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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2022‒10‒03
thirty papers chosen by |
| By: | Haddad, Salwa; Escobar, Neus; Bruckner, Martin; Britz, Wolfgang |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the potential market-mediated impacts, including global Land Use Change (LUC) and GHG emissions, from increased subsidies to pastureland-based livestock sectors in the EU, through a “tax recycling strategy” simulated against a baseline under SSP2 up to 2030. The budget neutral increase in the level of pastureland subsidy rates in different Member States is achieved by a decrease in land subsidies to other cropping activities. We employ an integrated CGE-MRIO approach, in which we link a recursive dynamic version of the well-known GTAP-CGE model, called GTAP-RDEM to the FABIO MRIO. This approach allows to take advantages from both methods. FABIO offers better resolution with regards to agricultural sectors than in the GTAP database, while the combined use of this MRIO with a CGE model allows to consider price and income dependent feedbacks, required for policy analyses and long run assessments of changes in the global economy. Results show that the redistribution of land-based subsidies provokes significant changes in agricultural markets across the EU. Pastureland areas and cattle production increases in almost all EU Member States, whereas crop land and crop production decreases. The resulting increase in crop prices translates into reduced output of intensive animal production sector, mainly pig and poultry, which rely on concentrate feed to a larger extent compared to cattle. As a result of the decrease in cropland area and overall crop production in the EU, most EU countries increase imports of grain, oilseeds, and cakes from major agricultural producers, essentially soybean cake from Brazil and North America. This generates significant LUC and related GHG emissions that spill outside the EU, mainly in major feed exporters while some emission saving is observed at global level. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2022–09–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubfred:324710&r= |
| By: | Diana Kmetkova (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic); Milas Scasny (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic) |
| Abstract: | Dietary choices are one of the main causes of mortality and environmental degradation. Plant-based diets, in comparison to diets rich in animal products, are considered to be more sustainable because they use fewer natural resources and come with a lower environmental burden, resulting in lower greenhouse gas emissions in particular. However, the rapid increase in global population and wealth has led to an increased demand for foods of animal origin. Getting enough protein might be one of the reasons people consume animal products but its increased consumption could negatively impact our health and environment. Hence, the aim of this paper is to examine the economic and sociodemographic factors that influence the amount and the share of animal food intake as well as the amount and the share of animal-based protein in the worldwide diet. An econometric analysis of country-level panel data allows us to investigate the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in the context of a sustainable diet. The findings suggest that the relationship between GDP per capita and animal-based food and protein supply resembles an inverted U-shaped curve. In the global analysis, the turning point is estimated to be around $81,500 in relation to both the share of animal food supply and the share of animal proteins. The resulting income elasticity shows to be inelastic across the domain, however, the specific values vary depending on the country´s level of GDP. The elasticity is positive for low- to middle-income countries with its maximum of 0.29; and it becomes negative once a country reaches a GDP level of about $77,000-$81,000. |
| Keywords: | GDP, Environmental Kuznets curve, animal consumption, animal protein, healthy and sustainable diet, panel data analysis |
| JEL: | Q11 Q56 C33 C52 O13 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2022_23&r= |
| By: | Srinivasan, Sinduja V.; Saborío, Milagro; Morales Opazo, Cristian |
| Abstract: | Structural change is a process in which the amount of labour, capital and land dedicated to agriculture (and other sectors) changes over time. In this study, we focus on the cases of Peru and Nicaragua using their two most recently administered agricultural censuses. The agricultural censuses permit us to identify dimensions and information available to study the process of structural change in Latin America over the last 20 years. The study includes a comparative analysis and policy recommendations based on the two most recent agricultural censuses administered in Nicaragua (2001 and 2011) and Peru (1994 and 2012). Processing and analysing information from these censuses contribute to identifying dimensions and information available to study the process of structural change in Latin America over the last 20 years. Evidence-based policymaking is increasingly more at the core of the United Nations and member countries’ activity. In the case of FAO, this type of study is crucial to build the knowledge body on which projects and activities are carried forward. The Hand-in-Hand (HiH) initiative is a key example in this context, as it aims at quantitatively identifying high-impact and high-agricultural potential areas in which to invest within developing countries. As Nicaragua and Peru are HiH’s target countries, this study will show very useful to learn about their recent experiences in agricultural transformations. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2022–09–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:faoets:324703&r= |
