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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2020‒10‒12
77 papers chosen by |
| By: | Gocht, Alexander; Consmüller, Nicola; Thom, Ferike; Grethe, Harald |
| Abstract: | Genome edited crops are on the verge of being placed on the market and their agricultural and food products will thus be internationally traded soon. National regulation, however, diverges regarding the classification of genome edited crops. Major countries such as the US and Brazil do not specifically regulate genome edited crops, while in the European Union they fall under GMO legislation, according to the European Court of Justice (ECJ). As it is in some cases impossible to analytically distinguish products from genome edited plants compared to non-genome edited plants, EU importers may fear the risk of violating EU legislation. They may choose to not import anymore agricultural and food products based on crops, for which genome edited varieties are available. As a consequence, crop products, for which the EU is currently a net importer, would become more expensive in the EU and production would intensify. Furthermore, strong substitu-tion among products covered and not covered by genome editing would occur in consumption, production and trade. We analyse the effects of such a cease of EU imports for cereals and soy on the EU agricultural sector with the comparative static agricultural sector equilibrium model CA-PRI. Our results indicate that effects on agricultural and food prices as well as farm income are strong, and the intensification of EU agriculture may result in negative net environmental effects in the EU as well as increases in global greenhouse gas emissions. This suggests that the trade effects should be taken into account when developing domestic regulation for genome edited crops. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, International Relations/Trade, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2020–09–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:305512&r=all |
| By: | Kitts, Nolan; Bush, Glenn |
| Abstract: | The Conserv Project, started by the Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), aims to establish a novel market-based mechanism in the state of Mato Grosso which incentivizes farmers to conserve land that could otherwise be legally deforested. This study applies a choice experiment (CE) to elicit a farmer’s willingness to accept (WTA) compensation indirectly, by asking respondents to choose between strategically designed alternatives, assuming that people's’ preferences are revealed through the choices they make. CEs have become an increasingly popular method to generate information to support the design of environmental markets. The CE survey was implemented in two distinct and interrelated parts. Part 1 composed of focus group discussion exercises to establish the key attributes of the mechanism which would influence farmer decision and their levels, as well as explore other operational aspects of the program affecting the design of the CE. Phase 2 was the implementation of the CE in the Araguaia Valley utilizing a sample of 40 farmers split between cattle ranchers and soy producers. In conclusion, the choice model estimated provides encouraging results. From the limited sample in this preliminary study, model results clearly show that both livestock and soy farmers are likely to be responsive to a market mechanism as proposed by the Conserv project at least in the short to medium term. However, to get widespread adoption the precise policy mechanisms need to be adapted to the specific conditions of heterogeneous rural farm businesses in the two production classes. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305237&r=all |
| By: | Rotem Zelingher (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); David Makowski; Thierry Brunelle (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | Agricultural price shocks strongly affect farmers' income and food security. It is therefore important to understand the origin of these shocks and anticipate their occurrence. In this study, we explore the possibility of predicting global prices of one of the world main agricultural commodity-maize-based on variations in regional production. We examine the performances of several machine-learning (ML) methods and compare them with a powerful time series model (TBATS) trained with 56 years of price data. Our results show that, out of nineteen regions, global maize prices are mostly influenced by Northern America. More specifically, small positive production changes relative to the previous year in Northern America negatively impact the world price while production of other regions have weak or no influence. We find that TBATS is the most accurate method for a forecast horizon of three months or less. For longer forecasting horizons, ML techniques based on bagging and gradient boosting perform better but require yearly input data on regional maize productions. Our results highlight the interest of ML for predicting global prices of major commodities and reveal the strong sensitivity of global maize price to small variations of maize production in Northern America. |
| Keywords: | Food-security,Maize,Agricultural commodity prices,Regional production,Machine learning |
| Date: | 2020–09–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02945775&r=all |
| By: | Brown, Pike; Walsh, Patrick; Booth, Pam |
| Abstract: | The literature on belief regarding climate is extensive, with results showing that both personal characteristics and personal experience with the effects of climate change strongly influence future expectations. The vast majority of studies rely on cross sectional data, making it difficult to ascertain the durability of expectations regarding future climate or the effect of additional environmental cues on beliefs. The few panel studies of which we are aware exploit extreme weather events to find evidence of “confirmation bias”, in which additional environmental signalling reinforces existing beliefs. In contrast, we evaluate how normal fluctuations in soil moisture causally impact expectations of future drought using a panel of New Zealand farmers. We find that environmental cues such as soil moisture scarcely affect expectations of respondents who already expected future drought to increase but that soil moisture strongly influences respondents who did not. In particular, drier soils are associated with higher expectations of future drought among these former sceptics, whether they previously believed that future drought would decrease or simply would not change. Thus, as New Zealand moves toward IPCC forecasts of more frequent and more severe drought, farmers, foresters, and growers will increasingly agree with the scientific consensus, raising the likelihood of both farm-level and public action. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305239&r=all |
