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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2022‒01‒31
forty-two papers chosen by |
| By: | Hrozencik, Aaron; Aillery, Marcel |
| Abstract: | Irrigation contributes significantly to U.S. agricultural output and production value. In 2017, irrigated farms accounted for more than 54 percent of the total value of crop sales. Irrigation allows for agricultural production in arid regions where precipitation is insufficient to meet crop water requirements. In more humid regions with variable rainfall, irrigation supplements available soil moisture and provides a critical buffer against periodic drought during the crop growing season. However, surface water supply shortfalls during prolonged drought are increasingly taxing the ability of regional water systems to meet the demands of the irrigation sector—as well as industry, municipal use, recreation, and environ-mental needs. The irrigation sector responded by increasing its reliance on groundwater. This response raises sustainability concerns, as groundwater levels in many major aquifers supporting irrigated agriculture are in decline across the United States. The resiliency of irrigated agriculture under projected climate change will depend on how the sector—and the institutions that influence water supply and use—adapts to increasing water scarcity. Regional adaptation to increasingly limited water supplies may involve a combination of measures. These measures include: continued shifts in area irrigated, increased irrigation efficiency through system upgrades, enhanced water management practices, changes in regional cropping patterns, and shifts in water supply sources, including potentially novel sources of irrigation water such as recycled or reclaimed water. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:316792&r= |
| By: | Marcel Adenauer |
| Abstract: | International grain prices experienced a sharp increase during the 2020/2021 marketing season, most likely due to the unprecedented increase of imported grains by China. What would be the possible impact on international grain markets if China remains a strong grain importer? The scenario developed to explore the impact of such a development shows that further increases in Chinese grain imports over the medium term could result in a 4% to 25% increase in agriculture commodity prices compared to what was projected in the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021-2030. |
| Keywords: | African Swine Fever, Cereal trade, Commodity markets, Food price inflation, Food security |
| JEL: | C61 F17 Q11 Q17 |
| Date: | 2022–01–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:172-en&r= |
| By: | Amare, Mulubrhan; Ghebru, Hosaena; Smart, Jenny; Zavale, Helder |
| Abstract: | InovAgro interventions increase farmers’ use of yield-enhancing agricultural inputs. InovAgro interventions improve the number of non-InovAgro facilitated or sponsored value chain interventions. The InovAgro MSD program has more sustainable impact than non-MSD programs. The InovAgro project benefited large numbers of smallholder farmers beyond the project’s direct sphere of influence and intended beneficiaries. The combination approach of using agrodealers, lead farmers and demonstration plots appears to be necessary to achieve long-term positive effects. |
| Keywords: | markets, sustainability, impact assessment, farm inputs, yields, value chains, smallholders, |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:iniapb:2&r= |
| By: | Ecker, Olivier; Brown, Tracy; Andam, Kwaw S. |
| Abstract: | Malnutrition, largely attributable to poor diets among both the rich and poor, presents a growing challenge in Nigeria. This brief considers the obstacles to food security and better nutrition, particularly the country’s macroeconomic instability, widespread poverty, and the need for greater investment and policy coherence to support dietary diversity. The authors describe how a policy shift to focus on consumer needs can transform the agrifood system to deliver healthier and more affordable diets for all Nigerians, as well as better and more secure rural livelihoods. |
| Keywords: | NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; agrifood systems; health; food systems; malnutrition; diet; agricultural policies; commercialization; economic crises; agriculture; wealth |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:polbrf:1286379936&r= |
| By: | Anders Van Sandt; Craig Wesley Carpenter |
| Abstract: | Over the past several decades, an increasing share of the agricultural supply chain is located beyond the farmgate, implying that some set of economic factors are influencing the location decisions of food and agricultural establishments. We explore the location decisions of several food and agricultural industries for employer and non-employer establishments by expanding on the empirical implications of Carpenter et al. (2021)’s demand threshold models. While Carpenter et al. (2021) focus on methods to estimate these industries’ demand thresholds using restricted access data, we focus on expanding the interpretations of their empirical research and explore additional industries along the agricultural supply chain using their refined methods. Results highlight the influential role of the Land Grant University system for specific establishment types, the importance of diverse industries within local economies, and the changing rurality of the agricultural supply chain. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, supply chain, demand threshold, location decisions, non-employers |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:21-16&r= |
| By: | Wallander, Steven; Hrozencik, Aaron; Aillery, Marcel |