| By: | Scognamillo, Antonio; Mastrorillo, Marina; Ignaciuk, Ada |
| Abstract: | This paper uncovers the mechanisms shaping the impact of the public work component of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on beneficiaries and communities’ food security and vulnerability to various shocks. From a policy perspective, the empirical findings recommend explicitly integrating environmental and climate considerations to design social protection programmes which target poor agricultural households highly vulnerable to weather shocks. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:faoaes:324074&r= |
| By: | Sánchez, Marco V.; Cicowiez, Martín |
| Abstract: | Agricultural transformation has been ongoing for decades in Ethiopia where the agenda to improve nutrition has also gained momentum. This paper assesses ways in which the government could coherently pursue the objectives of reducing the cost of the least cost healthy diet for Ethiopians and achieving faster inclusive agricultural transformation (IAT), for example by increasing agrifood output, creating rural off-farm employment and reducing rural poverty. The main finding is that pursuing IAT objectives also allows reducing the cost of the least-cost healthy diet. Ethiopian policymakers may consider repurposing the budget for agriculture to pursue IAT objectives as suggested in this paper in order to increase value for public money, not only in terms of agrifood output growth, job creation and poverty reduction, but also in terms of increasing the affordability of healthy diets. This paper is the background paper to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, Health Economics and Policy, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2022–08–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:faoaes:324076&r= |
| By: | Akinsola, Grace Oluwabukunmi; Adewumi, Matthew |
| Abstract: | In pursuing the government’s goal of socio-economic development and poverty reduction, some commercial foreign farmers were invited. Part of the expectation from this collaboration was to boost food production, create jobs for youth, and alleviate rural poverty. The aim of this study was to consider the spillover effect of the foreign farmers’ presence on the poverty status of farming households in Kwara State, Nigeria. The population for the study comprises of all the farming households in Edu local government area. There was a random selection of 20 villages and 12 farming households from each village, summing 240 respondents. Analytical methods used were descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results have shown that adoption index and household size are positively related to total revenue at a 1% level of significance, which indicated a strong influence of the adoption of foreign farmers’ technology on the income of local farmers. It was concluded that it is a positive spillover effect of the presence of foreign farmers concerning the technological transfer, increased output with its positive effect on poverty far outweighs the displacement of farmlands. This should preferably be enhanced for better productivity. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2022–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:324175&r= |
| By: | Ignaciuk, Ada; Malevolti, Giulia; Scognamillo, Antonio; Sitko, Nicholas J. |
| Abstract: | The adoption of climate-adaptive agricultural practices (CAAPs) among resource-poor smallholder households is typically hindered by liquidity and risk constraints. Using an inverse probability weighted estimator that uses three waves of nationally representative panel survey data from Ethiopia, Malawi and the United Republic of Tanzania, this article examines whether food transfers help overcome barriers to the adoption of selected CAAPs. The results show that in each country analysed, receiving food transfers increase the probability of adopting at least one CAAP. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:faoaes:324073&r= |
| By: | Hamulczuk, Mariusz; Skrzypczyk, Marta |
| Abstract: | The pandemic caused by the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has widespread socio-economic consequences worldwide. The implications of the COVID-19 crisis also include changes in production, consumption, trade, and agri-food commodity prices. This paper focuses on the repercussions of the COVID-19 crisis on producer and retail prices of agri-food commodities in European Union (EU) countries. The study is based on monthly producer and consumer food price indices in EU countries. In estimating the impact of COVID-19 on prices, actual price changes were compared with counterfactual figures derived from ex-post forecasts calculated according to regARIMA models. The study of the causes of price changes was based on both quantitative and qualitative approaches. In the quantitative approach, the impact of the strength of applied restrictions and the trade position of countries on the deviation of actual prices from the forecasts was examined. For this purpose, regression models based on cross-sectional data were applied. The results show that there is a quite significant variation in the dynamics of changes in agri-food commodity prices both among countries and across the marketing chain. A negative and statistically significant relationship has been found between country food self-sufficiency in the pre-COVID-19 period and changes in producer prices during the first phase of the COVID-19 crisis. In turn, the strength of stay-at-home restrictions was significant for retail price formation during the COVID-19 crisis. The general conclusion is that the responses of agri-food prices during the pandemic vary both spatially and over time. