|
on Agricultural Economics |
|
Issue of 2022‒05‒09
forty-two papers chosen by |
| By: | Gatere, Lydiah; Hoffmann, Vivian; Murphy, Mike; Scollard, Phoebe |
| Abstract: | Kenya is one of the main producers of tomato within Africa south of the Sahara, with an estimated market value of USD 237 million as of 2012, most of which was produced for the national market (Sibomana et al., 2016). Within Laikipia, the total value of tomato production was estimated as 148.5 million KSh in 2014 (Ministry of Agriculture). Due to their softness and perishability, tomatoes have significant potential for both quality and quantity losses postharvest. |
| Keywords: | KENYA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; postharvest losses; harvesting losses; agricultural production; farmers; tomatoes; food safety; fertilizers; irrigation; food losses |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:prnote:135070&r= |
| By: | Fernando M. Aragón (Simon Fraser University); Diego Restuccia (University of Toronto); Juan Pablo Rud (Royal Holloway, University of London) |
| Abstract: | We assess the extent and cost of misallocation in agriculture in less-developed countries comparing the analysis at the plot and farm levels. Using detailed data from Uganda, we show that the plot-level analysis leads to extremely large estimates of reallocation gains, even after adjusting for measurement error and unobserved heterogeneity. These results reflect two empirical limitations of the plot as unit of analysis: excess measurement error and near constant returns to scale production estimates. We find limited evidence of substantial measurement error at the farm level. |
| Keywords: | Plot, farm, misallocation, measurement error, agriculture, distortions |
| JEL: | O4 |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoz:wpaper:130&r= |
| By: | Ibirénoyé Honoré Romaric Sodjahin; Fabienne Femenia; Obafémi Philippe Koutchade; Alain Carpentier |
| Abstract: | Despite many benefits provided by diversified cropping systems, there is a dearth of empirical evidence on the economic relevance of their effects, mainly due to lack of information on the dynamics of farmers’ crop acreages. Our article contributes to fill this gap and, thereby, to shed light on a pair of apparently contradictory facts. European farmers tend to stick to specialized crop acreages despite agronomic experiments tending to show that crop diversification could reduce chemical input uses while maintaining or even enhancing arable crop yield levels. We provide estimates of the effects of previous crops and crop acreage diversity on yield and chemical input use levels based on a sample of 769 arable crop producers covering the Marne département in France from 2008 to 2014. Our farm level dataset combines cost accounting data, information on crop sequences as well as detailed soil and weather data. Our estimation approach relies on yield functions and input use models defined as systems of simultaneous equations. These models feature farm specific random parameters for accounting for unobserved heterogeneity across farms and farmers as well as for accommodating input use endogeneity in the considered empirical crop yield functions. We estimate pre crop and crop acreage diversity effects for four major crops in the area. Pre crops effects on yields are estimated relatively accurately and are generally consistent with the rankings provided by crop production experts. Estimated pre crop effects on input uses are small and insignificant from a statistical viewpoint despite our large sample, suggesting that pre crops don’t impact much chemical input requirements or/and that farmers tend to downplay these effects when deciding their chemical input use levels. Our results also show that crop acreage diversity positively impacts yield levels and tend to induce reductions in pesticide uses, herbicide uses in particular. Overall, our results demonstrate statistically significant though economically limited effects of pre crops and crop acreage diversity on crop gross margins. They also suggest that policy measures aimed to foster crop diversification are unlikely to significantly reduce chemical input uses on major crops if they are not supplemented by measures specifically aimed to reduce the uses of these inputs. |
| Keywords: | crop rotation effects, crop diversification, endogeneity, random parameter, SAEM algorithm |
| JEL: | Q12 C33 C63 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:202202&r= |
| By: | Faye, Ndèye Fatou; Faye, Amy; Sy, Mouhammed Rassoul; Lee, Seungmin; McPeak, John |
| Abstract: | • In Senegal, rural households consume less rice than urban households, but demand for rice is increasing for both types of households (rice consumption as a proportion of cereals has gone up from 24% in 1990 to 40% in 2018). • Urban households spend more on unbroken grain rice while rural households spend more on broken rice. • Urban households consume relatively more unbroken grain local rice while rural households consume more broken imported rice. • To substitute imports, production and availability of locally grown broken rice needs to increase for both rural and urban households. For rural households, better availability of good quality local rice also needs to be ensured. • Rice demand is price inelastic, so subsidies and taxes would have little effect on consumption. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2022–01–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miprpb:320391&r= |
| By: | Mikhail Miklyaev (Department of Economics Queens University, Canada and Cambridge Resources International Inc.); Richard Barichello (Food and Resource Economics, University of British Columbia); Katarzyna Pankowska (Independent Consultant) |
| Abstract: | Agriculture in Ethiopia is highly fragmented according to agroecological zones, with distinctly different cropping patterns across all regions of the country. Agroecological conditions in several of Ethiopia's regions are appropriate for producing various specialties of sesame seeds. These seeds are grown as a cash crop and cultivated for their oil contents. However, many challenges are facing the agricultural sector of the sesame value chain in Ethiopia. Using the cost-benefit approach of the integrated investment appraisal, this project aims to improve the Ethiopian sesame value chain by exploiting its potential in the production of sesame and increasing its share of the world market. This is done by integrating the financial, economic, stakeholder, and risk outcomes of the Ethiopian sesame value chain. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, production, export, sesame value chain. |
| JEL: | D61 Q2 Q13 |
| Date: | 2021–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:4579&r= |
| By: | Vincent Chatellier (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Marc Chaumet (IDELE - Institut de l'élevage); Thierry Pouch (APCA - Assemblée Permanente des Chambres d'Agriculture, URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne) |
| Abstract: | The Covid-19 pandemic is a major global event. A reflection on the first implications of this sanitary crisis for the world agricultural economy and the animal sectors of three geographical areas is proposed in this article. The agri-food systems have been strongly affected by this crisis, whose global economic impacts (a 3.5 % drop in world gross domestic product and a 5.3 % drop in international trade in goods between 2019 and 2020) are affecting the purchasing power of final consumers. However, they have resisted the crisis well, both in terms of supply (stability or slight growth in the volumes of meat and milk produced on a global scale) and trade. In 2021, the sharp rise in international prices for agricultural products and the rapid resumption of economic growth, particularly in the three zones more specifically studied here (China, the United States and the European Union), suggest that agriculture should remain under pressure from sustained world demand. More than Covid-19, the impact of African swine fever in China has had a major impact on international meat trade flows for several years. In addition, the growing Chinese appetite for dairy products is playing a central role in the development of international dairy markets, to the benefit of exporting areas including the EU and the US. |
