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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2021‒05‒24
twenty papers chosen by |
| By: | Anderson, Kym; Valenzuela, Ernesto |
| Abstract: | This paper provides new estimates of the extent and economic effects of agricultural policies that provide domestic support or import protection to farmers in countries that compete in the global marketplace with unsubsidized farmers. Analyses earlier this century found that import market access barriers accounted for more than 90% of the global welfare cost of all assistance to farmers, with domestic support measures providing as little as 5%. Since then the share contributed by domestic support has grown greatly in some high-income and emerging economies, thanks to policy re-instrumentation. Using the latest version of the GTAP model and database of the global economy, this paper estimates the economic effects of direct farmer subsidies, and of the producer subsidy and consumer tax equivalents of farm trade policies, on farmers in three lightly assisting countries. The estimates adjusted for country size suggest the effects on agricultural exports, net farm income, and national economic welfare of such policies are far more adverse for Australia, Brazil and especially New Zealand than for the rest of the world, and that domestic supports abroad are much more important contributors to those losses now than they were at the start of this century. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural trade distortions; domestic supports; farm subsidies; market access; Trade Negotiations |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15490&r= |
| By: | Tran, Thi Xuyen (Helmut Schmidt University, Hamburg) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we investigate whether and how households adjust their agricultural practices such as cultivation and livestock to adapt to a severe typhoon.We, therefore, make use of a natural experiment coming from the strong typhoon Ketsana in 2009. We apply the difference-in-differences approach using micro-data on household level and spatial data of this severe typhoon. Our empirical findings suggest that households alter their agricultural activities in response to a strong typhoon. While they decrease the crops-planted area, they tend to purchase more livestock in the short term and in the medium term. Our paper not only indicates the adjustment to the crop-livestock system as an adaptation strategy to a severe typhoon, but it also is a warning about the contraction of crops production in the aftermath of this type of event. |
| Keywords: | Typhoon; Agriculture; Crops; Livestock; Vietnam |
| JEL: | O12 O13 Q12 Q15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–05–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:vhsuwp:2021_188&r= |
| By: | Kafle, Kashi; Songsermsawas, Tisorn; Winters, Paul |
| Abstract: | This analysis investigates the potential mechanism and the practical significance of the impacts of agricultural value chain development in a geographically challenging rural area of a developing country. We use data from a primary survey administered in the hill and mountainous region in Western Nepal. We show that linking small-scale producers with regional and local traders can help increase agricultural income. We unpack the potential mechanism of the impact pathway and show that the increase in agricultural income is a consequence of higher agricultural revenues, owing to a higher volume of sales at lower prices. The positive impact on household income is practically significant in that it translated into improved food security, dietary diversity and household resilience. Targeted value chain interventions that strengthen and stabilize small-scale producers’ access to markets can contribute to rural poverty reduction via an increase in agricultural income. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2021–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadrs:311008&r= |
| By: | Kym Anderson (Wine Economics Research Centre, School of Economics, University of Adelaide, Australia, and Arndt-Corden Dept of Economics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia); Vicente Pinilla (Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain) |
| Abstract: | The latest wave of globalization has seen the share of global wine production crossing national borders treble, to more than 40. Prior to the 1980s, wine was confined mostly to southern Europe with very little trade outside that region. Why was wine globalization so belated? Why did it take so long for wine exports to take off even in the New World regions of European settlement? This article addresses these questions and also seeks to explain the bilateral patterns of wine trade. It concludes by speculating briefly on how wine markets might develop in the foreseeable future. |
| Keywords: | Growth in wine trade, Late emergence of New World wine exporters, Changes in beverage tastes, Premiumization of wine consumption, Beverage market projections |
| JEL: | F14 F17 L66 Q11 Q17 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adl:winewp:2021-01&r= |
| By: | Nathan DeMaagd (University of Hawai‘i at Manoa Department of Economics); Michael J. Roberts (University of Hawai‘i at Manoa Department of Economics, University of Hawai‘i Economic Research Organization, University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant College Program) |
| Abstract: | The effect that climate change will have on water resource sustainability is gaining international interest, particularly in regions where stocks are strained due to changing climate and increasing populations. Past studies focus mainly on how water availability will be affected by climate change, with little attention paid to how consumer behavior is likely to react. How a changing climate affects water demand could be equally or more important to management solutions as its influence on water supply. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between residential water use and climate on the Hawaiian island of O‘ahu, and apply downscaled climate projections to estimate end-of-century water use. |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hae:wpaper:2020-2&r= |