| Abstract: | Using data from USDA’s 2019 Survey of Irrigation Organizations (SIO), this report provides an over-view of drought planning and response by irrigation districts, ditch companies, groundwater districts, and other similar irrigation organizations. While drought planning is common among State and local governments, only one-fifth of irrigation organizations have a formal drought plan. The majority of those plans include strategies for curtailing water deliveries or groundwater pumping in the event of drought. Irrigation organizations depend upon a wide range of meteorological and hydrologic data sources to plan for and respond to drought. These data allow organizations to choose which short- (e.g., land fallowing, leasing supplemental water supplies) and long-run (e.g., managed aquifer recharge) water management strategies best enhance their resiliency to drought. Conservation investments (e.g., flow rate metering and canal lining or piping) are another tool to improve long-run drought resilience. The most common reason that irrigation organizations cite for making these investments is “water supply variability and production risk,” which illustrates the important role that these organizations play in determining the resilience of the irrigated agricultural sector to drought and water scarcity. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–01–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:316790&r= |
| By: | BALDONI Edoardo (European Commission - JRC); KANCS D'artis (European Commission - JRC); CIAIAN Pavel (European Commission - JRC); DRABIK Dusan |
| Abstract: | This study systematically reviews the empirical literature of the past three decades on the capitalization of agricultural subsidies into land prices. We undertake a comprehensive meta-analysis and conduct a qualitative assessment of main econometric and data issues and their potential solutions. In total, we reviewed 26 papers published between 1997 and 2020 that contain 841 estimates of capitalization rates for rental prices and land values. After applying the outlier correction procedure, the final sample consisted of 719 estimates (433 for rental prices and 286 for land values). The average estimated capitalization rate across studies is 33% for rents and 12% for land values. The results from meta-analyses show that several drivers explain the variation of subsidy capitalization estimates across studies: (i) the type of subsidies and their implementation details; (ii) the estimation approach, (iii) the type of data used (e.g., micro data versus aggregated data, FADN, ARMS) and geographical coverage of the studies, and (iv) the type of publication outlet (working paper versus a journal publication) and the publication period. The results also suggest systematic differences in the drivers affecting the estimated capitalization rates for rental prices and land values across studies, mainly related to the econometric approach and the type of data used. |
| Keywords: | subsidy capitalization, agricultural subsidies, meta-analysis, land prices, rents, land values, EU, US |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc126423&r= |
| By: | NES Kjersti (European Commission - JRC); CIAIAN Pavel (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this report is to provide an overview of economic literature on marketing standards in the food supply chain by (i) providing analyses on economic concepts and impact of marking standards and (ii) by narrowing the focus on their impact on sustainability. The first part of the literature review focuses on the harmonisation, minimum quality standards and transparent consumer information and trust (protected terms, consumer information and labels). The second part of the literature review aims to identify avenues of standard improvements that may promote sustainability by focusing in more details on standard alterations that may contribute to (i) food loss and waste reduction, (ii) accommodate food chain innovation, and (iii) address climate change. |
| Keywords: | marketing standards, food supply chain |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc126936&r= |
| By: | Graskemper, Viktoria; Meine, Karolin; Feil, Jan-Henning |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305603&r= |
| By: | Uehleke, Reinhard; Seifert, Stefan; Hüttel, Silke |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305600&r= |
| By: | Theesfeld, Insa; Soliev, Ilkhom; Bunkus, Ramona |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305582&r= |
| By: | Kareem, Olayinka Idowu; Wieck, Christine |
| Abstract: | This study reviews the structure and flow of formal and informal agri-food trade within ECOWAS and evaluate the trade barriers, financial and quality infrastructure gaps. A mixed-method approach – qualitative and quantitative methods – is adopted which comprises an extensive literature review, analysis of available statistical data on formal and informal trade and trade barriers, a field survey, expert interviews and workshops. The intra-ECOWAS agri-food trade is still at the low level with most of the traded agri-food commodities largely without value addition and characterised by inadequate diversification of the export base. A preponderance of informal agri-food trade along both the formal and informal trade corridors are detected. Livestock, oilseeds, cottonseed, nuts, cocoa beans, cereal, cassava, fisheries, fruits and vegetables were the most traded agri-food commodities, which were not given any concession of passage or facilitated across the borders despite the perishability of the commodities. Agri-food trade flows in the ECOWAS are largely hampered by the heterogeneous trade policy measures across the Member states. This is often a barrier to trade and tend to increase trade costs and commodities prices, thereby constraining the regional trade benefits to the people while also making the trading countries uncompetitive. Women agri-food traders were often exploited and harassed by the different borders’ officials. More so, the low intra-ECOWAS trade in agricultural and food products is due to the low production capacities, which among others are due to the inadequate finance, poor quality infrastructure – soft (trained inspectors, customs procedures digitalisation, certification, etc) and hard (metrology facilities, roads, ports’ facilities, testing and inspection laboratories, etc.). Agricultural trade finance has been identified as one of the key challenges inhibiting trade in agricultural commodities in this subregion. Strategic policy options to promote agri-food trade within ECOWAS are provided. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–01–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uhgewp:316918&r= |
