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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2022‒11‒14
68 papers chosen by |
| By: | Fuglie, Keith O.; Wiebe, Keith D.; Prager, Steven D.; Sulser, Timothy B.; Cenacchi, Nicola; Bonilla Cedrez, Camila; Willenbockel, Dirk |
| Abstract: | Investors in international agricultural research seek sustainable agri-food technologies that can potentially serve multiple objectives, including economic growth, food security, and sustainable use of natural resources. We employ quantitative economic models to examine the potential multi-dimensional impacts of agricultural productivity gains in the Global South. These models take into account behavior responses to agricultural technological change, i.e., how productivity changes may affect decisions on what to produce, trade, and consume. We consider and compare potential impacts of productivity growth in different technologies and regions and assess implications along several impact dimensions, including economic and income growth, the population at risk of hunger, adequacy of micronutrients in human diets, land and water use, and greenhouse gas emissions. Evidence on the economic significance of major crop and farm animal pests and diseases is also summarized. Potential impacts of technologies that increase agricultural productivity vary widely by commodity, farming system and region. These results can help inform decision-making about an optimal R&D portfolio that takes into account the multiple objectives of agricultural R&D investments and illuminate potential tradeoffs among objectives that may result from different R&D spending decisions. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; quantitative analysis; agricultural research; agricultural productivity; CGIAR; impact assessment; models; farming systems; natural resources management; commodities; food security; climate change; technological changes; commodity markets; resource management; prices; nutrition; parity model; IMPACT model; agricultural pests and diseases |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2133&r=agr |
| By: | Ebarvia, Maria Corazon M. |
| Abstract: | Transforming Philippine agriculture and fisheries (AF) into a dynamic, high-growth sector is essential to poverty reduction, food security, and inclusive economic prosperity. However, unsustainable AF practices have impacts on the environment and climate, and at the same time, ecosystem degradation and climate change impact the productivity and sustainability of the AF sector, with disastrous consequences on food security, income, and livelihoods, especially of small-scale farmers and fishers. Agriculture and fisheries rely on natural capital and are both providers and consumers of ecosystem services, and at the same time pose a threat to nature. This report describes the range of pressures affecting the state of the AF sector, and the response measures being undertaken. Integrating environmental sustainability and climate resilience in AF development and modernization plans has emerged as a necessity in policy and practice. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development; climate change; agroecosystems; ecosystem services; soil; aquaculture; IUU fishing |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-11&r=agr |
| By: | Adriano, Lourdes S.; Adriano, Karlo Fermin S. |
| Abstract: | The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) was passed and implemented a quarter of a century ago. AFMA comprised a suite of policy, institutional, and investment measures that envisaged the transformation of the agriculture and fisheries sectors, from a resource-based to a technology-based industry. One aspect of the modernization process that the AFMA is aiming at and which is the focus of this study is the development of agro-based value chains that move up the value-added ladder ascendancy. This is done by examining AFMA and the agri-food value chain development and ascendancy in the value-added ladder from the lens of the agri-food systems approach and theory of change. In addition to this, value chain case studies of selected agricultural commodities were conducted. Unfortunately, the impact of AFMA on the modernization of the agri-food value chain systems more than twenty years after its enactment is mute. There are several factors why AFMA’s role to the ascendancy in the value-added ladder of the agri-food is limited: its narrow view of value-added ladder ascendancy, its focus was mainly on just one segment of agro-based value chains, its rice self-sufficiency position impeded the growth of other agro-based value chains, and its beneficiaries were mainly for small-scale farmers and fisherfolk. There are five worthwhile areas of AFMA intervention that need expanding for enhanced value-added ladder ascendancy. These are the market-determined credit facilities and the food safety and quality standards. The first expands the credit outreach to the often-disadvantaged rural producers while serving as a vehicle or catalyst for strengthening the links between primary agriculture production, and the backward and forward links to the final consumer markets. The second deals with developing competitive agri-based commodities and products that are consumer safe and are of an internationally acceptable quality which can facilitate the modernization of traditional retail markets. The third is the promotion of clustering of small farmers into formal groups which can facilitate the efficient coordination, transfer, and adoption of government interventions or programs. The fourth is the inclusion of ICT market-related advancements given the new normal. Finally, the fifth entails the transition of AFMA from a supply- or commodity-driven approach to the adoption of a holistic food system framework. Finally, there is equally a need for policy measures that go beyond the present AFMA jurisdiction. Germane reforms are on the: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform and the need to phase it out and ensure a freer land market, more novel public-private partnerships that bring in the largely numerous micro and small and medium enterprises that dominate the midstream and downstream segments of the value chains, the need to overhaul the DA’s “banner programs” away from rice to diversified farming systems and value chains, and the need to move DA’s budget away from the provision of private goods to public goods. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph |
| Keywords: | agri-food value chains;AFMA;upsteam and downstream segments;food systems;theory of change;forward and backward linkages |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-18&r=agr |
| By: | Amare, Mulubrhan; Zavale, Helder; Smart, Jenny; Ghebru, Hosaena |
| Abstract: | Agriculture, in Mozambique, is characterized by production systems that are based predominantly on rainfed conditions and on low use of yield enhancing agricultural inputs. The Innovation for Agribusiness (InovAgro) interventions were designed to increase incomes for poor smallholder farmers in northern Mozambique. Using a market systems development (MSD) approach, the InovAgro implemented value chain interventions (VCIs) to promote the development of inclusive and sustainable market systems such that the interventions impacts were felt long beyond the project’s lifespan. This study evaluated the impact of the InovAgro VCIs on households (considering a range of outcomes related to farmers’ use of yield-enhancing agricultural inputs, access to information on agricultural input and output markets, maize productivity, women and youth empowerment, and household welfare. The study also explored InovAgro VCIs outcome indicators to evaluate market-level effects, namely: systemic (long-term), sustainability, large-scale (spillover or multiplier), and unintended (positive or negative) effects. We conducted a modified randomized controlled trial (RCT) using a spatial identification strategy to classify beneficiary and nonbeneficiary households; this was supplemented with three waves of household-level panel data (2015, 2017 and 2019). We also complemented key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) with local stakeholders, including market actors and local authorities, with two rounds of geospatial data (2017 and 2019). Our findings show that InovAgro VCIs had a positive and significant impact on beneficiaries’ use of yield-boosting agricultural inputs and on access to information on agricultural input and output markets. Our analysis also reveals that the InovAgro VCIs boosted maize productivity and increased the marketable surplus of maize among beneficiaries. InovAgro VCIs were seen to have unintended negative effects on access to, and control over, land by women and youth in the short term; in the longer term; however, these adverse effects were reversed and became positive and significant. Our findings also show that simultaneous exposure to all three VCIs under the complete package had a positive impact on overall household welfare. We also find evidence in support of the InovAgro VCIs having a systemic market effect and producing more sustainable long-term usage of yield-boosting agricultural practices than non-InovAgro VCIs. Our results elucidate that InovAgro VCIs benefitted large numbers of smallholder farmers beyond the project’s direct sphere of influence and targeted beneficiaries. The key takeaway message from our findings is that a more intense VCI, that is, delivery of the complete package, appears to be necessary to achieve a long-term positive effect on overall household welfare. |
| Keywords: | MOZAMBIQUE; SOUTHERN AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; value chains; agriculture; yield factors; income; farmers; rainfed farming; smallholders; poverty reduction; agro-industrial sector; yield increases; yield factors; sustainability; households; markets; impact assessment; market systems development (MSD); impact evaluation; value chain interventions (VCIs) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2143&r=agr |
| By: | Naeher,Dominik; Schundeln,Matthias |
| Abstract: | Low levels of investment into modern technologies, and limited use of measures that have low monetary cost but the potential for high yields, are often regarded as obstacles to further agricultural development. This paper investigates farmers’ demand for one such measure, namely agricultural advisory services. These have modest (most frequently zero) monetary user cost but, according to some recent research, have the potential to result in large increases of yields. Yet, demand for these extension services is often low. This study proposes that costly attention may be part of the explanation for this. In the model, advisory services are available free of charge, but positive effects on production are only realized if farmers devote attention to listening to and implementing the provided advice. Modeling farmers as rational decision makers facing scarce attention, the study identifies the circumstances under which farmers may optimally abstain from demanding advisory services. The model complements the insights of other theories commonly used to explain suboptimal farm decisions and outcomes, and generates testable predictions, which are consistent with empirical evidence based on a large farm-level panel dataset from Sub-Saharan Africa. |
| Keywords: | Food Security,Agricultural Extension,Crops and Crop Management Systems,Climate Change and Agriculture,Inequality,Information Technology,Livestock and Animal Husbandry |
