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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2022‒04‒04
34 papers chosen by |
| By: | Dasgupta, Shouro; Robinson, Elizabeth J. Z. |
| Abstract: | It is generally accepted that climate change is having a negative impact on food security. However, most of the literature variously focuses on the complex and many mechanisms linking climate stressors; the links with food production or productivity rather than food security; and future rather than current effects. In contrast, we investigate the extent to which current changes in food insecurity can be plausibly attributed to climate change. We combine food insecurity data for 83 countries from the FAO food insecurity experience scale (FIES) with reanalysed climate data from ERA5-Land, and use a panel data regression with time-varying coefficients. This framework allows us to estimate whether the relationship between food insecurity and temperature anomaly is changing over time. We also control for Human Development Index, and drought measured by six-month Standardized Precipitation Index. Our empirical findings suggest that for every 1 ∘C of temperature anomaly, severe global food insecurity has increased by 1.4% (95% CI 1.3–1.47) in 2014 but by 1.64% (95% CI 1.6–1.65) in 2019. This impact is higher in the case of moderate to severe food insecurity, with a 1 ∘C increase in temperature anomaly resulting in a 1.58% (95% CI 1.48–1.68) increase in 2014 but a 2.14% (95% CI 2.08–2.20) increase in 2019. Thus, the results show that the temperature anomaly has not only increased the probability of food insecurity, but the magnitude of this impact has increased over time. Our counterfactual analysis suggests that climate change has been responsible for reversing some of the improvements in food security that would otherwise have been realised, with the highest impact in Africa. Our analysis both provides more evidence of the costs of climate change, and as such the benefits of mitigation, and also highlights the importance of targeted and efficient policies to reduce food insecurity. These policies are likely to need to take into account local contexts, and might include efforts to increase crop yields, targeted safety nets, and behavioural programs to promote household resilience. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:114408&r= |
| By: | Benny, Dickson; Benson, Todd; Ivekolia, Mark; Kedir Jemal, Mekamu; Ovah, Raywin |
| Abstract: | If smallholder farming households in Papua New Guinea achieve higher crop productivity levels, progress will be made along several dimensions of the development vision for PNG – increasing GDP for the agricultural sector and the overall economy; driving growth, diversification, and transformation of local rural economies; improving food consumption; and reducing poverty. In this paper, we examine recent data on yields for the most important crops grown in PNG, assess what yields might be achieved based on productivity data from areas of Indonesia with similar growing conditions, and sketch where policy reforms could provide incentives and access to technologies to achieve higher crop yields by all farmers across PNG. |
| Keywords: | PAPUA NEW GUINEA; OCEANIA; agricultural productivity; policies; crop yield; cash crops; smallholders; agriculture; food security; poverty reduction |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprwp:134987&r= |
| By: | Yoko KIJIMA (National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), Tokyo, Japan.) |
| Abstract: | Nigeria introduced an e-voucher fertilizer subsidy program that distributes vouchers directly to a beneficiary’s mobile phone for enhancing agricultural productivity and food security by changing land use from extensive to intensive farming. By using panel data on rice-growing households in 2012 and 2014 and applying a household fixed effects approach and inverse probability weighting methods, we assess whether and how much the e-voucher program increases fertilizer application on rice production. We do not find evidence that the program results in higher fertilizer application. This is because there is a strong crowding-out effect in the study areas in which the private fertilizer market is active. This finding suggests that introducing a potentially innovative device is not sufficient to boost agricultural production and food security. |
| Keywords: | e-voucher, fertilizer subsidy, rice production, Nigeria |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ngi:dpaper:21-07&r= |
| By: | Gotor, E.; Nedumaran, S.; Cenacchi, N.; Tran, N.; Dunston, S.; Dermawan, A.; Wiberg, David (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Tesfaye, K.; Mausch, K.; Langan, Simon (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)) |
| Abstract: | Food, land, and water systems are facing unprecedented change. The world’s population is projected to grow to approximately 10 billion people by 2050, while aging and declining in some regions. Global average incomes are expected to keep increasing at a slow but steady pace. With increasing incomes and the ability of consumers to purchase more and better food in combination with population growth, food demand is projected to grow substantially over the next three decades. Meanwhile, demographic changes and economic development also drive urbanization, migration, and structural transformation of rural communities. At the same time changes to precipitation and temperature as well as the occurrence of extreme events driven by climate change are becoming more prevalent and impacting society and the environment. Currently, humanity is approaching or exceeding planetary boundaries in some areas, with over-use of limited productive natural resources such as water and phosphate, net emissions of greenhouse gases, and decreases in biodiversity. Much is published about food and agriculture and the supporting/underpinning land and water systems, but no single source focuses regularly and systematically on the future of agriculture and food systems, particularly on the challenges and opportunities faced by developing countries. This working paper is part of an effort by the CGIAR foresight team to help fill that gap. The effort recognizes that there is much to learn from past experience, and there are clearly many urgent and immediate challenges, but given the pace and complexity of change we are currently experiencing, there is also an increasing need to look carefully into the future of food, land, and water systems to inform decision making today. |