| By: | Janker, Judith; Becker, Talea; Feindt, Peter H. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305623&r= |
| By: | Picard, Pierre M. (Université catholique de Louvain, LIDAM/CORE, Belgium); Selod, Harris |
| Abstract: | As cities grow and spatially expand, agricultural land is converted into residential land. In many developing countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, this process is accompanied by a change in land tenure, whereby plots held under traditional customary arrangements are sold to new urban residents, possibly with formal property rights. This paper studies joint land-use and land-tenure conversion in an urban economics model in which intermediaries purchase agricultural land from customary owners and attempt to transform it into residential plots with statutory property rights. The spatial equilibrium includes a mix of land uses and rights where statutory and non-statutory residential plots coexist with customary land that is mainly used for agriculture. Because customary ownership is subject to uncertainty (because of tenure insecurity), the conversion process includes a potential information asymmetry between customary owners and intermediaries. The analysis shows that a market failure may emerge whereby some customary owners prefer to continue farming their land rather than participate in the urban residential land market, which results in a city that is too small. Empirical analysis using Malian data validates the key features of the model captured by land price gradients, as well as the ranking and the variance of land prices, and is suggestive of the presence of information asymmetry. |
| Keywords: | Urbanization ; land markets ; property rights ; market failure |
| JEL: | O43 R14 P14 |
| Date: | 2021–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cor:louvco:2021028&r= |
| By: | Rübcke von Veltheim, Friedrich; Claussen, Frans; Heise, Heinke |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305587&r= |
| By: | Michels, Marius; von Hobe, Cord-Friedrich; Mußhoff, Oliver |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305579&r= |
| By: | Augustina Chiwuzie; Olusegun Adebayo Ogunba; Daniel Ibrahim Dabara |
| Abstract: | Purpose: This study examines women’s land rights under the customary system of Ile-Ife, Nigeria, intending to provide information that could inspire efforts to change women's lives and inform land policy.Design/Methodology: A qualitative research approach was used in this study. Four key informant interviews and 13 structured interviews with rural women farmers were conducted during fieldwork in Ajebandele village, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Purposive and stratified sampling were used, respectively. In both cases, the interviews were conducted in the local language (Yoruba). The respondents' opinions were recorded using an audio recorder, interpreted, transcribed, and analysed through content analysis.Findings: The study discovered, among other things, that the customary land tenure system in Ajebandele village, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, has been refined over the last four decades to benefit women. Men and women have equal access to land rights in terms of land availability and affordability. Despite the progress, the study concludes that gender equality has not been wholly realised because rural women farmers lack tenure security.Practical implications: The findings confirm custom and tradition as a principal barrier to women’s secure land rights. Governments and society can address women’s insecure land rights through advocacy and awareness campaigns to revolutionise the community’s mind-sets and practices.Originality/Value: This study appears to be the first that examines women's customary land rights in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, thus contributing to the knowledge base on this topic. |
| Keywords: | Access to and control over farmland; gender inequality; land administration; tenure security |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2021-021&r= |
| By: | Kresova, Svetlana; Gutjahr, Daijana; Hess, Sebastian |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Marketing |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305611&r= |
| By: | KREMMYDAS Dimitrios (European Commission - JRC); PETSAKOS Athanasios (European Commission - JRC); CIAIAN Pavel (European Commission - JRC); BALDONI Edoardo (European Commission - JRC); TILLIE Pascal (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report presents the second version of the EU-wide individual farm level model (IFM-CAP) which aims to assess the impacts of the CAP post-2020 reform on farm economics and environmental effects. The rationale for such a farm-level model is based on the increasing demand for a micro simulation tool capable to model farm-specific policies and to capture farm heterogeneity across the EU in terms of policy representation and impacts. Based on Positive Mathematical Programming, IFM-CAP seeks to improve the quality of policy assessment upon existing aggregate and aggregated farm-group models and to provide assessment of distributional effects over the EU farm population. To guarantee the highest representativeness of the EU agricultural sector, the model is applied to every EU-FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) individual farm (83292 farms).The report provides a detailed description the IFM-CAP model (IFM-CAP V.2) in terms of design, mathematical structure, data preparation, modelling livestock activities, allocation of input costs, modelling of the current CAP setting (2013-2020) and calibration process. The theoretical background, the technical specification and the outputs that can be generated from this model are also briefly presented and discussed. |