| Date: | 2021–02–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9532&r=agr |
| By: | Deininger,Klaus W.; Xia,Fang; Kilic,Talip; Moylan,Heather G. |
| Abstract: | Compared with the vast literature on the investment and productivity effects of land rights formalization, little attention has been paid to the impact of variation in individuals’ tenure security under customary tenure regimes. This is a serious gap not only because most of Africa’s rural land is held under informal arrangements, but also because gradual erosion of long-term rights by women and migrants is often an indication of traditional systems coming under stress. Using a unique survey experiment in Malawi, the analysis shows that (i) having long-term land rights of bequest and sale has a significant impact on investment and cash crop adoption; (ii) women’s land rights of bequest and sale, joint with local institutional arrangements, can amplify the magnitude of such effects; and (iii) the effects found here can be obscured by measurement error associated with traditional approaches to survey data collection on land ownership and rights. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change and Agriculture,Crops and Crop Management Systems,Gender and Development,Agricultural Economics,Food Security |
| Date: | 2021–01–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9520&r=agr |
| By: | Galang, Ivory Myka R. |
| Abstract: | Based on The Economist’s 2021 Global Food Security Index (GFSI), the Philippines ranked 64th out of 113 countries in terms of its four dimensions of food security. After the World War II ended, the world still had to contend with population explosion, hunger, and poverty. The Philippines, just like other countries in the world, was actively searching for solutions through the conduct of research and the implementation of various agricultural programs and nutrition programs aimed at increasing food production and fighting the widespread malnutrition, especially among Filipino children. Since the term food security was officially defined and become popular in the late 1990s, it has been included in government laws, policies, and programs, such as the Agriculture and Fishery Modernization Act of 1997. This paper aims to evaluate the progress of AFMA implementation to date and assess prospects toward completing its Food Security objective. Using various indicators for the four dimensions of food security, namely, food availability, food accessibility, food utilization, and stability, the paper found that food security goal is yet to be achieved. Even the country’s performance in achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2: Zero Hunger reflects that there have been some improvements, but significant and major challenges remain to be addressed. However, it is worth noting that the Department of Agriculture and other government agencies, which are tasked to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security and nutrition, have made significant strides toward this goal, albeit falling short. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph |
| Keywords: | food security;food;AFMA;hunger;nutrition;food systems;food availability;self-sufficiency;food utilization;food accessibility;food affordability |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-21&r=agr |
| By: | Briones, Roehlano M. |
| Abstract: | The agriculture and fisheries (AF) sector has been expanding over time, albeit within the overall context of structural change in the Philippine economy. However, based on progress made in other similarly situated economies, growth and productivity trends have not been “on track.” While considerable progress has been made over the past quarter century in terms of growth of household income and reduction among agriculture and fisheries households, the recent pandemic will likely have reversed some of the gains. Dimensions of food security that are on track are food availability, although improvements in hunger incidence and food utilization measures lag behind other Southeast Asian countries. The state of ecosystems and natural resource base for AF is arguably worse today than in the late 1990s. To address these modernization gaps, the following strategies are recommended: Expenditure programs based on distortionary subsidies should be terminated to give way to funding projects under a modern agri-food industrial policy. Expenditure programs should support strategic interventions under a modern industrial policy for the agri-food system. This industrial policy should apply the area-based, bottom-up planning synthesized in the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Plan in determining strategic interventions to meet the needs of farmers and rural enterprises along the value chain. To address sustainability, an ecosystem approach to sustainable development of agriculture and fisheries should be adopted. Management of the AFMP should be results-based, with progress monitored by a program benefit monitoring and evaluation system. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | agricultural modernization;market-orientation;industrial policy;farmer welfare;food security;sustainable development;value chains |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-25&r=agr |
| By: | Coleman-Jensen, Alisha; Rabbitt, Matthew P; Greogory, Christian A; Singh, Anita |
| Abstract: | Most U.S. households have consistent, dependable access to enough food for active, healthy living—they are food secure. However, some households experience food insecurity at times during the year, meaning their access to adequate food is limited by a lack of money and other resources. USDA’s food and nutrition assistance programs aim to increase food security by providing low-income households access to food for a healthful diet, as well as nutrition education. USDA monitors the extent and severity of food insecurity in U.S. households through an annual, nationally representative survey sponsored and analyzed by USDA’s Economic Research Service (ERS). This report presents statistics from the survey that cover household food security, food expenditures, and use of Federal nutrition assistance programs in 2021. |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:327173&r=agr |
| By: | Azzari,George; Jain,Shruti; Jeffries,Graham; Kilic,Talip; Murray,Siobhan |
| Abstract: | With the surge in publicly available high-resolution satellite imagery, satellite-based monitoring of smallholder agricultural outcomes is gaining momentum. This paper provides recommendations on how large-scale household surveys should be conducted to generate the data needed to train models for satellite-based crop type mapping in smallholder farming systems. The analysis focuses on maize cultivation in Malawi and Ethiopia, and leverages rich, georeferenced plot-level data from national household surveys that were conducted in 2018–20 and that are integrated with Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and complementary geospatial data. To identify the approach to survey data collection that yields optimal data for training remote sensing models, 26,250 in silico experiments are simulated within a machine learning framework. The best model is then applied to map seasonal maize cultivation from 2016 to 2019 at 10-meter resolution in both countries. The analysis reveals that smallholder plots with maize cultivation can be identified with up to 75 percent accuracy. However, the predictive accuracy varies with the approach to georeferencing plot locations and the number of observations in the training data. Collecting full plot boundaries or complete plot corner points provides the best quality of information for model training. Classification performance peaks with slightly less than 60 percent of the training data. Seemingly small erosion in accuracy under less preferable approaches to georeferencing plots results in total area under maize cultivation being overestimated by 0.16 to 0.47 million hectares (8 to 24 percent) in Malawi. |
| Keywords: | Food Security,Labor&Employment Law,Climate Change and Agriculture,Crops and Crop Management Systems,Natural Disasters,Trade Facilitation |
| Date: | 2021–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9609&r=agr |
| By: | Baconguis, Rowena T. |
| Abstract: | Adoption of new practices and technologies influences farm productivity and agricultural growth. Countries invest in research and extension to ensure continuous growth both at the farm and industry level. This paper investigates agricultural technology production, its knowledge transfer, and farm and industry level performance. The study used the agricultural innovation systems (AIS) as lens in investigating the agricultural performance of the country, focusing on rice and swine industry. The governance of research, development, and extension continues to be negatively affected by the overlaps among research and development institutions and fragmentation of extension. The government continues to underinvest in research, the bulk of which goes to the rice program. Extension programs focus primarily on the distribution of private goods. The promotion of hybrid rice and farm machinery represented sizable investments, but adoption of these had not been widespread. The swine industry, on the other hand, continues to rely on imported inputs for nutrition and biologics. Recommendations focus on further minimizing inefficiencies in the research and extension functions of the government institutions. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | agricultural growth;technological promotion; technological adoption; agricultural innovation systems; agricultural performance |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-06&r=agr |
| By: | Alexandre Sauquet (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | In this article, we quantify the impact of the crop diversification measure implemented in France as part of the 2013 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) greening reform. We exploit a discontinuity in the constraints imposed on farms larger and smaller than 30 ha, respectively, and apply regression differences-indifferences with a regression discontinuity setup on land use data collected from a representative sample of French farmers. We find that farms greater than 30 ha increased compliance with the measure and the number of crops grown on their lands and that farms larger and smaller than 30 ha responded differently to the reform. |
| Keywords: | Common Agricultural Policy,Greening,Crop diversification,France,Regression discontinuity design,Differences-in-differences. JEL: Q15,Q18,Q25,Q28,Q53 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03763587&r=agr |
| By: | Le, Hanh-My; Ludwig, Markus |
| JEL: | Q01 Q12 Q15 Q16 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264102&r=agr |
| By: | Kuhn, Lena; Jamali Jaghdani, Tinoush; Prehn, Sören; Sun, Zhanli; Glauben, Thomas |
