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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2022‒12‒05
forty-four papers chosen by |
| By: | Mausch, Kai (World Agroforestry (ICRAF)); McMullin, Stepha; Karanja, Alice |
| Abstract: | The world is and has been continuously changing and adjusting. Some changes are positive, some are negative. It is important to be aware of emerging changes in order to mitigate negative effects and amplify positive effects. Some of the major current trends are: urbanization, migration, climate change, population growth, biodiversity loss as well as the emergence of pandemics such as COVID 19. All of these trends affect food systems in several ways. A clear understanding of the implications is critical when considering how food systems can be strengthened and made more resilient to withstand the impacts of these trends. Climate change is threatening all aspects of food security. Low- and middle-income countries are projected to be affected to the largest extent. Yield reduction and price increases further increase the incentives to expand production into forest and grasslands which would in turn accelerate climate change. Urban food supply chains will have to adjust to shifting regional supplies and increasingly erratic volumes. Heat and water stress will further amplify the negative human health effects especially in densely populated areas. Biodiversity could be a crucial contributor to improved food system outcomes, yet it is continuously degraded. Many valuable plant species are already threatened and population growth, urbanization, climate change and current market forces increase the pressures on habitats for biodiversity. Direct threats also emerge from current food production systems that contribute to degradation through heavy use of chemical pesticides and fertilizer. Current food systems are already failing to deliver for the poor, contribute to environmental degradation, and fail to withstand disruptions such as the effects of COVID 19. Around 66% of Africans already face food insecurity. The population is projected to double by 2060 and food supply will need to change, diversify and increase drastically in order to overcome the current and emerging challenges. Here, the supply to urban residents will be most critical as urban populations will triple by 2050 and already by 2030, half of the population will reside in cities. With the majority of the population increase likely being absorbed by informal settlements, these areas will require attention to ensure they are made more resilient, to buffer the worst impacts. Food system trends towards more processed, and less nutritious foods are already negatively impacting different segments of populations with the coexistence of multiple forms of malnutrition, and increasing diet associated with non-communicable diseases. Therefore, alternative systems will have to be developed in order to avoid increasing health problems. While focusing on solving or mitigating the acute problems, we need to ensure a clear vision towards a more resilient, sustainable and equitable (food) future that is able to address the needs of all segments of society. The reports of EAT Lancet, the HLPE, the Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition and UNICEF are recent examples that highlight the needs and pathways towards this goal. Yet, there remain critical knowledge gaps for action that need to be addressed. Food choice motives are highly complex and interact with other needs and strategies. These are often context specific and generalization remains difficult, with limited evidence in low-and middle-income countries Hence a clear understanding of local contexts, and socio-cultural dynamics remains crucial for understanding, and devising suitable interventions that will respond to consumer needs and behaviour, for better food, nutrition and well-being outcomes. Furthermore, the food system itself and its mechanics have yet to be fully explored when it comes to interventions, particularly the parts which connect rural-producers and urban- consumers, and supporting and enabling food environment. While at the abstract and aggregate level there have been significant advances, the implications for local interventions have to be explored in more detail to avoid negative consequences or spillovers. Overall, clarity on intervention logic, design and monitoring will have to be ensured in order to truly advance the functioning of the food system for all and especially for vulnerable people that are currently ill served. |
| Date: | 2022–07–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:uvcb7&r=agr |
| By: | Coisnon, Thomas; Musson, Anne; Rousselière, Damien; Le Royer, Agathe; Viaud, François |
| Abstract: | The increasing use of life cycle analysis (LCA) methods in order to estimate environmental and social impacts of food products enhances a better understanding of how agricultural production systems contribute to their territories’ environmental and social quality in a positive or negative way. However, the contribution of agriculture to landscape quality and living environment within these territories is never included although some agricultural practices, such as urban pastures, may generate significant landscape amenities that may be valued by locals. From a series of surveys within the Nantes Métropole territory and relying on the study-case of the Vache nantaise, we provide a set of indicators to measure the living environment dimension into future impact analysis. We show how the development of a local urban meat branch involving pastures may contribute to the living environment through inhabitants’ experience, branch sustainability and territorial sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2022–11–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:inrasl:329211&r=agr |
| By: | Weir, Rebecca; Hadrich, Joleen; Jablonski, Becca; Bauman, Allie |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Farm Management, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umaesp:329376&r=agr |
| By: | Carreira, Igor; Costa, Francisco J M (FGV EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance); Pessoa, Joao Paulo |
| Abstract: | This paper quantifies the relative footprint of trade and agricultural productivity on deforestation in Brazil between 2000 and 2017. Using remote-sensing data, we find that these two phenomena have distinct effects on land use. Greater exposure to new genetically engineered soy seeds is associated with faster deforestation through the expansion of cropland. We find no association between exposure to demand from China and deforestation – although, trade induces conversion of cropland to pastureland. Our results suggest that, when taken together, agriculture productivity gains, and not trade, were the main driver of deforestation and the expansion of the agriculture sector. |
| Date: | 2022–06–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:hy3np&r=agr |
| By: | Philippe Boyer (Académie d'Agriculture de France) |
| Abstract: | The food euro" denotes the method and results of the decomposition of food consumption into values added, imports and taxes, by means of calculations on the input-output tables. The article explains the role of price ratios in the (low) level and (downward) evolution of the share of the agricultural branch in this distribution. The contributions of the various final demands to the formation of the income of the agricultural branch are also measured. The article begins with a presentation of the method and concludes with a discussion about the scope of this approach and its prospects and constraints for improvement. |
| Keywords: | final food consumption expenditure,value added,input-output matrix,food supply chain,agricultural income |
| Date: | 2021–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03834604&r=agr |