| Keywords: | Common agricultural policy, Mathematical programming, Modelling |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc127014&r= |
| By: | Davis, Kristin E.; Makhija, Simrin; Spielman, David J. |
| Abstract: | Agricultural extension provides the critical connection from agricultural innovation and discovery to durable improvements at scale, as farmers and other actors in the rural economy learn, adapt, and innovate with new technologies and practices. However, lack of capacity and performance of agricultural extension in lower- and middle-income countries is an ongoing concern. Research on agricultural extension and advisory services (in short, extension) has been an integral part of the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) since its inception. This brief synthesizes key findings from research funded by and linked to PIM from 2012 to 2021, presenting lessons learned and a vision for the future of extension. A list of all PIM-related extension and advisory services research is provided at the end. Designing and implementing effective provision of extension is complex, and efforts to strengthen extension services often fall into a trap of adopting “best practice†blueprint approaches that are not well-tailored to local conditions. An expansive literature examines the promises and pitfalls of common approaches, including training-and-visit extension systems, farmer field schools, and many others (Anderson and Feder 2004; Anderson et al. 2006; Waddington and White 2014; Scoones and Thompson 2009). To understand extension systems and build evidence for what works and where, the “best-fit†framework, a widely recognized approach developed by Birner and colleagues (2009) and adapted by Davis and Spielman (2017), offers a simple impact chain approach (Figure 1). The framework focuses on a defined set of extension service characteristics that affect performance: governance structures and funding; organizational and management capacities and cultures; methods; and community engagement — all of which are subject to external factors such as the policy environment, agroecological conditions, and farming-system heterogeneity. To enhance extension performance and, ultimately, a wide range of outcomes and impacts, new and innovative interventions can be applied and adapted within this set of extension characteristics. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; agriculture; extension services; agricultural extension; advisory services; rural areas; governance; community involvement |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:othbrf:134719&r= |
| By: | Edmond Noubissi Domguia (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study contributes to the extant literature on the nexus between information and communication technologies (ICTs) and agriculture. Despite increasing attention on the subject, existing studies are sparse on the channels through which ICTs affect the agricultural sector. We use a stochastic impact model extended to the population, affluence and technology regression model to assess both the impact and transmission of ICTs on agriculture in 18 sub-Saharan African countries. The empirical results show that ICT use measured by Internet, mobile and fixed-line telephone penetration boosts the agricultural sector enormously. In addition, the mediation analysis reveals that ICTs not only have a direct positive effect on agriculture but also a positive indirect effect through its impact on financial development and trade openness and a negative indirect effect through energy consumption. However, the total effect is positive and shows that ICTs are supporting the development of the agricultural sector in sub-Saharan Africa. To enhance the positive effects of ICTs on agriculture, governments should design policies to improve access to credit for the private sector, promote liberalization, and provide financial incentives for the development of green and less expensive agricultural technologies. |
| Keywords: | ICT, agriculture, Sub-Saharan Africa, transmission channels, mediation |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/007&r= |
| By: | Gomez, Miguel I.; Puerto, Sergio; Zahniser, Steven; Li, Jie |
| Abstract: | This report explores the performance of U.S. agricultural exports to Colombia over the past decade (2009-19), giving emphasis to leading product categories that show opportunities for further export expansion. Increasing income, an expanding middle class, and dietary changes have led to greater demand for the types of agricultural products imported from the United States. These products include not only bulk commodities (such as grains, oilseeds, and meat) but also less traditional imports—such as pack-aged food, fuel ethanol, and convenience-store items. This process has been facilitated by the Colombia-U.S. Trade Promotion Agreement (TPA), allowing for substantial gains in the market share of U.S. agricultural suppliers in Colombian food consumption. The impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on Colombian agricultural trade is not comprehensively addressed in this report. However, our analysis highlights the market opportunities that showed promise for Colombia’s foreign and domes-tic agricultural suppliers prior to the pandemic as a benchmark for policymaking and future research. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Demand and Price Analysis, International Development, International Relations/Trade, Production Economics, Public Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:316795&r= |
| By: | Yugay, Stanislav; Götz, Linde; Svanidze, Miranda |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305595&r= |