| Abstract: | International agricultural trade is key to improving global food security. It ensures access to more diversified foods (e.g. Krivonos and Kuhn 2019 ), acts as a safety net against local production shortfalls (Glauben et al. 2022) and helps make use of regional climatic or resource-related production advantages. While local production and short supply chains can reduce transport costs, they do not necessarily equate to resilient food systems or lower carbon footprints (Stein and Santini 2022). Currently, though, international agricultural trade is facing supply chain disruptions and rising world market prices resulting from the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, increasing global food demand and extreme weather events. Both are threatening already strained food security, in particular in import-dependent, low-income regions. Geopolitical risks, such as the China- US trade war and Russia's invasion of Ukraine, are further rattling the food market. As the world's largest consumer of agricultural goods, China's trade strategies influence world markets, with ripple-down effects for consumers around the world, particularly in the Global South. This policy brief aims at shedding light on China's current market actions, and the likely short- and mid-term developments and their impacts. We argue for moderation in response to short-term shocks. Excessive mobility and trade restrictions as well as extreme stockpiling should be avoided. These harm the trade system's overall capacity to resist further and more serious global challenges related to population growth and climate change. |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty, International Development, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iamopb:327325&r=agr |
| By: | Abman,Ryan Michael; Lundberg,Clark Christopher; Ruta,Michele |
| Abstract: | Trade liberalization can spur environmental degradation. Concerns over these adverse impacts have led to a debate over the need for environmental provisions in regional trade agreements (RTAs), however the effectiveness of such provisions is unknown. This paper provides new causal evidence that environmental provisions are effective in limiting deforestation following the entry into force of RTAs. It exploits high-resolution, satellite-derived estimates of deforestation and identify the content of RTAs using a new dataset with detailed information on individual provisions. Accounting for the potential endogeneity of environmental provisions in RTAs, the paper finds that the inclusion of specific provisions aimed at protecting forests and/or biodiversity entirely offsets the net increases in forest loss observed in similar RTAs without such provisions. The inclusion of these provisions limits agricultural land expansion, but does not completely offset increases in total agricultural production. The effects are concentrated in tropical, developing countries with greater biodiversity. |
| Keywords: | International Trade and Trade Rules,Environmental Disasters&Degradation,Global Environment Facility,Biodiversity,Trade Policy |
| Date: | 2021–03–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9601&r=agr |
| By: | Glauben, Thomas; Svanidze, Miranda; Götz, Linde; Prehn, Sören; Jamali Jaghdani, Tinoush; Duric, Ivan; Kuhn, Lena |
| Abstract: | The war in Ukraine has aggravated existing tensions on the agricultural commodities market. Since late 2021, prices for commodities such as grains and vegetable oils have reached record highs, surpassing even the levels of the global food price crises of more than a decade ago. Now, the invasion of Russian forces in Ukraine has sent prices soaring even higher. This has above all affected import-dependent countries in the MENA region and sub-Saharan Africa, which rely heavily on Russian and Ukrainian wheat. Disruptions to exports from the Black Sea region and high prices are further destabilizing food security in these regions. However, global demand for wheat is expected to be met in the current marketing year since countries such as Australia, India and the USA will increase exports to fill the gap left by Russia and Ukraine. It is difficult to predict what will happen beyond this marketing year, as this will be determined by the development of the current conflict in addition to agricultural fundamentals in key supply and demand regions. Global food systems and competitive international trade structures, in particular, are key to dealing with crises and mitigating the risks of food shortages. That way, disruptions in some exporting regions can be compensated for by exports from another. However, this requires greater collaboration in international trade. Any calls to move towards a centrally planned economy or autarky are strongly advised against, as this would only be to the detriment of food security in the Global South. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Food Security and Poverty, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iamopb:327323&r=agr |
| By: | Martin Henseler (EDEHN - Equipe d'Economie Le Havre Normandie - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université) |
| Abstract: | Plastic mulch film application in agricultural production creates conflicts between environmentalists, farmers and society. Besides being a disturbing element in the landscape and fauna habitats, mulch films also cause plastic emissions to the environment. Farmers apply the mulch film to produce specific crops with reduced factor input and to optimise production conditions. Plastic mulch film also helps to reduce environmental impacts like soil erosion. With plastic mulch film, farmers can produce specific crops according to the consumers' demand: asparagus, strawberries, lettuce, gherkins, marrows, and early potatoes. Increasing the thickness of mulch film can reduce the emissions from plastic mulch films and maintain the advantages in production processes. At the regional level, plastic emissions are heterogenous and high in hotspots with extensive application of plastic mulch film. The abatement scenarios simulate the increase in film thickness. The results show that increasing the film thickness to 40 to 50 micrometres reduces the plastic emissions by 20 to 40 per cent, with marginal abatement costs reaching from 120 to 130 euros per kilogram of abated plastic. If farmers transmit the increase in production costs of this measure to the consumer, product prices will increase by 1 to 10%. The study presents one of the first economic analyses of the effectiveness and efficiency of abatement measures to reduce plastic emissions from agricultural mulch film. |
| Keywords: | agriculture,mitigation,mitigation cost,efficiency,effectiveness,microplastic |
| Date: | 2022–09–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03779834&r=agr |
| By: | Gabriela Demarchi (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier, CIFOR - Center for International Forestry Research - CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR]); Caue D Carrilho (USP - Universidade de São Paulo); Thibault Catry (UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles - UM - Université de Montpellier); Stibniati Atmadja (CIFOR - Center for International Forestry Research - CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR]); Julie Subervie (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier, INSPÉ Montpellier - Mémoires - Institut national supérieur du professorat et de l'éducation - Académie de Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Understanding why forest conservation initiatives succeed or fail is essential to designing cost-effective programs at scale. In this study, we investigate direct and indirect impact mechanisms of a REDD+ project that was shown to be effective in reducing deforestation during the early years of its implementation in the Transamazon region, an area with historically high deforestation rates. Using counterfactual impact evaluation methods applied to survey and remote-sensing data, we assess the impact of the project over 2013-2019, i.e., from its first year until two years after its end. Based on the Theory of Change, we focus on land use and socioeconomic outcomes likely to have been affected by changes in deforestation brought about by the initiative. Our findings highlight that forest conservation came at the expense of pastures rather than cropland and that the project induced statistically greater agrobiodiversity on participating farms. Moreover, we find that the project encouraged the development of alternative livelihood activities that required less area for production and generated increased income. These results suggest that conservation programs, that combine payments conditional on forest conservation with technical assistance and support to farmers for the adoption of low-impact activities, can manage to slow down deforestation in the short term are likely to induce profound changes in production systems, which can be expected to have lasting effects. |
| Keywords: | REDD+,CO2 emissions,impact evaluation,livelihood,Brazilian Amazon |
| Date: | 2022–09–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03778384&r=agr |
| By: | Djanibekov, Nodir; Herzfeld, Thomas; Arias, Pedro Marcelo |
| Abstract: | Despite initial concerns of catastrophic outcomes, the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdown measures did not severely affect regional agriculture in Central Asia and the Caucasus. They did, however, affect food supply chains in terms of demand and logistics. Food prices were volatile throughout 2020 and particularly high in countries with currency depreciation. However, the on-going COVID-19 pandemic as a human and health crisis presents an ever increasing risk to the economies of Central Asia and the Caucasus. The global implications of the pandemic, combined with a decline in oil and gas exports and migrant remittances, could impede recovery and undermine economic stability in the region. Policymakers should avoid disrupting domestic food supply chains and placing barriers to trade through export bans and quotas. At the same time, they must ensure food security and reduced price volatility through diversified trade networks. Deeper domestic value chains and efficient management of public and private food stock reserves will better prepare countries to face the continuing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Better-informed and targeted policy responses to a pandemic require improved national systems of nutrition research and monitoring, and timely availability of data not only relating to production but also to other levels of the agrifood chain. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iamopb:327321&r=agr |
| By: | Briones, Roehlano M.; Espineli, Isabel B. |
| Abstract: | This benchmarking study is undertaken to compare domestic performance of LPD industries in the Philippines, with other large LPD producers and consumers in Asia, namely China, Thailand, and Vietnam, supplemented with figures from major global players. In the case of swine, in the Philippines, unit cost of production of commercial farms is lower than in backyard farms owing to economies of scale. Cost per unit in commercial farms in the Philippines is among the highest of the countries studied, mostly due to higher cost of feed and grower stock. As with swine, economies of scale allow commercial broilers to reduce cost per kg of broiler. Cost per unit for commercial scale broiler farms is among the lowest in Philippines compared with China, Thailand, and Vietnam. High tariffs on corn imports is driving up the cost of livestock and poultry feed. Finally, Dairy cattle and buffalo milk at semi-commercial scale can be profitable, though the business case for backyard dairy needs to be strengthened. The Philippines has implemented a set of regulatory and support policies for the LPD industries, covering regulations, support programs, trade policies, Policy recommendations of the study are as follows: 1) Undertake a comprehensive review of trade policies affecting the value chain towards greater competitiveness of the LPD industries; 2) Earmark the collections from tariffs on pork and chicken imports to fund regulatory services and production support; 3) Invest in research and data collection as inputs to policy and program development; 4) improved delivery of technical assistance, regulatory services, and production support. 5) Reset the oversight system over the LPD industries in terms of regulatory compliance, zoning, imposition of grades and standards, food safety and animal welfare; 6) Focus on upgrading technology and business practices for backyard operators using a collaborative approach to extension. 7) Strengthen FOs to encompass most or all backyard operators to facilitate delivery of government assistance, technical and regulatory services, and realize gains from economies of scale and scope. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph |
