, Goodlet |
| Abstract: | In the context of persisting sustainability challenges in the Global Cocoa-Chocolate Chain (GCCC), sustainability certification gained momentum as a major industry response. While much research has been undertaking regarding effects of certification schemes on farming practices and farmers' livelihoods, there is little understanding of how these private sector responses transform the local economy. Taking the case of sustainability certification in the cocoa industry of Ghana, this study provides an empirical insight in effects of the rapid proliferation of sustainability certification on the local marketing environment and new forms of competition among local market players. Applying a lens of Global Value Chain theory, the study offers a discussion on upgrading opportunities for local companies and their responses to certification-linked pressures. In the Ghanaian cocoa sector, t sustainability certification became a key tool of competition for farmers among local buying companies. Yet, due to the lack of pre-financing capacities for the costly implementation of certification schemes, and the lack of off-taking arrangements, local Licensed Buying Companies (LBCs) are structurally disadvantaged with the implementation of certification schemes compared to their transnational counterparts and therefore face a strong tendency of losing market shares. The paper contributes to the study of sustainability in the GCCC in two ways: 1) It provides insights on the functioning of the so far understudied local marketing segment and changing dynamics of competition and governance, and 2) it enlarges the sustainability debate by including structural transformations of the industry linked to the implementation of certification. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:sgscdp:3&r=agr |
| By: | Fabio G., Santeramo; Ilaria, Russo; Emilia, Lamonaca |
| Abstract: | Risk management in agriculture is crucial and policymakers are implementing policy reforms to foster farmers’ adoption of ex-ante risk management tools such as crop insurance: their effectiveness is the core of policy evaluations exercises. The Italian subsidised crop insurance market has been interested by major reforms in 2013 and 2015. The 2013 reform removed subsidies to the mono-risk insurance contracts, whereas the 2015 reform replaced the multi- and pluri-risks contract schemes with packages, devoted to providing coverage over different set of adversities, thus altering the framework that has been used for several years. We highlight a correlation between the first reform and a drop in the quantity of insurance purchased, and between the latter reform and an increase in the value of the purchased insurance. |
| Keywords: | agricultural insurance; reforms; policy changes; insured acreage; insured value per hectare; subsidized agricultural insurance demand |
| JEL: | G22 Q14 Q18 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115299&r=agr |
| By: | Shah, Deepak |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asae21:329399&r=agr |
| By: | Teal, Jim; Stevens, Andrew W. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nc1117:329259&r=agr |
| By: | Kubota, Tetsufumi |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asae21:329383&r=agr |
| By: | McCarthy, Nancy; Brubaker, Josh; Mabiso, Athur; Cavatassi, Romina |
| Abstract: | This paper outlines a methodological strategy for incorporating weather and long-term climate conditions into impact assessments, based on an IFAD-supported project that invested in grain storage in Chad. First, the paper explores a range of weather and climate variables from different sources to determine the best indicators of weather conditions and corresponding historical climate conditions. Next, the inclusion of climatic variables to match treatment and control households, and their impact on outcomes, is evaluated. During the crop season surveyed, rainfall and temperature patterns were favourable with few significant weather shocks. However, households in areas with lower rainfall and greater incidence of high temperatures had lower grain yields and dietary diversity. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadrs:329498&r=agr |
| By: | Sato, Hideyasu |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asae21:329424&r=agr |
| By: | Fragaszy, S.; Fraj, M. B.; McKee, M.; Jobbins, G.; Fayad, A.; Fakih, M.; Lawrenson, L.; McDonnell, Rachael |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Farm Management, Financial Economics, Food Security and Poverty, Marketing, Political Economy |
| Date: | 2022–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:329161&r=agr |
| By: | Joseph I. Uduji (Yaounde, Cameroon); Elda N. Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of multinationals oil companies’ (MOCs) corporate social responsibility (CSR) on enhancing land rights for rural women. A total of 1,200 women were sampled across the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Results from the use of a combined propensity score matching and logit model show that MOCs’ CSR using global memorandum of understanding (GMoU) model recorded significant success in various policy mechanisms to improve gender equality in land access. The linkages include joint-titling modalities, land leasing, land use certificate issuances, community and territorial land delimitation interventions for both agricultural production and security in Nigeria’s oil host communities. |
