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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2022‒10‒10
seventeen papers chosen by |
| By: | Lampkin, Nicolas; Sanders, Jürn |
| Abstract: | Since 1994, and in some individual cases earlier, the European Union (EU) and its Member States have provided financial support to organic farming and food businesses, primarily through the agri-environmental and other rural development measures of the 2nd Pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This report builds on a series of similar earlier reports and updates the policy support data and descriptions for the decade 2010-2020, covering the two CAP programming periods 2007-2013 (represented by 2011 data) and, in more detail, the 2014- 2020 period. A major focus is the support for conversion to and continuation (maintenance) of organic farming, implemented in all but one of the EU Member States. Comprehensive data has been compiled on payment rates, supported activities, eligibility conditions, uptake and public expenditure for these measures. In 2018, the then EU28 Member States supported organic farming on almost 5% of EU utilisable agricultural area (UAA), at an average cost of €207 per ha UAA, totalling over 1.8 billion €. The area supported represented 64% of the total certified organic land area in the EU. Support was also provided in various forms for training, advice, education, research, investments in farms and processing activities, consumer promotion and the development and implementation of EU regulations defining organic food and farming. In many countries, organic action plans have been implemented to enable better integration of these policy measures to meet defined national or regional needs, priorities and targets. As part of its Farm to Fork and Biodiversity Strategies from 2020, the EU has set a target of 25% of UAA to be organic by 2030, with the expectation of enhanced policy support in the 2023-2027 CAP programming period and beyond. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Political Economy |
| Date: | 2022–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:324737&r= |
| By: | Möllers, Judith; Herzfeld, Thomas; Batereanu, Lucia; Arapi-Gjini, Arjola |
| Abstract: | In the Republic of Moldova, agricultural policies aim to increase the compettveness of its farming sector, ensure the sustainable management of its natural resources and improve the living standards in rural areas. The state is an important player, allocatng fnancial resources for supportng agriculture and carrying out investment projects in this feld. A post-investment subsidy program incentvises agricultural producers to modernise their farms and producton. Farmers who have made investments in developing producton and post-harvest infrastructure could beneft from subsidies for these investments and fnancial resources allocated by the Agency for Interventon and Payments in Agriculture. However, it is not clear how benefcial these subsidies are for agricultural producers and whether the goals formulated by policies are met. A critcal challenge of policy assessment is the lack of regular surveys gathering farm-level data in Moldova. Another challenge is that the impact of some investments can only be quantfed with a delay of several years. This report results from an impact assessment study analysing the efectveness of existng policy measures. A survey of 800 farms was carried out to realise this assessment, which provided informaton about the actvity and investments made over several years. The team of researchers analysed the collected data to evaluate the policy measures covered by the survey. The study highlights essental facilitators and barriers to the farms' agricultural investment and business actvity. The impact assessment underlined that the investment subsidies had measurable positve efects on labour, farm producton and economic success. At the same tme, it indicated directons for improving and rebalancing policy instruments to increase the compettveness and sustainability of the agricultural sector of the Republic of Moldova. |
| Keywords: | Moldova,farm subsidies,agricultural policies,impact assessment |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iamodp:199&r= |
| By: | Okyere, Charles Yaw; Kornher, Lukas |
| Abstract: | Carbon farming, particularly soil carbon climate strategies, has emerged as a popular tool in addressing climate change and variability in worldwide agriculture. Yet, there is a paucity of evidence on its application, and even more so, limited evidence exists on the welfare impacts in developing countries, where the negative impacts of climate change and variability remain disproportionately higher. This paper presents the results of a study on biochar and compost production training and its welfare effects on farm households in Northern Ghana using doubly robust estimators. We find that the intervention had statistically significant positive effects on agricultural productivity and welfare outcomes. The results show the prospect of using soil carbon climate strategies in improving the welfare of farm households in developing countries. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2022–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:324738&r= |
| By: | Céline Giner; Olivia Placzek |
| Abstract: | Food systems are expected to ensure food security and nutrition for a growing population. While food insecurity is more acute in developing countries, OECD countries are also affected. The current high-level of food prices could push more people into poverty and hunger. Governments have a role to play in easing impacts on households. They run or support food assistance programmes, such as school meal programmes, food voucher programmes and food banks’ operations. Based on OECD countries’ experiences, this paper provides a roadmap to identify and overcome evidence gaps on food insecurity and food assistance programmes to allow for a better targeting and improved efficiency of such programmes. This paper highlights the need for a coordinated effort by OECD countries to collect regular and comparable information. |
| Keywords: | COVID, Food banks, Food security measurement, Food systems, Food vouchers, School meal programmes |
| JEL: | C80 H53 Q18 Q19 I38 |