| By: | A. G. A. Cariappa; B. S. Chandel; G. Sankhala; V. Mani; R. Sendhil; A. K. Dixit; B. S. Meena |
| Abstract: | Calcium (Ca) requirement increases tenfold upon parturition in dairy cows & buffaloes and its deficiency leads to a condition called milk fever (MF). Estimation of losses is necessary to understand the depth of the problem and design preventive measures. How much is the economic loss due to MF? What will be the efficiency gain if MF is prevented at the advent of a technology? We answer these questions using survey data and official statistics employing economic surplus model. MF incidence in sample buffaloes and cows was 19% and 28%, respectively. Total economic losses were calculated as a sum total of losses from milk production, mortality of animals and treatment costs. Yearly economic loss due to MF was estimated to be INR 1000 crores (US$ 137 million) in Haryana. Value of milk lost had the highest share in total economic losses (58%), followed by losses due to mortality (29%) and treatment costs (13%). Despite lower MF incidence, losses were higher in buffaloes due to higher milk prices and market value of animals. The efficiency gain accruing to producers if MF is prevented, resulting from increased milk production at decreased costs was estimated at INR 10990 crores (US$ 1.5 billion). As the potential gain if prevented is around 10 times the economic losses, this study calls for the use of preventive technology against MF. |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2105.09782&r= |
| By: | C. J. O’Donnell (School of Economics and Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis (CEPA) at The University of Queensland, Australia) |
| Abstract: | Explaining changes in agricultural productivity involves explaining changes in output and input quantities. Several economic models can be used for this purpose. This paper considers a model that accounts for weather and output price uncertainty. Changes in productivity are then explained in two steps. First, the relationship between observed outputs, observed inputs and observed weather variables is written in the form of a stochastic production frontier model. Following estimation, the model is used to decompose a proper productivity index into measures of technical progress and environmental change, measures of technical efficiency and scale-and-mix efficiency change, and a measure of change in statistical noise. Second, the relationship between observed input prices and quantities, expected output prices and expected weather variables is written in the form of a system of input demand equations. Following estimation, the system is used to further decompose the measure of scale-and-mix efficiency change into measures of technical progress, input price change, changes in expectations, and changes in allocative efficiency and statistical noise. The methodology is applied to U.S. agricultural data. The effects of weather and climate change on agricultural productivity are found to be small relative to the effects of changes in input prices. |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qld:uqcepa:157&r= |
| By: | Kym Anderson (Wine Economics Research Centre, School of Economics, University of Adelaide, Australia, and Arndt-Corden Dept of Economics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia); Signe Nelgen (Wine Economics Research Centre, School of Economics, University of Adelaide, Australia, and Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany) |
| Abstract: | This article reveals the extent to which national mixes of winegrape varieties (in terms of vineyard bearing area) have become more ‘internationalized’ and of arguably higher quality since wine globalization accelerated from the 1990s, and what that means for diversity of consumer choice. It does so using an updated global database involving 700+ wine regions that account for 99% of the world’s winegrape vineyard area and 1,700+ DNA-distinct prime winegrape varieties and 1350+ synonyms, for 2000, 2010 and 2016. It shows that vignerons’ winegrape varietal choices are narrowing in the various wine-producing countries of the world by converging on the major ‘international’ varieties, especially French ones. This is not inconsistent with the fact that wine consumers are enjoying an ever-wider choice range, thanks to far greater international trade in wine associated with the current wave of globalization. Nor is it inconsistent with strengthening vigneron interest in ‘alternative’ and native varieties. The data also suggest the quality of the current global mix of varieties has been rising well above the average quality of the most-planted varieties as of 1990 or 2000. |
| Keywords: | Index of similarity between national and global varietal mixes, index of internationalization of prime varieties, quality of winegrape varieties |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adl:winewp:2021-03&r= |
| By: | Hervé Guyomard (Services déconcentrés d'appui à la recherche Bretagne-Normandie - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Jean-Christophe Bureau (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Vincent Chatellier (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Cécile Detang-Dessendre (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement); Pierre Dupraz (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Florence Jacquet (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes); Xavier Reboud (Agroécologie [Dijon] - UB - Université de Bourgogne - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Vincent Requillart (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Louis Georges Soler (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Margot Tysebaert (AgroParisTech) |