| Keywords: | Gender equity, corporate social responsibility, multinational oil companies, land, sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aak:wpaper:22/022&r=agr |
| By: | Sylvanus, Gaku; Ifft, Jennifer; Byers, Luke |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nc1117:329258&r=agr |
| By: | Chang, Tsaiyu |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asae21:329400&r=agr |
| By: | Kajale, Jayanti |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asae21:329407&r=agr |
| By: | Boris Leroy (BOREA - Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UA - Université des Antilles); Andrew M Kramer (USF - University of South Florida [Tampa]); Anne‐charlotte Vaissière (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Melina Kourantidou (SDU - University of Southern Denmark, HCMR - Hellenic Centre for Marine Research); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Christophe Diagne (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | The reported costs of invasive alien species from the global database InvaCost are heterogeneous and cover different spatio-temporal scales. A standard procedure for aggregating invasive species cost estimates is necessary to ensure the repeatability and comparativeness of studies. We introduce here the invacost r package, an open-source software designed to query and analyse the InvaCost database. We illustrate this package and its framework with cost data associated with invasive alien invertebrates. First, the invacost package provides updates of this dynamic database directly in the analytical environment R. Second, it helps understand the heterogeneous nature of monetary cost data for invasive species, processes to harmonize the data and the inherent biases associated with such data. Third, it readily provides complementary methods to investigate the costs of invasive species at different scales, all the while accounting for econometric statistical issues. This tool will be useful for scientists working on invasive alien species, by (a) facilitating access to and use of this multidisciplinary data resource and (b) providing a standard procedure which will facilitate reproducibility and comparability among studies, one of the major critics of this topic until now. It should facilitate further interdisciplinary works including economists and invasion ecology researchers. |
| Keywords: | biological invasions,drivers of change in biodiversity,economic costs,economic impacts,ecosystem services,invasive alien species |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03860634&r=agr |
| By: | McCartney, Matthew; Rex, William; Yu, Winston; Uhlenbrook, Stefan; von Gnechten, Rachel |
| Abstract: | Freshwater in both natural and man-made stores is critical for socioeconomic development. Globally, cumulative reduction in terrestrial water storage from 1971 to 2020 is estimated to be of the order of 27,079 Bm3. Although insignificant in comparison to the total volume stored, the decrease in ‘operational’ water stored (i.e., the proportion of water storage that is sustainably utilizable by people) is estimated to be of the order of 3% to 5% since 1971. In many places, both natural and man-made water storage are declining simultaneously, exacerbating water stress. Conjunctive use of different water stores is a prerequisite for water security and it is vital that natural water stores are fully integrated, alongside man-made water infrastructure, in future water resources planning and management. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2022–03–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:329159&r=agr |
| By: | Christopher Mulenga; Sam Mwando |
| Abstract: | Zambia is endowed with approximately 12 million hectares of water in form of rivers, lakes, and swamps and 8 million hectares of wetlands (IAPRI, 2015; Haller & Merten, 2008; Musumali et. al., 2009). According to the SADC fact sheet of 2016, Zambia produces 106,798 tons of fish annually and employs about 325,000 people. The contribution of the fisheries sector to rural economic growth and commerce provide significant economic opportunities for the rural poor (Musumali et. al., 2009). Despite such natural endowments, Zambia remains one of the poorest countries in Africa. This socio-economic situation in the country is worse in rural areas of the country. There is increasing evidence that secure access to land-based resources is a prerequisite for livelihood security and development (FAO, 2013; Bugri, 2008). This study investigates the state of marine and property rights within three fishing camps under customary jurisdiction of Muwezwa (Namunyona and Musozya) and Shakumbila (Namucheche) chiefdoms. The study further investigated the extent to which customary laws is recognised as an integral part of the legal framework. The fishing camps are occupied by local communities that have lived in the area based on customary norms and traditions without any documentation. This is despite the area becoming a hive of economic activities supporting both the local economy and nationally. The Kafue floodplains also attract private companies who acquire land for tourism purposes. The study involved quantitative and qualitative methods. We collected information using a household survey in the selected villages. The survey was structured to collect detailed information on household main activities, socio-economic characteristics. The survey included questions regarding the property and marine rights of permanent and seasonal residents in the sampled villages. |