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2022–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:324172&r= |
| By: | Santeramo, Fabio Gaetano; Maccarone, Irene |
| Abstract: | Climate change is impacting on the agricultural sector in several ways, and the effects on yields are generally among the most observable ones. Open fields crops, such as cereals, are very vulnerable to climate change. We study the historical data on yields of main cereals, namely barley, maize, oats, rice, rye, wheat, to conclude on the long run impacts of temperature and precipitation, over the period 1920-2015. Yields are found to be inversely correlated with temperatures and positively with precipitation, in both cases the relationships are non-linear, as expected. |
| Keywords: | Cambiamento climatico, cereali, detrendizzazione |
| JEL: | Q11 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–05–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114135&r= |
| By: | Mechthild Donner (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Ivana Radić (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Yamna Erraach (INAT - Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie); Fatima El Hadad-Gauthier (CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes) |
| Abstract: | Mediterranean olive oil producers have multiple incentives for adopting circular business models and better resource management, facing water scarcity and huge amounts of waste, but also seeing new opportunities for value creation. This article aimed to understand how circular business models valorizing olive oil waste and by-products are implemented. Ten business cases from six Mediterranean countries were studied, mainly based on semi-structured interviews with enterprise managers. Data were analyzed according to the business model canvas elements, success factors, and barriers while considering the institutional context. The results highlight the diversity of activities, types of resources used, and partnerships and products offered in different market segments. The principles of biowaste conversion and circularity, such as cascading, upcycling, recycling, and recovering, are all applied. The key success factors comprise an environmental concern, knowledge about biotechnologies, markets and logistics, a long-term commitment to the sector, local availability of resources, legislation, subsidies, and product acceptance by consumers. The main barriers include a lack of specific public financial support, an insufficient knowledge transfer from research to olive oil producers, and a lack of articulation of needs for research by the enterprises. More public-private collaborations and multi-stakeholder projects are needed for further shifting to a circular economy in the olive oil sector. |
| Keywords: | circular economy,bioeconomy,business models,sustainable production,agricultural waste and by-products,Mediterranean olive oil sector |
| Date: | 2022–07–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03756908&r= |
| By: | Zieliński, Marek |
| Abstract: | The aim of the study is to assess environmental, organizational, and economic implications for agriculture in municipalities with different share of the Natura 2000 network in Poland. Data on the distribution of Natura 2000 sites and natural management conditions in municipalities are derived from the General Directorate for Environmental Protection and the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation State Research Institute for 2018. Data on the features of the organizational potential of agriculture across municipalities were collected from the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture. They were generated on the basis of applications for direct payments under the 2016 and 2021 campaigns submitted by 1345.2 and 1269.5 thousand farms, i.e., the beneficiaries of the 2014–2020 common agricultural policy (CAP), respectively. It was found that municipalities with a large and particularly large share of Natura 2000 areas, as compared to municipalities without such areas, were characterized by significantly worse management conditions and a more diverse landscape, as well as a larger share in agricultural area with extensive production characteristic of high nature value farmlands (HNVf) designated in Poland under the 2014–2020 CAP. Farms located in Natura 2000 areas, as compared to other farms, were characterized by a larger average agricultural area, as well as by lower labor inputs per 1 ha of agricultural area. They were characterized by lower total costs, including direct costs, which resulted in lower factor productivity and income per 1 ha of agricultural area. The conclusion was that they had less development opportunities. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2022–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:324174&r= |