| Keywords: | agricultural benchmarking;value chain;competitiveness |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-20&r=agr |
| By: | Abdul Malik Iddrisu; Alhassan Abdul-Wakeel Karakara; Evans S. Osabuohien |
| Abstract: | Agricultural activities in many African countries are bedevilled by a range of risk factors. Using micro-level household datasets from a range of countries in Africa, we examine the drivers of agricultural risks, while exploring the role of context as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on household welfare, with a focus on farm households relative to their non-farm counterparts. |
| Keywords: | Risk, COVID-19, Household welfare, Welfare, Africa, Agriculture, Coping strategies, Risk-coping |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2022-117&r=agr |
| By: | Morgan, Stephen; Arita, Shawn; Beckman, Jayson; Ahsan, Saquib; Russell, Dylan; Jarrell, Philip; Kenner, Bart |
| Abstract: | In 2018, the United States imposed Section 232 tariffs on steel and aluminum imports from major trading partners and separately Section 301 tariffs on a broad range of imports from China. In response to these actions, six trading partners—Canada, China, the European Union, India, Mexico, and Turkey—responded with retaliatory tariffs on a range of U.S. agricultural exports, including agricultural and food products. The agricultural products targeted for retaliation were valued at $30.4 billion in 2017, with individual product lines experiencing tariff increases ranging from 2 to 140 percent. This report provides a detailed look at the impact of retaliatory tariffs by State and commodity and estimates the direct export losses associated with the trade conflict. |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:327180&r=agr |
| By: | Kato, Edward; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Ringler, Claudia |
| Abstract: | We investigate whether a large-scale watershed program promoting sustainable land management (SLM) in Ethiopia increases adoption of SLM and its benefits on plots owned by women in male-headed households compared to plots owned by their spouses, jointly owned plots as well as plots of female headed households (FHH). The analysis is based on a survey of 500 households and 2900 plots conducted in the Abbay basin of Ethiopia where the SLM program was implemented between 2012 and 2017. Our findings show that the SLM program significantly increased adoption of SLM practices (soil bunds, stone terraces, mulching) in male-headed households but that adoption was centered on jointly owned plots and male-owned plots, with no significant adoption on women-owned plots. The results also show that women in male-headed households are more constrained to participate in SLM programs compared to their counterparts in FHH. Results further show that although FHH were less likely than male-headed households to adopt SLM in watersheds with no SLM interventions, the SLM program significantly increased adoption of soil bunds on plots in FHH. SLM adoption and impacts can likely be further strengthened if a focus on removing women’s constraints is added. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; women's plots; soil bunds; stone terraces; gender; women; sustainable land management; sustainability; land management; agricultural productivity; gender equality |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2136&r=agr |
| By: | Goeb, Joseph; Smart, Jenny; Snyder, Jason; Tschirley, David |
| Abstract: | Purpose: Pesticide safety is a growing global concern particularly in developing countries as farmers increase their use of toxic pesticides that can negatively affect farmer and environmental health. Previous literature recommends improving farmer access to information to boost productivity, sustainability, and safety behaviors but has little to say on which information sources have the greatest impacts. This paper explores the relationships between information from different sources and toxicity knowledge and safety behaviors using an innovative metric of exposure. Data: This study uses regression analysis of data from 877 horticultural producers serving markets in Maputo, Mozambique and Lusaka, Zambia.Findings: Formal extension advice is limited, and farmers rely heavily on their social networks for information. High-level messages of pesticide health risks and safety practices are effectively being communicated through formal methods of government extension, NGOs and even private agro-dealer networks. However, information through social networks appears to do a better job of communicating more nuanced messages of pesticide toxicities and varied health risks by toxicity class. Practical implications: Farmers need reliable pesticide information to increase crop production while minimizing risks. This study shows that efforts should be taken to increase farmer trust in formal extension channels, and that social networks should be leveraged improve dissemination of pesticide information. Originality: Despite a consensus that more information needs to reach farmers to improve their pesticide safety practices, this paper is one of the few studies that explores the relationships between different information sources and behaviors and perceptions. We construct novel metrics of toxicity knowledge and safety behavior. |
| Keywords: | ZAMBIA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; MOZAMBIQUE; pesticides; information; extension activities; toxicity; knowledge; health; health hazards; agricultural extension; pest management; horticulture; toxicity knowledge; risk perceptions |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2118&r=agr |
| By: | NES Kjersti (European Commission - JRC); DI MARCANTONIO Federica (European Commission - JRC); COLEN Liesbeth; CIAIAN Pavel (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report is based on a survey conducted in the Western Balkan and Turkey between June and November 2019. The survey focused on sectors deemed suitable for participation in the modern supply chain (MSC) and covers 1-3 sectors for each country. Based on data retrieved from national statistical offices and census data, a cross-sectional sample of farmers was created for each country and sector. The final dataset contains responses from 2,227 farmers. The report examines i) the level of vertical coordination between farmers and buyers; ii) farmer characteristics in participation in the modern supply chain; iii) constraints faced by farmers in accessing modern value chains; iv) types of contractual relationships between farmers and their main buyers, v) and the importance and control of quality and safety attributes. |
| Keywords: | Western Balkans, Food quality standards, supply chains |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc129977&r=agr |
| By: | Amro Elshurafa; HAtem Al Atawi; Fakhri Hasanov; Frank Felder (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | The Saudi agricultural sector relies on diesel for irrigation, which is provided to farmers at a much lower price than the average global price, implying significant opportunity costs. With the aid of soft-coupled power and macro-econometric models, we assess the cost and macroeconomic implications of electrifying irrigation activities in the Saudi agricultural sector. Three electrification scenarios are considered: electrifying each individual farm with a dedicated hybrid renewable micro-grid, electrifying the entire farm cluster with central generation and connecting the entire cluster via transmission to the national grid. Compared with the base-case, connecting the farm cluster to the national grid is found to be the most economical but the least environmentally friendly. The renewable and central generation scenarios are costlier (compared with the transmission scenario) due, respectively, to the high battery costs and gas infrastructure needed. |
| Keywords: | Diesel Displacement, Agricultural |
| Date: | 2022–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2022-dp03&r=agr |
| By: | Abay,Kibrom A.; Berhane,Guush; Hoddinott,John; Hirfrfot,Kibrom Tafere |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the impact of Ethiopia's flagship social protection program, the Productive Safety Net Program on the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food and nutrition security of households, mothers, and children. The analysis uses pre-pandemic, in-person household survey data and a post-pandemic phone survey. Two-thirds of the respondents reported that their incomes had fallen after the pandemic began, and almost half reported that their ability to satisfy their food needs had worsened. Employing a household fixed effects difference-in-difference approach, the study finds that household food insecurity increased by 11.7 percentage points and the size of the food gap by 0.47 months in the aftermath of the onset of the pandemic. Participation in the Productive Safety Net Program offsets virtually all of this adverse change -- the likelihood of becoming food insecure increased by only 2.4 percentage points for Productive Safety Net Program households and the duration of the food gap increased by only 0.13 month. The protective role of the program is greater for poorer households and those living in remote areas. The results are robust to various definitions of program participation, different estimators, and different ways of accounting for the non-randomness of mobile phone ownership. Productive Safety Net Program participants were less likely to reduce expenditures on health and education by 7.7 percentage points and less likely to reduce expenditures on agricultural inputs by 13 percentage points. By contrast, mothers' and children's diets changed little, despite some changes in the composition of diets, with consumption of animal source foods declining significantly. |
| Keywords: | Nutrition,Food Security,Social Protections&Assistance,Educational Sciences |
| Date: | 2020–11–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9475&r=agr |
| By: | Manzoor, Syed Amir; Griffiths, Geoffrey Hugh; Robinson, Elizabeth; Shoyama, Kikuko; Lukac, Martin |