| Abstract: | The June 2018 CAP proposals are only marginally consistent with the ambitions of the Green Deal. This is also the case of the regulation revisions being adopted by either the Council or the European Parliament in October 2020. Making EU agriculture consistent with the Green Deal but would require a whole food chain policy that encompasses more stringent instruments on the supply side and extensive changes in eating patterns. |
| Abstract: | Les propositions de réforme de la PAC de juin 2018 ne sont que marginalement cohérentes avec les ambitions du Green Deal. C'est également le cas des révisions du règlement qui seront adoptées soit par le Conseil, soit par le Parlement européen en octobre 2020. Rendre l'agriculture de l'UE cohérente avec le Pacte vert nécessiterait une politique de l'ensemble de la chaîne alimentaire qui englobe des instruments plus stricts du côté de l'offre et des changements importants dans les habitudes alimentaires. |
| Keywords: | Public policies,CAP,Green Deal,European agriculture,Farms,Environment,Agricultural production,Food chain,Politiques publiques,PAC,Agriculture européenne,Exploitations agricoles,Environnement,Production agricole,Chaîne alimentaire |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03209246&r= |
| By: | Joseph I. Uduji (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Elda N. Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the corporate social responsibility initiatives of multinational oil companies in Nigeria. Its main focus is to investigate the impact of the global memorandum of understanding (GMoU) on equipping the rural young people with essential farming skills and knowledge for adoption and application of modern agricultural inputs in the Niger Delta region. Design/methodology/approach – This paper adopts a survey research technique, aimed at gathering information from a representative sample of the population, as it is essentially cross-sectional, describing and interpreting the current situation. A total of 800 rural young people were sampled across the oil producing region. Findings – The results from the use of combined propensity score matching and logit model indicate that the GMoU model has a significant impact on development of informal farm entrepreneurship generally, but somewhat undermined rural young people in the targeted agricultural clusters. Practical implications – This suggests that youth-specific CSR farm projects can be effective in providing young people with the extra push needed to tackle the knowledge gap and poor agronomic that erect the below-per yield and lack of competitiveness of small-holder farmers in the region. Social implications – It implies that a coherent and integrated CSR response from business would be necessary to unlock investment opportunities on young people in farms for agricultural competitiveness and food security in Africa. Originality/value – This research adds to the literature on informal farm entrepreneurship and rural communities’ debate in sub-Saharan Africa. It concludes that business has obligation to help in solving problems of youth unemployment in developing countries. |
| Keywords: | Global memorandum of understanding (GMoU), Rural young people, Informal farm entrepreneurship, sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:21/033&r= |
| By: | Eoin F. McGuirk; Nathan Nunn |
| Abstract: | We consider the effects of climate change on seasonally migrant populations that herd livestock – i.e., transhumant pastoralists – in Africa. Traditionally, transhumant pastoralists beneï¬ t from a cooperative relationship with sedentary agriculturalists whereby arable land is used for crop farming in the wet season and animal grazing in the dry season. Droughts can disrupt this arrangement by inducing pastoral groups to migrate to agricultural lands before the harvest, causing conflict to emerge. We examine this hypothesis by combining ethnographic information on the traditional locations of transhumant pastoralists and sedentary agriculturalists with high-resolution data on the location and timing of rainfall and violent conflict events in Africa from 1989–2018. We show that droughts in the territory of transhumant pastoralists lead to conflict in neighboring areas. Consistent with the hypothesis, these conflict events are concentrated in agricultural areas; they occur during the wet season and not the dry season; and they are due to rainfall’s impact on plant biomass growth. This mechanism explains a sizable proportion of conflict events in Africa, particularly civil conflicts and religious-extremist attacks. We ï¬ nd that the effects are muted in the presence of irrigation aid projects, but not in the presence of other forms of foreign aid. The effects approach zero as pastoral groups share more political power. |
| Keywords: | Transhumant pastoralism, sedentary agriculture, seasonal migration, conflict, weather |
| JEL: | N10 Q54 Z1 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rza:wpaper:860&r= |