| Keywords: | livelihood security; tenure security; customary land; marine resources |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-006&r=agr |
| By: | Regmi, Hari; Kuethe, Todd |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nc1117:329263&r=agr |
| By: | Pete Drost,; Chad Fiechter,; Todd Kuethe |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nc1117:329267&r=agr |
| By: | Melina Kourantidou; Laura N H Verbrugge; Phillip J Haubrock; Ross N Cuthbert; Elena Angulo (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Inkeri Ahonen; Michelle Cleary; Jannike Falk-Andersson; Lena Granhag; Sindri Gíslason; Brooks Kaiser; Anna-Kaisa Kosenius; Henrik Lange; Maiju Lehtiniemi; Kristin Magnussen; Ståle Navrud; Petri Nummi; Francisco J Oficialdegui; Satu Ramula; Terhi Ryttäri; Menja von Schmalensee; Robert A Stefansson; Christophe Diagne (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | A collective understanding of economic impacts and in particular of monetary costs of biological invasions is lacking for the Nordic region. This paper synthesizes findings from the literature on costs of invasions in the Nordic countries together with expert elicitation. The analysis of cost data has been made possible through the InvaCost database, a globally open repository of monetary costs that allows for the use of temporal, spatial, and taxonomic descriptors facilitating a better understanding of how costs are distributed. The total reported costs of invasive species across the Nordic countries were estimated at $8.35 billion (in 2017 US$ values) with damage costs significantly outweighing management costs. Norway incurred the highest costs ($3.23 billion), followed by Denmark ($2.20 billion), Sweden ($1.45 billion), Finland ($1.11 billion) and Iceland ($25.45 million). Costs from invasions in the Nordics appear to be largely underestimated. We conclude by highlighting such knowledge gaps, including gaps in policies and regulation stemming from expert judgment as well as avenues for an improved understanding of invasion costs and needs for future research. |
| Keywords: | Invasive species,Economic impact,Nordic countries,InvaCost,Knowledge gap |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03860518&r=agr |
| By: | Christophe Martin (CSGA - Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] - UB - Université de Bourgogne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Plateforme Chemosens [Dijon] - CSGA - Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] - UB - Université de Bourgogne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Marielle Harel-Oger (STLO - Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Gilles Garric (STLO - Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Yves Le Loir (STLO - Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Louis-Georges Soler (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Stéphan Marette (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this work was to study the reaction of consumers to a technological innovation (a radically new manufacturing process) applied to a traditional product (cheese). A traditional cheese and two cheeses resulting from a new sustainable process were evaluated by 142 consumers. These cheeses were first evaluated blind, giving rise to liking score and willingness to pay (WTP). Following a message concerning the nature of the processes used for the three cheeses, the consumers gave their WTP once again. The last two stages of the protocol consisted of successively revealing two pieces of information concerning the benefits of the new process for health and the environment and in measuring, at each of these two stages, the WTP of the consumers. Blind tasting showed that the two new cheeses were less appreciated than the traditional cheese. The information concerning the nature of the processes used did not significantly influence the WTP of the new cheeses but caused a revaluation of the traditional cheese. Information on the benefits of the new process has reduced the gap between the WTP of the three cheeses by decreasing the WTP for the traditional cheese and increasing the WTP for the new cheeses. This information made it possible to compensate for differences in liking of 1 to 2 points on a scale of 10. However, there is heterogeneity in consumer reactions. Indeed, some consumers (23%) did not appreciate the sensory properties of the new cheeses, and despite the assimilation of the information concerning the benefits of the new process, their WTP remained lower than those of traditional cheese. These results show that there is no major opposition to the application of technological innovations to traditional products such as cheese and that information concerning health and environmental benefits is positively accepted. |