| Abstract: | La pandémie de Covid-19 est un évènement mondial majeur. Une réflexion sur les premières implications de cette crise sanitaire pour l'économie agricole mondiale et les filières animales est proposée dans le cadre de cet article. Les secteurs agricole et agroalimentaire ont été fortement concernés par cette crise dont les impacts économiques globaux (baisse de 3,5 % du produit intérieur brut mondial et de 5,3 % des échanges internationaux de marchandises entre 2019 et 2020) affectent le pouvoir d'achat des consommateurs finaux. Ils ont cependant bien résisté à la crise, tant au niveau de l'offre (stabilité ou légère croissance des volumes produits de viandes et de lait à l'échelle mondiale) que du commerce. En 2021, la forte hausse des prix internationaux des produits agricoles et la reprise rapide de la croissance économique, notamment dans les trois zones plus spécifiquement étudiées ici (Chine, États-Unis et Union européenne), suggèrent que l'agriculture devrait rester sous la pression d'une demande mondiale soutenue. Plus que la Covid-19, l'impact de la peste porcine africaine en Chine a eu, depuis plusieurs années, des répercussions majeures sur les courants d'échanges internationaux de viandes. De plus, l'appétit croissant des chinois pour les produits laitiers joue un rôle central dans le développement des marchés laitiers internationaux, au bénéfice des zones exportatrices dont l'Union européenne et les États-Unis. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural economy,EU,China,USA,Covid-19,Agriculture,Economie rurale,UE,Chine,Etats-Unis |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03605474&r= |
| By: | Spielman, David J.; Mugabo, Serge; Rosenbach, Gracie; Ndikumana, Sosthene; Benimana, Gilberthe; Ingabire, Chantal |
| Abstract: | International fertilizer prices have increased rapidly since 2020 due to multiple factors. This note assesses the impact of these price increases on Rwanda’s agriculture sector, with an emphasis on implications for crop production, subsidy costs, and the Government of Rwanda’s agricultural budget. Using data from the Seasonal Agricultural Surveys, we simulate the impact of increasing fertilizer prices on fertilizer demand and use, which in turn affects fertilizer value-cost ratios at the plot level and, ultimately, maize, rice, and Irish potato output and the Government’s fertilizer subsidy bill. Findings indicate the following • At current subsidy rates and market prices, national output across all seasons could decrease by up to 3 percent for maize, 2 percent for rice, and 12 percent for Irish potato under strong assumptions about farmers’ sensitivity to fertilizer prices. Weaker assumptions about their sensitivity result in much smaller decreases in output. • At current subsidy rates and market prices, the fertilizer subsidy bill may increase from 7 percent of MINAGRI’s budget—inclusive of funds earmarked for districts—to 12 percent. Ultimately, the policy challenge will be to determine whether a return to the original subsidy levels and rates is feasible and under what conditions. In the short term, volatility in international fertilizer prices may continue, particularly in light of the conflict in Ukraine, making it necessary to maintain the current subsidy regime. But I the medium term, it is possible to move towards market prices for fertilizer without dramatically affecting output, thereby providing more fiscal space for other priorities. |
| Keywords: | RWANDA, CENTRAL AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, agricultural production, models, prices, fertilizers, markets, subsidies, shock; fertilizer prices |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:rssppn:6&r= |
| By: | Vincent Chatellier (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Marc Chaumet (IDELE - Institut de l'élevage); Thierry Pouch (APCA, université de Reims) |
| Abstract: | The Covid-19 pandemic is a major global event. À reflection on the first implications of this sanitary crisis for the world agricultural economy and the animal sectors of three geographical areas is proposed in this article. The agri-food systems have been strongly affected by this crisis, whose global economic impacts (a 3.5 % drop in world gross domestic product and a 5.3 % drop in international trade in goods between 2019 and 2020) are affecting the purchasing power of final consumers. However, they have resisted the crisis well, both in terms of supply (stability or slight growth in the volumes of meat and milk produced on a global scale) and trade. In 2021, the sharp rise in international prices for agricultural products and the rapid resumption of economic growth, particularly in the three zones more specifically studied here (China, the United States and the European Union), suggest that agriculture should remain under pressure from sustained world demand. More than Covid-19, the impact of African swine fever in China has had a major impact on international meat trade flows for several years. In addition, the growing Chinese appetite for dairy products is playing a central role in the development of international dairy markets, to the benefit of exporting areas including the EU and the US. |
| Abstract: | La pandémie de Covid-19 est un évènement mondial majeur. Une réflexion sur les premières implications de cette crise sanitaire pour l'économie agricole mondiale et les filières animales est proposée dans le cadre de cet article. Les secteurs agricole et agroalimentaire ont été fortement concernés par cette crise dont les impacts économiques globaux (baisse de 3,5 % du produit intérieur brut mondial et de 5,3 % des échanges internationaux de marchandises entre 2019 et 2020) affectent le pouvoir d'achat des consommateurs finaux. Ils ont cependant bien résisté à la crise, tant au niveau de l'offre (stabilité ou légère croissance des volumes produits de viandes et de lait à l'échelle mondiale) que du commerce. En 2021, la forte hausse des prix internationaux des produits agricoles et la reprise rapide de la croissance économique, notamment dans les trois zones plus spécifiquement étudiées ici (Chine, États-Unis et Union européenne), suggèrent que l'agriculture devrait rester sous la pression d'une demande mondiale soutenue. Plus que la Covid-19, l'impact de la peste porcine africaine en Chine a eu, depuis plusieurs années, des répercussions majeures sur les courants d'échanges internationaux de viandes. De plus, l'appétit croissant des chinois pour les produits laitiers joue un rôle central dans le développement des marchés laitiers internationaux, au bénéfice des zones exportatrices dont l'Union européenne et les États-Unis. |
| Keywords: | Etats-Unis,Chine,UE,Economie agricole,Agriculture,Covid-19 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03616450&r= |
| By: | Florent Allais (CEBB - Centre Européen de Biotechnologies et Bioéconomie, ABI - Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles - AgroParisTech); Honorine Lescieux-Katir (CEBB - Centre Européen de Biotechnologies et Bioéconomie); Jean-Marie Chauvet (BRI) |
| Abstract: | Agriculture in Champagne owes its development to the determination of people and their ability to implement technical progress, work together to adapt to changes. The strong dynamic of the agricultural cooperative has been crucial in this exceptional development, in terms of agriculture, industrial processing and innovation. The Bazancourt-Pomacle biorefinery is both the result and the symbol of the determination of local farmers to develop new regional outlets by using cutting-edge technologies. The success of the site, considered as "the archetype of a territorial biorefinery, " is a perfect illustration of how, through innovation, weaknesses can become strengths. For this constantly evolving model, 2021 is, with the growing importance of bioeconomy, a new tipping point for the Bazancourt-Pomacle biorefinery. |
| Keywords: | Bioeconomy,Biorefinery,Agricultural cooperation,Industrial biotechnologies,Green chemistry,Industrial symbiosis |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03589976&r= |
| By: | : M. Maredia, A. Adenikinju, B. Belton, A. Chapoto, N. F. Faye, S. Liverpool-Tasie, J. Olwande, T. Reardon,; V. Theriault, & D. Tschirley |
| Abstract: | Key Facts • The impacts of COVID-19 on incomes and access to food across five African countries were similar in rural and urban areas, a finding strongly contrary to expectations that impacts would be worst in urban areas. • Negative impacts on income were 35%-55% smaller than early predictions. Yet impacts were large enough to drive millions of households below income levels typically associated with poverty and to reduce the quantity and quality of their diet. • Policymakers should realize that restrictions put in place in a pandemic affect rural and urban, farming and non-farming, and richer and poorer households. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miprpb:320382&r= |