| By: | Olatunji A. Shobande (University of Aberdeen, UK); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | The struggle to combat climate change remains complex and challenging. Currently, two climate change approaches, namely, mitigation and adaptation, have been widely supported. These are empirical, requiring further explanation of the main drivers of carbon emissions. This research seeks to tackle this problem by providing a strategy to reduce climate change impacts. This study contributes to the existing empirical literature in several ways. It investigates whether education and information and communication technology (ICT) matter to promote environmental sustainability in the Eastern and Southern Africa. The empirical evidence is based on the third-generation panel unit root test and panel cointegration tests that account for the potential issue of structural breaks in the series. We further dissect the long and short run dynamics using the panel Granger causality approach. Our findings show the possibility of using education and clean technology investment in a complementary strategy for mitigating carbon emissions and promoting environmental sustainability in the sampled countries. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Sustainability; ICT; Education; Eastern Africa; Southern Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/006&r= |
| By: | Lauterbach, Josephine; Risius, Antje; Bantle, Christina |
| Keywords: | Marketing, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305625&r= |
| By: | Ahn, Jae-Wan; Rhodes, M. Taylor |
| Abstract: | Identifying adulterants in imported foods and refusing contaminated shipments help minimize the risk of foodborne illness from foreign products and are essential to keep U.S. consumers safe. This report uses import refusal data from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 2002 to 2019 to explore import refusals based on contamination with pathogens and toxins. The report examines trends in total, annually, by industry, and by country. The analysis helps identify which pathogen/toxin is the most common in refused imports, which industries are the most frequently refused in total and by pathogen/toxin type, which countries are the most frequently refused in total and by pathogen/toxin type, and what changes occurred over time. From 2002 to 2019, Salmonella violations accounted for nearly 79.8 percent of all pathogen/toxin violations, followed by Listeria at 11 percent. By food industry group, most pathogen/toxin violations occurred in fishery and seafood products (44.1 percent), followed by spices, flavors, and salts (26.3 percent). Shipments from India, Mexico, and Vietnam accounted for 22.9 percent, 14.9 percent, and 8.6 percent of import refusals due to pathogen/toxin violations, respectively. This report has a limited understanding of which factors affect the refusals because the dataset does not have the volume of shipments inspected, and the FDA inspected only a small percent of the shipment, not randomly, based on the previous history. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Financial Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Health Economics and Policy, Public Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–12–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:316794&r= |
| By: | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |
| Abstract: | This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets and food security in Malawi. |
| Keywords: | MALAWI, SOUTHERN AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, livestock, prices, food prices, chickens, eggs, retail prices, goat meat, livestock products, fish |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:masspb:13b&r= |
| By: | Gad Akwensivie |
| Abstract: | Purpose: Since 2003, the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources of Ghana has been assisting customary land authorities to establish customary land secretariats as a step towards improved customary land administration and management. The support for Customary Land Administration is to develop a more effective and accountable system of land administration at local level based on a collaborative approach, building on existing customary institutions, with the support of central government. The work seeks to provide an understanding of the customary land secretariat concept in Ghana. The work achieves this by observing several customary land secretariats and demonstrating the outcome of their implementation in Ghana over a decade from 2003 to 2020. The specific objectives are to assess the effectiveness of Customary Land Secretariats in terms of: 1) Maintaining reliable and up-to-date record of land transactions at the customary level, 2) Providing the expected linkage between landowners and prospective investors, and 3) Resolving land disputes through Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms. The work seeks to unveil the successes and failures of the customary land secretariats based on the above thematic areas.Methodology: The study employs a case study approach within a Quantitative and Qualitative data analysis paradigm. The research and its findings and conclusion hinges on robust empirical evidence with analysis of quantitative and qualitative data collated from 20 CLSs randomly selected across the country. Overall, 60 respondents were selected and interviewed using the purposive sampling technique. Some telephone and Email correspondence were used but to a limited extent. Visits were made to 18 of the CLSs to verify and confirm conflicting data collated from the different data sources.Findings: Results show a reduction in the number of ownership disputes in areas where CLSs have been established and that there is an increase in public education and sensitization of community people on land documentation and that there is an increase in the number persons registering lands including the proportion of women registering titles to their lands.Implications: In Ghana like many other African countries, land is central to livelihood for majority of the population which is largely agrarian subsistence farmers. An efficient land administration system at the local level has the potential to activate local economic development. Second, over 70% of lands in Ghana is customarily owned and held in trust by traditional leaders (i.e., family heads, clan heads, chiefs, and priests) for their subjects. The effectiveness of customary land secretariat implementation will greatly aid the fiduciary relation and promote accountability at the local level. |