| Abstract: | L'objectif de ce travail était d'étudier la réaction des consommateurs à une innovation technologique (un procédé de fabrication radicalement nouveau) appliquée à un produit traditionnel (le fromage). Un fromage traditionnel et deux fromages issus d'un nouveau procédé durable ont été évalués par 142 consommateurs. Ces fromages ont d'abord été évalués en aveugle, ce qui a donné lieu à un score de préférence et à une volonté de payer (WTP). Après un message concernant la nature des procédés utilisés pour les trois fromages, les consommateurs ont à nouveau donné leur consentement à payer. Les deux dernières étapes du protocole consistaient à révéler successivement deux informations concernant les bénéfices du nouveau procédé pour la santé et l'environnement et à mesurer, à chacune de ces deux étapes, le CAP des consommateurs. La dégustation à l'aveugle a montré que les deux nouveaux fromages étaient moins appréciés que le fromage traditionnel. Les informations concernant la nature des procédés utilisés n'ont pas influencé de manière significative la VDP des nouveaux fromages mais ont provoqué une réévaluation du fromage traditionnel. Les informations sur les avantages du nouveau procédé ont réduit l'écart entre les VDP des trois fromages en diminuant la VDP du fromage traditionnel et en augmentant la VDP des nouveaux fromages. Cette information a permis de compenser des différences d'appréciation de 1 à 2 points sur une échelle de 10. Cependant, il existe une hétérogénéité dans les réactions des consommateurs. En effet, certains consommateurs (23%) n'ont pas apprécié les propriétés sensorielles des nouveaux fromages, et malgré l'assimilation des informations concernant les avantages du nouveau procédé, leur CAP est resté inférieur à celui du fromage traditionnel. Ces résultats montrent qu'il n'y a pas d'opposition majeure à l'application d'innovations technologiques à des produits traditionnels comme le fromage et que les informations concernant les avantages pour la santé et l'environnement sont acceptées positivement. |
| Keywords: | Food innovation,Cheese,Sustainability,Consumers preferences,Willingness to pay |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03842340&r=agr |
| By: | Francesco Nicolli (Department of Economics and Management, University of Ferrara); Marianna Gilli (Department of Economics and Management, University of Ferrara); Francesco Vona (University of Milan, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and OFCE, Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | This paper re-examines the relationship between per capita income, inequality, and per capita emissions while accounting for nonhomotheticity in green preferences and nonlinearities in the impact of economic growth on GHG emissions. Theoretically, our research is motivated by the fact that if environmental quality is a need with low priority on the hierarchical scale, the effect of inequality on emissions should vary depending on the level of income per capita. Specifically, for a given level of income per capita, a richer median voter will be more likely to approve of more stringent environmental policies, and thus, lower inequality is beneficial for the environment. With nonhomothetic preferences, the beneficial environmental effect of reducing inequality emerges only for countries that are sufficiently rich. We test this hypothesis by augmenting a standard EKC equation with the interaction between income per capita and the Gini coefficient. Our results for CO2, SO2 and N2O emissions corroborate our main hypothesis: reducing inequality is beneficial for the environment only for rich countries. |
| Keywords: | Inequality, Climate Change, GHG Emissions, Environmental Kuznets Curve, Sustainable Development Goals, Political Economy |
| JEL: | Q53 Q56 O15 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.32&r=agr |
| By: | Joshi, Deepa; Braaten, Y.; Hakhu, Arunima; Pradhan, Rubina; Gallant, Bryce |
| Abstract: | The growing relevance of research on gender and social inclusion in agricultural research for development calls for systemic, transformative change processes. Transformative gender ambitions can stand at odds with personal biases and experiences that shape diverse understandings of gender, institutional values, structures and cultures that tend to reward technological quick-fix solutions, and other practical challenges to ‘doing’ gender on the ground. Very little is known about these challenges. How are these challenges navigated by (relatively small) teams of gender researchers, who are often caught between the demand for tangible fast gains on gender, and the intractable challenges of deep-rooted and complex, intersectional gender inequalities? This was the focus of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) End of Program Reflection and Evaluation (EoPRE) to assess how gender and inclusion research is pursued, and the key barriers to knowing and doing gender in eight research projects. Adopting a reflexive, self-analytical feminist approach to evaluation, this EoPRE facilitated eight project teams, diverse and with an uneven focus on gender, to connect the dots between the processes of knowing and doing gender research. A key finding of this evaluation is that the need for change is foremost internal. We need to begin by fixing our personal biases and assumptions, and fixing institutional cultures, values and structures instead of just trying to fix things out there, including fixing poor and marginalized women. A key recommendation is to seek more regular and open conversations across researcher disciplines and hierarchies, and between CGIAR and external partners and stakeholders, including feminist grassroots actors and networks – on what works well (and does not) and why. This would allow us to grasp why we start with different meanings and conceptualizations of gender; how agile we are (or not) in adapting to changes on the ground; and how, through a culture of reflection and learning, we might shift pathways to more transformative change processes in a fast evolving and increasingly unequal world. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2022–03–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:329158&r=agr |