| By: | Kym Anderson (Wine Economics Research Centre, School of Economics, University of Adelaide, Australia, and Arndt-Corden Dept of Economics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia); Signe Nelgen (Wine Economics Research Centre, School of Economics, University of Adelaide, Australia, and Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Winegrape varieties in the world’s vineyards have become more internationalized since wine globalization accelerated from the 1990s. Simultaneously, economic growth and greater openness to trade have altered beverage consumption cultures in those countries, and in nonwine- producing countries. This chapter draws out the implications of these developments for terroir-based cultural assets in the countries of origin of each winegrape variety, and in the sometimes dispersed countries planting them. It exploits two recently revised, expanded and updated global databases. One covers wine production, consumption and trade; and the other describes winegrape bearing areas by variety and region covering 99% of the world’s winegrape vineyard area and more than 1,700 DNA-distinct winegrape varieties for 2000 and 2016. This latter database reveals that vignerons’ varietal choices are narrowing in the wineproducing countries of the world, converging on the major French varieties. This is despite a strengthening interest by vignerons in ‘alternative’ and native varieties, the latter linked historically to terroir-based cultural assets. Meanwhile, wine consumers are enjoying everwider choice, thanks to much-increased international trade in wine. Data also suggest the quality of the current global mix of varieties has been rising well above that of a generation ago. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adl:winewp:2021-04&r= |
| By: | Ben Vollaard (Tilburg University); Jan C. van Ours (Erasmus University Rotterdam) |
| Abstract: | Hard evidence on bias in expert reviews and its consequences for ratings is rare. This holds particularly true for conflicts of interest that are thought to be common in non-blind product reviews but are not readily observable: ad hoc relationships between reviewers and producers. We present a textbook case of a long-running expert product review in the food service industry for which we happen to know the reviewer's conflict of interest: being affiliated to one particular producer. As is typical, only insiders were aware of the possible source of bias in the review. The review resembles other non-blind tests of product quality. We obtained detailed data to map the consequences of the conflict of interest. We find evidence of a sizable bias in the reviewers' ratings. Our findings suggest that reviewers' ad hoc relationships with producers, often dismissed as `coming with the job', can be very harmful. |
| Date: | 2021–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20210042&r= |
| By: | Gilles Dufrénot (Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France.); William Ginn (Adidas, Economist, Germany); Marc Pourroy (University of Poitiers, France.) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effect of changing ENSO patterns on global commodity prices, including energy, metals/minerals and agriculture real commodity price subsets, while controlling for global economic output and interest rate via a global factor local projections (GFALP) model. We study the responses to climate shocks using a nonlinear multivariate model to assess differential effects across ENSO climate regimes. We find that commodity inflation is reactive to El Niño and La Niña events, but that this sensitivity can occur either in the short-or long-term depending on the commodity under investigation. For commodities in agriculture, we uncover an asymmetric influence of El Niño and La Niña shocks. More central banks are questioning whether climate change is part of their mission to stabilize prices. Our results indicate the existence of a direct link between weather anomalies and commodity inflation, one that should be integrated into the central banks' inflation targeting framework. |
| Keywords: | ENSO, weather, commodity price, agriculture, energy |
| JEL: | C32 F44 O13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2130&r= |
| By: | Anmina Murielle Djiguemde (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Dimitri Dubois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Alexandre Sauquet (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Tidball Mabel (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of discrete versus continuous time on the behavior of agents in the context of a dynamic common pool resource game. To this purpose, we consider a linear quadratic model in which agents exploit a renewable resource with an infinite horizon and conduct a lab experiment. We use a differential game for continuous time and derive its discrete time approximation. When the agent is the sole owner of the resource, we fail to detect on a battery of indicators any difference between discrete and continuous time. Conversely, in the two-player setting, significantly more agents can be classified as myopic and end up with a low resource level in discrete time. Continuous time seems to allow for better cooperation and thus greater sustainability of the resource than does discrete time. Also, payoffs are more equally distributed in the continuous time setting. |
| Keywords: | Common Pool Resource,Differential Games,Experimental Economics,Continuous Time,Discrete Time |
| Date: | 2021–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03214973&r= |
| By: | Panza, Laura |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of the disruption of the Ottoman Empire on the integration of regional and colonial commodity markets in the Near East during 1923-1939. Exploiting a novel dataset on quarterly wholesale prices in interwar Syria, Egypt, Turkey, France and the UK, it tests for cointegration and quantifies the magnitude and speed of price convergence across markets using VECMs. The results indicate that while regional market disintegrated, colonial market linkages strengthened, despite the anti-global environment of the interwar era. |
| Keywords: | cointegration; Colonial linkages; Interwar era; market integration; Near East |
| JEL: | N75 N95 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15434&r= |
| By: | von Bismarck-Osten, Matthias |