| By: | Gaëlle Petit (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IEMN-IAE Nantes - Institut d'Économie et de Management de Nantes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - UN - Université de Nantes - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ONIRIS - École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], IRSTV - Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville - FR 2488 - UA - Université d'Angers - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - ENSA Nantes - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nantes - ULR - La Rochelle Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Gwenola Yannou-Le Bris (SayFood - Paris-Saclay Food and Bioproduct Engineering - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Claudia Eckert (School of Engineering and Innovation [Milton Keynes] - Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [Milton Keynes] - OU - The Open University [Milton Keynes]); Yan Liu (Changchun University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | The transition of existing food value chains towards greater sustainability is a societal imperative and a potential competitive factor. To succeed, some actors in the chains define new practices to establish common sustainability goals. To date, there is little evidence that the visions and values of the various actors in the chains have been leading to common solutions. This work explores the impact of collaboration on the value chain actors' ability to jointly decide strategies for redesigning their activities. It reports on an empirical approach, which elicits the values and priorities of different stakeholders. The case takes place in the context of a value chain of the production/processing/sale of pork products. This value chain involves two French production-processing and redistribution cooperatives. Stakeholders were questioned about their prioritization of sustainability issues and these weights were applied to evaluate 12 animal feed solutions that vary in terms of the composition and geographical origin of rations, and the means and locations of their production. The results show that despite several years of cooperation, the objectives of the upstream and downstream actors remain different. The objectives of the upstream actors are driven by the economic difficulties of production and those of the downstream actors by the multiplicity of consumer demands and cost control objectives. In a reversal of the current practice marked by the economic difficulties of the actors upstream of the chain, an integrated culture could be led by bottom-up approaches to create a shared vision. Public policy would be then essential in regulating the sharing of value among actors; and in promoting chain models that help the required investments. |
| Keywords: | sustainability,value chain,food,co-decision,collaboration,cooperation,pork |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03640243&r=agr |
| By: | Hedoui, M. Amine; Beghin, John C. |
| Abstract: | The stringency of GMO regulation affects trade of agricultural products among countries. On that account, our investigation attempts to shed the light on the complexity of the impact of genetically modified organisms (GMO) regulations among countries on bilateral trade with a focus on GMO approvals. We develop a framework extending Xiong and Beghin (2014) and their decomposition of export supply and imports demand effects. Our approach encompasses the supplemental effect of GMO regulation laxity in production on the exporter’s productivity. It decomposes three effects that impact bilateral trade flows between trade partners: productivity in the source country, sorting cost from bilateral dissimilarity in regulations, and stringency impact on import demand. We estimate the model using a panel dataset of corn trade and two econometric approaches (PPML, Heckman sample-selection). We find that GMO laxity in production of exporters has the most prominent and robust effect of enhancing bilateral trade of corn. The effect of GMO laxity in demand appears to be smaller than the export booster effect of GMO adoption. Finally, bilateral dissimilarity in regulations does not appear to matter, once we account for the impact of GMO in production of the exporters and laxity in demand differentiated for importer and exporters. Hence, GMO approval regulations have dominating multilateral effects rather than bilateral ones. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2022–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nbaesp:329344&r=agr |
| By: | Gabriel Loumeau (ETH Zurich, Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the causal economic and political effects of agricultural mechanization. For identification, it exploits a spatial discontinuity in the intensity of mechanization induced by land consolidation reforms in France between 1945 and 2008. The results suggest that an increase in mechanization leads to long-term growth in population (+9.5%), employment (+15%), and income (+0.5%), but also to an increase in the far-right vote share (+6.1%). To explain the rise in populism despite significant economic growth, the paper shows that mechanization also induces significant immigration flows and changes in social organization (via the decline of the family farm model). |
| Keywords: | Mechanization, Natural experiment, Land consolidation, Local activity, Populism |
| JEL: | D72 O33 Q12 Q15 N54 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:22-376&r=agr |
| By: | Kung, James Kai-sing; Özak, Ömer (Southern Methodist University); Putterman, Louis; Shi, Shuang |
| Abstract: | We propose and test empirically a theory describing the endogenous formation and persistence of mega-states, using China as an example. We suggest that the relative timing of the emergence of agricultural societies, and their distance from each other, set off a race between their autochthonous state-building projects, which determines their extent and persistence. Using a novel dataset describing the historical presence of Chinese states, prehistoric development, the diffusion of agriculture, and migratory distance across 1-degree x 1-degree grid cells in eastern Asia, we find that cells that adopted agriculture earlier and were close to Erlitou -- the earliest political center in eastern Asia -- remained under Chinese control for longer and continue to be a part of China today. By contrast, cells that adopted agriculture early and were located further from Erlitou developed into independent states, as agriculture provided the fertile ground for state-formation, while isolation provided time for them to develop and confront the expanding Chinese empire. Our study sheds important light on why eastern Asia kept reproducing a mega-state in the area that became China and on the determinants of its borders with other states. |
| Date: | 2022–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:g8mye&r=agr |
| By: | Jens Rommel (Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences); Julian Sagebiel (German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig); Marieke Cornelia Baaken (Department of Environmental Politics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ); Jesús Barreiro-Hurlé (European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)); Douadia Bougherara (CEE-M, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro); Luigi Cembalo (Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II); Marija Cerjak (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb); Tajana Čop (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb); Mikołaj Czajkowski (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); María Espinosa-Goded (Department of Economic Analysis and Political Economy, Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences, University of Sevilla); Julia Höhler (Business Economics Group, Wageningen University & Research); Laure Kuhfuss (Social Economic and Geographical Sciences Department, the James Hutton Institute); Carl-Johan Lagerkvist (Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences); Margaux Lapierre (CEE-M, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro); Marianne Lefebvre (GRANEM n° 7456, Université d’Angers); Bettina Matzdorf (Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg and Institute of Environmental Planning, Leibniz University of Hannover); Edward Ott (Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)); Antonio Paparella (Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II); Erika Quendler (Federal Institute of Agricultural Economics, Rural and Mountain Research); Macario Rodriguez-Entrena (WEARE - Water, Environmental, and Agricultural Resources Economics Research Group, Universidad de Córdoba); Christoph Schulze (Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)); Tanja Šumrada (Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana); Annika Tensi (Business Economics Group, Wageningen University & Research); Sophie Thoyer (CEE-M, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro); Marina Tomić Maksan (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb); Riccardo Vecchio (Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II); Marc Willinger (CEE-M, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro); Katarzyna Zagórska (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences) |
| Abstract: | We replicate Bocquého et al. (2014), who used multiple price lists to investigate risk preferences of 107 French farmers. We collect new data from 1,430 participants in eleven European farming systems. In agreement with the original study, farmers’ risk preferences are best described by Cumulative Prospect Theory. Structural model estimates show that farmers in the new samples are, on average, less loss averse and more susceptible to probability distortion than in the original study. Explorative analyses indicate differences between estimation approaches, as well as heterogeneity between and within samples. We discuss challenges in replications of economic experiments with farmers across farming contexts. |
| Keywords: | Risk Attitudes, Agriculture, Cumulative Prospect Theory, Expected Utility Theory, Artefactual Field Experiment |
| JEL: | D81 D90 Q12 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2022-24&r=agr |
| By: | McCarthy, Nancy; Brubaker, Josh; Mabiso, Athur; Cavatassi, Romina |