| By: | Cauê Carrilho (USP - Universidade de São Paulo); Gabriela Demarchi (CIFOR - Center for International Forestry Research - CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR], CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro); Amy Duchelle (CIFOR - Center for International Forestry Research - CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR]); Sven Wunder (CIFOR - Center for International Forestry Research - CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR], EFI - European Forest Institute); Carla Morsello (EACH - Escola de Artes Ciências e Humanidades - USP - Universidade de São Paulo) |
| Abstract: | Rigorous impact evaluations of local REDD+ (reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) initiatives have shown some positive outcomes for forests, while wellbeing impacts have been mixed. However, will REDD+ outcomes persist over time after interventions have ended? Using quasi-experimental methods, we investigated the effects of one REDD+ initiative in the Brazilian Amazon on deforestation and people's well-being, including intra-community spillover effects (leakage). We then evaluated to what extent outcomes persisted after the initiative ended (permanence). This initiative combined Payments for Environmental Services (PES) with sustainable livelihood alternatives to reduce smallholder deforestation. Data came from face-to-face surveys with 113 households (treatment: 52; non-participant from treatment communities: 35; control: 46) in a three-datapoint panel design (2010, 2014 and 2019). Results indicate the REDD+ initiative conserved an average of 7.8% to 10.3% of forest cover per household. It also increased the probability of improving enrollees' wellbeing by 27-44%. We found no evidence for significant intra-community leakage. After the initiative ended, forest loss rebounded and perceived wellbeing declined – yet, importantly, past saved forest was not cleared. Our results therefore confirm what the theory and stylized evidence envisioned for temporal payments on activity-reducing (‘set-aside'): forest loss was successfully delayed, but not permanently eradicated. |
| Keywords: | conservation incentives,emission reductions,additionality,climate change mitigation,impact assessment. |
| Date: | 2022–03–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-03614704&r= |
| By: | Charu Jain (National Council of Applied Economic Research); Disha Saxena (National Council of Applied Economic Research); Chandini Mishra (National Council of Applied Economic Research) |
| Abstract: | Insecure land rights often constrain the economic prospects of women and make them vulnerable to poverty and gender-based violence. Despite the fact that women play critical roles in agricultural operations, they have limited access to, control and ownership of land. Even if women own lands, the area of these plots is smaller than or their quality is inferior to the lands owned by men. Therefore, an understanding of the distribution and inequities in landholding across gender, and the manner in which the laws and rules impact these, can provide important policy pointers. This paper looks at these issues based on the analysis of data for 12 States/Union Territories (UTs) in India that was extracted and used by NCAER for constructing the National Land Records and Services Index 2020 (N-LRSI 2020). The findings of the paper are expected to deepen the understanding of gender dimensions of land ownership in the selected States and UTs, and may assist in improving policies aimed at promoting more equitable gender outcomes pertaining to land ownership in India |
| Keywords: | Gender, Inequality, Property Rights, Land Use Patterns, Land Ownership |
| JEL: | J16 D63 D23 Q15 R14 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nca:ncaerw:132&r= |
| By: | François Libois (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Marie Baland (CRED - Centre de Recherche en Economie et Droit - UP2 - Université Panthéon-Assas, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR, University of Namur); Nicolas Delbart (LIED (UMR_8236) - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPC - Université Paris Cité); Subhrendu Pattanayak (Duke University [Durham]) |
| Abstract: | Since 1993, Nepal has implemented one of the most ambitious and comprehensive program of decentralization of forest management in the world, which is widely considered a success story in terms of participatory management of natural resources. Using quasi-experimental methods, we first quantify the net gains in tree cover related to the program in the Hills and Mountains of Nepal, and describe their temporal evolution. We then discuss the mechanisms driving forest restoration, highlighting that, while community forestry played a role in increasing forest biomass and forest size, it also reduced demand pressures by altering energy choices. |
| Keywords: | Forest management,Community forestry,Nepal,Energy,Participatory development Forest management,Participatory development |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03597659&r= |
| By: | Martin Henseler (EDEHN - Equipe d'Economie Le Havre Normandie - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université); Micheal Gallagher; Peter Kreins (Thünen Institute of Rural Studies, Brunswick) |
| Abstract: | Microplastic pollution in soils is a recent environmental problem and the lack of knowledge about the impacts and the extent of the problem are raising questions and concerns among researchers and politicians. Using a normative simulation model, we assess the extent of microplastic pollution in German agricultural soils originat-ing from the land application of sewage sludge and compost. We estimate the microplastic concentration in German agricultural soils, the area of polluted land, and we compare the efficiency and effectiveness of some selected abatement measures. For 2020, we estimate that microplastic concentration in agricultural soil reaches a maximum concentration of between 30 and 50 mg/kg dry weight on 2% of Utilised Agricultural Area and a marginal concentration on 22% of Utilised Agricultural Area. Without the implementation of abatement measures, we expect the microplastic concentration to increase two to three times by 2060. Assessing the abatement measures, we find that for sewage sludge, thermal recycling is a more efficient and effective than equipping washing machines with microplastic-filters in private households. The use of plastic detection systems in the biowaste collection process reduces the plastic content of the compost and thus the release of micro-plastic into the soil. Detection systems are a more efficient measure for compost than thermal recycling. Con-cerning sludge, the findings indicate that the German strategy of thermally recycling sewage sludge is an effi-cient and effective measure to reduce microplastic pollution in soils. Reducing the plastic content of collected biowaste complies with the principles a circular economy. |
| Keywords: | Mitigation cost,Efficiency,Recycling,Fertiliser,Sewage sludge,Compost |
| Date: | 2022–03–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03176598&r= |
| By: | Elodie Letort; Aude Ridier |
| Abstract: | The economic performance of organic dairy farms, especially during the transitional period, is not consensus in economics studies, depending on the method used, the type of indicators, the nature and scale of the performance indicator, the geographical location. We compare the economic and financial performance of both conventional and organic dairy farms based on a mixed effect panel data model estimated on 1,016 farm micro-data collected between 2007and 2018 in two departments of Brittany. As in other studies, we find that the herd size influences positively all economic and financial indicators. Even if the growth in assets is heterogeneous among organic farms, it is higher than in other farms, which decreases their return on assets. Finally, even if they share the same objective of food autonomy and sparing variable expenses, dairy farms based on grassland production system do not exhibit the same performance dynamics as organic farms. |
| Keywords: | organic farms, economical and financial performance, mixed effect model |
| JEL: | Q14 Q15 C23 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:202203&r= |
| By: | Tanguy Bernard (GREThA - Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pia Naima DÄnzer; Markus Frölich; Andreas Landmann; Angelino Viceisza; Fleur Wouterse |