| Abstract: | Over the last seven years, digital agricultural platforms offering a broad range of products and digital services to smallholder farmers have gained a dominant position on the African market. This paper examines the predictions of platform theory using case study evidence from six companies in Sub-Saharan Africa. The platform companies profiled in this paper are DigiFarm, FarmCrowdy, AgroMall, Twiga Foods, Tulaa and AgroCenta. While in theory platforms limit themselves to establishing linkages between user groups, the platform companies profiled in this paper have built vertical structures of control and integration into their business model, albeit to a varying degree. These include the maintenance of a field force that advises and accompanies the farmers, logistics and, above all, the direct sale of the farmers´ produce on the platform company’s own account. Thus, very different platform models are all subsumed under the term ´ digital agricultural platforms ´. With recourse to economic theory on platforms, the paper proposes categories with greater discriminatory power. In addition, it describes how platform companies make key strategic decisions as set out in economic theory. Finally, owing to varying contexts, the paper concludes that there is no silver bullet for the establishment of a digital agricultural platforms. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Farm Management, Marketing, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2021–05–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubonwp:310984&r= |
| By: | Brian R. Copeland; Joseph S. Shapiro; M. Scott Taylor |
| Abstract: | How should international economic policy address climate change? Does trade cause deforestation and endangered species depletion? How does globalization affect air and water pollution? Do trade and investment create a race to the bottom in environmental policy? How important are environmental impacts of transporting goods? We review theory and empirical work linking international trade and the environment with a focus on recent work and methods. We discuss the literature linking trade to local and global pollutants, the impact of emissions from transportation, the effect of trade on the sustainability of renewable resources, and the interaction between trade and climate policy. To shape our review, we present nine new stylized facts that, together with our review of past work, highlight questions for future research. |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q27 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28797&r= |
| By: | Wakuo Saito (Graduate School of Economics, Keio University); Teruo Nakatsuma (Faculty of Economics, Keio University) |
| Abstract: | In recent years, the volume of sake and the number of its breweries have been declining. Covid-19, spreads from 2020, now decrease these less and less. To sustain the sake brewing industry under its market shrinkage, it is essential for each breweries to operate with cost awareness. In this research, we analyzed the cost structure of the sake brewing industry by estimating the translog cost function of sake using Japanese prefecture-wise panel data. We found significant differences in the cost structure among types of sake, but no significant differences among prefectures and time periods. |
| Keywords: | Sake, Cost, Translog Cost Function |
| JEL: | C13 L11 |
| Date: | 2021–05–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:keo:dpaper:2021-011&r= |
| By: | Dawud Ansari; Regine Schönenberg; Melissa Abud; Laura Becerra; Anne Cristina de la Vega-Leinert; Nigel Dudley; Michael Dunlop; Carolina Figueroa; Oscar Guevara; Philipp Hauser; Hannes Hobbie; Mostafa A.R. Hossain; Jean Hugé; Luc Janssens de Bisthoven; Hilde Keunen; Claudia Munera-Roldan; Jan Petzold; Anne-Julie Rochette; Matthew Schmidt; Charlotte Schumann; Sayanti Sengupta; Susanne Stoll-Kleemann; Lorrae van Kerkhoff; Maarten P.M. Vanhove; Carina Wyborn |
| Abstract: | Climate change and biodiversity loss trigger policies worldwide, many of which target or impact local communities. Although research, international development, and policy implementation (and, thus, success in fighting both threats) require thoughtful consideration and communication of the underlying concepts, field work encounters a cascade of tangible barriers. Technoscientific representations of quantifiable causes and effects often remain alien to local perspectives, and failure to involve communities constantly and genuinely creates gaps that may ultimately prevent research and policy success. Therefore, in this article, we present the results of a collective self-assessment exercise for a panel of eight case studies (covering four continents) of communications between project teams and local communities within the context of climate change or biodiversity loss. Our analysis develops eight indicators of good stakeholder communication, which we construct from the literature, in addition to Verran (2002) 's concept of postcolonial moments as a communicative utopia. Our study contributes to the (analytical) understanding of such communications, while also providing tangible insights for field work and policy recommendations. We demonstrate that applying our indicators can foster a more successful communication, although we find an apparent divergence between timing, complexity, and (introspective) effort of the project teams. While three case studies qualify for postcolonial moments, our findings show that especially the scrutiny of power relations and genuine knowledge co-production are still rare. We verify the potency of various instruments for deconstructing science; however, we also show that their sophistication cannot substitute other crucial factors. Instead, simple deconstruction efforts may suffice, while trust-building, proper time management, and an advanced awareness of the scientists are crucial. Lastly, we consider that reforming rigid and inadequate funding policies will help overcome significant barriers and improve the work in and with local communities. |
| Keywords: | transdisciplinary communication, climate change, biodiversity loss, co-production, postcolonial moments, local communities |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 Q57 F54 R11 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1945&r= |