| Keywords: | Land management; Water systems; Water management; Resilience; Sustainability; Society; Climate change adaptation; Climate change mitigation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:worppr:h050899&r= |
| By: | Chatellier, Vincent; Chaumet, Jean-Marc; Pouch, Thierry |
| Abstract: | The Covid-19 pandemic is a major global event. A reflection on the first implications of this sanitary crisis for the world agricultural economy and the animal sectors of three geographical areas is proposed in this article. The agri-food systems have been strongly affected by this crisis, whose global economic impacts (a 3.5 % drop in world gross domestic product and a 5.3 % drop in international trade in goods between 2019 and 2020) are affecting the purchasing power of final consumers. However, they have resisted the crisis well, both in terms of supply (stability or slight growth in the volumes of meat and milk produced on a global scale) and trade. In 2021, the sharp rise in international prices for agricultural products and the rapid resumption of economic growth, particularly in the three zones more specifically studied here (China, the United States and the European Union), suggest that agriculture should remain under pressure from sustained world demand. More than Covid-19, the impact of African swine fever in China has had a major impact on international meat trade flows for several years. In addition, the growing Chinese appetite for dairy products is playing a central role in the development of international dairy markets, to the benefit of exporting areas including the EU and the US. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, International Relations/Trade, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2022–03–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:inrasl:319906&r= |
| By: | El-Kersh, Mohamed; Atef, Mohamed; Ali, Alaa; Farghaly, Lobna; Abderabuh, Zainab; Abdelradi, Fadi; Abdou, Khaled; Abdelaziz, Ehab; Faris, Victor; Nasr, Saleh; Nassar, Yasmin; Nassar, Zaki; Raouf, Mariam; Wiebelt, Manfred |
| Abstract: | This policy note summarizes an evaluation of public investment options for Egypt’s agri-food system conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation of the Government of Egypt and Cairo University. We quantitatively assess the expected economy-wide impacts of investing in four promising agricultural value-chains: dates, poultry, olives, and medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP). As part of the analysis, a range of agriculture-related public investments along the value-chains are considered, including spending to expand farm production and promotion of downstream agri-processing and marketing. We use two IFPRI structural models. The Rural Investment and Policy Analysis (RIAPA) economywide model is used to capture linkages between economic sectors, households, and rural-urban economies and to measure changes in economic growth, household welfare, and employment within and beyond the agri-food system. RIAPA is linked to the Agricultural Investment and Data Analysis (AIDA), the second model, which tracks investment impacts and costs over time. Inter alia, we find that: Investments into each of the four agricultural value chains enhance growth, create additional employment opportunities, improve household welfare, and reduce poverty. The MAP and poultry value chains are the most promising value chains with regard to all four evaluation criteria. However growth generation is largest if investment is concentrated in the MAP value chain, while investment into the poultry value chain has the strongest impacts on job creation and poverty reduction. Investments into primary production and processing, besides having a strong direct impact on the value chain growth, generate significant indirect effects inside and outside the agrifood system. These indirect effects are largest for the MAP value chain. |
| Keywords: | EGYPT, ARAB COUNTRIES, MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA, AFRICA, dates, poultry, olives, medicinal plants, essential oil crops, value chains, public investment, economic impact, models, agrifood systems, poverty reduction, households |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:menapn:19&r= |
| By: | Ragasa, Catherine; Carrillo, Lucia; Balakasi, Kelvin |
| Abstract: | This note provides an assessment of the first year of implementation of the Affordable Inputs Programme (AIP) from the perspective of rural households and communities in Malawi. The data come from a nationally representative panel survey of 2,449 rural households in 299 communities. At the household level, users of inorganic fertilizer, the amount applied per farmer, and productivity and production all increased in the 2020/21 cropping season compared to the 2015/16 and 2017/18 seasons. Almost all sampled communities reported more positive experiences with AIP than with the previous Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP), mainly because of the expanded coverage and greater number of beneficiaries. However, farmers reported major challenges in the computerized system (or network) for verifying beneficiaries, limited number of selling points, and limited and late supply of inputs, causing congestion and different forms of corruption and harassment in the selling points. The network, number of selling depots, procurement processes, input-provider selection processes, and governance must improve for more farming households to realize benefits from AIP. Further, AIP must be accompanied in the long term by better soil management practices. |
| Keywords: | MALAWI, SOUTHERN AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, farm inputs, surveys, subsidies, fertilizers, households, farmers' attitudes, rural areas, farmers, Affordable Inputs Programme (AIP), Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:masprn:march2022&r= |