| Abstract: | This paper applies a methodological framework for incorporating current period weather and long-term climate conditions into impact assessments. More specifically, the framework applies to non-experimental impact assessments that rely on ex post data collected from both households that were beneficiaries of the project (treated households) and those that did not benefit (control households). Here, the authors apply the methodological framework to an IFAD project that aimed to increase high quality coffee and the performance of coffee cooperatives in Rwanda as a case study. Results show that there is some evidence of biased treatment impacts when climatic variables are not included, but more importantly, show that coffee producers are highly vulnerable to weather shocks. To generate more climate-change relevant evidence more rapidly, there is ample opportunity to more fully exploit impact assessment datasets than is commonly done. |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadrs:329321&r=agr |
| By: | Henrique Batista de Barros, Pedro (Departamento de Economia, Universidade de São Paulo); Henrique Leite de Castro , Gustavo (Departamento de Economia, Universidade de São Paulo); Menezes-Filho, Naercio (Departamento de Economia, Universidade de São Paulo) |
| Abstract: | Agricultural production expansion is an important strategy to encourage structural changes and lead to economic development. However, the increase in the agricultural production can occur in two different ways: through productivity - intensive margin - and through area expansion - extensive margin. Human capital can enhance production both ways, but its effects remain little explored in the literature. This paper aims to investigate the effect of human capital on the increase in agricultural productivity and on the expansion of the agricultural frontiers in Brazil. The results indicate that human capital has a positive effect on these albeit with varying intensities and significant heterogeneities. Human capital affects agricultural productivity more in agricultural frontier regions where there is often a shortage of skilled labor. However, human capital does not affect the expansion of agricultural area in consolidated agricultural regions of the country. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Productivity; Frontier Expansion; Human Capital; Education |
| JEL: | E24 O13 O15 Q10 Q12 |
| Date: | 2022–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:nereus:2022_006&r=agr |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Angelos Alamanos; Kostas Dellis; Artemis Stratopoulou |
| Abstract: | The broad economic notion of Ecosystem Services (ES) refers to the benefits that humans derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem functions. Provisioning ES refer to human-centred benefits that can be extracted from nature (e.g., food, drinking water, timber, wood fuel, natural gas, oils etc.), whereas regulating ES include ecosystem processes that moderate natural phenomena (pollination, decomposition, flood control, carbon storage, climate regulation etc.). Cultural ES entail non-material benefits accruing to the cultural advancement of people, such as the role of ecosystems in national, and supranational cultures, recreation and the spur of knowledge and creativity (music, art, architecture). Finally, supporting ES refer to the main natural cycles that nature needs to function, such as photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, the creation of soils, and the water cycle. Most ES either depend on or provide freshwater services, so they are linked to Water Resources Management (WRM). The concept of ES initially had a pedagogical purpose to raise awareness on the importance of reasonable WRM, however, later it started being measured with economic methods, and having policy implications. The valuation of ES is an important methodology aimed at achieving environmental, economic and sustainability goals. The Total Economic Value (TEV) of ecosystems includes market values (priced) as well as non-market values (not explicit in any market) of different services for humanity�s benefit. The valuation of ES inherently reflects human preferences and perceptions regarding the contribution of ecosystems and their functions to the economy and society. The ES concept and associated policies have been criticised on the technical weaknesses of the valuation methods, interdisciplinary conflicts (e.g., ecological vs economic perception of value), and ethical aspects on the limits of economics, nature�s commodification, and its policy implications. Since valuation affects the incentives and policies aimed at conserving key ES, e.g., through payment schemes, it is important to understand the way that humans decide and develop preferences under uncertainty. Behavioural Economics attempts to understand human behaviour and psychology and can help to identify appropriate institutions and policies under uncertainty that enhance ecosystem services that are key to water resources management. |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem Services, Water Resources, Management, Valuation, Total Economic Value |
| Date: | 2022–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2230&r=agr |
| By: | Maria Cecilia Mancini (Department of Economics and Management, University of Parma, Italy); Marianna Guareschi (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Filippo Arfini (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]) |
| Abstract: | In the European context, geographical indications (GIs) are tools that contribute to the achievement of rural development policy objectives. In this article, we propose that GI value chains produce positive environmental, social and economic benefits, defined as Public Goods (PGs), resulting from the rules defined in the Code of Specifications (CoS). This article reports the main results of the Strength2food H2020 project, designed to assessing the impact of GIs (through their CoSs) on agri-food system sustainability. Specifically, this report highlights that GI CoSs may generate PGs through the rules codified in CoSs presented as good practices in the production of PGs for other GI systems. Some final recommendations are proposed from the analysis of those good practices which contribute to the generation of PGs and, consequently, to the improvement of a sustainable rural development process. Case studies analysed show that generation of PGs requires both an internal and external intervention. The former intervention implies governance strategies for GI territorial systems and value chains that can improve the production of PGs. The latter intervention entails consumers and other stakeholder communication strategies to raise awareness regarding PG generation. These interventions will ultimately increase the social value of GIs. |
| Abstract: | Dans le contexte européen, les indications géographiques (IG) sont des outils qui contribuent à la réalisation des objectifs de la politique de développement rural. Dans cet article, nous suggérons que les chaînes de valeur des IG apportent, du fait des règles définies dans le Cahier des charges (CdC), des avantages environnementaux, sociaux et économiques positifs, définis comme des biens d'intérêt public (BP). Cet article rapporte les principaux résultats du projet Strength2food H2020, conçu pour évaluer l'impact des IG (au travers de leurs CdC) sur la durabilité des systèmes agroalimentaires. Plus précisément, ce rapport souligne que les CdC des IG peuvent générer des BP à travers les règles codifiées dans les CdC présentées comme des bonnes pratiques pour la production de BP, transposables à d'autres systèmes d'IG. Quelques recommandations finales sont proposées à partir de l'analyse de ces bonnes pratiques qui contribuent à la production de BP et, par conséquent, à l'amélioration d'un processus de développement rural durable. Les études de cas analysées montrent que la production de BP nécessite à la fois une intervention interne et externe. Le premier type d'intervention implique des stratégies de gouvernance pour les systèmes territoriaux et les chaînes de valeur des IG qui peuvent améliorer la production de BP. Le second type demande d'autres stratégies de communication vers les consommateurs et d'autres parties prenantes pour sensibiliser à la production de BP. Ces interventions augmenteront à terme la valeur sociale des IG. |
| Keywords: | Geographical indications,public good,sustainability,environment,food,quality |
| Date: | 2022–08–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03813338&r=agr |
| By: | Kishore, Siddharth (Colorado State University) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the impact of monsoon rainfall shocks on child health outcomes in rural India at varying levels of soil organic carbon. I combine high resolution spatial data on soil organic carbon content and weather with the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) for India (2015-2016) to estimate the linkage between monsoon rainfall shock, soil health, and child health. Weather variables and soil determine crop productivity and thus affect human health through food access in low- and middle-income countries. I contribute to the literature by demonstrating direct and indirect impact of soil health on childhood outcome of wasting. Using a coarsened exact matching method, I estimate that having high soil health can result in 26 percent improvement in child wasting. I also demonstrate that having high soil health can moderate adverse impacts from weather shocks. |