| Abstract: | Spatio-temporal analysis of transitions in land cover is critical to understanding many ecological challenges, especially in environmentally vulnerable regions. For instance, in Sub-Saharan Africa, large-scale cropland expansion is expected due to the increasing demand for fuel, food, and fibre. Clearing land for cropland expansion is a driving factor in the degradation of natural ecosystems. We present a spatio-temporal analysis of land-cover change in Ghana’s Northern, Upper East, and Upper West provinces using Intensity Analysis on the periods from 1992 to 2003 and 2003 to 2015. The objectives of this study were to determine whether the intensity of land-use and land-cover (LULC) change is consistent between the two periods and to investigate the direction and extent of change for different LULC categories in northern Ghana. The methodology measures land-cover changes at the interval, category, and transition levels. The results suggest that the annual rate of land change was higher between 1992 and 2003 compared to that between 2003 and 2015. Furthermore, the category-level analysis reveals that the gains in the arable land and tree/forest-cover classes during both time intervals were higher than the uniform intensity. The transition-level analysis results indicate that most of the gains in arable land and tree/forest-cover came at the cost of semi-arid shrublands during both periods. There is also evidence of local increases in forest-cover, likely linked to afforestation policies established by the Ghanian government; however, overall, there has been a loss of natural habitat. The study provides data to improve our understanding of the magnitude and direction of land-cover change, essential for the development of policies designed to mitigate the impact of land-cover change on the livelihoods of local people and the environment at the national and sub-national levels. |
| Keywords: | arable expansion; ecosystem loss; land-cover change; Sub-Saharan Africa; Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF); grant reference; ES/P011306/1. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–07–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116863&r=agr |
| By: | Briones, Roehlano M. |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to evaluate the country's agricultural modernization strategy under the lens of the market-driven approach. The early post-War period of economic policy relates to solving the food problem solution for low-income countries, which minimizes farmer welfare and emphasizes benefits to the wealthier, nonfarming class. This prevailed until the 1970s when the interest of the farming class began to be reasserted. By the 1990s, the main issue was the disparity problems, which considers as almost equally weighty, the interests of poor farmers, as well as that of nonagricultural consumers. In the 1990s, the nation enacted numerous market reforms to address the anti-market policies of the early 1990s. However, progress in implementing market reform for agriculture was largely moribund until 2019, with the enactment of the Rice Tariffication Act (Republic Act 11203). Despite the reforms already enforced, further measures should be implemented, namely, (i) producer support for agriculture should move away from market price support in favor of expenditure support; (ii) expenditure support programs should themselves be oriented away from commodity-specific toward support for public goods and general services, such as extension, regulatory, and market assistance services; (iii) expenditure programs should require careful design along with functional tasks, performance indicators, and M&E systems; (iv) design, performance indicators, M&E systems, and appropriate strategies, should be put together in the AFMP and structured around SAFDZs; and (v) sustained political will behind the market approach must be present to adopt it more consistently in agricultural policy. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; expenditure programs; producer support; dirigism; market reform; market price support |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-08&r=agr |
| By: | Headey, Derek D.; Hirvonen, Kalle |
| Abstract: | After a long secular decline in the 20th century, food prices spiked sharply in 2007-08, 2010-11 and again in 2021-22. While often termed “food crises†, economists disagree on whether rising food prices increase or decrease poverty: poor people have high food expenditure shares but also produce and sell food, and higher food prices trigger food supply responses and growth in rural wages. One limitation of previous econometric studies is their focus on medium-run multi-year impacts, even though simulation analyses typically find negative impacts in the short run. In this study we therefore construct and analyze a novel short run panel of annual poverty and food price data for 33 middle income countries (MICs) over 2000-2019. Using standard panel data techniques, we find that increases in the real price of food predict reductions in $3.20/day poverty in less urbanized countries but increases in poverty in the most urbanized MICs. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; food prices; poverty; food security; crises; inflation; urbanization; food inflation; food price crisis; middle income countries |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2134&r=agr |
| By: | Songco, Danilo A. |
| Abstract: | This paper attempts to quantify government's performance in empowering small farmers and fishers following the provisions of the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) or Republic Act 8435. It establishes four dimensions of empowerment that may be used to measure empowerment and presents evidence of how government has performed under each of these dimensions. It concludes that government has been on track in following AFMA’s prescriptions for small farmers and fisherfolk empowerment. However, its efforts are coming too little, too late, although there are strong indications that such effort can be upscaled and can still achieve the empowerment objectives of AFMA if the government can undertake certain short-term and long-term policy measures. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | economic well-being;empowerment of small farmers and fishers; access to public resources; organizing capability; voice in policymaking; F2C2 program; management capability of agri coops; interagency collaboration; SFF empowerment; commercialization of small farms; agricultural cooperatives law; developing the youth in agriculture |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-07&r=agr |
| By: | Davis, Christopher G.; Dimitri, Carolyn; Nehring, Richard; Collins, LaPorchia A.; Haley, Mildred; Ha, Kim A.; Gillespie, Jeffrey |
| Abstract: | The hog sector began a major transformation in the early 1990s, and since then, it has experienced productivity growth and structural change, increased output, and expanded exports. This study examined changes in hog production from 1992 to 2017. During this period, production contracts became the most common business model in hog production, and hog farms grew larger and more specialized. Technological advancements improved productivity, though changes in production costs were mixed. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Farm Management, Industrial Organization, Livestock Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2022–08–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:327369&r=agr |
| By: | Briones, Roehlano M. |
| Abstract: | This paper offers an overview toward assessing the implementation of the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) or Republic Act 8435, the country's landmark legislation on the sustainable and equitable development of its agriculture and fisheries. The study presents a Theory of Change implicit in the AFMA, and reviews the Philippines' agricultural development trends, within an overall economic context of structural change. It concludes with a synthesis of past AFMA program reviews. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | agricultural development; modernization; inclusive growth; smallholders; structural change; technical progress |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-05&r=agr |
| By: | Inocencio, Arlene B.; Baulita, Alex; Inocencio, Albert Dale |
| Abstract: | This study is part of an overall assessment of the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA or Republic Act 8435). It aims to evaluate the accomplishments of AFMA, assess the prospects toward completing its objectives, and frame policy recommendations accordingly. Specifically, it looks into AFMA Objective 4: "To encourage horizontal and vertical integration, consolidation, and expansion of agriculture and fisheries activities, group functions and other services through the organization of cooperatives, farmers and fisherfolk’s associations, corporations, nucleus estates, and consolidated farms and to enable these entities to benefit from economies of scale, afford them a stronger negotiating position, pursue more focused, efficient and appropriate research and development efforts, and enable them to hire professional managers" (Section 3.d). Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph |
| Keywords: | consolidation; livestock;horizontal and vertical integration; market concentration; agriculture crops; fishery |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-13&r=agr |
| By: | Blakeslee,David; Chaurey,Ritam; Fishman,Ram; Malik,Samreen |
| Abstract: | Zoning laws that restrict rural land to agricultural production pose an important institutional barrier to industrial development. This paper studies the effects of the Industrial Areas (IA) program in Karnataka, India, which rezoned agricultural land for industrial use, but without the economic incentives common with other place-based policies. This paper finds that the program caused a large increase in firm creation and employment in villages overlapping the IAs. Moreover, the surrounding areas experienced spillover effects, with workers shifting from agricultural to non-agricultural employment, and entrepreneurs establishing numerous small-scale service sector and agricultural firms. |
| Keywords: | Pulp&Paper Industry,Plastics&Rubber Industry,Textiles, Apparel&Leather Industry,Food&Beverage Industry,Common Carriers Industry,Construction Industry,Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies,General Manufacturing,Food Security,Employment and Unemployment,Macroeconomics and Economic Growth,Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance,Rural Labor Markets,Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2021–02–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9541&r=agr |
| By: | Marivoet, Wim |
| Abstract: | This paper presents two interrelated innovations to help identify diet-related nutrition policies. The first involves the development of a food budget allocation efficiency measure to quantify suboptimal food preferences, which is one key explanation of poor diets in addition to unaffordability. The second relates to the application of stochastic dominance to a portfolio of dietrelated nutrition policies, defined by various levels of allocation efficiency and affordability. As no full specification is needed, the latter technique is particularly useful when lacking normative guidelines regarding the relative importance of nutrient deficiencies within one-dimensional diet quality measures as well as the exact content of culture-sensitive diets. The analytical innovations are illustrated using a 2013/14 household consumption survey of Rwanda, a country characterized by both high calorie and micronutrient deficiencies. The origins of these poor nutritional outcomes can be traced back to various combinations and levels of affordability and allocation efficiency constraints. By only excluding the most inequality averse diet quality pecification, which may help to account for measurement error, a robust set of policy recommendations can be formulated for two thirds of all observations, most of which should focus on awareness raising activities. |