| Abstract: | Trust is considered an important factor for successful collective action in groups of smallholder farmers. A prime example is collective commercialization of agricultural produce through producer organizations. While previous research has focused on trust as an exogenous determinant of participation in groups, this article tests whether trust within existing groups can be improved using a training program. We conduct a cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Senegal to identify the effects of training members and/or leaders with respect to commercialization on intragroup trust. Our design allows identifying both direct treatment effects of having participated in the training and spillover effects on farmers who did not partake. Looking at different measures of trust in leaders' competence and motives and of trust in members, we find that participating in the training significantly enhances both trust in leaders and trust in members. For trust in leaders, we also find a strong spillover effect. Our findings suggest that relatively soft and noncostly interventions such as group training appear to positively affect trust within producer organizations. |
| Keywords: | rural producer organizations,Senegal,trust |
| Date: | 2021–09–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03564917&r= |
| By: | Philippe Boyer (Académie d'Agriculture de France) |
| Abstract: | "The food euro" denotes the method and results of the decomposition of food consumption into values added, imports and taxes, by means of calculations on the input-output matrices. The article explains the role of price ratios in the (low) level and (downward) evolution of the share of the agricultural branch in this distribution. The contributions of the various final demands to the formation of the income of the agricultural branch are also measured. The article begins with a presentation of the method and concludes with a discussion about the scope of this approach and its prospects and constraints for improvement. |
| Abstract: | « L'euro alimentaire » désigne la méthode et les résultats de la décomposition de la consommation alimentaire en valeurs ajoutées, importations et taxes, au moyen de calculs sur les tableaux entrées-sorties. L'article explique le rôle des rapports de prix dans le niveau (faible) et l'évolution (à la baisse) de la part de la branche agricole dans cette répartition. Les contributions des différentes demandes finales à la formation du revenu de la branche agricole sont également mesurées. L'article commence par une présentation de la méthode et conclut par une discussion sur la portée de cette approche et ses perspectives et contraintes d'amélioration. |
| Keywords: | final food consumption expenditure,value added,input-output matrix,food supply chain,agricultural income,dépense de consommation finale alimentaire,valeur ajoutée,tableau entrées-sorties,chaîne agroalimentaire,revenu agricole |
| Date: | 2022–02–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03576037&r= |
| By: | Paola Mallia (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Adoption of improved seed varieties has the potential to lead to substantial pro ductivity increases in agriculture. However, only 36 percent of the farmers that grow an improved maize variety report doing so in Ethiopia. This paper provides the first causal evidence of the impact of misperception in improved maize varieties on farm ers' production decisions, productivity and profitability. We employ an Instrumental Variable approach that takes advantage of the roll-out of a governmental program that increases transparency in the seed sector. We find that farmers who correctly classify the improved maize variety grown experience large increases in inputs usage (urea, NPS, labor) and yields, but no statistically significant changes in other agricul tural practices or profits. Using machine learning techniques, we develop a model of interpolation to predict objectively measured varietal identification from farmers' self reported data which provides proof-of-concept towards scalable approaches to obtain reliable measures of crop varieties and allows us to extend the analysis to the nationally representative sample. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03597332&r= |
| By: | Kabisa, Mulako; Subakanya, Mitelo; Malambo, Miyanda; Chapoto, Antony; Maredia, Mywish; Tschirley, David |
| Abstract: | Key Facts • There was no significant change in per capita per day income from March 2020 (considered pre-COVID) to July 2020 for both rural and urban households. • Reasons for lack of observed impact could include economic disruptions prior to and unrelated to the pandemic and the fact that first lockdowns happened in March. • More than half of households reported reduced consumption of food in August-October 2020 compared to a year previous and reported also that the quality of their diets had worsened. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miprpb:320388&r= |
| By: | Ismail Elhassnaoui (University of Mohammed V); Zineb Moumen (LISAC, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University); Manuela Tvaronavičienė (Daugavpils University); Mohamed Ouarani (UM6P - Mohammed VI Polytechnic University [Marocco]); Mohamed Ben-Daoud (Moulay Ismail University); Issam Serrari (Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries); Ikram Lahmidi (LISAC, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University); M.A.S. Wahba (National Water Research Center); Ahmed Bouziane (Ministry of Equipment, Transport, Logistics and Water); Driss Ouazar (University of Mohammed V); Moulay Hasnaoui (University of Mohammed V) |
| Abstract: | The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development aims to reach 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs 6 deals with water security, which refers mainly to ensure availability and sustainable management of water. The present study aims to enhance reservoir performance under climate change to deal with water scarcity. For this purpose, we proposed a new methodology where precipitation and evaporation data provided through temporal downscaling are leveraged by a real-time management algorithm coupled with the Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS). The real-time dam management algorithm is based on water balance equation and rule curves. It provides information about (1) dam storage, (2) dam release, (3) dam evaporation, (4) dam diversion, (5) spilled water volume, (6) emergency spilled water volume, (7) dam inflow, (8) irrigation demand, (9) irrigation shortage, (10) dam siltation, (11) dam hydropower production , (12) hydropower energy income. The developed approach has been applied to the Hassan Addakhil multipurpose reservoir in Morocco. The result shows that the dam reliability and resilience have increased from 40% to 70% and from 16% to 66%, respectively, while the vulnerability remained constant. Additionally, this study has pointed out that the installation of a hydropower plant is an opportunity to produce clean electrical energy and generate an income enough to cover different costs related to dam management and maintenance. Therefore, the real-time management tool developed in the framework of this project can significantly enhance reservoir performance . |
| Keywords: | Climate change,SDGs (6),Temporal downscaling,Real-time dam management,Hydropower,Dam performance,Ziz watershed |
| Date: | 2021–03–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03583819&r= |
| By: | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |
| Abstract: | This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets and food security in Malawi. |
| Keywords: | MALAWI, SOUTHERN AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, livestock, prices, food prices, chickens, eggs, retail prices, goat meat, livestock products, fish |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:masspb:17b&r= |
| By: | Abay, Kibrom A.; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Chamberlin, Jordan; Kassim, Yumna; Spielman, David J.; Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul, Jr. |
| Abstract: | This policy note synthesizes the key messages and lessons from existing evidence and trends in the development, deployment and scale up of ICT-enabled marketing tools. It is based on the recently published discussion paper titled “Digital tools and agricultural market transformation in Africa: Why are they not at scale yet, and what will it take to get there†. Key messages • Many digital innovations have been developed and deployed in recent years in Africa, many of which have only been implemented at pilot stages, with limited evidence of successful scaling. • There remains significant marketing and institutional constraints hindering the development of some of these digital innovations, which may further explain disparate progress in countries. • Differential access to digital innovations across genders and different typologies of households may trigger alternative variants of digital divide. • Although the landscape of digital innovations in Africa offers several reasons to remain optimistic, the prevailing disconnect between pilots and scale-ups merits further evaluation. |