| Date: | 2022–08–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:8gfy9&r=agr |
| By: | Melina Kourantidou (WHOI - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution); Phillip Haubrock (CENAKVA - South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses [University of South Bohemia] - Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters [University of South Bohemia] - University of South Bohemia); Ross Cuthbert (GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel]); Thomas Bodey (University of Exeter); Bernd Lenzner (University of Vienna [Vienna]); Rodolphe Gozlan (MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, UMR ISEM - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Martin Nuñez (INIBIOMA-CONICET - Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente [Bariloche] - CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] - UNCOMA - Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén]); Jean-Michel A Salles (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Christophe Diagne (Université Paris-Saclay); Franck Courchamp (Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | In addition to being a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, biological invasions also have profound impacts on economies and human wellbeing. However, the threats posed by invasive species often do not receive adequate attention and lack targeted management. In part, this may result from different or even ambivalent perceptions of invasive species which have a dual effect for stakeholders—being simultaneously a benefit and a burden. For these species, literature that synthesizes best practice is very limited, and analyses providing a comprehensive understanding of their economics are generally lacking. This has resulted in a critical gap in our understanding of the underlying trade-offs surrounding management efforts and approaches. Here, we explore qualitative trends in the literature for invasive species with dual effects, drawing from both the recently compiled InvaCost database and international case studies. The few invasive species with dual roles in InvaCost provide evidence for a temporal increase in reporting of costs, but with benefits relatively sporadically reported alongside costs. We discuss methods, management, assessment and policy frameworks dedicated to these species, along with lessons learned, complexities and persisting knowledge gaps. Our analysis points at the need to enhance scientific understanding of those species through inter- and cross-disciplinary efforts that can help advance their management. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03524617&r=agr |
| By: | Akshai Gaddam; Sravan Malla; Sandhya Dasari; Narayana Darapaneni; Mukesh Kumar Shukla |
| Abstract: | The Indian agricultural sector being in a constant phase of upgradation, has been on the road to modernization for the last couple of years. The fundamental source of livelihood for over 70 percent of the population living in rural parts of the country is still agriculture. The average Indian farmer, although has access to raw and trend data pertaining to crop prices, yield and demand from Indian government and private websites, still struggles to make the right choices. They are constantly faced with the dilemma of choosing the right crop to address market demand and fetch them a decent profit. Since the process of shortlisting crops amongst the many suitable ones isn't completely scientific and usually dictated by area tradition, this project has aimed to address that issue by forecasting the price of those crops and uses that to create an optimal portfolio that the farmers can obtain to arrive at a data-driven decision for crop selection with optimal estimated ROI. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2211.01951&r=agr |
| By: | Bhattarai, Keshav; Adhikari, Ambika P. (Institute for Integrated Development Studies (IIDS)) |
| Abstract: | Nepal’s political institutions and administrative units were thoroughly restructured in 2015 with the promulgation of the new Constitution. Several rural areas were combined to meet the definition of urban threshold criteria to classify rural areas into urban categories. Accordingly, over 3,900 local political and administrative units were amalgamated into 753 units, of which, 293 units are classified as urban. Within these newly defined urban areas, many natural environments have been converted into impervious surfaces such as paved roads, sidewalks, and building roofs. These impervious surfaces have drastically increased the amount of surface run-offs—often termed as “urban floods” --under increasing precipitation caused by global climate change. These incidences have negatively impacted to the groundwater recharge processes in the urban areas. Data on groundwater recharge rates are needed in the context of global climate change to understand the status of groundwater recharge processes in the urban areas of Nepal. However, due to various limitations, this study only focuses around the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal to understand: a) how the expansion of urban, peri-urban, and associated areas have resulted in decreasing groundwater recharges; b) how groundwater is affected by the year-to-year variability of precipitation amount (low and high intensity) with the conversion of the natural landscape into built-up areas; and c) how the changing trends in precipitation and evapotranspiration may impact future groundwater availability. This study is based on a review of the literature and the analysis of secondary data available from the government and various social media and authors' professional experiences. The study ends with some recommendations based on experiences from other parts of the world on groundwater recharge processes. |
| Date: | 2022–08–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:tqfns&r=agr |
| By: | Akhmedyarov, Yerbol; Issabayev, Dulat; , Laura |
| Abstract: | “The Kazakhstan dairy enterprises’ problem analysis and the ways for their innovative activity development” research article is explaining the situation of dairy industry and agricultural sector in Kazakhstan Republics. Authors are referring to different sources to show what is happening with the milk production and why. To compare the situation authors are giving examples of innovations of other countries where such problems were successfully eliminated and dairy production and quality has increased. Finally, authors have proposed necessary actions to be made by different parties. |
| Date: | 2022–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:czujd&r=agr |
| By: | Christos Makriyannis (Suffolk University, Department of Economics); Robert J. Johnston (Clark University, George Perkins Marsh Institute and Department of Economics); Ewa Zawojska (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences) |
| Abstract: | Inherent outcome uncertainty within stated preference surveys is invariant across valuation scenarios. It has received relatively little attention in the environmental stated preference literature. Specifically, it is unknown whether percentage probabilities—a ubiquitous means of communicating uncertainty in questionnaires—are an effective risk communication tool. This article systematically evaluates two treatments in a discrete choice experiment survey related to coastal climate change adaptation in Connecticut, USA: one provides only raw frequencies as a risk communication tool, while the other provides implied numerical probabilities in addition to the same raw frequencies. Results from a mixed logit model and from a latent class model that controls for sociodemographic influences show that the use of percentage probabilities to communicate inherent uncertainty has no additional effect on average welfare estimates or the choice behavior of respondents. Our findings suggest that percentage probabilities may not be an impactful way to communicate inherent uncertainty in environmental stated preference questionnaires. |
| Keywords: | flood adaptation, inherent uncertainty, discrete choice experiment, stated preference, mixed logit, risk communication, WTP-space |
| JEL: | D61 D83 H41 Q51 Q5 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2022-05&r=agr |
| By: | Naef, Alain |
| Abstract: | This paper offers a case study of how a small shareholder managed to impose three more climate-conscious directors on the board of ExxonMobil, one of the world’s largest scope 3 CO2 emitters. This concrete approach to fossil fuel companies’ transition might prove useful for climate change mitigation. The policy has the advantage to work in a vacuum. It has positive impacts on emissions regardless of what other actors do, unlike policies such as global carbon taxes or large-scale divestment, which need more coordination. But it comes with limitations. I find that the proxy campaign led to more attention for the hedge fund running the campaign. It was used as a marketing tool. Despite the limitations, proxy battles could prove a useful approach to pragmatic climate change approaches. |
| Date: | 2022–08–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:3b5d4&r=agr |