| By: | Marending, Myriam (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Tripodi, Stefano (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School) |
| Abstract: | Desert locust outbreaks and other pests pose a significant threat to food security for millions of people. In this paper we quantify the size of the productivity and welfare loss caused by a desert locust outbreak that hit Ethiopia in 2014. We identify the causal effect of locust swarms on agricultural output and children’s nutritional status by modelling swarms’ movements based on wind speed and direction to identify areas in which they likely land (affected areas). We corroborate our finding by using a “recentered” measure of exposure to swarms that removes the bias due to non random exposure. We find that agricultural output is about 10-11% lower in areas hit by the shock compared to areas that are not affected. On average, children nutritional status is not negatively impacted by the shock, but each additional swarm affecting an enumeration area decreases BMI and weight-for-height z-scores by about 0.03 standard deviations, compared to children living in non affected areas. |
| Keywords: | agricultural shocks; desert locust swarms; food security; Ethiopia; child health |
| JEL: | D13 I15 Q12 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–01–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2022_001&r= |
| By: | Bannor, Frank; Magambo, Isaiah Hubert; Mahabir, Jugal; Tshitaka, Jean-Luc Mubenga |
| Abstract: | Concerns about the human effects of climate change have contributed to forecasts of how populations in drought-prone, and flood-prone areas would respond to these events. Empirical studies have predicted that human migration has been among the critical resilient strategy in responding to the impact of climate change. To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the climate–migration relationship, the impacts of climate change on international migration flows from Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) nations to South Africa are investigated empirically in this paper. The study employed a fixed effects model and panel data from 35 countries in SSA, spanning 1990 to 2017. The findings are as follows: (1) the analysis show that temperature has a positive and statistically significant effect on outmigration in agriculture-dependent nations. (2) the analysis shows that agricultural-value-added as a share in GDP has a negative and statistically significant effect on outmigration in agriculture-dependent nations. (3) the results also show that geographic location, and development level of a country, in addition to dependency on agriculture are key factors in the climate change–international migration nexus. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | International migration,Sub-Saharan Africa,South Africa,Climate change,Agriculture |
| JEL: | F22 J61 Q50 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:251386&r= |
| By: | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) |
| Abstract: | This report explores three different scenarios for the future of food and agriculture, based on alternative trends for key drivers, including income growth and distribution, population growth, technical progress and climate change. Building on the report The future of food and agriculture – Trends and challenges, this publication forms part of FAO’s efforts to support evidence-based decision-making processes. It provides solid qualitative and quantitative analysis and sheds light on possible strategic options to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of eradicating hunger, improving nutrition and ensuring economic, social and environmental sustainability of food and agricultural systems. Report and all related material are available at http://www.fao.org/publications/fofa |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:faoeff:319842&r= |
| By: | Roberto Esposti (Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Sociali - Universita' Politecnica delle Marche) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the coevolution of the CAP expenditure and of the farms' performance and choices to assess whether and to what extent CAP itself satisfies the fundamental requisites of Causal Inference. In order to identify some regularities in this coevolution, the analysis is performed on a constant group of professional and representative farms over a long enough time period. The Italian 2008-2019 FADN balanced sample is here considered. Results question whether CAP expenditure is actually accompanied by any significant farmers' response. An exception may actually concern the support specifically focused on environmental standards. Methodological implications about the applicability of Program Evaluation Methods to CAP assessment are drawn. |
| Keywords: | Common Agricultural Policy, Farmers' Behaviour, Program Evaluation, Panel Data. |
| JEL: | Q18 D04 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anc:wpaper:464&r= |
| By: | Djanibekov, Nodir; Herzfeld, Thomas |
| Abstract: | This report contributes to the project "Securing agriculture and rural development in times of COVID-19, pathways to regional responses for recovery, reforms, and resilience" by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The objectives of the report are threefold: 1) to assess the multiple impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on agriculture, food security, and rural community; 2) to review the policy responses taken by the governments of eight Central Asia and Caucasus (CAC) countries to mitigate the effects of the crisis, and 3) to provide contextual options to build the resilience of the agricultural sector during post-COVID-19 recovery and against future shocks. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iamodp:198&r= |
| By: | Yoko KIJIMA (National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), Tokyo, Japan.) |