| Keywords: | AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, CENTRAL AFRICA, EAST AFRICA, NORTH AFRICA, SOUTHERN AFRICA, WEST AFRICA, digital technology, innovation, agriculture, markets, digital divide, risk, Information and Communication Technologies, policies |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:menapn:21&r= |
| By: | Naomi Delille (Bureau de la biodiversité et des ressources - CGDD - Commissariat Général au Développement durable); Raja Chakir (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Biodiversity offsets (BO) aimed at reducing the impact of urban sprawling on natural areas, and manage zero net loss of biodiversity. It is the last step of the mitigation hierarchy consisting in avoiding, reducing and then compensating impacts on natural environment. While we currently face an urban sprawl, and an increasing pressure on agricultural lands, BO have been the subject of much debate as it is suspected to contribute to land price increase. The objective of this study is to answer the following question: What is the impact of BO policies on agricultural land price in France between 2010 and 2016 ? We propose an original quantitative analysis based on an econometric spatial panel model. We work at the PRA (Petite Région Agricole) scale and the 2010-2016 period. Our results show that biodiversity offsets policy doesn't have a significant impact on the price of agricultural land. This result is discussed in the light of the currently available data on BO, and of the difficulty pining down the complexity of BO policies. We advocate for the collection of a larger and more specific data on this topic. |
| Abstract: | La compensation écologique est une politique de réduction des externalités négatives de destruction de la biodiversité liées à l'artificialisation. Elle intervient en dernier dans la séquence ERC (éviter, réduire, compenser les impacts sur les milieux naturels). Dans un contexte de raréfaction des terres disponibles, et de pression de plus en plus forte sur le foncier agricole, cette politique fait débat car on la suspecte de contribuer à la hausse des prix fonciers. Nous nous penchons sur la question suivante : Quelle est l'influence de la compensation écologique sur le prix du foncier agricole en France, entre 2010 et 2016 ? Nous proposons un cadre d'analyse original estimant un modèle économétrique en panel spatial. Notre étude est menée sur une base de donnée à la résolution spatiale de la PRA (Petite Région Agricole) allant de 2010 à 2016. Nos résultats montrent que l'impact de la compensation écologique sur le prix des terres agricoles est statistiquement non significatif. Ce résultat est discuté au regard des données actuelles, et de la difficulté à cerner la complexité des différents systèmes de compensation. Nous plaidons finalement en faveur de la collecte de données de meilleure qualité concernant la compensation écologique pour profiter aux futures études relatives à cette question. |
| Keywords: | Foncier agricole,Compensation écologique |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03613463&r= |
| By: | Isabelle Piot-Lepetit (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture) |
| Keywords: | Processus d'Innovation,agriculture numérique,Innovation responsable |
| Date: | 2022–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03603742&r= |
| By: | Cassimon, Danny; Fadare, Olusegun; Mavrotas, George |
| Abstract: | The Sustainable Development Goal-2 to “end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture” has received a lot of attention in recent years as part of the 2030 Agenda. At the same time, there exists a complex interaction between institutions, capital flows, and food and nutrition security. In this paper we estimate a series of dynamic panel data models to examine the impact of governance quality and capital flows (in the form of ODA, FDI, Portfolio Equity and Remittances) on food security, nutrition security and undernourishment by using panel data for 25 SSA countries over the period 1996 to 2018. One of the key contributions of the paper is the use of both aggregate and disaggregated capital flows to examine the impact on both food and nutrition security, a dimension that has been surprisingly neglected in most of the relevant literature. We combine this with the interaction of various types of capital flows with a governance quality index we constructed from various governance indicators and in order to examine also the impact of institutions on the overall nexus. We also employ a dynamic estimation methodology in the form of Difference-GMM and System-GMM estimators along with various misspecification diagnostics to deal with possible endogeneity issues. Finally, we also examine the impact not only on food and nutrition security but also on undernourishment Our findings clearly demonstrate the importance of a disaggregation approach and reflect on earlier work regarding the role of governance quality in the overall nexus between external capital flows and various measures of food and nutrition security which leads, and as expected, to an interesting variation in the results obtained, depending on the type of capital flows and the interaction with the governance indicators. |
| Keywords: | institutions; capital flows; food security; nutrition security; undernourishment; SSA; sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | F30 I10 O10 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iob:wpaper:2022.01&r= |
| By: | Boris Biao (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture) |
| Keywords: | Processus d'Innovation,agriculture numérique,innovation responsable |
| Date: | 2022–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03603700&r= |
| By: | Kobayashi, Masanori (Asian Development Bank Institute); Watanabe, Atsushi (Asian Development Bank Institute); Furukawa, Keita (Asian Development Bank Institute); Tingson, Keshia N. (Asian Development Bank Institute); Golbuu, Yimnang (Asian Development Bank Institute); Habito, Cielito F. (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | A blue economy has become a pivotal policy objective to promote sustainable development through the conservation and sustainable use of marine and coastal resources. An approach to promote co-benefits and synergies is useful for a wide range of stakeholders. To articulate such co-benefits and synergies, we chose cases for analysis based on the co-benefits and synergies in the promotion of a sustainable blue economy. We performed a socio-ecological system analysis to examine the interface of marine and coastal ecosystem changes and the policy and institutional responses. In the analyzed cases, we identified a sound policy framework, multi-stakeholder and cross-sectoral collaboration, innovation, and science-based policy development and implementation as factors that catalyzed co-benefits and synergies. On the other hand, market disruption, changes in the marine environment, and climate change impacts impeded the efforts to promote a blue economy. The results of the analysis demonstrated that capacity development and international partnership are indispensable to promote a blue economy and scale up this effort. The analysis also inferred that research institutes can play a role in providing policy options and courses of action to assess the locally available resources and pursue co-benefits and synergies through the conservation and sustainable use of marine and coastal resources with the aim of achieving a sustainable blue economy. |
| Keywords: | blue economy; co-benefit; synergies; trade-offs; innovation; partnership |
| JEL: | Q00 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1295&r= |
| By: | François Bareille (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Matteo Zavalloni (Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL) - Università di Bologna); Davide Viaggi (Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL) - Università di Bologna) |
| Abstract: | Agglomeration bonus schemes are envisioned to incentivize the connectivity of habitat conservation across landowners. Assuming full cooperation among landowners at the landscape scale, the bulk of the literature theoretically finds that agglomeration bonus schemes are more cost effective in achieving biodiversity conservation than spatially homogenous payments. However, it may be rational for landowners not to cooperate all together but, rather, to cooperate within smaller groups. Here, we analyze the cost effectiveness of agglomeration bonus schemes when such partial cooperation is allowed, that is, when cooperation is endogenously chosen. We introduce a spatially explicit ecological-economic model within a coalition formation game to assess how landowners form stable coalition structures and how this affects biodiversity conservation under a wide range of (i) degrees of spatial cost autocorrelation, (ii) bonuses and flat-rate payments, (iii) species dispersal rates, and (iv) coordination costs. We find that agglomeration bonus schemes are more cost effective than homogenous payments only for low public expenditures. This condition is not identified if full cooperation is assumed. We find, however, that full cooperation never emerges and hence that such an assumption leads to an overestimation of the cost effectiveness of agglomeration bonus schemes. Moreover, we find that the cost effectiveness of agglomeration bonus schemes increases when the spatial cost autocorrelation and species dispersal rate decrease. Finally, coordination costs do not affect the cost effectiveness of the agglomeration bonus scheme but they have implications for its design because of their impact on coalition formation. |