| Date: | 2022–09–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:183-en&r= |
| By: | Kuhn, Lena; Jaghdani, Tinoush Jamali; Prehn, Sören; Sun, Zhanli; Glauben, Thomas |
| Abstract: | International agricultural trade is key to improving global food security. It ensures access to more diversified foods (e.g. Krivonos and Kuhn 2019 ), acts as a safety net against local production shortfalls (Glauben et al. 2022) and helps make use of regional climatic or resource-related production advantages. While local production and short supply chains can reduce transport costs, they do not necessarily equate to resilient food systems or lower carbon footprints (Stein and Santini 2022). Currently, though, international agricultural trade is facing supply chain disruptions and rising world market prices resulting from the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, increasing global food demand and extreme weather events. Both are threatening already strained food security, in particular in import-dependent, low-income regions. Geopolitical risks, such as the China- US trade war and Russia's invasion of Ukraine, are further rattling the food market. As the world's largest consumer of agricultural goods, China's trade strategies influence world markets, with ripple-down effects for consumers around the world, particularly in the Global South. This policy brief aims at shedding light on China's current market actions, and the likely short- and mid-term developments and their impacts. We argue for moderation in response to short-term shocks. Excessive mobility and trade restrictions as well as extreme stockpiling should be avoided. These harm the trade system's overall capacity to resist further and more serious global challenges related to population growth and climate change. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iamopb:45e&r= |
| By: | Céline Giner; May Hobeika; Chiara Fischetti |
| Abstract: | Fostering gender inclusion can have positive impacts on the food systems' triple challenge of ensuring food security and nutrition for a growing population, supporting the livelihoods of millions of people working in the food supply chain, and doing so in an environmentally sustainable way. Yet these positive synergies are often invisible as sex-disaggregated information is not collected. This report calls for the development of better evidence on gender and food systems as a necessary first step in the path towards gender equality. Based on OECD countries’ experiences, it provides a roadmap to identify and overcome evidence gaps on gender aspects and policies that address gender inequality in food systems with the aim of advancing women’s contribution to food systems. |
| Keywords: | Food systems, Gender equality, Gender impact analysis, Women consumers, Women entrepreneurs, Women workers |
| JEL: | C80 J16 K38 L66 Q18 |
| Date: | 2022–09–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:184-en&r= |
| By: | Bullock, David W.; Wilson, William W. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2022–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nddaae:324693&r= |
| By: | Margot Dyen (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Lucie Sirieix (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sandrine Costa (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | This article examines how recommendations for preventing food waste are implemented, based on the practice theories framework and more specifically on Southerton's framework in which practices are performed according to temporal dispositions (What practice to carry out at a given time and how culturally derived orientations influence the allocation of practice over time?), temporal procedures (When to carry out this practice and its expected temporal demand?) and temporal sequences (How does the material and infrastructural environment affect this practice at this time?). This work is based on a two-step qualitative study combining a projective method coupled with semi-directive interviews with 23 participants, and observations with 11 of these 23 participants which helps identifying the temporalities and actions involved in implementing recommendations to reduce food waste at home. Results also lead to a complementary step based on the evaluation of a device (a "leftovers zone" in the fridge) by a group of 10 consumers. This article contributes to understanding the temporalities of daily food practices to reduce FW. |
| Keywords: | food waste,practice theories,qualitative study,temporalities |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03138983&r= |
| By: | Margot Dyen (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Lucie Sirieix (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sandrine Costa (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Research objectives: This article questions the feasibility of the behaviors promoted by the French Anti Food Waste and Eat and move campaigns that target consumers, studying how the recommendations are implemented on a daily basis. Methodology: The authors rely on practice theories, and more precisely on the conceptual framework of performance. The qualitative methodology is composed of three stages: semi-directive interviews conducted using projective collages, participating observations of the supply and meals at home, and a focus group. These three steps were conducted with 23, 11 among the 23, and 10 participants respectively. Results: The research shows that the implementation of the recommendations is based on three categories of performance: coordination between individuals, coordination of activities, and food management. Ensuring these three forms of organization would facilitate the implementation of the recommendations promoted in the Anti Food Waste and Eat and move campaigns. Managerial implications: The study makes it possible to formulate recommendations for cities and businesses to accompany consumers by informing them, organizing a favorable context, and providing them with tools. Originality: Through practice theories, the contribution of this study is to complete what exists concerning the reduction of food waste and the promotion of healthy eating. |