| By: | Rebecca Newman; Ilan Noy |
| Abstract: | Extreme weather events have significant adverse costs for individuals, firms, communities, regional, and national economies. Extreme Event Attribution (EEA), a methodology that examines the degree to which anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions had changed the occurrence of specific extreme weather events, allows us to quantify the climate-change-induced component of these costs. We use EEA to aggregate the global economic damage from extreme weather events that is attributable to anthropogenic climate change. For that, we collect data from all available attribution studies which estimate the Fraction of Attributable Risk (FAR) for extreme events, and combine these FAR estimates with data on the socio-economic costs of these events. With extrapolation for missing data, we then arrive at our benchmark estimates. We find that US$ 143 billion per year, of the costs of extreme events during the last twenty years, is attributable to anthropogenic climatic change. This EEA-based method for calculating the costs of climate change from extreme weather differs fundamentally from other approaches to climate cost estimation. Those other approaches use macroeconomic modelling embedded within climate models in various types of Integrated Assessment Models (IAM). As we show, our research is not directly comparable, but it does provide a new form of evidence that suggests that most IAMs are substantially under-estimating the current economic costs of climate change. Given some of the data deficiencies we identify in terms of temporal and spatial coverage, the purpose here is not to produce a definitive quantification, but rather to sketch a path towards a more comprehensive and reliable estimation. As better EEA studies and more thorough and exhaustive economic costs estimates for extreme events become available over time, and the method is refined, the precision of this approach's estimates will increase in tandem. |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10053&r=agr |
| By: | Anne-Charlotte Vaissière (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pierre Courtois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Melina Kourantidou (SDU - University of Southern Denmark, HCMR - Hellenic Centre for Marine Research); Diagne Christophe (Université Paris-Saclay); Franz Essl (University of Vienna [Vienna]); Natalia Kirichenko (Sukachev Institute of Forest, SibFU - Siberian Federal University); Michael Welsh; Jean-Michel A Salles (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03681268&r=agr |
| By: | Bertrand Valiorgue (EM - emlyon business school) |
| Abstract: | This article investigates the impact of the Anthropocene on agriculture. If agriculture is usually accused of emitting greenhouse gas and reducing biodiversity we show that agriculture might be seen as the first victim of the Anthropocene. This article shows the different negative impacts of the Anthropocene on agriculture and questions the future of this fundamental activity at the basis of the human civilization. |
| Date: | 2023–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03826247&r=agr |
| By: | Jayachandran, Seema |
| Abstract: | Conservation programs in low-income countries often have dual goals of protecting the environment and reducing poverty. This article discusses the tension between these two goals in payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs. Participants who undertake a pro-environment behavior receive a payment, which can be decomposed into two parts: the amount that compensates them for the cost of changing their behavior and the extra amount that is a "pure transfer" to them. To maximize the program's environmental benefits, a policy maker would like to set the pure transfer component to zero, yet the pure transfer is the only part of the payment that increases participants' economic well-being. In practice, PES programs pay out some pure transfers, and the extent of the anti-poverty benefits depends on whether the pure transfers are de facto targeted to the poor. I lay out these points and then illustrate them with data from a randomized trial of payments for forest protection in Uganda. I provide evidence that the economic gains from participation in PES are indeed larger for those with low costs to fulfill the program's conservation requirements. I also show that, in this context, poorer eligible households enjoyed more improvement in their economic well-being than richer ones did. |
| Date: | 2022–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:g67ax&r=agr |
| By: | Mikołaj Czajkowski (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Norman Meade (Independent consultant); Ronaldo Seroa da Motta (State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ)); Ramon Arigoni Ortiz (Independent consultant); Mike Welsh (Independent consultant); Gleiciane Carvalho Blanc (Lactec) |
| Abstract: | We present the results of a contingent valuation study aimed at estimating the monetary value of environmental and cultural/heritage injuries caused by the Fundão (tailings) Dam failure in Brazil in 2015 as perceived by the Brazilian population. While the valuation literature considering mining-related externalities is considerable, valuation studies of injuries resulting from mining incidents are scarce and most available damage assessments apply market valuation methods while rarely considering environmental and other nonmarket-valued impacts. The flooding and the release of tailings from the dam failure led to injuries to sediments, watercourse opacity, and oxygenation, changes in riparian morphology, loss of human life, mortality to fish and wildlife, changes in the food chain and more along the 675 km watercourse of the Doce River. This was arguably the greatest environmental and cultural/heritage injury ever caused by a single tailings dam collapse. The study followed state-of-the-art recommendations for the development, administration, and data analysis of stated-preference valuation methods. The survey of a representative sample of 5,195 Brazilian urban households revealed that the average lower-bound willingness-to-pay estimate to avoid a similar incident in the near future was 137 USD and the parametric-based estimate was 230 USD per household, which aggregates to 7.96 or 12.91 billion USD, respectively. This corresponds to environmental damages of 176 or 295 USD per m3 of tailings released. |
| Keywords: | tailings dam failure, nonmarket environmental damages, contingent valuation, willingness to pay |
| JEL: | Q51 Q30 Q20 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2022-19&r=agr |
| By: | Nguyen, Minh-Hoang; Le, Tam-Tri; Jones, Thomas; Vuong, Quan-Hoang |
| Abstract: | Products made from animal fur and skin have been a major part of human civilization. However, in modern society, the unsustainable consumption of these products – often considered luxury goods – has many negative environmental impacts. This study explores how people’s perceptions of biodiversity affect their attitudes and behaviors toward consumption. To investigate the information process deeper, we add the moderation of beliefs about biodiversity loss. Following the Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics, we use mindsponge-based reasoning for constructing conceptual models and employ Bayesian analysis aided by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms on a dataset of 535 Vietnamese urban residents. The results show that people’s preference for using products made from animal skin/fur is negatively associated with perceived consequences of biodiversity loss when they believe biodiversity loss is real and a major problem. In contrast, if urban residents believe biodiversity loss is unreal or not a significant issue, the association between perceived consequences of biodiversity loss and personal preference happens in the opposite direction. The same effects of biodiversity loss perception on people’s possession of skin/fur products was not found, indicating a more complex information process on behaviors compared to attitudes. Nevertheless, in the scenario that people believe biodiversity loss is not a significant issue, the higher the perceived consequences of biodiversity loss are, the greater number of animal-based products they likely own. Our results suggest that policymakers should not neglect the factor of personal belief besides knowledge and awareness in environmental campaigns. |
| Date: | 2022–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:b8pgu&r=agr |