| Abstract: | Using panel data from 2009, 2011, and 2015, this study estimates the impact of rice production training conducted in Uganda on the adoption of improved cultivation practices and productivities. Since the training program encouraged participants to share information with fellow farmers, we estimate the effects of the training on non-participants living in training villages (spillover effects). Due to the non-random assignment of project villages and training participation, a difference-in-differences model with household fixed effects was combined with inverse probability weighting approach to mitigate biases. Spillover effects to non-participants in training villages are indicated by increased total rice production by 0.4 tons and expanded cultivation area by 0.26 hectare. Although training increases adoption rates for better cultivation practice, namely, transplanting in rows among training participants, both in the short and long term, there were no measurable improvements in non-participants’ rice cultivation knowledge or in rice productivity. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural training project, Spillover effects, Impact evaluation, Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ngi:dpaper:21-06&r= |
| By: | Tobias Kruse; Antoine Dechezleprêtre; Rudy Saffar; Leo Robert |
| Abstract: | As countries implement stricter environmental policies, the need for tools to compare countries’ environmental policy stringency is becoming more pressing. The OECD Environmental Policy Stringency (EPS) index has become a widely used tool for policy analysis since its creation in 2014. This paper updates the EPS index over three decades from 1990 to 2020, across 40 countries and 13 policy instruments, focussing on climate change and air pollution mitigation policies. It up-grades the index structure across all years, adding a new sub-index that measures the strength of technology support policies, which complements the existing structure of market based and non-market based sub-indices. The paper shows evolving developments – across countries and time – in the stringency of environmental policies. |
| Keywords: | composite indicators, Environmental policy stringency, environmental regulation |
| JEL: | Q48 Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–03–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1703-en&r= |
| By: | YI-CHUN KO; Shinsuke Uchida; AKIRA HIBIKI |
| Abstract: | The main purpose of our paper is to explore mechanisms of farmer's adaptation to climate change. Specifically, we assess the farmer's adaptation capacity to extremely low and high temperatures by quantifying the effect of farmer's age and experience on the temperature-yield relationship. We estimate their effects by conducting the panel (short-run adjustment) and long-differences (long-run adaptation) analyses following Burke and Emerick (2016) with the municipality-level rice yield data in Japan from 1993 to 2018. We find that both age and experience of extreme temperatures are significant factors that strengthen the farmer's adaptation capacity to climate. Age is more likely to help farmers adjust to annual weather fluctuations than to assist long-term adaptation to climate, whilst the past experience of extreme temperatures rather encourages farmers to adapt to the climate in the long run. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:tupdaa:12&r= |
| By: | van Koppen, Barbara (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Raut, Manita (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Rajouria, Alok (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Khadka, Manohara (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Pradhan, P.; GC, R. K.; Colavito, L.; O’Hara, C.; Rautanen, S.-L.; Nepal, P. R.; Shrestha, P. K. |
| Abstract: | The Constitution of Nepal 2015 enshrines everyone’s right of access to clean water for drinking and the right to food. The common operationalization of the right to water for drinking is providing access to infrastructure that brings water for drinking and other basic domestic uses near and at homesteads. Challenges to achieving this goal in rural areas include: low functionality of water systems; expansion of informal self supply for multiple uses; widespread de facto productive uses of water systems designed for domestic uses; growing competition for finite water resources; and male elite capture in polycentric decision-making. This paper traces how the Nepali government and nongovernmental organizations in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), irrigation and other sectors have joined forces since the early 2000s to address these challenges by innovating community-led multiple use water services (MUS). The present literature review of these processes complemented by field research supported by the Water for Women Fund focuses on women in vulnerable households. Overcoming sectoral silos, these organizations support what is often seen as the sole responsibility of the WASH sector: targeting infrastructure development to bring sufficient water near and at homesteads of those left behind. Women’s priorities for using this water are respected and supported, which often includes productive uses, also at basic volumes. In line with decentralized federalism, inclusive community-led MUS planning processes build on vulnerable households’ self supply, commonly for multiple uses, and follow their priorities for local incremental infrastructure improvements. Further, community-led MUS builds on community-based arrangements for ‘sharing in’ and ‘sharing out’ the finite water resources in and under communities’ social territories. This realizes the constitutional right to food in line with the Nepal Water Resources Act, 1992, which prioritizes core minimum volumes of water for everyone’s domestic uses and many households’ irrigation. Evidence shows how the alleviation of domestic chores, women’s stronger control over food production for nutrition and income, and more sustainable infrastructure mutually reinforce each other in virtuous circles out of gendered poverty. However, the main challenge remains the inclusion of women and vulnerable households in participatory processes. |