| Keywords: | food waste,healthy eating,social marketing,practice theories,performance,gaspillage alimentaire,bien manger,marketing social,théorie des pratiques |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03191541&r= |
| By: | Soliman, Ibrahim; F. Mashhour, Ahmed |
| Abstract: | Literature reviews confirmed that Egypt has a comparative advantage in milk production rather than red meat production, particularly from buffalo. Furthermore, water resources are becoming increasingly scarce, limiting horizontal expansion in fodder acreage. Furthermore, there is fierce competition between food and feed demand on available agricultural land resources. As a result, horizontal expansion in dairy buffalo stock would be impossible. As a result, the only option for buffalo development in Egypt is vertical expansion through increased milk yield to meet the current deficit in domestic milk production. The Egyptian consumer prefers buffalo milk for its color taste and high content of total solids, particularly fat. Buffalo milk is more expensive than cow milk, and its production is increasing faster than cow milk production. The proposed genetic improvement of buffalo milk yield is being accelerated using an artificial insemination (AI) network. A recent study [1], provided evidence that the return of genetic investment in dairy buffalo would be feasible, (IRR = 19.71%) However, according to official statistics, Egypt has only two AI-centers for buffalo selected buffalo sires, serving four AI-units. As a result, the goal of this study was to assess the feasibility of establishing an AI-network in Egypt by estimating (NPV, IRR, and payback period) and its sensitivity to unfavorable changes that the proposed program may face. The study used a field survey data collected from an AI-unit of the buffaloes’ semen and an AI-Center for raising buffalo sires in Nile Delta. The findings showed that, while the Egyptian economy's average discount rate was 17.5 %, the estimated IRR for one AI-unit was around 35 % under the most likely scenario. A 10% decrease in semen price and a 10% increase in insemination costs would result in IRRs of approximately 28% and 31%, respectively. Under the most likely conditions, the estimated IRR for the AI-center was around 31%. 10% Decrease in Semen Price, and 10% increase in feed costs or in Sire’s price would result in 26%, 30% or 28% respectively. The lowest sale price of semen dose is thus the most effective variable on the IRR. Unfavorable changes, on the other hand, would keep investments with high incentives in establishing a feasible AI-Network for rapidly increasing the dairy buffalo milk yield. |
| Keywords: | Buffalo; AI; NPV; IRR |
| JEL: | O1 O21 O22 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109914&r= |
| By: | Ram Mohan, M.P.; Kini, Els Reynaers; Prasad, Sriram |
| Abstract: | This paper explores how the long-standing tradition of common law countries such as India, which have acknowledged the fundamental right to a healthy and pollution free life for many decades, can assist Judges in other jurisdictions and inform global climate governance. More specifically, many other common law and civil law jurisdictions are faced for the first time with having to interpret and assess whether there is a fundamental right to a healthy and pollution free environment. This question forces them to review whether state inaction on climate change infringes this fundamental right. This paper examines how Indian courts have adjudicated environment and climate litigation. We further scrutinize the classification of cases as climate litigation in the Indian context to try and truly unearth Indian jurisprudence on environment and climate protection. The paper also examines the trends observable and the way forward for environment and climate litigation in India. We compare the four human rights based climate litigations before the European Court of Human Rights with Indian jurisprudence to understand transnational climate litigation better. |
| Date: | 2022–09–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iim:iimawp:14682&r= |
| By: | Mr. Matthieu Bellon; Emanuele Massetti; Berkay Akyapi |
| Abstract: | A growing literature estimates the macroeconomic effect of weather using variations in annual country-level averages of temperature and precipitation. However, averages may not reveal the effects of extreme events that occur at a higher time frequency or higher spatial resolution. To address this issue, we rely on global daily weather measurements with a 30-km spatial resolution from 1979 to 2019 and construct 164 weather variables and their lags. We select a parsimonious subset of relevant weather variables using an algorithm based on the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator. We also expand the literature by analyzing weather impacts on government revenue, expenditure, and debt, in addition to GDP per capita. We find that an increase in the occurrence of high temperatures and droughts reduce GDP, whereas more frequent mild temperatures have a positive impact. The share of GDP variations that is explained by weather as captured by the handful of our selected variables is much higher than what was previously implied by using annual temperature and precipitation averages. We also find evidence of counter-cyclical fiscal policies that mitigate adverse weather shocks, especially excessive or unusually low precipitation episodes. |
| Keywords: | climate; extreme weather; macro economy; big data; weather variable; weather shock; OLS estimation outcome; climate variable; weather data sources; Natural disasters; Climate change; Global; Middle East; Sub-Saharan Africa; East Asia; East Africa; GDP effect; weather observation |
| Date: | 2022–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/156&r= |
| By: | Amirova, Iroda; Petrick, Martin; Djanibekov, Nodir |