| Keywords: | accountability; customary land secretariats; subsistence farmers |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2021-019&r= |
| By: | Anne-Charlotte Vaissière (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Fabien Quétier (Biotope [Mèze]); Adeline Bierry (LECA - Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Clémence Vannier (LECA - Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Florence Baptist (Biotope [Mèze]); Sandra Lavorel (LECA - Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | It is increasingly common for developers to be asked to manage the impacts of their projects on biodiversity by restoring other degraded habitats that are ecologically equivalent to those that are impacted. These measures, called biodiversity offsets, generally aim to achieve ‘no net loss' (NNL) of biodiversity. Using spatially-explicit modeling, different options were compared in terms of their performance in offsetting the impacts on wetlands of the planned urban expansion around Grenoble (France). Two implementation models for offsetting were tested: (a) the widespread bespoke permittee-led restoration project model, resulting in a patchwork of restored wetlands, and (b) recently-established aggregated and anticipated "banking" approaches whereby larger sets of adjacent parcels offset the impacts of several projects. Two ecological equivalence methods for sizing offsets were simulated: (a) the historically-prevalent area-based approach and (b) recently introduced approaches whereby offsets are sized to ensure NNL of wetland functions. Simulations showed that a mix of functional methods with minimum area requirements was more likely to achieve NNL of wetland area and function across the study area and within each subwatershed. Our methodology can be used to test the carrying capacity of a landscape to support urban expansion and its associated offsetting in order to formulate more sustainable development plans. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03467498&r= |
| By: | Sandkamp, Alexander; Yalcin, Erdal |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how varying antidumping methodologies applied within the World Trade Organization differ in the extent to which they reduce targeted exports. We show that antidumping duties, on average, hit Chinese exporters harder than those of other targeted countries. This difference can be traced back in part to China's non‐market economy status, which affects the way antidumping duties are calculated. Furthermore, we show that the type of imposed duty matters, as ad‐valorem duties affect exports differently compared to specific duties or duties conditional on the export price. Overall, however, antidumping duties remain effective in reducing imports independent of market economy status. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:241854&r= |
| By: | Kaone Phiri |
| Abstract: | Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess impediments of access to serviced tribal land by citizens on the waiting list of Mogoditshane sub-land board in Kweneng District. Design/Methodology: Both primary and secondary data sources were used to collect data. Primary data was collected using questionnaires administered to land applicants in the Mogoditshane sub-land board waiting list. Secondary data was collected from journal articles, books, conference papers and newspaper articles. Data collected was subsequently analysed usingMicrosoft Excel; ANOVA, regression analysis, t-test analysis, and correlation.Findings: the study revealed 3 classes of the impediments that affect serviced tribal land accessibility; institutional, physical, and financial factors. Institutional factors include; unrecordedtransactions, no overall regulation of how to administer tribal land, inappropriate distribution of power, poor land policies, lack of complete records of tribal land, corruption, lack of proper LandInformation Systems (LIS), poor record keeping, poor governance, lack of accountability, frequency of incompetence, lack of skilled labour, low qualification requirement, inadequate institutional capacity, unregistered old allocations and lack of data networks among land boards. Financial factors include poor pay, inadequate funds and high cost of serving land. Shortage of land and difficulty of determining land available were characterized under physical factors.Practical implications: The main implication of the study is if serviced tribal land is not accessible land issues and conflicts will persist in Mogoditshane sub-land board. In addition, lack of accessible land may lead to poverty among citizens.Recommendations: The study recommends that to enhance access to serviced land, proper record keeping and registration of land, improving land administration and land tenure security and recognizing that good governance of land is essential for peace and security. Value/contribution of the study: This study has provided a context on how land can be made availableand accessible for all individuals. The study is not only significant to people in the real estate industry, but also to everyone. Land is a core resource to every essential human activity and an excellent management of it is an indicator of a healthy economy. The study will help people understand landmanagement as an important entity towards a sustainable and healthy economy. |
| Keywords: | land access; land administration; land delivery; Land management; serviced tribal land |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2021-032&r= |
| By: | Mohajan, Haradhan |