| Keywords: | RWANDA, CENTRAL AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, diet quality, affordability, stochastic processes, nutrition, policies, agricultural policies, food access, diet, healthy diets, allocation efficiency, stochastic dominance |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2141&r=agr |
| By: | Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Tensay, Teferi M.; Yimam, Seid; Arega, Tiruwork; Beyene, Ephrem G.; Zhang, Wei; Ringler, Claudia |
| Abstract: | Lake Beseka is a shallow, saline, endorheic lake in the East African Rift Valley of Ethiopia that has dramatically grown in size due to large-scale irrigation development in its catchment area. Recent artificial connections of the lake with the Awash River system to contain lake size have led to a series of changes and impacts on different water users, but are not reflected in lake and Awash River governance and institutions. Understanding who are the key actors affecting Lake Beseka and strengthening their linkages can help identify solutions that sustainably contain or reduce the lake’s size, improve its water quality, and address costs to nearby and downstream populations as well as the environment. Thus, this study analyzed qualitative data collected from net-mapping – a network analysis that identifies actors or stakeholders as well as linkages and relative power positions among stakeholders. The resulting network reflects the complexity of the water governance system including upstream actors who affect the size and quality of the lake as well as downstream actors who suffer from adverse consequences. The Awash Basin Development Authority, Metehara Sugar Factory, regional bureaus, and federal ministries were identified as the most influential actors affecting how Lake Beseka is used and managed. Actors most affected by the lake expansion and quality problems such as downstream communities currently have no role in the governance of the lake. Metehara Municipality, woreda offices, research institutes, and farmers were considered to have moderate influence. Stakeholders who participated in the net-mapping workshops identified flooding, salinity, water-related conflict, and health effects as the four main challenges of the lake. The study suggests that developing multi-stakeholder partnerships or platforms across most influential and most affected actors could support a more comprehensive understanding of the multiple challenges Lake Beseka is posing. It could also foster the development of more integrated solutions that support the different stakeholders in the lake catchment area and the Awash River Basin. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; net-mapping; water governance system; Lake Beseka; Awash Basin; Awash River; water governance; governance; water quality; water |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2135&r=agr |
| By: | Schroeder, Ted C; Tonsor, Glynn T; Schulz, Lee L; Johnson, Bradley J; Sommers, Christopher |
| Abstract: | One of the most widely used data products published by the Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is the farm-wholesale-retail meat price spread series. The meat price spread data have had several changes over time because of changes in the marketplace. This cooperative agreement reviews the ERS data product to keep the product up with the times. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uerscc:327349&r=agr |
| By: | Luong, Tuan Anh; Nguyen, Manh-Hung; Khuong Truong, N.T.; Le, Kien |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the extent to which exposure to climate volatility can in-fluence individual migration decisions in Vietnam, based on the historical rainfall data from 70 weather stations in Vietnam and the Vietnam Access to Resources House-hold Survey. Utilizing the exogenous variation in the rainfall deviation from the local norms within an individual fixed-effects framework, we uncover the negative associa-tion between rainfall and the probability of individual migration. Individual migration probability drops by 7.5 percentage points when the amount of rainfall relative to the long-run local average doubles. This reduction could potentially be driven by individ-uals who work in the agricultural sector and are less likely to migrate as more rainfall could increase their agricultural incomes. Furthermore, our heterogeneity analyses sug-gest that rainfall shocks could perpetuate gender inequality in Vietnam since women cannot cope with climatic shocks through migration. Policy-makers could shift their focus on flood control and water management in affected areas, where people’s liveli-hoods depend on agriculture, to efficiently address issues related to climate-induced internal migration. |
| JEL: | Q26 Q54 O15 |
| Date: | 2022–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:127429&r=agr |
| By: | Domingo, Sonny N.; Rosellon, Maureen Ane D.; Manejar, Arvie Joy A.; Lorenzo, Pauline Joy M. |
| Abstract: | Production of livestock, poultry, and dairy are private sector-led industries contributing a third of the agricultural sector’s output, despite relative neglect in terms of government support. The dual outbreak of African Swine Fever in 2019 and COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has renewed government's attention to these industries, with benchmarking of domestic performance against those of global players seen as key for designing immediate and long-term interventions. Production volume and value, inventory, and consumption of swine and poultry decreased in 2019. Dairy maintained its increasing production, but locally-consumed milk is almost entirely imported. The bulk of local production in these industries is largely sourced from backyard operations, despite the cost advantage of commercial-size operations owing to economies of scale. Recovery from the pandemic is an opportunity to transform the industries by a process of consolidation under farmer organizations. These organizations shall serve as the main conduit for capacity augmentation, technology transfer, and delivery of regulatory and other services. This setup promotes resilience to shocks, competitiveness against foreign-produced meat and milk, and the strengthening of local institutions while sustaining the role of the private sector in the long-term development of the industries. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph |
| Keywords: | livestock;poultry;dairy;African Swine Fever;agriculture;food security |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-19&r=agr |
| By: | Welk, Lukas; Bosch, Christine; Bryan, Elizabeth; Kato, Edward; Seymour, Greg; Birner, Regina |
| Abstract: | In sub-Saharan Africa, female-managed plots often show a significant gap in productivity compared to men's plots. To examine these differences, a variable to determine who in the household controls agricultural plots is needed. There is variability in the ways in which gendered control over agricultural plots is defined and measured across studies. Many studies show that an in-depth analysis of intra-household relationships is necessary, as this is often a major unexplained factor in productivity differences. To contribute to filling this methodological gap, we estimate the productivity gap among male and female farmers in Uganda using three different identification approaches and conduct complementary qualitative research to investigate the underlying causes of these differences. The three approaches to define control over plots are: (1) gender of the plot manager, (2) gender of the main plot-level decision-maker and (3) on gender of decision-maker over income from the sale of crops. Results show significantly different gender productivity gaps of 16% (1), 43% (2) and 60% (3). Qualitative results confirm the variability in the way that households defined plot management, including multiple ways in which decisions are made or activities are distributed within households on jointly managed plots. Mixed-method research designs and improved gender variables for econometric models can contribute to a better understanding of gender productivity differences and better policy making aiming to reduce gender inequalities. |
| Keywords: | UGANDA, EAST AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, agriculture, productivity, female labour, women, gender, gender analysis, farmers, gender productivity gap, plot management, female-managed plots, mixed methods |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2140&r=agr |
| By: | Giri, Anil K.; Litkowski, Carrie; Subedi, Dipak; McDonald, Tia |
| Abstract: | The sound financial health of the U.S. farm sector is vital because of its importance to food security and for the wellbeing of U.S. farm households and rural communities. Analyzing key financial ratios is one way to examine the financial health of the farm sector. This study compares 2020 values for farm sector financial ratios before and after the onset of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Forecasts from the February 5, 2020, release of the USDA Economic Research Service’s Farm Income and Wealth Statistics data product represent the prepandemic (before) forecasts. Those forecast values are compared to the data released on February 4, 2022, which represent the realized values for 2020 and include pandemic impacts on commodity demand and the policy response to the economic shock. Solvency ratios (which are indicators of the sector's ability to repay financial liabilities via the sale of assets) worsened in 2020 relative to prepandemic expectations. Efficiency ratios (which evaluate the conversion of assets into production and revenue) and liquidity ratios (which are indicators of the availability of cash to cover debt payments) showed mixed outcomes for the realized results in 2020 relative to the pre-pandemic forecasts. Four profitability ratios were stronger in 2020 relative to pre-pandemic expectations. All solvency, liquidity, and profitability ratios plus 2 out of 5 efficiency ratios for 2020 were weaker than their respective average ratios obtained from 2000 to 2019 data. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Financial Economics, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2022–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:327371&r=agr |
| By: | Dong, Diansheng; Stewart, Hayden; Dong, Xiao; Hahn, William |
| Abstract: | While the U.S. food system has been largely able to maintain operations and provide consumers with the variety of foods they desire since the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began, U.S. households faced sharply higher food prices for many staple items, especially meat in 2020. In this study, U.S. households’ meat purchases at retail stores for at-home consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic are examined and compared with those before the virus outbreak. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:327177&r=agr |
| By: | Premand,Patrick; Stoeffler,Quentin |