| By: | Arnaud Lamy (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Paul Bocuse); Sandrine Costa (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Gilles Séré de Lanauze (Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School, UM - Université de Montpellier, MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier); Céline Vial (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, IFCE - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur], Pôle développement innovation et recherche - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation); Lucie Sirieix (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Objectifs/questions de recherche : Cette recherche montre comment les liens entre la distance au produit, l'attachement affectif à l'animal à l'origine du produit et les niveaux de construit interagissent sur l'intention de consommation. Méthodologie/approche : Elle mobilise les théories de la distance psychologique et des niveaux de construit. Le cas de la viande chevaline est choisi, car illustrant le conflit interne du mangeur partagé entre le plaisir de consommer de la viande et l'inconfort lié à la mise à mort de l'animal. Une étude qualitative est menée auprès de 21 consommateurs ou non de viande chevaline. Résultats : Les bas niveaux de construit sont davantage reliés à de faibles distances psychologiques au produit, et à un faible attachement affectif à l'animal : les individus se percevant proches du produit l'évaluent sur des caractéristiques concrètes et ont peu de liens affectifs au cheval, et inversement. Cependant un faible attachement affectif à l'animal ne permet d'avoir des construits de bas niveau de la viande que si l'individu peut se rapprocher psychologiquement de ce produit, ce qui est impossible lorsque celui-ci est peu visible. Implications managériales/sociétales : Des recommandations à destination des acteurs du secteur agro-alimentaire sont formulées pour améliorer l'offre de produits carnés. Originalité : L'inclusion de l'attachement affectif à l'animal permet de mieux comprendre comment cette variable vient se combiner à la distance psychologique au produit et aux niveaux de construit pour comprendre les attitudes et les intentions des consommateurs. |
| Keywords: | niveau de construit,distance psychologique |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03821943&r=agr |
| By: | Margrethe Aanesen (Centre for applied research (SNF), Norway); Mikołaj Czajkowski (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Henrik Lindhjem (Menon Economics, Sørkedalsveien, Norway); Ståle Navrud (School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life sciences (NMBU), Norway) |
| Abstract: | Aquaculture is currently the fastest growing food industry globally, and proposed expansion plans include substantial increases in production over the next decades. While this will improve global food security, contribute to the blue economy and create jobs locally, the potential negative impacts on the marine environment could be massive. The existing literature suggests that further research needs to be conducted into the dynamic nature of the social-ecological systems which host aquaculture. This paper presents the results of a choice experiment survey of Norwegian households’ trade-offs between salmon production and job creation, and the detrimental impacts on the marine environment. Most respondents were at the outset neutral or supportive of plans for a substantial increase in aquaculture production. However, when informed about potential environmental impacts in terms of marine plastics and salmon lice affecting wild salmon stocks, and asked to trade these off against the positive effects, the majority opposed the plans and expressed a positive willingness-to-pay to avoid the planned expansion. Applying a hybrid mixed multinomial logit model we find that income, education and to some extent age, along with environmental attitudes, explain most of the variation in people's preferences. Support for large aquaculture expansion is higher among people who consume farmed salmon frequently and those living in areas with a high density of aquaculture farms. Hence, we do not find the so-called “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) effect. These results, which arguably contrast with previous studies of environmental impacts from aquaculture, can be useful for public planners globally as they consider expanding the blue economy. |
| Keywords: | aquaculture expansion, environmental impacts, inhabitants’ preferences, choice experiment |
| JEL: | Q22 Q28 Q51 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2022-16&r=agr |
| By: | Dernat, Sylvain; Etienne, Rebecca; Hostiou, Nathalie; Pailleux, Jean-Yves; Rigolot, Cyrille |
| Abstract: | The analysis of the consequences of participatory foresight in agriculture over the long term is little studied in the scientific literature. In particular, it questions how farmers deal with the proposed scenarios afterwards and the modalities of their implementation. This article aims to overcome this by proposing an ex-post analysis of a foresight process with Kirkpatrick’s model carried out in mid-2018 in a PDO territory in the Massif Central (France). A set of 24 semi-structured interviews was conducted in spring and summer 2020 with the dairy farmers involved. Moreover, collective organization has been investigated through participatory observation and an analysis of project's progress reports until March 2021. The results show that while the engagement of farmers in the collective dynamic remains, it needs to be continuously rebuilt over time, particularly in order to overcome the effects of social risk-taking that farmers must face. The article proposes a series of guidelines based on the project's experience and demonstrates the importance of establishing long-term follow-ups of foresight approaches to encourage farmers into action. |
| Date: | 2022–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:52epf&r=agr |
| By: | Linsenmeier, Manuel |
| Abstract: | This study estimates causal effects of temperature variability on long-run economic development, which are not accounted for in most estimates of the costs of future climate change. For identification I use a novel research design based on spatial first-differences. Economic activity is proxied by nightlights. Informed by the underlying physical mechanisms, I distinguish between day-to-day, seasonal, and interannual variability. The results suggest an economically large and statistically significant negative effect of day-to-day variability on economic activity. Regarding seasonal variability, I find a smaller but also negative effect. The estimated effect of interannual variability is positive at low and negative at high temperatures. These effects are robust, they can be identified in urban and rural areas, and they cannot be explained with the spatial distribution of agriculture. The results suggest that temperature variability will add to the costs of anthropogenic climate change, especially in relatively warm and currently relatively poor regions. |
| Date: | 2021–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:xvucn&r=agr |
| By: | Kumar, Mukesh; Mohanty, Pratap C |
| Abstract: | Studies in low-and middle-income countries where nutrition transition is underway provides mixed evidence of the double burden of maternal overnutrition and child undernutrition among mother-child pairs. Shifting dietary patterns and rapid increase in overweight/obesity among adults with persistent child undernutrition indicate that India is experiencing nutrition transition and double burden of malnutrition. Hence, the study explores the presence of and the factors associated with mother-child dyads of over-and undernutrition in India. |
| Date: | 2022–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:35ker&r=agr |
| By: | Piringer, Niklas; Vardanega, Gabrielle; Thiede, Brian C. (The Pennsylvania State University) |
| Abstract: | Climatic variability has been linked to multiple demographic and health outcomes, but few studies have examined its impact on household size. Household size is an important correlate of wellbeing and is driven by multiple demographic processes that may be affected by environmental shocks. This paper describes these links conceptually, and then empirically examines the effects of exposure to climate anomalies on household size and three underlying components: fertility, marriage, and family agglomeration (partition). We examine these relationships by linking harmonized census microdata from eleven sub-Saharan African countries with high-resolution climate data from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) and modeling the effects of recent temperature and precipitation exposures on the outcomes of interest. Our analyses find little evidence that recent temperature and precipitation exposures lead to overall changes in household size. When examining underlying demographic dynamics, however, we find that family agglomeration responds to both temperature and rainfall, marriage responds to rainfall and cold shocks, and higher temperatures are associated with increases in fertility. By studying these outcomes in one unified conceptual and empirical framework, our results suggest that many components of household size are associated with climate exposures, but in a manner that does not translate into significant net changes in household size. |
| Date: | 2022–07–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:nbwf6&r=agr |
| By: | Bruno Venditto (Institute for Studies on the Mediterranean – ISMed-CNR); Ndumba J. Kamwanyah (University of Namibia, UNAM); Christian H. Nekare (University of Namibia, UNAM) |