| Abstract: | Les systèmes de primes d'agglomération sont conçus pour encourager la connectivité de la conservation des habitats entre les propriétaires fonciers. Dans l'hypothèse d'une coopération totale entre les propriétaires fonciers à l'échelle du paysage, l'essentiel de la littérature montre théoriquement que les systèmes de primes d'agglomération sont plus rentables pour la conservation de la biodiversité que les paiements spatialement homogènes. Cependant, il peut être rationnel pour les propriétaires fonciers de ne pas coopérer tous ensemble, mais plutôt de coopérer au sein de groupes plus petits. Nous analysons ici la rentabilité des systèmes de primes d'agglomération lorsqu'une telle coopération partielle est autorisée, c'est-à-dire lorsque la coopération est choisie de manière endogène. Nous introduisons un modèle éco-économique spatialement explicite dans un jeu de formation de coalition pour évaluer comment les propriétaires terriens forment des structures de coalition stables et comment cela affecte la conservation de la biodiversité sous une large gamme de (i) degrés d'autocorrélation spatiale des coûts, (ii) primes et paiements forfaitaires, (iii) taux de dispersion des espèces, et (iv) coûts de coordination. Nous constatons que les systèmes de primes d'agglomération sont plus rentables que les paiements homogènes uniquement lorsque les dépenses publiques sont faibles. Cette condition n'est pas identifiée si l'on suppose une coopération totale. Nous constatons cependant qu'une coopération totale n'apparaît jamais et qu'une telle hypothèse conduit à une surestimation de la rentabilité des systèmes de primes d'agglomération. En outre, nous constatons que la rentabilité des systèmes de primes d'agglomération augmente lorsque l'autocorrélation des coûts spatiaux et le taux de dispersion des espèces diminuent. Enfin, les coûts de coordination n'affectent pas le rapport coût-efficacité du système de primes d'agglomération, mais ils ont des implications pour sa conception en raison de leur impact sur la formation de coalitions. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity conservation,Collective incentive,Environmental subsidies,Green club |
| Date: | 2022–02–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03564347&r= |
| By: | Sandrine Benoist (VALLOREM - Val de Loire Recherche en Management - UO - Université d'Orléans - UT - Université de Tours) |
| Abstract: | The unprecedented health crisis we have been through has highlighted a unique category of women and men: essential workers (Lazar and al., 2020). Among these actors, farmers occupy a special place. Indeed, the tensions observed during the first lockdown highlighted the centrality of their work, between issues of productive sovereignty (Cohen, 2020; De Boissieu, 2020; Dumont, 2020; Gaillard, 2020), place of a local food offer, accessible and available (Neveu, 2020; Rastoin, 2020) and environmental challenges. Covid-19 has put our society in front of the limits of a productivist and intensive agricultural model that has become obsolete, and in this context, organic farmers are an interesting population for several reasons. While it enjoys a generally positive social perception and has benefited from renewed consumer interest (FranceAgriMer, 2020), it is not free from criticism, such as the supposed impossible access to all (scarcity) and for all (high cost) of its products (Kressman, 2021). The analysis of the discourse of these committed actors highlights many role strain (Katz and Kahn, 1966; Perrot, 2000; Djabi and Perrot, 2016; Arras-Djabi and al., 2021), inviting us to consider the agriculture we want at the dawn of a post-covid society. It also questions our expectations and paradoxes of organic farmers. |
| Abstract: | La crise sanitaire inédite que nous avons traversée a mis en lumière une catégorie singulière de femmes et d'hommes : les travailleuses et les travailleurs essentiels (Lazar et al., 2020). Parmi ces acteurs, les agricultrices et agriculteurs occupent une place à part. En effet, les tensions observées à l'occasion du premier confinement ont mis en lumière la centralité de leur travail, entre enjeux de souveraineté productive (Cohen, 2020 ; De Boissieu, 2020 ; Dumont, 2020 ; Gaillard, 2020), place d'une offre alimentaire de proximité, accessible et disponible (Neveu, 2020 ; Rastoin, 2020) et défis environnementaux. Le Covid-19 a mis notre société face aux limites d'un modèle agricole productiviste et intensif devenu obsolète, et dans ce contexte, les agricultrices et agriculteurs biologiques constituent une population intéressante à plusieurs titres. Si elle jouit d'une perception sociale globalement positive et a bénéficié du regain d'intérêt des consommateurs (FranceAgriMer, 2020), elle n'est pas exempte de critiques, telles le supposé impossible accès à tous (rareté) et pour tous (cherté) de ses produits (Kressman, 2021). L'analyse du discours de ces acteurs engagés met en lumière des tensions de rôle (Katz et Kahn, 1966 ; Perrot, 2000 ; Djabi et Perrot, 2016 ; Arras-Djabi et al., 2021) nombreuses, nous invitant à réfléchir à l'agriculture que nous voulons à l'aube d'une société post-covid. Elle interroge aussi nos attentes et nos paradoxes à l'égard des agricultrices et agriculteurs biologiques. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19,Role theory,Essential workers,Paradox,Role Strain,Job Strain,Stress professionnel,Organic Farmers,Farmers,Farmer group,Théorie des rôles,Agricultrices biologiques,Agriculteurs biologiques,Bio,HVE,Haute Valeur environnementale,Travailleuses essentielles,Travailleurs essentiels,Ressources adaptatives,Facteurs psychosociaux de risques,Risques psychosociaux,Paradoxe,Tensions de rôle,Modèle agricole,Agriculture biologique,Agriculture,Monde agricole,Exploitants agricoles,Agriculteurs,Agricultrices |
| Date: | 2022–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03583047&r= |
| By: | Booth, Hollie (University of Oxford); Mourato, Susana (London School of Economics and Political Science); Milner-Gulland, E.J. |
| Abstract: | Marine tourism is promoted as a substitute economic activity to unsustainable fishing, which is compatible with conservation. However, benefits of marine tourism do not typically accrue in small-scale fisheries (SSFs), which often bear the costs of conservation; they accrue to tourists and to tourist-focussed businesses. We explored how marine tourism levies could operationalise the beneficiary-pays principle and address these cost-benefit inequities using an online contingent valuation (CV) survey to measure international tourists’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) towards community-based shark conservation (N = 1,033). Levies were widely supported (96%), with a median and Turnbull mean WTP of US$ 10-14.99 and $22.02 per person per day, respectively. We combined these results with field data from two marine tourism hotspots in Indonesia – Lombok and Pulau Weh - to explore the feasibility of implementing tourism levies to incentivise pro-conservation behaviour in local SSFs. Our conservative estimates indicate that conservation levies in Lombok and Pulau Weh could respectively generate US$ 2.3 –10 million and US$ 300,000 – 1.3 million annually – several times greater than the estimated costs of conservation incentives in local SSFs. The marine tourism industry offers an under-utilised revenue stream for marine conservation, which could support policy aspirations such as ‘a sustainable and equitable blue economy’. |
| Date: | 2022–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:9gzy3&r= |
| By: | Tao Xu |