| By: | Martin Christophe (CSGA - Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] - UB - Université de Bourgogne - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE]); Christine Lange (CSGA - Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] - UB - Université de Bourgogne - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE]); Stephan Marette (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Scientific literature has shown that a partial replacement of meat-based foods with plant-based foods would be beneficial for public health and the environment. However, both lack of sensory attractiveness and lack of consumer awareness regarding benefits of rebalancing diets in favor of plant protein partially explain the low market shares for meat alternatives. In the context of a possible substitution of a meat product (pork-based sausage) by a visually very close counterpart based on vegetable proteins, the objective of this work was to study the possibility of changing consumer preferences towards the plant-based product by gradually providing information concerning the health or environmental consequences of producing and consuming both types of products. We studied consumers' preferences after a blind tasting, after a tasting in the presence of the packaging, and after the dissemination of two stages of information. The assessment of consumer preferences was carried out using purchase preferences (PP) and willingness to pay (WTP). After the blind tasting, PP were clearly oriented towards the meat product. After the tasting with packaging information, the gap between the two products narrowed, but PP were still turned towards the meat product. The dissemination of a first informative message about either health or the environment was not enough to modify consumers' WTP. Adding a second message concerning health led to an equivalence of the two products studied in terms of WTP and PP. The combination of the two environmentally informative messages also made it possible to obtain an equivalence of the WTP for both products, but the PP were still turned towards the pork product. This suggests that the impact of additional information depends on the information disseminated. Overall, these results militate in favor of the dissemination of information presenting the consequences of the consumption of meat-based or vegetable protein-based products. |
| Keywords: | willingness to pay,purchase preference,meat substitute,information,taste,Consentement à payer,Préférence d'achat,Substitut à la viande,Information,Goût |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03022070&r= |
| By: | Weber, Regine; Bubbico, Antonio; Morales Opazo, Cristian |
| Abstract: | Guyana’s agrifood systems are facing an increasing level of risk: rising sea-levels are eroding its coastal area, where much of the agricultural activity is located; recent off-shore oil discoveries threaten to crowd-out non-oil sectors; and a dependency on a limited number of agricultural export commodities exposes the agricultural sector to price and market volatility. The diversification of agricultural production and exports has the potential to generate growth and increase the resilience of the agricultural sector. This study identifies Guyana’s diversification potential using comparative-advantage and export-sophistication metrics, which are combined for a proximity analysis based on Guyana’s production space. The objective is to identify a set of commodities with high export potential, which is in relative proximity to the current agrifood export basket. We find oil seeds, bovine meat, sunflower seed oil, fish flours (for animal feed), palm oil, fowl, cocoa beans, cocoa paste and sunflower seeds to be commodities with high export potential. These commodities share characteristics with the current agrifood export basket. This implies that expanding the exports of these goods will not be costly and is likely to promote economic development, agricultural sector growth and reduce risks associated with market concentration. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:faoaes:324078&r= |
| By: | Esther Laske (UMR ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Sandrine Michel (UMR ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | In the context of Sub-Saharan Africa's demographic boom, the issue of youth employment has become a major concern. Many debates are ongoing regarding agriculture's role in the structural transformation process and providing jobs. In this regard, we explore the opportunity of an agroecological intensification of family farming. We analyze data from agricultural households in the Niayes area of Senegal collected in 2019 and use a clustering method to group farms and rank them according to agroecological practices. Diversity and livestock integration are the most differentiating factors across the identified farming systems. Considering labor allocation complexity within family farms, we compare employment indicators between farming systems to look for agroecology's effect on agricultural work. We observe diversity in the intensity of labor requirements across the different systems but no overall increase for the most agroecological. However, women working hours appear significantly increased for two groups suggesting a substitution with wage workers for the most agroecological systems. |