| Keywords: | Multiple use water services; Gender equality; Social inclusion; Community involvement; Water resources; Water supply; Supply chains; Right to water; Water availability; Drinking water; Domestic water; Water, sanitation and hygiene; Participatory approaches; Decision making; Governmental organizations; Non-governmental organizations; Households; Women; Livelihoods; Vulnerability; Water sharing; Solar energy; Food security; Nexus; Rural areas; Water systems; Infrastructure; Irrigation; Small scale systems; Sustainability; Benefit-cost ratio; Financing; Income; Competition |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:worppr:h050908&r= |
| By: | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |
| Abstract: | Historically, agriculture was seen as a contribution that helped induce industrial growth and structural transformation of the economy. The structural transformation where the share of agriculture in gross domestic product (GDP) and employment declines as per capita income rises is well documented. Classical theorists, led by Lewis (1954), viewed economic development as a growth process of relocating factors of production from an agricultural sector characterized by low productivity and the use of traditional technology to a modern industrial sector with higher productivity. Economic transformation is triggered when agriculture realizes enough surplus in the form of food and commodities and product and factor markets begin to integrate across space, and workers begin to move out of agriculture to meet the demands of a growing industrial sector. |
| Keywords: | VIET NAM; VIETNAM; MYANMAR; BURMA; SOUTHEAST ASIA; ASIA; agricultural trade; agricultural development; agricultural productivity; value chains; markets; innovation; farming systems; economic growth; agricultural transformation; market integration |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:resrep:135046&r= |
| By: | Vos, Cora; Rösemann, Claus; Haenel, Hans-Dieter; Dämmgen, Ulrich; Döring, Ulrike; Wulf, Sebastian; Eurich-Menden, Brigitte; Freibauer, Annette; Döhler, Helmut; Schreiner, Carsten; Osterburg, Bernhard; Fuß, Roland |
| Abstract: | The report at hand (including a comprehensive annex of data) serves as additional document to the National In-ventory Report (NIR) on the German green house gas emissions and the Informative Inventory Report (IIR) on the German emissions of air pollutants (especially ammo-nia). The report documents the calculation methods used in the German agricultural inventory model Py-GAS-EM as well as input data, emission results and uncertainties of the emission reporting submission 2022 for the years 1990 - 2020. In this context the sector Agriculture comprises the emissions from animal husbandry, the use of agricultural soils and anaerobic digestion of energy crops. As required by the guidelines, emissions from activities preceding ag-riculture, from the use of energy and from land use change are reported elsewhere in the national invento-ries. The calculation methods are based in principle on the international guidelines for emission reporting and have been continuingly improved during the past years by the Thünen Institute working group on agricultural emission inventories, partly in cooperation with KTBL. In particular, these improvements concern the calculation of energy requirements, feeding and the N balance of the most im-portant animal categories. In addition, technical measures such as air scrubbing (mitigation of ammonia emissions) and digestion of animal manures (mitigation of emissions of methane and laughing gas) have been taken into account. For the calculation of emissions from anaerobic digestion of animal manures and energy crops (including spreading of the digestate), the aforemen-tioned working group developed, in cooperation with KTBL, a national methodology. Total GHG emissions from German agriculture de-creased from 70.6 Tg CO2eq in 1990 to 56.1 Tg CO2eq in 2020 (-20.5 %). This reduction is a consequence of the fol-lowing emission changes of partial sources (rounded fig-ures): • decrease of 9.3 Tg CO2eq (-28.0 %) as CH4 from enteric fermentation, • decrease of 2.1 Tg CO2eq (-18.1 %) as CH4 and N2O from manure management, • increase of 1.6 Tg CO2eq as CH4 and N2O from anaer-obic digestion of energy crops (digester + storage of digestate; 1990: 0 Tg), • decrease of 4.1 Tg CO2eq (18.0 %) as N2O from agri-cultural soils, • decrease of 0.56 Tg CO2eq (-20.6 %) as CO2 from lim-ing (agriculture and forest), • increase of 0.02 Tg CO2eq (+5.1 %) as CO2 from appli-cation of urea. These changes are largely the result of the decline in animal numbers following reunification (reduction of oversized livestock numbers in Eastern Germany) and from the mid-2000s due to the limiting effect of the milk quota system (albeit with a renewed increase due to abolition of the milk quota system as of 31 May 2015). Increased nitrogen fertilization (mainly due to the appli-cation of increasingly larger amounts of digestate) led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions from the mid-2000s. By contrast, the increasing use of manure in biogas plants has contributed to a reduction in methane emis-sions from manure storage. The NH3 time series as well is a result of counteracting processes. Here too, one of the important governing quantities is the animal number the decrease of which after the German reunification is the main reason for the considerable decrease of the emissions from 1991 to 1992. Mitigation measures like emission-reduced stor-age and application of manure led to a reduction of emis-sions in subsequent years. However, opposite trends are caused by increase of animal performance and, for some years, animal numbers. In addition, emissions from appli-cation of synthetic fertilizer were higher than in 1990 in the years between 1998 and 2017, even though the amount of synthetic fertilizer applied decreased (in units of nitrogen). The observed increase of emissions was due to the increasing share of urea, as urea has a considerably higher emission factor than other synthetic fertilizers. Since 2020, urea fertilizers must either be incorporated within four hours or be stabilized with a urease inhibitor, which is why the emission factor has been greatly re-duced from this year onwards. A major contributor to the increase in NH3 emissions in recent years has been the increase in anaerobic diges-tion of energy crops. Including anaerobic digestion of en-ergy crops (including spreading of digestates) leads 2020 to total NH3 emissions from agriculture of 512.3 Gg, which is 25.5 % less than 1990 and 8.6% less than 2005. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Health Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2022–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwo:320067&r= |