| Abstract: | As the ageing population and childlessness are increasing in rural China, social pensions will become the mainstream choice for farmers, and the level of social pensions must be supported by better social insurance. The paper compares the history of rural pension insurance system, outlines the current situation and problems, analyses China Family Panel Studies data and explores the key factors influencing farmers' participation through an empirical approach. The paper shows that residents' social pension insurance is facing problems in the rural areas such as low level of protection and weak management capacity, which have contributed to the under-insured rate, and finds that there is a significant impact on farmers' participation in insurance from personal characteristics factors such as gender, age, health and (family) financial factors such as savings, personal income, intergenerational mobility of funds. And use of the Internet can help farmers enroll in pension insurance. The paper argues for the need to continue to implement the rural revitalisation strategy, with the government as the lead and the market as the support, in a concerted effort to improve the protection and popularity of rural pension insurance. |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2204.00785&r= |
| By: | Gregory P. Casey |
| Abstract: | I build a quantitative model of economic growth that can be used to evaluate the impact of environmental policy interventions on final-use energy consumption, an important driver of carbon emissions. In the model, energy demand is driven by directed technical change. Energy supply is subject to increasing extraction costs. The model is consistent with aggregate evidence on energy use, efficiency, and prices in the United States, as well as the standard balanced growth facts. I use the model to conduct several policy analyses. First, I examine the impact of energy taxes and compare the results to the standard Cobb-Douglas approach used in the environmental macroeconomics literature. Second, I investigate how the government can use energy taxes and R&D policy to implement the least-cost path that achieves an environmental target. Finally, I study the dynamic impacts of exogenous improvements in energy efficiency and R&D subsidies for energy efficiency, focusing on the role of rebound. All analyses highlight the importance of transition dynamics. |
| Keywords: | energy, climate change, directed technical change, growth |
| JEL: | H23 O33 O44 Q43 Q55 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9580&r= |
| By: | Italo Colantone; Livio Di Lonardo; Yotam Margalit; Marco Percoco |
| Abstract: | For many governments enacting green policies is a priority, but these often entail substantial and uneven costs on citizens. How does the introduction of green policies affect voting? We study this question in the context of a major ban on polluting cars introduced in Milan. The policy was strongly opposed by the right-wing populist party Lega, portraying it as a “radical-chic-leftist” initiative penalizing common people. We show that owners of banned vehicles—who incurred a median loss of €3,750—were significantly more likely to vote for Lega in the subsequent elections. This electoral shift does not stem from increased environmental skepticism, but rather from the perceived unfairness of the policy and its pocketbook implications. In fact, recipients of compensation from the local government were not more likely to switch to Lega. The findings underscore that addressing the distributive consequences is key for advancing green policies that are politically sustainable. |
| Keywords: | environmental politics, green policies, distributional consequences, compensation mechanisms |
| JEL: | P10 D70 Q50 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9599&r= |
| By: | Vijay Singh Bangari (National Council of Applied Economic Research); Apoorva (National Council of Applied Economic Research); Aswani Kumar Munnangi (National Council of Applied Economic Research) |
| Abstract: | In the Land Governance space, a meaningful conversation on the issue of ‘How’ and in ‘What’ format should Title Registers (generally called Record of Rights - RoRs, in rural India) be maintained in India, has been missing. Literature is very scanty on a subject that has considerable bearing on the utility of land records as a credible evidence of both title and the ground-level situation. More meaningful and comprehensive records could forestall a lot of litigation and avoiding redundant information could aid in the efficiency of record maintenance. These aspects about the form in which the RoRs are kept have received very little attention and recent discourse has been dominated by ‘Which’ Land Registration System (presumptive or conclusive) should be the goal rather than ‘What’ form will be more effective. This paper tries to bridge the gap in the literature by studying the format/practice of maintaining Land Records both internationally and within India. For this purpose, two distinct samples, i.e., Domestic and International, are laid out/assembled. The Indian sample consists of 28 Indian States/UTs, whereas the international sample has 21 countries. Samples are collected for the respective states and country wise title registers to study their formats and information included within them. The study was conducted based on an a priori understanding that there is merit in title records including 5+1 parameters, i.e., Ownership, Possession, Land Area, Land Use and Encumbrance, plus an Unique Id. Therefore, the recordkeeping systems were assessed against this touchstone. ‘Other’ information included within these documents is also considered. The study revealed significant differences in the formats/practices amongst various countries and even amongst the Indian States. This analysis provides suggestions on how the Record of Rights could be improved for better land governance in different Indian States.s aimed at promoting more equitable gender outcomes pertaining to land ownership in India. |
| Keywords: | Registration, Record, Torrens, Deed, Information |
| JEL: | Q15 R14 R52 |
| Date: | 2022–02–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nca:ncaerw:133&r= |
| By: | Nada Boustani (Saint Joseph University of Beirut); Manuela Ferreira (Polytechnic Institute of Viseu); Raquel Guiné (Polytechnic Institute of Viseu) |
| Abstract: | This research work investigated the Lebanese consumers' knowledge about food fibre and their food habits according to age groups and gender. The study was conducted from January 2021 till end of March 2021. Due to the pandemic of Covid-19 and the lockdown, the questionnaire was administered randomly through social media. The survey consisted of a longitudinal study carried out on a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 258 Lebanese participants. The responses were used to undertake a quantitative, descriptive and analytical study. The questionnaires received and considered valid, were mostly from women (59.7%) and essentially living in an urban environment (78.3%). To analyse the data, basic descriptive statistics were considered on a first level. Additionally, statistical tests were also carried out (Student t test for comparisons between two groups). Finally, results and analysis were done to evaluate the importance of food knowledge among these people in addition to their eating habits and the possible gender differences. The results revealed that there are some gender inequalities (F=6.238, α= 0.0013) in terms of knowledge about food fibre, but no living environment differences were found (F=0.36, α=0.85). Additionally, consumption habits showed major differences between female and male food behaviour, especially when it comes to eating: the frequency of eating outside from home, eating fast food and consuming fruits. The value of this study focuses on the food knowledge and habits in Lebanon, specifically in a country defined by a multi-ethnical diversity and religiosity and where food habits were mainly related to social behaviour. Therefore, this study adds more knowledge about these people's food behaviour and valuable information about specific food attitudes. |
| Keywords: | Lebanese consumers,social behaviour,eating habits,food knowledge,fast food,food fibre |
| Date: | 2021–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03584039&r= |
| By: | Olwande, John; Njagi, Timothy; Ayieko, Miltone; Maredia, Mywish K.; Tschirley, David |
| Abstract: | Key Facts • Rural and urban areas experienced similar, significant declines in reported incomes of households following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. • Majority of households in both areas also experienced reduction in the amount of food they consumed and in the quality of their diet. • There is need to expand social safety net programs to support affected households in both rural and urban areas. • It is important to prioritize mass vaccination. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miprpb:320390&r= |