| By: | Meissner, Luise; Danne, Michael; Musshoff, Oliver |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nc1117:329262&r=agr |
| By: | Ross N Cuthbert; Christophe Diagne (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Emma J Hudgins; Anna Turbelin (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Danish A Ahmed; Céline Albert (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Thomas W Bodey; Elizabeta Briski; Franz Essl; Phillip J Haubrock; Rodolphe E Gozlan; Natalia Kirichenko; Melina Kourantidou; Andrew M Kramer; Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The global increase in biological invasions is placing growing pressure on the management of ecological and economic systems. However, the effectiveness of current management expenditure is difficult to assess due to a lack of standardised measurement across spatial, taxonomic and temporal scales. Furthermore, there is no quantification of the spending difference between pre-invasion (e.g. prevention) and post-invasion (e.g. control) stages, although preventative measures are considered to be the most cost-effective. Here, we use a comprehensive database of invasive alien species economic costs (InvaCost) to synthesise and model the global management costs of biological invasions, in order to provide a better understanding of the stage at which these expenditures occur. Since 1960, reported management expenditures have totalled at least US$95.3 billion (in 2017 values), considering only highly reliable and actually observed costs — 12-times less than damage costs from invasions ($1130.6 billion). Pre-invasion management spending ($2.8 billion) was over 25-times lower than post-invasion expenditure ($72.7 billion). Management costs were heavily geographically skewed towards North America (54%) and Oceania (30%). The largest shares of expenditures were directed towards invasive alien invertebrates in terrestrial environments. Spending on invasive alien species management has grown by two orders of magnitude since 1960, reaching an estimated $4.2 billion per year globally (in 2017 values) in the 2010s, but remains 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than damages. National management spending increased with incurred damage costs, with management actions delayed on average by 11 years globally following damage reporting. These management delays on the global level have caused an additional invasion cost of approximately $1.2 trillion, compared to scenarios with immediate management. Our results indicate insufficient management — particularly pre-invasion — and urge better investment to prevent future invasions and to control established alien species. Recommendations to improve reported management cost comprehensiveness, resolution and terminology are also made. |
| Keywords: | Biosecurity,Delayed control and eradication,Global trends,InvaCost,Invasive alien species,Socio-economic impacts |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03860581&r=agr |
| By: | Giovanni Maggi; Robert W. Staiger |
| Abstract: | Current policies directed at mitigating global warming appear unlikely to prevent temperatures from rising to levels that would trigger a precipitous increase in the costs of climate change. Various attempts at international cooperation to avoid this outcome have failed. Why is this problem so intractable? Can we expect an 11th-hour solution? Will some countries, or even all, succumb on the equilibrium path? We address these questions through a model that features the possibility of climate catastrophe and emphasizes the role of international externalities that a country’s policies exert on other countries and intertemporal externalities that current generations exert on future generations. Within this setting, we explore the extent to which international agreements can mitigate the problem of climate change. Our analysis illuminates the role that international climate agreements can be expected to play in addressing climate change, and it points to important limitations on what such agreements can achieve, even under the best of circumstances. |
| JEL: | F02 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30681&r=agr |
| By: | Khadka, Savin; Gopinath, Munisamy; Batarseh, Feras A. |
| Abstract: | While uncertainty effects on macroeconomic indicators such as consumption, production, and investment have been well-studied, much remains to be known about the relationship between uncertainty and international trade. Some early explorations into this topic have revealed that high economic uncertainty can have detrimental impacts on trade, but the evidence is not conclusive, particularly that on the heterogeneity of uncertainty effects across sectors. This study provides one of the first investigations into the uncertainty-agricultural trade nexus. Application of a novel data-driven methodology - anomaly detection and classification - to monthly trade data at the HS-4 level finds that imports of agricultural commodities are reduced when economic uncertainty is high. Evidence also suggests that economic policy-related uncertainty has larger and more persistent impacts on agricultural trade than structural uncertainty arising from supply-side fluctuations. Interestingly, anticipatory stock-piling occurred, like in durable goods, when uncertainty is specific to trade policy. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iatrcp:329520&r=agr |