| By: | H. K. Edmonds, (School of Economics and Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis (CEPA) at The University of Queensland, Australia); C. A. K. Lovell (School of Economics and Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis (CEPA) at The University of Queensland, Australia); J. E. Lovell (School of Economics and Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis (CEPA) at The University of Queensland, Australia) |
| Abstract: | With global efforts to mitigate climate change lagging behind what is necessary to achieve Paris Agreement global warming targets, global mean temperatures are increasing, and weather extremes are becoming more frequent. When mitigation falters, adaptation to current and anticipated future climate conditions becomes increasingly urgent. This study provides a novel collection of adaptive capacity and adaptation readiness indicators, which it combines into a composite adaptation index to assess the relative adaptation performance of nations. Adaptation performance is assessed using two complementary techniques, a distance to frontier analysis and a dominance analysis. Developed countries perform relatively well and developing countries perform relatively poorly in both exercises. Adaptation performance is found to be closely related to both national income per capita and greenhouse gas emissions per capita, highlighting the inequities of global adaptation performance. These adaptation inequities are consistent with the IPCC assessment that nations most affected by climate change are those that are least able to adapt and contribute least to the problem, creating a need for assistance from developed countries. Creation-Date: 2022-02 |
| Keywords: | climate change, adaptive capacity, adaptation readiness, composite index, inequity |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qld:uqcepa:174&r= |
| By: | Khuc, Quy Van |
| Abstract: | Rural waste management in Vietnam |
| Date: | 2021–05–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:n6ws8&r= |
| By: | Ashikin, Alias Nurul; Diana, Mohd Idris Nor; Siwar, Chamhuri; Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Yasar, Muhamad |
| Abstract: | The east coast of Malaysia is frequently hit by monsoon floods every year that severely impact people, particularly those living close to the river bank, which is considered to be the most vulnerable and high-risk areas. We aim to determine the most vulnerable area and understand affected residents of this community who are living in the most sensitive areas caused by flooding events in districts of Temerloh, Pekan, and Kuantan, Pahang. This study involved collecting data for vulnerability index components. A field survey and face-to-face interviews with 602 respondents were conducted 6 months after the floods by using a questionnaire evaluation based on the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI). The findings show that residents in the Temerloh district are at higher risk of flooding damage compared to those living in Pekan and Kuantan. Meanwhile, the contribution factor of LVI-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) showed that Kuantan is more exposed to the impact of climate change, fol-lowed by Temerloh and Pekan. Among all the principal components shown, food components were considered to be the most vulnerable. Meanwhile, water components were categorised as the most invulnerable. Preventive planning involves preserving human life, minimising damage to household products, preserving crops and animals, adequate supply of clean water and food, good health and ensuring financial sustainability as an indication of changing livelihoods, sustainable food-storing systems, and other protective steps to curb damage and injury caused by annual flood strikes. Information generated on LVI assessment and adaptation procedures will help policymakers reduce people’s vulnerability in the face of floods and ensure proper plans are put in place in all relevant areas. |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4xyaj&r= |
| By: | Libois, François; Baland, Jean-Marie; Delbart, Nicolas; Pattanayak, Subhrendu |
| Abstract: | Since 1993, Nepal has implemented one of the most ambitious and comprehensive program of decentralization of forest management in the world, which is widely considered a success story in terms of participatory management of natural resources. Using quasi-experimental methods, we first quantify the net gains in tree cover related to the program in the Hills and Mountains of Nepal, and describe their temporal evolution. We then discuss the mechanisms driving forest restoration, highlighting that, while community forestry played a role in increasing forest biomass and forest size, it also reduced demand pressures by altering energy choices. |
| Keywords: | Forest management ; Community forestry ; Nepal ; Energy ; Participatory development |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpm:docweb:2204&r= |
| By: | Williams, Geoffrey; Ginzel, Matthew D.; Ma, Zhao; Adams, Damian C.; Campbell, Faith; Lovett, Gary M.; Pildain, María Belén; Raffa, Kenneth F.; Gandhi, Kamal J. K.; Santini, Alberto |
| Abstract: | Society is confronted by interconnected threats to ecological sustainability. Among these is the devastation of forests by destructive non-native pathogens and insects introduced through global trade, leading to the loss of critical ecosystem services and a global forest health crisis. We argue that the forest health crisis is a public good social dilemma and propose a response framework that incorporates principles of collective action. This framework will enable scientists to better engage policymakers and empower the public to advocate for proactive biosecurity and forest health management. Collective action in forest health will feature broadly inclusive stakeholder engagement to build trust and set goals; accountability for destructive pest introductions; pooled support for weakest-link partners; and inclusion of intrinsic and non-market values of forest ecosystems in risk assessment. We provide short-term and longer-term measures that incorporate the above principles to shift the societal and ecological forest health paradigm to a more resilient state. |