| Keywords: | agroecology,employment,sub-Saharan Africa,labor,family farming,farming systems |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03766499&r= |
| By: | Kosior, Katarzyna |
| Abstract: | The aim of the article is to assess the directions, pace, and advancement of digital transformation in food industry enterprises in the European Union (EU). The analysis uses statistical data collected in public databases as well as secondary data from the state-of-the-art literature and surveys carried out in enterprises in the sector. Moreover, the Digital Intensity Index developed by Eurostat was used. The progress made by food industry enterprises in terms of digitalization was assessed in terms of their relevance to the prospects of building a more sustainable food system in the EU. The conducted analysis allows to conclude that even though the pace of digitalization in the sector’s enterprises has accelerated in recent years, the level and scope of digital changes is still limited. What is more, large inequalities in the level of digitalization, visible both within the sector itself and between EU Member States, remain a problem. The directions of using digital solutions show that digitalization is seen mainly to increase production efficiency and attract new customers and sales channels. Parallel possibilities to support environmental and climate protection are not yet sufficiently exploited. Given the challenges related to the implementation of the European Green Deal, it is necessary to accelerate and expand the scope of digitalization in EU food industry enterprises. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Crop Production/Industries, International Development |
| Date: | 2022–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:324173&r= |
| By: | Herforth, Anna; Venkat, Aishwarya; Bai, Yan; Costlow, Leah; Holleman, Cindy; Masters, William A. |
| Abstract: | FAO is focusing its attention on the pursuit of healthy diets and transformations of agrifood systems to ensure healthy diets are affordable for all. Measuring and systematically monitoring the cost and affordability of healthy diets and making progress towards ensuring the affordability of healthy diets is of upmost importance and is urgently needed. To this end, FAO is committed to institutionalize the computation of the least-cost healthy diet, and the corresponding affordability indicator, and to publish updated estimates in the annual The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World report, as well as provide the full data series on FAOSTAT. This background paper to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022 report presents the new methodological refinements applied in the estimation of the average cost of a healthy diet. This is an important methodological update as it results in a more robust indicator that provides greater transparency and supports long-term systematic monitoring utilizing annually updated price data. The paper then explores potential mechanisms and data sources for monitoring globally the cost of a healthy diet. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Food Security and Poverty, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:faoaes:324075&r= |
| By: | Mastrorillo, Marina; Scognamillo, Antonio; Ginet, Camille; Pietrelli, Rebecca; d’Errico, Marco; Ignaciuk, Adriana |
| Abstract: | Social protection transfers are the most widespread measures adopted to stabilize refugee households’ livelihoods and alleviate their food insecurity. This paper contributes to the literature on the effectiveness of different types of support on livelihoods and productivity outcomes of one of the largest refugee populations in Africa. Taking advantage of a unique panel dataset representative of the largest part of the 1.4 million people hosted in the Uganda refugees’ settlements, this paper investigates how different social protection interventions (cash and food) are effective in alleviating food insecurity and in contributing to beneficiaries’ self-reliance. The results show that the effectiveness of transfers depends on beneficiaries’ characteristics, on context specificity, and on the outcome assessed. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2022–09–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:faoaes:324702&r= |
| By: | Consoli, Sarah; Egas Yerovi, Juan José; Morales Opazo, Cristian |
| Abstract: | COVID-19 has resulted in a shock to agrifood systems around the world, with the potential for low- and middle-income countries to be particularly affected. Although policy responses were more muted than during the 2007–2008 world food crisis, efforts to insulate from supply shocks and ensure local availability during COVID-19 have generally included export restrictions and import tariff reductions, among other responses. In an effort to enable rapid market monitoring and realignment, we develop a new indicator defined as a monthly nominal rate of protection “express” which seeks to isolate as much as possible the effect of trade and market policies on domestic prices in real-time in order to understand how they responded. This analysis examines changes to this indicator during the first wave of the pandemic in 27 low- and middle-income countries for the most-consumed staple cereals of the poor and food insecure. We show that agricultural price incentives declined by 12.6 percentage points compared to the same months in previous years, suggesting that retail domestic price spikes may have largely been mitigated or avoided. However, impacts varied across countries and commodities, and this indicator can serve as a tool for examining primary drivers of changes and conducting causal analysis to facilitate adequate agrifood policy responses to support economic recovery in the post-COVID-19 era. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2022–08–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:faoaes:324077&r= |