| By: | Ysé Commandré (MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier, UM - Université de Montpellier, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture); George Aboueldahab (UM - Université de Montpellier, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture); Romane Guillot (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture) |
| Abstract: | Des imposants tracteurs connectés aux capteurs électroniques presque invisibles, le numérique s'invite de plus en plus dans les fermes, sous diverses formes. Il offre différents services pour améliorer l'efficacité de l'utilisation des ressources et renforcer la résilience des exploitations (santé animale et du sol, protection de la biodiversité, collecte d'informations). Son usage peut aussi contribuer à la création de connaissances et à la gouvernance collective de ces ressources. Une partie des agriculteurs voient toutefois d'un mauvais œil cette incursion croissante du numérique dans leurs champs. Le 9 février 2022, après la parution du volet agricole du plan de relance du gouvernement, la Direction départementale des territoires de la Drôme a été occupée par des collectifs d'agriculteurs contestant les 3 axes énoncés dans le plan par l'ancien ministre de l'Agriculture, Julien Denormandie, pour l'avenir de l'agriculture : le numérique, la robotique et la génétique. Car, si elle est souvent présentée comme une solution face aux enjeux environnementaux – par exemple pour réduire l'usage des intrants – « l'agriculture 4.0 » pourrait aussi rendre le secteur tout autant voire plus polluant qu'auparavant. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture numérique,Données,Paysans,Agriculteurs,Agriculture intensive,Agriculture connectée |
| Date: | 2022–09–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03844772&r=agr |
| By: | Choi, Jiseon; Jodlowski, Margaret |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nc1117:329256&r=agr |
| By: | Shroff, Sangeeta |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asae21:329380&r=agr |
| By: | Dayal Saraswat, Kinshuk |
| Abstract: | There are many risks associated with living in a developing country, especially in far-flung rural areas, where these risks are more prevalent, because they are often located in remote areas, where these risks are more prevalent, as they are frequently located in far-flung rural areas, where these risks are more prevalent. Managing risk requires the use of information that is up-to-date, and emerging technologies are providing highly cost-effective methods for collecting, storing, processing, and disseminating information about risk that is up-to-date in a cost-effective manner. Farmers are now able to receive early warnings regarding adverse weather conditions, market movements, and outbreaks of pests and diseases through the use of early warning systems which can be accessed through mobile apps and the internet. By using instruments such as insurance contracts and futures contracts, there is a limited amount of emerging technologies that can be utilized to transfer rural sector risk in the form of instruments. The development of these applications is hindered by the lack of institutional development, the high cost of the products, as well as an inability to customize them in order to meet the needs of smallholders. As a result, they are hampered by the fact that there are limitations to the amount of information which can be produced by technology. |
| Keywords: | Rural sector and risk management, technology based risk management, natural disasters and rural sector, mitigating risk in rural areas. |
| JEL: | M11 M15 O1 O14 Q16 |
| Date: | 2022–10–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115480&r=agr |
| By: | Alok Bang; Ross N Cuthbert (GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel], QUB - Queen's University [Belfast]); Phillip J Haubrock (Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum [Frankfurt] - Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung - Leibniz Association); Romina D Fernandez (UNT - Universidad Nacional de Tucumán); Desika Moodley (IB / CAS - Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences - CAS - Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague]); Christophe Diagne (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Anna J Turbelin (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); David Renault (ECOBIO - Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - INEE - Institut Ecologie et Environnement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - OSUR - Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IUF - Institut Universitaire de France - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche); Tatenda Dalu (UMP - University of Mpumalanga); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Biological invasions are one of the top drivers of