| Date: | 2022–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:ecoevo:k9jdy&r= |
| By: | McDermott, John; Allison-Reumann, Laura |
| Abstract: | Two years in, the long-term health and economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to influence poverty, food systems, and food security. Drawing on CGIAR research on the COVID-19 pandemic thus far, this brief presents key lessons learned and policy recommendations to inform decision-making processes around managing risks, addressing structural vulnerabilities, and building resilient and sustainable food systems. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; resilience; food systems; policies; Coronavirus; coronavirus disease Coronavirinae; COVID-19; health; economic impact; poverty; food security; sustainability; decision making; risk management |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:othbrf:135047&r= |
| By: | An, Hoang Tai |
| Abstract: | Land degradation in Vietnam and solutions |
| Date: | 2022–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:m948y&r= |
| By: | Serda Selin Ozturk (Department of Business and Finance, Istanbul Bilgi University, Eyup, Istanbul 34060, Turkey); Riza Demirer (Department of Economics and Finance, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026-1102, USA); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the role of climate uncertainty over price volatility in the carbon emissions market using novel measures of uncertainty that capture transitional and physical climate risks. Applying a multivariate stochastic volatility model to daily European Union Allowance prices, we show that climate uncertainty indeed serves as a significant driver of price fluctuations in emissions prices with physical climate risks associated with uncertainty surrounding natural hazards playing a more dominant role over policy uncertainty in recent years. While our findings highlight the growing role of public concern over global warming and climate hazards than policy aspects as a driver of pricing dynamics in the emissions market, our findings present an interesting opening for hedging strategies towards attaining decarbonization goals in investment positions. |
| Keywords: | Climate Risk, Carbon Prices, Stochastic Volatility |
| JEL: | C15 O13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202215&r= |
| By: | Surminski, Swenja; Barnes, Jonathan; Vincent, Katharine |
| Abstract: | This paper explores how climate risk information produced in the context of insurancerelated activities can support public climate adaptation planning. The central contribution is to outline how relevant climate risk information can translate into behaviour change, and the drivers and barriers that influence this in Sub-Saharan Africa. The insurance industry has the potential to catalyse greater use of climate information, either through existing insurance transactions or through capacity building and investment in data sharing and collaboration. We investigate the interplay of climate risk information and insurance processes from two angles: the use of climate risk data by those who provide insurance – with information as an input to the underwriting process; and the catalyst role of insurance for governments to move towards anticipatory climate risk management. We apply a multi-method approach, combining insights from a survey of 40 insurance experts with key informant interviews and document analysis from three complementary case studies: indemnity-based insurance of private assets in South Africa; parametric sovereign risk pool in Malawi; and collaboration on risk analytics and risk management advice (no insurance) in Tanzania. The analysis offers a new perspective on the catalyst role of insurance by focusing on the ways in which political economy factors, particularly incentives and relationships, influence this process. Overall, there appears to be clear scope for a dynamic interaction between insurers and governments where symbiotic use and generation of climate risk information can advance mutual goals. However, that ambition faces many challenges that go beyond availability and suitability of data. Limited trust, unclear risk ownership and/or lack of incentives are key barriers, even if there is risk awareness and overall motivation to manage climate risks. The three cases show the importance of sustained cross-sectoral collaboration and capacity building to increase awareness and utilization of insurance-related climate risk information. |
| Keywords: | NE/M020010/1 (Kulima) and NE/M020134/1 (UKZN); Grantham Institute |
| JEL: | L81 |
| Date: | 2022–02–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113564&r= |
| By: | Ivana Radić (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Mechthild Donner (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this report is to understand more in detail how circular business models valorizing olive waste and by-products (for food and non-food applications) are implemented. Therefore, an analysis of ten cases of business models for waste and by-product valorization in the olive oil sector is done, regarding their business model canvas elements, their enabling and hindering factors, and the institutional context. |
| Keywords: | circular economy,bioeconomy,business models,olive waste and by-products,value creation |
| Date: | 2021–03–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03572206&r= |
| By: | Rana, Abdul Wajid; Gill, Sitara; Akram, Iqra |