| By: | Marion Dupoux (GU - University of Gothenburg , IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Vincent Martinet (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CEPS - Centre d'Economie de l'ENS Paris-Saclay - Université Paris-Saclay - ENS Paris Saclay - Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | Theoretical models often assume the environment to be a normal good, irrespective of one's income. However, a priori, nothing prohibits an environmental good from being normal for some individuals and inferior for others. We develop a conceptual framework in which private consumption and an environmental public good act as substitutes or complements for satisfying different needs. Subsequently, the environment can switch between normal and inferior depending on one's income and environment and corresponding prevalent needs. If the environment is inferior for some range of income, then the willingness to pay for environmental preservation becomes non-monotonic with respect to income. We discuss the relevance of our framework in the context of (income-adjusted) unit benefit transfers, dual-rate discounting and the Environmental Kuznets curve. |
| Keywords: | Environment,Public goods,Context-dependant substituability,Need,Willingness to Pay,Inferior good |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03693920&r= |
| By: | Claire Alestra (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Gilbert Cette (NEOMA - Neoma Business School); Valérie Chouard (Centre de recherche de la Banque de France - Banque de France); Rémy Lecat (Centre de recherche de la Banque de France - Banque de France) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a tool to build climate change scenarios to forecast Gross Domestic Product (GDP), modelling both GDP damage due to climate change and the GDP impact of mitigating measures. It adopts a supply-side, long-term view, with 2060 and 2100 horizons. It is a global projection tool (30 countries/regions), with assumptions and results both at the world and the country/regional level. Five different types of energy inputs are taken into account according to their CO2 emission factors. Full calibration is possible at each stage, with estimated or literature-based default parameters. Compared to other models, it provides a comprehensive modelisation of Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which is the most significant determinant of the GDP projected path. We present simulation results of different energy policy scenarios. They illustrate both the "tragedy of the horizon" and the "tragedy of the commons", which call for a policy framework that adequately integrates a long run perspective, through a low-enough discount rate and an effective intergenerational solidarity as well as international cooperation. |
| Keywords: | Climate,Global warming,Energy prices,Environmental policy,Growth,Productivity,Long-term projections |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03702357&r= |
| By: | Dominique Desbois (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Keywords: | Symbolic data analysis,Quantile regression,Farm Accounting Data Network |
| Date: | 2022–07–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03735463&r= |
| By: | Samba Diop (Alioune Diop University, Bambey, Senegal); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | The objective of the paper is to evaluate whether there is a change in the level or trend of food prices in fragile countries following the Covid-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war. The empirical evidence is based on Interrupted Time Series Analysis. The following findings are established. Firstly, an immediate and sustained positive effect is noted, indicating that for each month that passes after the Covid-19 and Russia-Ukraine war, food prices increase in most of the fragile countries. Secondly, if the Covid-19 and the Russia-Ukraine war had not happened, the price level and its trend would have been at a significantly lower level in fragile countries. Thirdly, the Russia-Ukraine war intervention period slope is significantly and considerably higher than that of the Covid-19 indicating that the Russia-Ukraine war has increased food prices in fragile countries more proportionately than the Covid-19 pandemic did. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19; Russia-Ukraine war; food prices; fragile countries |
| JEL: | F52 K42 O17 O55 P16 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/055&r= |
| By: | Theocharis Moysiadis; Konstantina Spanaki (Audencia Business School); Ayalew Kassahun; Sabine Kläser; Nicolas Becker; George Alexiou; Nikolaos Zotos; Iliada Karali |
| Abstract: | This work is supported by the Digital Ecosystem Utilisation (CYSLOP), which has received funding from IoF2020 (http://www.iof2020.eu) with subgrand agreement 2282300206-UC002, while the IoF2020 project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 731884. |