the ongoing biodiversity crisis. An underestimated consequence of invasions is the enormity of their economic impacts. Knowledge gaps regarding economic costs produced by invasive alien species (IAS) are pervasive, particularly for emerging economies such as India—the fastest growing economy worldwide. To investigate, highlight and bridge this gap, we synthesised data on the economic costs of IAS in India. Specifically, we examine how IAS costs are distributed spatially, environmentally, sectorally, taxonomically, temporally, and across introduction pathways; and discuss how Indian IAS costs vary with socioeconomic indicators. We found that IAS have cost the Indian economy between at least US$ 127.3 billion to 182.6 billion (Indian Rupees ₹ 8.3 trillion to 11.9 trillion) over 1960–2020, and these costs have increased with time. Despite these massive recorded costs, most were not assigned to specific regions, environments, sectors, cost types and causal IAS, and these knowledge gaps are more pronounced in India than in the rest of the world. When costs were specifically assigned, maximum costs were incurred in West, South and North India, by invasive alien insects in semi-aquatic ecosystems; they were incurred mainly by the public and social welfare sector, and were associated with damages and losses rather than management expenses. Our findings indicate that the reported economic costs grossly underestimate the actual costs, especially considering the expected costs given India's population size, gross domestic product and high numbers of IAS without reported costs. This cost analysis improves our knowledge of the negative economic impacts of biological invasions in India and the burden they can represent for its development. We hope this study motivates policymakers to address socio-ecological issues in India and launch a national biological invasion research programme, especially since economic growth will be accompanied by greater impacts of global change. |
| Keywords: | Economic impact,InvaCost,Nonnative species,Socioeconomic measures,South Asia |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03860571&r=agr |
| By: | Mohammad Haseeb Daudzai; Pete Drost; Todd Kuethe |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nc1117:329266&r=agr |
| By: | Means, Tom; Estill, Jack (Mercury Publication) |
| Abstract: | The term “fiscalization of land use†is often used to describe the motivations of local government with respect to land use decisions. Land development can lead to increased government revenues in terms of up-front fees and provide long-term cash flows f |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajw:wpaper:09526&r=agr |
| By: | David Kwesi Dautey-Land |
| Abstract: | Universally, It is acknowledged that land together with its resources form the bedrock of the development of a country. It is a key factor in the fight against poverty alleviation. Our land is our heritage. It is the embodiment of our physicality and spirituality. It is our essence, and a veritable source of our livelihood and wealth creation. The land mass of Ghana with a total area of 238,553sq.kms contributes our political sovereignty,, the foundation of our socio-cultural values and economic power. Indeed, the centrality of our land to our socio-economic development is ed to our natural resources endowment. These resources which include mineral, forests wetlands, water bodies underpin our existence as a people. Their sustainable and responsible management and administration and equitable distribution of the benefits are essential for sustainable livelihoods. With a strong natural resource base, our economy is basically a land-based economy which supports a population of about 31,732,129 (UN estimate 2021). It is estimated that about 136,000km2 of land covering 57% of the country's is classified as ''agricultural land area'' Approximately 52% of the labour force is engaged in agriculture. This sector, it is estimated contributes about 54% of the country's GDP, accounts for over 40% of our export earnings. The Forestry sector contributes about 6% of the GDP, 11% of export earnings and contributes about 100,000 for the labour force employment (FAO 2010). The Mining sector contributes 2% of GDP and 28.3% of Government revenue (GSGDA 2014-2017). In spite of the importance of land in our national economy, the administration and management of land and land resources have been confronted with numerous challenges among which lack of consultation with key stakeholders in the area of compulsory land acquisition and delay in compensation payments, legal pluralism, indeterminate customary land boundaries, lack of accountability, probity and transparency on the part of some traditional authorities in the management of land and its resources, fragmented institutional arrangements with weak capacity. In the natural resources arena, it has been estimated that environmental degradation costs between 5-10% of the GDP and with this the Forestry sector accounts for 63% (USD$ 500 million of the cost-Forestry Commission 2010). Since the 1990s the country lost more than 33.7% of its Forests (FAO). The rate of deforestation between 2005 to 2010 was estimated at 2.19%- the 6th highest rate globally for the period (FAO). Illegal mining also results in huge sums of lost revenue. In 2016 alone, an estimated $2.3 billion worth of gold le the shores of