| Abstract: | Oilseeds in Pakistan characterizes a policy failure as the production of oilseeds as well as edible oil has been on the decline despite various initiatives. The country has been augmenting growing demand-supply gap through imports since early 1970. The domestic production contributes only 13-15 percent of the total consumption while 85-87 percent is met through imports. Per capita consumption of vegetable oil has risen from 5.31 kg in 1973-74 to 20 kg in 2018 and is likely to move to 22 kg by 2028 projecting total consumption to 6.5 million tons by 2028 against current local production of less than 0.5 million tons, widening the demand-supply gap further. The import bill for these products has reached over US$4 billion in FY2021 which is straining the balance of trade and the balance of payment. With global uncertainties and challenges facing the oilseeds sector including the sharp price fluctuations and market instability and favorable tariffs for imports, the import bill is likely to move upward underscoring the need for well thought out policy and planning. |
| Keywords: | PAKISTAN, SOUTH ASIA, ASIA, policies, oil crops, agricultural production, oilseeds, seed oils, tariffs, subsidies, support measures, crop yield |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:pacerp:february2022&r= |
| By: | Ivana Radić (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Mechthild Donner (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this work is to develop recommendations for enterprise managers in the olive sector involved or intending to become involved in circular bioeconomy practices, especially regarding an efficient valorization and marketing of olive waste and by-products. |
| Keywords: | circular economy,bioeconomy,olive waste and by-products,business strategies,recommendations |
| Date: | 2021–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03572246&r= |
| By: | Florent Dubois (University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom and EconomiX, University Paris Nanterre, 92000 Nanterre, France); Christophe Muller (Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France.) |
| Abstract: | We contend that residential segregation should be an essential component of the analyses of socio-ethnic income gaps. Focusing on the contemporary White/African gap in South Africa, we complete Mincer wage equations with an Isolation index that reflects the level of segregation in the local area where individuals dwell. We decompose the income gap distribution into detailed composition and structure components. Segregation is found to be the main contributor of the structure effect, ahead of education and experience, and to make a sizable contribution to the composition effect. Moreover, segregation is found to be harmful at the bottom of the African income distribution, notably in relation to local informal job-search networks, while it is beneficial at the top of the White income distribution. Specific subpopulations are identified that suffer and benefit most from segregation, including for the former, little educated workers in agriculture and mining, often female, confined in their personal networks. Finally, minimum wage policies are found likely to attenuate most segregation’s noxious mechanisms, while a variety of policy lessons are drawn from the decomposition analysis by distinguishing not only compositional from structural effects, but also distinct group-specific social positions. |
| Keywords: | residential segregation, post-apartheid South Africa, distribution analysis, generalized decompositions |
| JEL: | J15 D31 R23 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2205&r= |
| By: | Dina Maher |
| Abstract: | Testimony before the New York State Senate Committees on Banks, Finance, and Environmental Conservation (delivered via videoconference). |
| Keywords: | climate-related financial risk; physical risk; transition risk; Federal Reserve; New York State; climate change; supervision |
| Date: | 2022–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsp:93786&r= |
| By: | Dipak Raj Pant; Stéphane Jedrzejczak |
| Abstract: | The issues related to the resilience of small and medium enterprises are key to understanding how disruptions and contextual constraints provoked by the Covid-19 pandemic’s have impacted the lives and livelihoods of small entrepreneurs and their partners along local supply chains and markets. The capacity of SMEs to resist, adapt and take advantage of external environmental changes is key to the sustainability of local economic processes. This report provides an overview about the resilience and vulnerabilities of SMEs engaged in the production and trade of wine of a specific area in north-western Italy during the coronavirus pandemic of 2020-2021 in the villages and small towns of the Alpine foothills and pre-Alpine lowlands in northern Piedmont. The research combined field survey, documentary analysis, and stakeholder consultations to shed light on present uncertainties for the wine business community and context. The perspectives gained in the field lead to a critical re-thinking on existing business and development models useful to elaborate new plausible and sustainable scenarios (alternative images of future) about the Nebbiolo business community. For policy makers, this understanding is useful to steer the local development process towards sustainability, to broader issues surrounding business continuity, resilience, and sustainable local development. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:liu:liucec:2022-12&r= |
| By: | Abigail Barr; Mattea Stein |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the role of social status in relationships between rich and poor in non-lineage-based, agrarian communities by analysing who goes to whose funerals in six resettled Zimbabwean villages. Funerals allow social status to be observed because non-attendance is a sign of disrespect. We find that the richer a household hosting a funeral, the less likely heads of neighbouring households are to attend. This is consistent with the existence of an egalitarian norm that is being violated, to some degree, by the richer households. This norm is stronger among kin but also holds for non-kin. An analysis of assistance provision offers no evidence that some richer households comply with the norm and eschew punishment. While the egalitarian norm appears weak (punishment for norm violation is exerted but compliance does not follow), patron-client relationships appear not to have emerged in its place. |
| Keywords: | Social status; Egalitarian norms; Patronage; Sub-Saharan Africa; Funeral attendance |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:not:notcre:22/01&r= |