| Abstract: | This paper is about the cradle to cradle (C2C) concept that is correlated with circular economy (CE). The C2C notion means; products should be without producing any waste. It is considered as a biometric procedure to design the products and materials in healthy ways. The C2C model is sustainable for present and future generations. In the past few years, C2C concept has grown wide interest among the nations of the world and the demand for environment friendly products has been increasing day by day globally. The C2C notion is based on the idea of non-waste production systems that do not harm the environment. Within the C2C framework, two distinct metabolisms: the biological metabolism and the technical metabolism are identified. In the study the development of C2C approach around the world is discussed. As the global natural resources are decreasing; C2C becomes new efficient strategy in production arena. Sustainable products, healthy materials, responsible consumption, and environmental responsibility are essential issues for the 21st century. The objective of C2C is the production without waste and elimination of the harmfulness from the products. C2C inspires that all products to be manufactured with alternative materials. This article tries for the successful implementation of C2C in the society. |
| Keywords: | Cradle to Cradle, Biological Nutrient, Recycling, Clean Environment, Upcycling |
| JEL: | D6 D61 F6 F63 F64 |
| Date: | 2021–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111334&r= |
| By: | Andrea Giacomelli (Department of Economics, University Of Venice CÃ Foscari) |
| Abstract: | The European Taxonomy defines in a technically robust way the system of sustainability objectives at the level of the European Union and the technical criteria for verifying which economic activities contribute to achieve the system of objectives. Compared to the current practices on sustainability, the EU Taxonomy introduces new and articulated principles for assessing the environmental sustainability of undertakings and new operational challenges, which are complex to implement. Indeed, the contents of the Taxonomy have a strong impact and therefore require in-depth analysis on many fronts. The paper aims to contribute to shed light on the above issues, focusing on non-financial undertakings and pursuing 3 main objectives. The first objective of the paper is to disseminate the main contents of the Taxonomy. The second objective is to introduce general criteria to satisfy in order to represent the articulated contents required by the Taxonomy in an exhaustive and easy-to consult summary reporting. The third objective concerns some preliminary reflections on possible ways of extending the Taxonomy to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), which play a very significant role in the European economic system. |
| Keywords: | EU sustainability taxonomy, environmental sustainability, sustainability plan, sustainable investment, ESG risk, climate change risk, transition risk, ESG sustainability report |
| JEL: | D81 K32 O21 Q50 Q51 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2021:29&r= |
| By: | Richter, Barbara; Hanf, Jon H.; Bitsch, Linda; Yang, Yanlin; Li, Shuo |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305610&r= |
| By: | Muhammad, Andrew; Grant, Jason; Jensen, Marion; Evenett, Simon; Brodzinski, Tomasz; Antràs, Pol; Fajgelbaum, Pablo |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2021–03–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iatrpb:316974&r= |
| By: | Pestel, Nico (ROA, Maastricht University); Oswald, Andrew J. (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | Climate change is sometimes viewed as the most serious problem facing modern society. The science behind anthropogenic global warming has been understood for more than half a century. Yet relatively few economists work on topics related to climate change. What explains this (apparent) lack of interest from economists? Here we report the results of a survey to try to understand economists' views and actions. More than 90% of respondents state that they are concerned about climate change. Our survey then asks the respondents why they have not done research on the topic. The most frequent response (given by approximately 80% of economists) is that they do not feel they have enough time and resources to be able to work on climate change. We discuss possible explanations and concerns. |
| Keywords: | climate change, economics |
| JEL: | A11 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14885&r= |
| By: | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |
| Abstract: | This quarterly market report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of weekly and monthly retail prices of selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi. |
| Keywords: | MALAWI, SOUTHERN AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, livestock, prices, food prices, chickens, eggs, retail prices, goat meat, livestock products, fish |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:masspb:quarterly4b&r= |
| By: | Hanke, Steve (The Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise) |
| Abstract: | Recently, increased attention has been placed on problems of water affordability, especially for minority communities. Water system revenue losses, inefficiency, mismanagement, lack of productivity, and federal mandates, to name a few problems, are rapidly escalating the cost of water for consumers. Because the Maryland Advisory Committee to the U.S. Civil Rights Commission focuses on the cost of water, especially its disparate impact on minority communities and protected classes of people, this testimony will focus on Baltimore. Baltimore's demographic make-up is notable. Baltimore County has a population of 854,535 and Baltimore City has a population of 593,490. Baltimore City is 62% Black or African American, 31% White, and 5% Hispanic/Latino (United States Census Bureau, 2019). 21% of the population in Baltimore City lives below the poverty line (Marylanders Against Poverty, 2020). More specifically, 26.1% of Black or African Americans in Baltimore City and 22.5% of Hispanic or Latinos in Baltimore City live below the poverty line. There have been serious problems with the water and wastewater systems in Baltimore for decades. These problems are endemic, growing, and will continue to adversely affect the affordability of water until their root causes - mismanagement and system deterioration - are addressed. I submit that subsidies to treat the symptoms of these problems will only make matters worse, and that the cost of water will continue to rise until and unless private enterprise is able to aid the City in fixing its failing and cost-ineffective water and wastewater systems. |