Ghana through galamsey. The illicit trade avoids taxation and the prevalence of foreign actors means that profits typically flow out of the country. Despite its importance in the country's socio-economic development, its negative impact on the country's environment is evidenced in water pollution, destruction of flora and fauna, land degradation and metal contamination of our soils. Good governance occupies the central stage in the discussion in land administration and management. Failings in good governance have adverse consequences for society as a whole, Good governance can help achieve economic development and poverty alleviaon. Any Instuonal reform involves changing the status quo and in this resistance cannot be ruled out Successful institutional reform can be achieved through the appreciation and application of Organizational Change Management tools, techniques and resistant management. |
| Keywords: | Fundamental Change; Governance; Land Administraon and Management; Project Change Triangle (PCT); resistance; Sustainable Development |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-028&r=agr |
| By: | De Juan, Alexander; Hoffmann, Lisa; Lay, Jann |
| Abstract: | We investigate whether and how large-scale agricultural investments (LSAIs) influence the risk of communal conflict. We assess a mechanism that links LSAIs to conflict through interethnic competition over access to plantation employment. Our analyses focus on rural Liberia. We measure communal conflict with joy-of-destruction experiments (JDG). We first investigate associations between access to employment and JDG outcomes---comparing villages that are located below/above a distance threshold at which travel costs to plantations equal daily wages of plantation workers. We find substantively higher levels of destruction in communities with better access to LSAI employment. We then analyze whether participants display more destructive behaviour when members of ethnic minorities interact with members of dominant groups. Contrary to expectations, we find no variation across interethnic experimental constellations. Exploratory descriptive analyses tentatively suggest a link between LSAIs, labor migration and communal conflict. |
| Date: | 2022–06–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:j5vmh&r=agr |
| By: | Jones, Benjamin; Nguyen-Tien, Viet; Elliott, Robert J.R. |
| Abstract: | The emergence of a mass market for electric vehicles (EVs) offers development opportunities for countries that have abundant resources of cobalt, nickel, lithium, copper, aluminium and manganese. Not surprisingly, developing countries have proposed ambitious plans to expand production of these raw materials. However, an observation from the resource curse literature is that strong institutions are required if they are to mitigate the risk of poorly directed, often excessively procyclical, investment, not least because of the complexity, opacity and price volatility of many raw materials utilised by global EV value chains. This paper examines the outlook for EV demand and associated raw material usage paying attention to the drivers and sensitivities required to assess and track future market transformations. These end use shifts are then placed in the context of the broader supply chain adjustments and trends shaping the demand. For resource exporters, adapting to structural change will require fiscal, regulatory, environmental and institution reforms designed to capture shifting patterns of resource wealth in a way which takes appropriate account of comparative advantages in specific value chains and mitigates adverse environmental and social consequences from their extraction and processing. |
| Keywords: | critical materials; electric vehicle; global value chains; resource mobilisation |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2022–10–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117425&r=agr |
| By: | Chhay, Panharoth (Asian Development Bank Institute); Rahut, Dil (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | Rural households in developing countries have limited capacity to cope with and manage shocks, thereby resulting in chronic poverty, indebtedness, and a decline in overall well-being. We analyze the effects of health shocks on overindebtedness in rural Viet Nam using four rounds of a balanced panel data set of about 1,750 households observed over a decade (2007, 2010, 2013, 2016). Employing the household-level fixed-effect model, we find that health shocks reduce household income and increase health expenditure among rural Vietnamese households. We also find that households cope with health shocks mainly by borrowing from more sources. Households experiencing health shocks are 2.2 to 3.1 percentage points more likely to be overindebted, which occurs primarily among households without health insurance, suggesting that social health insurance can reduce households’ vulnerability to the consequences of health shocks. These findings strongly support efforts to expand access to social health insurance in rural Viet Nam. |
| Keywords: | health shocks; overindebtedness; social health insurance; household-level fixed effects; rural Viet Nam |
| JEL: | E21 E24 I13 I15 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1311&r=agr |
| By: | Napasintuwong, Orachos |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asae21:329421&r=agr |