| Abstract: | Scientists are in agreement that climate change is a real threat to people and the planet, worldwide. Human activities are believed to be the primary cause for this change. In countries, such as Namibia, in which the majority of people in rural areas largely depend on rainfed agriculture and water resources for their livelihood, the rapid changing climate may mean that more people will likely move to the urban centres, no matter restrictive migration measures in place. The intricate relationship between climate change and human mobility, however, is a phenomenon not yet very well-articulated or established. In Namibia, while migrating to an urban area in some instances might offer potential opportunities -in the form of employment, better economic status and standard of living for migrants- but the move not only comes with negative effects and challenges for the migrants but also for urban governance in delivering services to the increasing urban masses. This study used a hybrid methodological approach by which a critical analysis and the consolidation of the existing literature on climate change, migration and urbanisation was combined and complemented with supplementary in-depth interviews carried out with 13 participants with a migratory background. The objective of the study was to investigates the nexus between climate change and migration, and subsequently examines the relevance of climate induced rural-urban mobility in Namibia. The findings of the study indicate that Namibia’s increasing changing climate patterns magnifies the existing problems of rural-urban migration, resulting in Namibia’s internal migration phenomenon to be determined by more than the usual factors of rural-urban migration. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, urbanisation, migration, Namibia |
| JEL: | O15 O55 Q54 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awm:wpaper:14&r=agr |
| By: | Carroll, Carlos; Noss, Reed F.; Rosa, Lindsay; Davis, Frank W.; Stein, Bruce A. |
| Abstract: | Comprehensive biodiversity assessments play an essential role in strengthening global and national conservation strategies. The recently-announced US National Nature Assessment provides a unique opportunity to bridge the gap between research and conservation practice and communicate the extent of the US biodiversity crisis to the public. Recent global assessments provide a model for synthesizing information on status and trends at multiple levels of biodiversity with data on drivers of biodiversity loss and pathways to their mitigation. The US national assessment can augment such global analyses and avoid the pitfalls encountered by previous US efforts by ensuring policy-relevant design, data accessibility, and inclusivity in both process and product, and by incorporating spatial data relevant to both national and subnational audiences. By considering and incorporating the diverse ways in which society values and benefits from nature, the assessment can foster broad-based support for transformative change in humanity’s relationship to the natural world. |
| Date: | 2022–09–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:q75hr&r=agr |
| By: | Merrill, Nathaniel; Mazzotta, Marisa J.; Mulvaney, Kate K.; Sawyer, Joshua Paul (EPA); Twichell, Julia; Atkinson, Sarina F.; Keith, Darryl; Erban, Laura |
| Abstract: | Water recreation is valuable to people and its value can be affected by changes in water quality. This paper presents the results of a primary data collection effort using a revealed preference survey to elicit coastal New England, USA residents’ values for water recreation and water quality. We combined the survey responses with a comprehensive dataset of coastal attributes, including in-water and remotely sensed water quality metrics for the coast of New England. The results provide an updated willingness-to-pay for a coastal recreation trip of $26-$28 (USD). Using a travel cost model framework, we found water clarity and the bacterial conditions of coastal waters to be practical water quality inputs to economic analysis, available at appropriate scales and meaningful to people and their behavior. Changes in clarity and bacterial conditions affected trip values, with a $4-$5 change for a meter in clarity and $0.13 for a one-unit change, respectively. We demonstrate their utility and the large potential value of improving water quality through welfare analysis scenarios for Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. The paper discusses generalizable lessons for improving the policy relevance and applicability of water quality valuation studies in the U.S. and worldwide through improved water quality data collection and aggregation combined with application of scalable analysis tools for valuation. |
| Date: | 2022–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:q2mg3&r=agr |
| By: | Moir, Hazel |
| Abstract: | Intellectual property (IP) privileges are one of the most contentious areas of international economic regulation. This chapter uses the example of pharmaceuticals to consider the question of balance in patent policy and how this is impacted by international trade negotiations. It reviews key provisions in TRIPS from the contrasting perspectives of inventors of new medicines and users of such medicines. A critical issue identified is the breadth of privilege granted to patent holders and the removal of prior social safeguards in TRIPS. Evidence from recent trade treaties and their negotiation shows how the interests of patent holders often prevail against the interests of patients and society. Closely related to patent privileges for pharmaceuticals are privileges regarding the use of clinical trial data to obtain marketing approval for medicines. Such privileges are also provided in TRIPS, and subsequent treaties, for agricultural chemicals. An interesting aspect emerging from the comparison of data protection privileges for these two product categories is that treaties embody protections to protect unnecessary testing on animals but not on humans. |
| Date: | 2022–06–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:evc8m&r=agr |
| By: | Mikołaj Czajkowski (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Ewa Zawojska (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Norman Meade (Independent consultant); Ronaldo Seroa da Motta (State University of Rio de Janeiro); Mike Welsh (Independent consultant); Ramon Arigoni Ortiz (Independent consultant) |
| Abstract: | Although contingent valuation (CV) is one of the main sources of estimates of non-market values of environmental goods, little guidance exists regarding parametric approaches for modelling CV data, which would reliably estimate willingness-to-pay (WTP) values based on binary choice, payment card or open-ended preference elicitation data, among others. CV studies often rely on relatively simple approaches to modeling stated preference responses, without examining alternative modelling specifications. Lower-bound, non-parametric estimates seem to be preferred in legal cases, while studies that apply parametric approaches often select a specification among a limited set of commonly used distributions. To enhance the reliability of CV-based WTP estimates, we propose to adopt a more flexible approach to parametric modelling of a WTP distribution, by considering a wide range of parametric model specifications. We demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach using databases from two large CV studies: the eutrophication reduction valuation for the Baltic Sea Action Plan and the Deepwater Horizon natural resource damage assessment. We find non-negligible differences in WTP value estimates across models with different assumed parametric distributions, and we observe the variation in the values to decrease when only better-fitting models are considered. This emphasizes the need for cautiously identifying the model best fitting to the data, instead of choosing a specification ad hoc without taking into account alternative parametric distributions. Focusing on the best-fitting parametric specifications, we provide alternative WTP value estimates for the two empirical cases studied. |
| Keywords: | contingent valuation, parametric modelling, stated preferences, willingness to pay, welfare estimates |
| JEL: | D61 H41 H43 Q51 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2022-08&r=agr |
| By: | Zhaoyingzi Dong; Siqi Sun; Pierre-Alexandre Balland; Weiwen Zhang |
| Abstract: | Accelerating the development of green technologies is essential to achieve a green transition, but green technologies tend to be more radical and complex. It means that they require significant efforts to scale and we need to understand all possible levers of green technological change. In this paper, we investigate whether environmental regulation can provide opportunities for path-breakthrough and complex technology diversification during the green transition process. The analysis is based on patenting activities in Chinese cities from 2003 to 2016. Our results show that cities with tighter environmental regulations are more likely to branch into new green technology spaces. In addition, environmental regulations help cities enter less related and more complex green domains. This study provides significant policy implications for the green transition literature. |