| Keywords: | SC traceability,AgriFood SC,Internet of Things,Smart Farming,Data Sharing,EPCIS |
| Date: | 2022–08–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03766179&r= |
| By: | Boris Leroy (BOREA - Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UA - Université des Antilles); Andrew M. Kramer (USF - University of South Florida [Tampa]); Anne‐charlotte Vaissière (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Melina Kourantidou (SDU - University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters - HCMR - Hellenic Center for Marine Research); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Christophe Diagne (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | The reported costs of invasive alien species from the global database InvaCost are heterogeneous and cover different spatio-temporal scales. A standard procedure for aggregating invasive species cost estimates is necessary to ensure the repeatability and comparativeness of studies. We introduce here the invacost r package, an open-source software designed to query and analyse the InvaCost database. We illustrate this package and its framework with cost data associated with invasive alien invertebrates. First, the invacost package provides updates of this dynamic database directly in the analytical environment R. Second, it helps understand the heterogeneous nature of monetary cost data for invasive species, processes to harmonize the data and the inherent biases associated with such data. Third, it readily provides complementary methods to investigate the costs of invasive species at different scales, all the while accounting for econometric statistical issues. This tool will be useful for scientists working on invasive alien species, by (a) facilitating access to and use of this multi-disciplinary data resource and (b) providing a standard procedure which will facilitate reproducibility and comparability among studies, one of the major critics of this topic until now. It should facilitate further interdisciplinary works including economists and invasion ecology researchers. |
| Keywords: | biological invasions,drivers of change in biodiversity,economic costs,economic impacts,ecosystem services,invasive alien species |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03427555&r= |
| By: | Noland, Marcus |
| Abstract: | North Korea is a complex humanitarian emergency with food insecurity at its core. Data on grain prices and quantities depict a deteriorating situation, made worse by the regime’s self-isolating response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. The grain supply appears to have fallen below minimum human needs, but the situation is neither as dire as the 1990s famine nor as severe as conditions elsewhere in the world today. Food insecurity in North Korea is not only a humanitarian issue, but it is a strategic issue as well. From the perspective of donors, given the lack of regime accountability, at the present time aid is unlikely to be an effective lever in achieving other diplomatic goals, nor does North Korea appear to be the potential recipient of greatest need. |
| Keywords: | food security; famine; complex humanitarian emergency; North Korea; food prices |
| JEL: | O1 P2 Q1 |
| Date: | 2022–08–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114384&r= |
| By: | Soliman, Ibrahim |
| Abstract: | The buffalo and cattle population in Egypt reached about 4.898,893 and 3,476,396 heads, respectively, in 2019. The buffalo and cattle meat production represented around 43% and 45% of the total meat production in Egypt, respectively, and the average carcass weight of buffalo and cattle reached 318 kg and 336Kg in 2019. About 50% of livestock numbers are slaughtered off-slaughter houses due to a shortage in the capacity of slaughterhouses and other financial and administrative reasons. The conducted field survey of this study showed that the majority of Egyptian livestock markets lack live weight scales, and if available, they are expensive and frightening for the animals. Therefore, numerous feedlot enterprises hire an agent who can visually forecast the expected live weight of the exhibited feeder calves for sale in the market at a high charge. Most of the models to predict the weight of live cattle-bulls knowing the chest circumference were lacking such models for buffalo-bulls and were linear models that fit only limited periods of cattle-fattening. The sample survey included 500 buffalo males and 340 cattle males of different live weights from 14 villages in 4 provinces in the Nile Delta. The data were used to estimate the best-fitted model for Egyptian livestock. This study showed that the best-fitted model was curved linear. It was a quadratic form. For empirical application, the study designed a table to predict the live weight of buffalo and cattle males at a range of 100-200 cm chest circumference. The results showed that a 1% increase in the chest circumference was associated with a 2.4% and 2.8% increase in the buffalo and cattle male's circumference, which implicitly reflects higher live weight gain of cattle than buffalo males and better meat quality. Therefore, the farm price of cattle feeder males surpassed the buffalo by $1000. |
| Keywords: | Prediction Model, Fed Calves, Egyptian Livestock Maekets. |
| JEL: | Q02 Q12 Q13 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114262&r= |
| By: | Soliman, Ibrahim; Bahgat, Basher |