| Abstract: | Policy makers are increasingly interested in strategies to promote resilience and mitigate the effects of future climatic shocks. Cash transfer programs have had widely documented positive welfare impacts. They often also aim to offer protection against shocks, but their role in fostering resilience has been less studied. This paper assesses whether the beneficiaries of a multiyear government cash transfer program in rural Niger are better able to mitigate the welfare effects of drought shocks. It analyzes mechanisms through which cash transfers contribute to resilience, such as savings facilitation, asset accumulation, or income smoothing in agriculture and off-farm activities. It combines household survey data collected as part of a randomized control trial with satellite data used to identify exogenous rainfall shocks. The results show that cash transfers increase household consumption by about 10 percent on average. Importantly, this increase is mostly concentrated among households affected by drought shocks, for whom welfare impacts are larger than transfer amounts. Cash transfers increase savings. They also help households protect earnings in agriculture and off-farm businesses when shocks occur. Few differences in household durables or livestock are observed. Overall, these findings suggest that cash transfer programs targeting poor households can foster resilience by facilitating savings and income smoothing. |
| Keywords: | Disability,Access of Poor to Social Services,Economic Assistance,Services&Transfers to Poor,Inequality,Natural Disasters,Nutrition,Food Security |
| Date: | 2020–11–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9473&r=agr |
| By: | Allain, Marie-Laure; Chambolle, Claire; Turolla, Stéphane |
| Abstract: | We develop a model of vertical relations between national brand and private label producers and competing multi product retailers to derive new predictions on the impact of input price discrimination on retail prices. A reform that lifted a ban on input price discrimination in France provides a natural experiment to test these predictions. Using household scanner data on food prices, we run a difference-in-differences analysis and show that the reform caused a significant decrease of the relative prices of national brand products. These results suggest a pro-competitive effect of authorizing input price discrimination. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Industrial Organization |
| Date: | 2022–10–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:inrasl:327329&r=agr |
| By: | Adjognon,Guigonan Serge; Bloem,Jeffrey R.; Sanoh,Aly |
| Abstract: | This paper documents some of the first estimates of the effect of the coronavirus pandemic on food security in a low- and middle-income country context. It combines nationally representative pre- pandemic household survey data with follow-up phone survey data from Mali and exploits sub- national variation in the intensity of pandemic-related disruptions between urban and rural areas. These disruptions stem from both government policies aiming to slow the spread of the virus and also individual behavior motivated by fear of contracting the virus. The paper finds evidence of increasing food insecurity in Mali associated with the pandemic. Difference-in-difference estimates show that moderate food insecurity increased by about 8 percentage points -- a 33 percent increase -- in urban areas compared with rural areas in Mali. The estimates are substantially larger than existing predictions of the average effect of the pandemic on food security globally and therefore highlights the critical importance of understanding effect heterogeneity. |
| Keywords: | Food Security,Nutrition,Health Care Services Industry,Inequality,Transport Services |
| Date: | 2020–11–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9474&r=agr |
| By: | Raza, Werner G.; Tröster, Bernhard; Von Arnim, Rudiger; Chandoul, Jihen; Rouine, Chafik Ben |
| Abstract: | The negotiations on a deep and comprehensive free trade area between Tunisia and the European Union (EU) - also known by its French acronym "Projet d'accord de libre-échange complet et approfondi" (ALECA) - have been ongoing since 2015. Beyond the bilateral reduction of tariffs and quotas, the EU proposes regulatory alignment of Tunisian legislation to EU regulatory standards to foster trade and economic growth. However, taking into account the additional compliance costs for Tunisian producers and the public sector, our impact assessment concludes that ALECA has significant downside risks, as value-added in Tunisian agriculture might decline by -8.3 %. These effects need to be considered in the negotiations and in the broader context for sustainable agricultural development in Tunisia. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:oefsep:402022&r=agr |
| By: | Nicolas Coeurdacier (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Florian Oswald (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Marc Teignier (University of Barcelona) |
| Abstract: | We develop a multi-sector spatial equilibrium model with endogenous land use: land is used either for agriculture or housing. Urban land, densely populated due to commuting frictions, expands out of agricultural land. With rising productivity, the reallocation of workers away from agriculture frees up land for cities to expand, limiting the increase in land values despite higher income and increasing urban population. Due to the reallocation of land use, the area of cities expands at a fast rate and urban density persistently declines, as in the data over a long period. As structural change slows down, cities sprawl less and land values start increasing at a faster rate, as in the last decades. Quantitative predictions of the joint evolution of density and land values across time and space are confronted with historical data assembled for France over 180 years. |
| Keywords: | Structural Change,Land Use,Productivity Growth,Urban Density |
| Date: | 2021–12–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpspec:hal-03812819&r=agr |
| By: | Lanzona, Leonardo |
| Abstract: | One aspiration of the Agricultural Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) is the promotion of industry dispersal and rural industrialization. This involves a policy of structural transformation, which attempts to transition the economy from a low productivity sector, such as agriculture, to a high productivity sector, such as industry. This study shows that despite the efforts of AFMA, this process has not been accomplished. Previous literature has attributed this failure to many factors, including policy failure and lack of investments. However, the paper argues that the role of technological change has not been given considerable attention. Empirical analysis demonstrates that policy formulation and capital accumulation are not sufficient in achieving structural transformation. Even if the correct policies are implemented and adequate investments are available, the sustainable transition from agriculture to industrialization will require the adoption of appropriate technology that utilizes local resources, including labor. To do this, the government must set up not only an environment for research and development and extension but also provide incentives in the form of transfers to the private sector to invest in technology. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | structural transformation; technology transfer; employment ; urbanization; knowledge spillover |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-09&r=agr |
| By: | Beckman, Jayson; Gale, Fred; Morgan, Stephen; Sabala, Ethan; Ufer, Danielle; Valcu-Lisman, Adriana; Zeng, Wendy; Arita, Shawn |
| Abstract: | China is one of the top importers of agricultural products, but it has nontariff measures that prevent its imports from growing even larger. Economic theory suggests that a country would import products when foreign prices are lower than domestic prices, decreasing domestic prices and narrowing the “wedge” between domestic and international prices. In this report, the authors examine China’s import market potential using a price wedge approach—the difference between domestic and imported prices—for commodities that are imported by China. The report estimates the impact of removing these barriers for the four highest wedges using a global economic model. Domestic prices in China exceeded foreign prices (using the United States as an example) by large margins for the four commodities we considered, as follows: beef (58 percent), corn (64 percent), pork (213 percent), and wheat (42 percent). Estimates reveal that removing these price wedges could lead to more imports into China. Benefits would be widespread, increasing sales for producers in the United States and other exporting countries and yielding lower food prices for China’s consumers. |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:327174&r=agr |
| By: | Sebastien Desbureaux (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Frederic Mortier (UPR Forêts et Sociétés - Forêts et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Esha Zaveri (World Bank Group); Michelle van Vliet (Utrecht University [Utrecht]); Jason Russ (World Bank Group); Sophie Aude (World Bank Group); Richard Damania (World Bank Group) |
| Abstract: | Clean water is key for sustainable development. However, large gaps in monitoring data limit our understanding of global hotspots of water quality and their evolution over time. We demonstrate the value added of a data-driven approach to provide accurate high-frequency estimates of surface water quality worldwide over the period 1992-2010. We assess water quality for six indicators (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, nitrate-nitrite, phosphorus) relevant for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The performance of our modelling approach compares well to, or exceeds, the performance of recently published process-based models. The model's outputs indicate that poor water quality is a global problem that impacts low-, middle-and high-income countries but with different pollutants. When countries become richer, water pollution does not disappear but evolves. |
| Date: | 2022–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03764434&r=agr |
| By: | Hadachek, Jeffrey; Saitone, Tina L; Sexton, Richard J; Skorbiansky, Sharon Raszap; Thornsbury, Suzanne; Effland, Anne |
| Abstract: | Even as organic products have become more widely available, most organic growers in the United States still participate in niche markets. Despite an increase in organic production and market information, growers continue to face challenges related to thin markets. This report examines the markets for organic dairy and beef and their major feed inputs to assess their current competitive status. |
| Keywords: | Industrial Organization |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:327179&r=agr |
| By: | Francis X. Diebold |
| Abstract: | I offer reflections on adaptation to climate change, with emphasis on developing areas. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2210.11525&r=agr |
| By: | Lefoll, Erwin; Günther, Isabel; Veronesi, Marcella |
| JEL: | D12 D64 O13 Q18 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264065&r=agr |
| By: | Nicolas Legrand |