| Keywords: | Environmental regulation; Technology diversification; Green innovation; Relatedness; Complexity |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2226&r=agr |
| By: | Jamme, Hue-Tam; Connor, Dylan |
| Abstract: | Internet-of-Things (IoT) innovations are reconfiguring our societies and our day-to-day lives. But how do these new technologies enter our communities, and when they do, will they complement or dislocate existing activity? This paper raises these questions with respect to a rapidly proliferating class of “smart vending technologies.” We focus on one particularly prominent case in this class: the smart pizza vending machines that are now spreading across France. Relying on an exclusive and newly constructed database, we examine the diffusion of these machines across over 30,000 French communities. We find that the quality of a community’s internet infrastructure is predictive of its adoption of smart vending technology. Contrary to our expectations, however, neither the large, dense, and most connected urban centers, nor the rural food deserts are the first adopters of these machines: instead, small but well-connected communities are at the vanguard of this technological change. We speculate that these machines are arriving in places with attractive consumer bases and internet conditions, but which lack 24/7 on-demand food options. Our findings highlight the bottom-up conditions that are giving rise to the rapid penetration of IoT technologies, which are sure to have long lasting local impacts. |
| Date: | 2022–08–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ca2f7&r=agr |
| By: | Nicolli, Francesco; Gilli, Marianna; Vona, Francesco |
| Abstract: | This paper re-examines the relationship between per capita income, inequality, and per capita emissions while accounting for nonhomotheticity in green preferences and nonlinearities in the impact of economic growth on GHG emissions. Theoretically, our research is motivated by the fact that if environmental quality is a need with low priority on the hierarchical scale, the effect of inequality on emissions should vary depending on the level of income per capita. Specifically, for a given level of income per capita, a richer median voter will be more likely to approve of more stringent environmental policies, and thus, lower inequality is beneficial for the environment. With nonhomothetic preferences, the beneficial environmental effect of reducing inequality emerges only for countries that are sufficiently rich. We test this hypothesis by augmenting a standard EKC equation with the interaction between income per capita and the Gini coefficient. Our results for CO2, SO2 and N2O emissions corroborate our main hypothesis: reducing inequality is beneficial for the environment only for rich countries. |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2022–11–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:329340&r=agr |
| By: | Belloc, Ignacio (University of Zaragoza); Gimenez-Nadal, J. Ignacio (University of Zaragoza); Molina, José Alberto (University of Zaragoza) |
| Abstract: | Climate change and global warming are problems that currently affect the daily lives of the world population and, to the extent that climate projections are less than optimistic, understanding how individuals respond to extreme weather conditions is essential for the correct design of public policies. One of the human behaviors that can be most affected by extreme weather conditions is that of personal travel, including commuting, an activity that is done daily by millions of workers worldwide. Within this framework, we estimate the effects of weather conditions on daily commuting and travel choices, by examining daily variations in weather conditions within counties in the US. To that end, we use timeuse diary information from the American Time Use Survey 2003-2019 and daily weather information at the county level for a sample of US workers, finding significant relationships between daily weather conditions, commuting time, and travel choices. Rainy days, high temperatures, and snowfall are associated with a statistically significant lower proportion of commuting time done by public transit and walking, whereas the relationship is found to be positive for the proportion of commuting time by car. With additional analysis, we find that the greatest substitution from greener modes of transport towards the private car is concentrated on days with greater precipitation and higher temperatures. Finally, our results suggest adaptation to higher temperatures in warmer places. |
| Keywords: | weather, commuting, green mobility, workers, American Time Use Survey |
| JEL: | R4 J22 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15661&r=agr |
| By: | Angelique Brathwaite (CRIOBE - Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LabEX CORAIL - Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UAG - Université des Antilles et de la Guyane - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UR - Université de La Réunion - UPF - Université de la Polynésie Française - UNC - Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie - Institut d'écologie et environnement - UA - Université des Antilles, Blue Finance Economics for Coral Reef Ecosystems); Nicolas Pascal (CRIOBE - Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LabEX CORAIL - Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UAG - Université des Antilles et de la Guyane - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UR - Université de La Réunion - UPF - Université de la Polynésie Française - UNC - Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie - Institut d'écologie et environnement - UA - Université des Antilles, Blue Finance Economics for Coral Reef Ecosystems); Eric Clua (CRIOBE - Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LabEX CORAIL - Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UAG - Université des Antilles et de la Guyane - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UR - Université de La Réunion - UPF - Université de la Polynésie Française - UNC - Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie - Institut d'écologie et environnement - UA - Université des Antilles, Blue Finance Economics for Coral Reef Ecosystems) |
| Abstract: | Coastal protection, an important coral reef ecosystem service, is threatened by increasing coral mortality, exacerbated by global climate change. Nature-based solutions in the form of coral restoration, while not perfect, can assist in rebuilding reef structure and improving the flow of the service for some sites. With a financing gap existing between what is required for conservation and what is being accessed, private investors should be playing a larger role in such restoration activities. Especially so as coastal hoteliers in particular, benefit from stable beaches and also have additional income generating potential with healthy reefs. Blended finance solutions in particular, are especially suited to restoration that incorporates substrate addition, while payments for ecosystem services are more suited to coral gardening. Conservation and finance practitioners must engage further and understand each other's worlds, in order for these private sources to be effectively sourced and utilized. |
| Keywords: | coastal protection,reef restoration,financing mechanisms,nature-based solutions |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03839140&r=agr |
| By: | KUBO, Takahiro; Mieno, Taro; Uryu, Shinya; Terada, Saeko; Veríssimo, Diogo |
| Abstract: | Regulation of natural resource use might have unintended spillover impacts beyond the policy targets. Overexploitation is a major cause of species extinction and banning wildlife trade is a common and immediate measure to tackle it. However, few rigorous studies have investigated consequences of wildlife trade bans, and those few studies have focused only on the policy target species. This means governments and researchers may have overlooked side effects of trade bans on unregulated threatened species. This study explores whether trade ban regulations on three threatened species (i.e., giant water bugs Kirkaldyia deyrolli, Tokyo salamanders Hynobius tokyoensis and golden venus chub Hemigrammocypris neglectus) have spillover impacts on the demand for non-banned species considered as substitutes. We draw on a 10-year online auction dataset and the recently developed causal inference approach—synthetic difference-in-differences—to analyze the trade ban regulation implemented in February 2020 in Japan, one of the largest wildlife trade markets. The results show that bans on the giant water bugs and Tokyo salamanders led to an increase in the trade of non-banned species, whereas there was no such evidence concerning the golden venus chub. The findings suggest that policy evaluations ignoring spillover effects might overstate the benefits of trade bans. Our findings raise concerns about the unintended consequences caused by trade bans and restate the importance of further efforts around consumer research, monitoring and enforcement beyond the species targeted by policies, while minimizing the costs by applying modern technologies and enhancing international cooperation. |
| Date: | 2022–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:s6gwu&r=agr |