| Abstract: | In Central Asia, community water governance institutions emerged and prevailed for a long time. By employing an analytical modelling approach using variants of the evolutionary Hawk-Dove game, we scrutinise three epochs' (pre-Tsarist, Tsarist and Soviet) coordination mechanisms and qualitatively compare them in the efficiency spectrum. We find that the pre-Tsarist community water governance setting, due to its synergetic and pluralistic aspects, was associated with higher efficiency than the Tsarist and Soviet periods' settings. The pre-Tsarist community arrangement linked irrigation duties with benefits. Our analytical model reveals how the Tsarist Russian regulation that replaced the election-sanctioning element with a de-facto system appointing the irrigation staff and paying them fixed wages corrupted the well-established pre-Tsarist decentralised water governance. We term this move the "Kaufman drift". Resulting inadequacies in the water governance could have been averted either by restoring the community mechanism's election-sanctioning attribute or else with an alternative approach such as privatising water resources. With the use of the "Krivoshein game," we produce an alternative scenario for the region where we envisage the potential consequences of the water privatisation. Modelling history might not disentangle the complex nature of water governance evolution fully, however, the heuristics we use in the analysis assist in guiding the diagnosis of the matter and its solution. This makes our study well-timed for contemporary Central Asia. The analyses assess current water management's chances to return to ancient principles of election-sanctioning and perspectives of private irrigation water rights. |
| Keywords: | Central-Asian water,self-governance,hierarchy,markets,evolution |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iamodp:200&r= |
| By: | Shigeru Matsumoto; Thunehiro Otsuki |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching consequences in our daily lives. After the pandemic, we were forced to stay at home, which significantly impacted food consumption behavior. People reduced their consumption of food-away-from-home (FAFH) but increased their consumption of food-at-home (FAH) and food delivery services (FDS). This study aims to demonstrate how food consumption behavior has changed after the COVID-19 outbreak. For this purpose, we analyze the household spending panel data obtained from Macromill, Inc. The data set includes biweekly food spending data from 1,448 households living in Tokyo, Tokai, and Kinki areas. Using the data, we compare household food spending for FAFH, FAH, and FDS before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. Although people shifted from FAFH to FAH and FDS on average following the COVID-19 outbreak, the intensity of the shift varies between sampling periods. Empirical results show that during the state of emergency (the first wave), the average household decreased FAFH expenditure by about 2% year-on-year but increased FDS expenditure by about 1.3%. We further investigate how the intensity of the transition from FAFH to FAH varies across households. Both single-person and single-parent households continued to rely on FAFH after the pandemic, whereas households with parents and children shifted more aggressively from FAFH to FAH than remaining households. These findings suggest that even during the COVID-19 pandemic, households with severe time constraints (single-person households and single-parent households) could not allocate time for meal preparation. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcr:wpaper:e173&r= |
| By: | Claudia Custodio; Miguel A. Ferreira; Emilia Garcia-Appendini; Adrian Lam |
| Abstract: | We estimate the economic impact of climate change by exploiting variation in local temperature across suppliers of the same client. We find that suppliers experiencing a 1°C increase in average daily temperature decrease their sales by 2%. The effect is more pronounced among suppliers in manufacturing and heat-sensitive industries, which is consistent with lower labor productivity and supply when temperatures are higher. Financially constrained suppliers are more affected due to their lack of financial flexibility to adapt to changes in temperatures. We also find that episodes of extremely hot and cold weather lead to large drops in sales. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Climate finance, Economic costs, Firm sales, Production networks, Productivity, Financial constraints |
| JEL: | G31 G32 L11 L14 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unl:unlfep:wp645&r= |
| By: | Clarissa Caimol (University of Ferrara – Department of Economics and Management (Ferrara, Italy);) |
| Abstract: | The importance of local stakeholders in the regional governments regarding climate change policies has received a deeper attention during the last years, especially include adaptation policies. The achievement of the European targets is the implementation of both mitigation and adaptation policies by providing multiple funds from European to sub-national level. The directives to combat the issues of climate heating system come from the international level to the regional one. However, European regions require a higher level of adaptation than mitigation commitments due to the vulnerability of the territories. This paper applies a network perspective in the Emilia Romagna region to map the level of climate commitment in the local stakeholders’ involvement. These local actors have been clustered to facilitate the investigation in order to uncover the way specific stakeholders has relevant impact on climate change issues. A particular consideration has been given to the degree of participation in adaptation policies |
| Keywords: | climate change, adaptation, local stakeholders, social network analysis, regional policy |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0922&r= |
| By: | Bonev, Petyo; Soederberg, Magnus; Unternährer, Maria |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the effect of working from home on waste generated by individuals both at and away from their homes. To that end, we collect a unique dataset that matches administrative household-level waste data from Sweden with survey data on how many hours individuals work from home. A novel identification approach allows us to link waste generated away from home to the choice of location of work. Our results suggest that working from home reduces organic and residual waste by 20% and 12%, respectively. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Policy, Working from home, Waste |
| JEL: | D12 O33 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usg:econwp:2022:10&r= |