| Abstract: | Russia's invasion of Ukraine is a major shock at the heart of the breadbasket of Europe at a time when global stocks are running short. With inelastic supply and demand for such basic goods and lack of inventories to cushion the shock, the basic economics of storage arbitrage explain the commodity price spikes needed to ration the war-related supply shortage. In this paper, I show that to make sense of the chaotic price fluctuations requires a consistent empirical tool, such as the storage model with rational expectations. Empirical analysis of the unfolding commodity shock using a storage model lens suggests that the global food market is currently in a ``wait-and-see'' mode, with price movements reflecting a loss in the size of the global share of caloric production from Ukraine. I show also that the supply and demand outlook for the next two years is aligned to the price expectations of market participants and send the signal that the world should prepare for a period of scarcer supply and high and volatile food prices, for as long as the conflict lasts. Sound policymaking in this context could rely on this normative device to ease the suffering of the most vulnerable populations who are at risk of hunger and malnourishment. Length: 28 pages |
| Keywords: | storage, volatility, food security, commodity price dynamics |
| JEL: | Q02 B41 Q11 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:202207&r=agr |
| By: | Zeballos, Eliana; Sinclair, Wilson; Park, Timothy |
| Abstract: | ERS analysis shows that during the COVID-19 Recession, while total food expenditures fell, food spending at places like grocery stores and supercenters increased. This increase in food-at-home spending was mostly driven by a shift away from food spending at places like restaurants and fast-food places. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:327182&r=agr |
| By: | Hannah Kotula (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research) |
| Abstract: | Society depends on services and benefits provided by ecosystems. Yet, many of our actions affect ecosystems in ways that undermine long-term human wellbeing. Although ecosystems provide many services to society, many of these services are not accounted for in land-use decisions. The concept of “ecosystem services” offers a framework for understanding our dependence on nature and can encourage decision makers to consider broader impacts of land-use decisions beyond short-term economic rewards. Furthermore, economic valuation of ecosystem services offers a potential strategy for including the value of ecosystem services in decision making. Here I describe several ecosystem service frameworks and outline how these frameworks can inform land-use decisions, with a particular focus on those involving forests. I then describe methods for valuing ecosystem services. Following this, I provide examples relating to forest ecosystem services and draw conclusions based on existing valuation studies in New Zealand. My intention is to convey how an ecosystem service approach could be used in New Zealand to capture benefits provided by ecosystems that are often not accounted for in land-use decisions. |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem services, nonmarket valuation methods |
| JEL: | Q51 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:22_11&r=agr |
| By: | Bonev, Petyo; Gorkun-Voevoda, Liudmila; Knaus, Michael |
| JEL: | D83 E61 H41 Q52 Q53 Q57 Z13 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264028&r=agr |
| By: | Stewart, Hayden; Kuchler, Fred; Dong, Diansheng; Cessna, Jerry |
| Abstract: | U.S. per capita consumption of fluid milk is declining. USDA, ERS researchers examine how consumption among children, teenagers, and adults changed over the years 2003 through 2018, including changes in the amounts of milk that each group consumed as a beverage, added to cereal, and added to other types of beverages like coffee and tea. |
| Keywords: | Industrial Organization, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:327183&r=agr |
| By: | Tristan Amiri (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jens Abildtrup (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Serge S. Garcia (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Claire Montagné-Huck (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre P. Dupraz (SMART - Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires); Sophie Drogué (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Ce travail vise à évaluer en termes économiques les co-bénéfices générés par la mise en place de mesures de protection de la qualité des eaux, et leurs conséquences pour l'économie locale. |
| Keywords: | Eau de source,Qualité de l'eau,Protection de l'eau,économie locale |
| Date: | 2022–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03800737&r=agr |
| By: | Panman,Alexandra Patricia; Lozano Gracia,Nancy |
| Abstract: | Land titling has been a policy priority for developing country cities for decades. In Sub-Saharan Africa and across the world, tenure formalization has been promoted as a tool to improve the quality and value of urban housing. The track record of these projects, however, has generally been disappointing. Why is this? This paper argues that project design has paid too little attention to contextual features of land markets in estimating the benefits of formalization to individual households. The paper draws on evidence from a case study city — Dar es Salaam, Tanzania — to show that in cities where broader property rights institutions are incomplete and informal sources of tenure security are strong, formal property rights may not be valued by households. This raises questions about the households’ willingness to pay for regularization and suggests that complementary strategies to build trust in government and consolidate public benefits of titling will be needed to ensure that projects have a beneficial impact. |
| Keywords: | Municipal Management and Reform,Urban Housing,Urban Housing and Land Settlements,Urban Governance and Management,Regulatory Regimes,Legislation,Legal Reform,Social Policy,Common Property Resource Development,Legal Products,Judicial System Reform,Agricultural Economics,Hydrology,Energy Policies&Economics |
| Date: | 2021–03–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9580&r=agr |
| By: | Maddawin, Ricxie B.; Diokno-Sicat, Charlotte Justine; Castillo, Angel Faye G.; Velasco, Lawrence G. |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the current water access in the Philippines and reviews the mandates of the two main water regulatory bodies: the Local Water Utilities Administration and the National Water Resources Board. Identifying various overlaps and ambiguities, this study highlights the need to streamline the unclear economic and technical regulations in managing the sector. In addition, it proposes to improve investment coordination to ensure strategic investments and efficient use of limited financing. There should also be a consolidated database of water service providers, as well as key performance indicators and other data, to better monitor the investments in the water sector. |
| Keywords: | water infrastructure; water tariff; water district;local water supply; investment coordination |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:pjdevt:pjd_2021_vol__45_no__2b&r=agr |
| By: | Davis, Christopher G; Dimitri, Carolyn; Nehring, Richard; Collins, LaPorchia A; Haley, Mildred; Ha, Kim A; Gillespie, Jeffrey |
| Abstract: | The hog sector began a major transformation in the early 1990s, and since then, it has experienced productivity growth and structural change, increased output, and expanded exports. This study examined changes in hog production from 1992 to 2017. During this period, production contracts became the most common business model in hog production, and hog farms grew larger and more specialized. Technological advancements improved productivity, though changes in production costs were mixed. |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:327175&r=agr |
| By: | Maël Sommer (LGCO - Laboratoire Gouvernance et Contrôle Organisationnel - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées); Karine Gauche (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Cette communication cherche à rendre compte de la façon dont les petites entreprises perçoivent les effets des démarches de certification de groupe ISO 14001, des dispositifs collectifs généralement mis en œuvre pour pallier leur manque de capacités individuelles face aux problèmes de durabilité. A cette fin, 30 dirigeants du secteur agricole, issus de 8 groupes d'entreprises certifiés ISO 14001, ont été enquêtés via des entretiens individuels et des focus groups. Par l'identification de classes thématiques dans leurs discours, des analyses lexicales automatisées (à l'aide du logiciel Alceste) permettent alors de mieux comprendre les apports et limites de ces dispositifs encore peu étudiés et révèlent en quoi ceux-ci peuvent constituer une voie prometteuse de l'action responsable en petite entreprise. |
| Keywords: | durabilité,petite entreprise,certification de groupe ISO 14001,agriculture,analyse lexicale |
| Date: | 2021–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03791169&r=agr |
| By: | Satoshi Nakano; Kazuhiko Nishimura |
| Abstract: | By fully taking the distinct tariff regimes levied on imported meat into account, we estimate substitution elasticities of Japan's two-stage import aggregation functions for beef, chicken and pork. While the regression analysis crucially depends on the price the consumers face, post-tariff price of imported meat depends not only on ad-valorem duties but also on tariff rate quotas and gate price system regimes. The effective rate of tariff is consequently evaluated by utilizing monthly transactions data. In remediating the potential endogeneity problems, we apply exchange rates which we believe to be independent of the demand shocks for imported meat. The panel nature of the data allows to retrieve the first-stage aggregates via time dummy variables, free of demand shocks, to be used as part of the explanatory variable and as an instrument in the second-stage regression. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2210.05358&r=agr |
| By: | Dickson, Alex; Gehrsitz, Markus; Kemp, Jonathan |
| JEL: | H21 H23 H51 I12 I18 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264048&r=agr |
| By: | Wang, Sun Ling; Hoppe, Robert A; Hertz, Thomas; Xu, Shicong |
| Abstract: | This report discusses the contribution of farm labor in U.S. agricultural growth and assesses the changing composition of the U.S. farm labor force with special attention to the changes in educational attainment among farm operators and other workers. |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:327178&r=agr |
| By: | Semrau, Finn Ole |
| Abstract: | Industries that occupy upstream positions in global value chains (GVCs) - being positioned closer to the raw product - produce proportionately more CO2-intensive. However, firms are heterogeneous, even in narrowly defined industries. In this paper, I empirically investigate whether the relationship between upstreamness and CO2 emissions, measured in absolute and relative terms, holds within industries at the firm level. Using granular data of Indian manufacturing firms and controlling for established drivers of clean production, I reveal that firms producing products closer to final consumption produce less CO2-intensive. I corroborate the finding by using a 2-SLS instrumental variable approach. Interestingly, I find that exposure to importing countries with stringent environmental policies attenuates the link between upstreamness and dirty production. The latter finding suggests the imperative of technology upgrading for dirty upstream producers aiming to remain competitive in international markets. |
| Keywords: | Environment and trade,environment and development,CO2 intensity,global value chains,sustainable development |
| JEL: | F14 F18 O13 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264178&r=agr |