| Date: | 2021–11–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:jhisae:0195&r= |
| By: | Jamali Jaghdani, Tinoush; Čechura, Lukáš; Ólafsdóttir, Guðrún; Thakur, Maitri |
| Keywords: | Industrial Organization, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305590&r= |
| By: | Aldott, Zoltan (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to contribute to the coffee pricing literature pertaining to the Cup of Excellence (CoE) competitions by revising the feature set used and extending the modelling approach using machine learning. The specific dataset used is merged from data provided by the Alliance for Coffee Excellence and information collected through scraping public information from the Cup of Excellence website. The paper compares popular supervised learning algorithms exploring multiple interpretations of tasting notes to attain an efficient predictive model of prices. The algorithms compared include OLS, regularised linear algorithms, the decision tree, as well as, bagging and gradient-boosting ensemble methods. The best-performing models are further optimised using hyperparameter tuning and the most efficient one is selected. Based on a gradient-boosting regression, the final model is analysed to find the key relationships driving model predictions. Permutation feature importance and accumulated local effects analyses are used to provide insights into the non-linearities present in the data generating process. |
| Keywords: | specialty coffee ; machine learning ; prediction ; Coffee Taster’s Flavor Wheel ; Cup of Excellence JEL Classification: C53 ; C81 ; D44 ; Q11 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:wrkesp:15&r= |
| By: | SANCHEZ FERNANDEZ Berta (European Commission - JRC); DI BARTOLO Fabiola (European Commission - JRC); MÁRQUEZ GARCÍA María Belén; CHARELS Diana; VÁGNER Roman; SOTO EMBODAS Iria (European Commission - JRC); BARREIRO HURLE Jesus (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report is a technical analysis of the responses to the questionnaire regarding the phytosanitary measures related to the Plant Passport (PP) system under the new plant health legislation, as provided by several stakeholders. The questionnaire - sent in February 2021 - was answered by 177 respondents including National Plant Protection Organizations, certification Competent Authorities, operators, associations, and the general public, from 25 different EU Member States. This report includes an analysis carried out by DG SANTE of policy aspects of the experience gained from the extension of the plant passport system in the European Union, and a cost benefit analysis carried out by JRC. Results show the stakeholders’ views on the cost and benefits of the extension of the PP requirement to all movement of plants for planting within the territory of the European Union, as well as some other provisions aimed at strengthening the PP system. The results also include evaluation of other relevant policy aspects and alternatives as perceived by the stakeholders: the introduction of an electronic PP, the provisions of distance contracts, the changes related to Regulated Non-Quarantine Pests regarding the new PP requirements, and the implementation of the new rules on pre-export certificates. This report is drafted for the preparation of the report to the European Parliament and to the Council according to the legislative obligation of the Commission laid down in Article 79(6) of the Plant Health Regulation (EC 2016/2031). |
| Keywords: | Plant passport system, Cost benefit analysis, Plant Health, EU Regulation, Phytosanitary measures |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc126789&r= |
| By: | SOTO EMBODAS Iria (European Commission - JRC); DI BARTOLO Fabiola (European Commission - JRC); KAMMENOU Maria; SCALIA Rosalinda; CHARELS Diana; SANCHEZ FERNANDEZ Berta (European Commission - JRC); BARREIRO HURLE Jesus (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This technical report assesses the policy and economic impact of the provision of the specific import measures included in the New Plant Health Regulation [Regulation (EU) 2016/2031.To this end a survey of different EU stakeholders was carried out i.e. Certification CAs, NPPOs, operators, MS-level and EU-wide associations, and non-EU NPPOs. The survey was answered by 103 respondents from 60 different countries.Results show the stakeholders’ views on the specific import requirements for regulated non-quarantine pests and the requests for prior notification from non-EU countries when planning to export specific commodities to the EU, and the provisions for adopting measures in case of newly identified risks. In addition, it reports information on costs and benefits of the change in fees charged by NPPOs to operators and the number of inspections carried out. This report is one of four reports drafted for the preparation of the report to the European Parliament and to the Council according to the legislative obligation of the Commission laid down in Article 50 of the Plant Health Regulation (EC 2016/2031). |
| Keywords: | Cost benefit analysis, Plant Health, EU Regulation, Import procedures, phytosanitary measures |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc126792&r= |