| By: | Tirumala, Raghu Dharmapuri (Asian Development Bank Institute); Tiwari, Piyush (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | Using marine resources in a healthy and sustainable manner is at the center of building a blue economy that will make “Sustainable Development Goal 14: Life Below Water” achievable. Fisheries and aquaculture sectors alone provide employment for and support the livelihoods of more than 200 million people worldwide, besides providing food and nutrition for billions. Despite this importance, continued human activities that pollute water bodies are negatively affecting their health at an alarming pace. A change from the prevalent practices, particularly relating to fishing, to more sustainable approaches would entail substantial costs across the fisheries value chain. A key challenge is to mobilize the required financial resources to enable this transition. In the recent past, many countries have announced different institutional and financing mechanisms to promote private capital and commit public resources through budgetary allocations. We conduct a comparative analysis to identify the similarities, differences, and emerging financing frameworks across three countries, Cambodia, India, and Indonesia. The results from the analysis indicated that an institutional design that has a specific focus on the fisheries sector, promoting constructive collaborations with diverse financing institutions and community organizations, is an enabler in this particular sector of the blue economy. |
| Keywords: | blue economy; blue finance; Cambodia; fisheries; India; Indonesia; oceans |
| JEL: | D02 G23 Q22 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1289&r= |
| By: | Adetayo Adeniran (FUTA - Federal University of Technology of Akure); Samuel Olorunfemi (FUTA - Federal University of Technology of Akure); Feyisola Akinsehinwa (FUTA - Federal University of Technology of Akure); Taye Abdullahi (University of Ibadan) |
| Abstract: | The transportation of human beings from one location to the other could play a crucial role in the transmission of infectious diseases which could result in a major epidemic such as Tuberculosis, Ebola, Covid-19, and others that are currently invading the nations of the world. Concerning the high poverty level, much concentration on livestock farming, open grazing, rising urbanization, and globalization, the human being is exposed to more infectious diseases that can be transited and transmitted. The transmission of infectious diseases can be in the form of a chain; some are imported from high-risk countries and contacted by friends and families which will later spread into the larger society. It can also be contacted through imported livestock which will later spread among other animals and be contacted by a human. Importation of infectious diseases is not only applicable to humans but animals. Findings from the empirical studies reviewed show that a close nexus between urban mobility and the transmission of infectious diseases. To ensure adequate health safety, it is recommended that regional as well as international complementarity of trade should be checked such that high-risk countries should be banned from participating in trade with other low-risk countries; preventive measures should be enforced without any form of sentiment, human being should minimize or reduce traveling. |
| Keywords: | urban mobility,transportation,transmission,infectious diseases |
| Date: | 2021–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03583997&r= |
| By: | Bilgesu Bayir (DISP - Décision et Information pour les Systèmes de Production - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - Université de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2, UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2); Aurelie Charles (DISP - Décision et Information pour les Systèmes de Production - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - Université de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2, UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2); Aicha Sekhari (DISP - Décision et Information pour les Systèmes de Production - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - Université de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2, UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2); Yacine Ouzrout (DISP - Décision et Information pour les Systèmes de Production - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - Université de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2, UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2) |
| Keywords: | Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing Problem,Integer Linear Programming,Branch-and-Cut,Short Food Supply Chains,Collaborative Product Distribution |
| Date: | 2022–02–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03579473&r= |
| By: | Aurelio Volpe (CSIL Centre for Industrial Studies); Sara Banfi (CSIL Centre for Industrial Studies) |
| Abstract: | The aim of the Report The world market for Horticultural Lighting is to better understand the GLOBAL MARKET FOR HORTICULTURAL LIGHTING, its competitive landscape, and the new opportunities arising from the growth of the agritech business. Horticulture lighting is a technology that stimulates photosynthesis in plants by emitting suitable wavelength. The scope of the analysis includes different types of horticulture lighting installations: Top lighting, Vertical farming, Interlighting (intracanopy lighting). These lighting systems playing several roles in plant growth: supplemental lighting, photoperiodic lighting, and sole-source lighting. The analysis has been based on a mixed METHODOLOGY, combining primary and secondary research: Desk research. The desk research will include available data from CSIL database; web surfing; balance-sheets and related international databases; collected statistics (Eurostat, IMF, World Bank, etc). Field analysis. Direct interviews with industry testimonials. The GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION is as follows: North America: United States and Canada; Latin America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela; Europe: Austria, Belgium (including Luxembourg), Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom; CSI countries: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine; Asia-Pacific: Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam; Middle East: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates; Rest of the world: remaining countries. The Report provides estimates 2018-2020 and FORECASTS 2021-2023 of Total and LED-based consumption of horticultural lighting fixtures at global level and broken down by geographical area. The horticultural lighting fixtures DEMAND is broken down by Light Source (Conventional and LED) and by Application (Greenhouses, Indoor and Vertical Farming, and Others, which include R&D, animal barns, and aquaculture). The Cannabis business encompasses both the Greenhouse segment and the Indoor and vertical farming segment, therefore is treated as a separate section. The Distribution Channels and Reference Prices are examined. The Technological Evolution of the horticultural lighting industry is provided by analysing Intellectual Property (IP) applications. The competitive system analyses the main companies active in the horticultural lighting fixtures market are reported with data on sales, market shares, and short company profiles. The main Market Drivers (food demand and population dynamics, climate change and weather uncertainty, and cannabis legislation evolution) together with the Other Players operating in the agritech industry complete the study. |
| JEL: | L11 L22 L68 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mst:csilre:s85&r= |
| By: | Pedro Lopez Merino (LAMSADE - Laboratoire d'analyse et modélisation de systèmes pour l'aide à la décision - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ECODEVELOPPEMENT - Unité de recherche d'Écodéveloppement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, ADEME - Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie); Juliette Rouchier (LAMSADE - Laboratoire d'analyse et modélisation de systèmes pour l'aide à la décision - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | EasyChair preprints are intended for rapid dissemination of research results and are integrated with the rest of EasyChair. |
| Date: | 2021–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03618377&r= |
| By: | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |
| Abstract: | This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi. |
| Keywords: | MALAWI, SOUTHERN AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, food prices, legumes, roots, tubers, cereals, prices, agricultural products, markets, food security, nutrition |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:masspb:17a&r= |