| Abstract: | Dairy products are an important source of animal protein in Asian countries, especially for nutritionally vulnerable groups and vegetarians. As a result, the approach to increasing domestic milk supply is to increase buffalo milk yield through genetic improvement from the sperm of a selected buffalo sire with a high predicted milk difference. As a case study, data was collected from Artificial Insemination Centers in Egypt to use a dynamic mathematical investment model to estimate the rate of return (IRR) on genetic investment. Aside from the economic variables, the reproductive characteristics and feed efficiency are the most important variables in IRR. The anticipated most likely amount of IRR, 19.71%, was feasible. An increase of 10% in the number of conception services, age at First Calving, and service period would reduce the IRR by 7.51 percent. The IRR would drop by 9% if feed efficiency dropped by 10%. IRR would be reduced by 7% if feed costs, semen prices, and milk prices all fell by 10%. To import buffalo sires' semen of high predicted milk difference at moderate prices till establishment, domestic genetic merit is required. |
| Keywords: | Dairy buffalo; feeds; genetic improving; investment model; reproductive traits. |
| JEL: | O1 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109913&r= |
| By: | Nosecka, Bożena; Bugała, Anna |
| Abstract: | The growing health problems of the world’s population related to inadequate nutrition have prompted many countries to take measures to develop healthy eating habits. One of the activities in the EU was the implementation of the School Fruit Scheme between 2009/10 and 2016/17, and School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme since 2017/18, in which fruit and vegetables have been one of the two components (the second component is milk and milk products). The aim of the article was to evaluate their effectiveness in terms of the consumption of fruit and vegetables in Polish families. The article was based on: EU legal acts, evaluations of the functioning and implementation of the schemes made by EU and Polish institutions, statistical data from Statistics Poland, and a review of the literature on the consumption of fruit and vegetables. It was found that despite the greater number of schools and children participating in the scheme and the growing expenses for its implementation, in most EU countries, including Poland, there is no increase in the consumption of horticultural products covered by the scheme (Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the number of children participating in the scheme and consumption in households between 2009/10 and 2020/21 amounted to −0.77). The reasons may be the weaknesses of the scheme (i.e., generally poor quality of products, too short duration of the scheme, and also insufficient involvement of parents in its implementation) on the one hand and the influence of other factors determining the consumption of fruit and vegetables under the scheme being difficult to statistically confirm (greater availability of other products, ineffective advertising) on the other. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:324177&r= |
| By: | Mariam Sy (MARBEC); Charles Figuières (Axi-Marseille Université, AMSE); Hélène Rey-Valette (Université de Montpellier, CEE-M); Richard Howarth (Dartmouth College, Environmental Program); Rutger De Wit (CNRS, MARBEC) |
| Abstract: | This paper describes an empiric study of aggregation and deliberation – used during citizens' workshops – for the elicitation of collective preferences over 20 different ecosystem services (ESs) delivered by the Palavas coastal lagoons located on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea close to Montpellier (S. France). The impact of deliberation is apprehended by comparing the collectives preferences constructed with and without deliberation. The same aggregation rules were used before and after deliberation. We compared two different aggregation methods, i.e. Rapid Ecosystem Services Participatory Appraisal (RESPA) and Majority Judgement (MJ). RESPA had been specifically tested for ESs, while MJ evaluates the merit of each item, an ES in our case, in a predefined ordinal scale of judgment. The impact of deliberation was strongest for the RESPA method. This new information acquired from application of social choice theory is particularly useful for ecological economics studying ES, and more practically for the development of deliberative approaches for public policies. |
| Keywords: | Services écosytémiques, Délibération, Agrégation, , |
| JEL: | Q57 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2022.05&r= |
| By: | Abhijit Banerjee; Greg Fischer; Dean Karlan; Matt Lowe; Benjamin N. Roth |
| Abstract: | What accounts for the ubiquity of small vendors operating side-by-side in the urban centers of developing countries? Why don’t competitive forces drive some vendors out of the market? We ran an experiment in Kolkata vegetable markets in which we induced (via subsidizing) some vendors to sell additional produce. The vendors earned higher profits, even when excluding the value of the subsidy. Nevertheless, after the subsidies ended vendors largely stopped selling the additional produce. Our results are consistent with collusion and inertial business practices suppressing competition and efficient market exit. |
| JEL: | D22 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30360&r= |