| By: | Kailash Chandra Pradhan (National Institute of Labour Economic Research and Development (NILERD), Sector A-7, Narela Institutional Area, Narela, Delhi-40); Shrabani Mukherjee (Assistant Professor, Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The study aims to estimate the technical efficiency of agricultural production in India using production frontier model for both cross section and panel data for the years 1999 and 2007. Given the persistent problem of under utilization of capacity in Indian farm sector still there is a serious need to identify the determining factors for technical efficiency for agricultural production in order to accelerate sustainable productivity and technological improvement. Farmers' age and education level, household size, household‟s management in production, proportion of irrigated area covered by canals, availability of wells, yielding variety of lands, services provided by the government, agricultural expenditure by local government are the factors which significantly contribute to efficiency in resource utilisation. Traditional method of farming or learning by doing is preferred to adoption of new technologies which creates technological lock-in. |
| Keywords: | Production function, agricultural farmers, technical efficiency, India |
| JEL: | C33 D20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2016-161&r=all |
| By: | Chowdhury, Shyamal; Smits, Joeri; Sun, Qigang |
| Abstract: | Agricultural productivity in many developing countries remains low owing mostly to the low adoption of readily available modern technologies such as modern seeds, chemical fertilisers and mechanized irrigation. To understand if relaxing credit constraints increases the adoption of agricultural technologies, we use results from a field experiment designed to estimate the effect of access to microcredit on agricultural technology adoption. We find mere offering of microcredit to smallholder farmers does not lead to the adoption of agricultural technologies. Nevertheless, there is strong evidence of a heterogeneous treatment effects: borrowers with medium-sized farms are 13.3 per cent more likely to adopt modern technologies. In addition, less-risk averse borrowers, and present-biased borrowers are 13.1 per cent and 12.3 per cent more likely to adopt modern technologies. |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305247&r=all |
| By: | Nobel, Anne; Lizin, Sebastien; Brouwer, Roy; Stern, David; B. Bruns, Stephan; Malina, Robert |
| Abstract: | Anthropogenic climate change is expected to be a major driver of worldwide biodiversity losses. Non-use values can play an important role in the evaluation of strategies to combat these losses or to reduce anthropogenic climate change. However, non-use values may not be transferrable across contexts with different pressures on biodiversity. Contrary to expectations in economic theory, they may be determined not only by outcomes, but also by what causes the outcomes. Given that no extant studies have specifically estimated the willingness to pay (WTP) for reducing the impact of climate change on biodiversity, we compare the WTP more generally for reducing anthropogenic and natural pressures on biodiversity. We conduct a meta-regression analysis informed by data obtained from stated preferences studies focusing on non-use values of biodiversity conservation. We assess whether non-use values for improving or avoiding losses of habitats and species are affected by policy responses addressing anthropogenic or natural pressures. We estimate meta-regression models in which we explain the variation in biodiversity non-use values by accounting for the observed heterogeneity in good, methodology, sample, and context characteristics. We estimate meta-regression models using 159 observations from 62 publications. The models suggest that non-use values for biodiversity conservation addressing anthropogenic pressures may be 95–131 percent larger than those facing natural pressures. We also find that non-use values are generally not sensitive to habitat types or the scope of species preservation. The evaluation of climate policy in terms of biodiversity non-use values should be based on valuations of the effect of anthropogenic pressures on biodiversity, instead of inferring these benefits from a wide variety of existing studies. Furthermore, there is a clear need for additional valuation research focusing on estimating non-use values, specifically for climate change-induced biodiversity losses. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305246&r=all |
| By: | Agetu, Richard |
| Abstract: | Food fraud is an age long challenge motivated by economic reasons. It is defined as the intentional substitution, addition, tampering and misrepresentation of food, food ingredients or food packaging for economic gain . Research has shown that food fraud costs at least $65 billion globally . Food experts tagged 2018 as the year of food fraud and fraud prevention strategies due to the shocking amounts and forms witnessed. Some of these included fake cherries, counterfeit honey, fake (plastic) rice, counterfeit wine, fake fish, etc. To combat counterfeiting, various certification programmes have been launched. However, counterfeit labelling which is the act of claiming certifications which have not been obtained by food producers on product packaging have ensued and become popular in developing countries. This new challenge has increased the need for a food safety verification system that enables prospective consumers to verify the authenticity of food products as quickly and as convenient as possible. In 2008, blockchain technology made its public debut and in just over a decade, it has shown potential for usefulness in every sector, including agriculture. It gained public trust and wide acceptance because they are distributed, utilizes cryptography, is open and has timestamps on every data recorded. Due to the combination of these features, it is considered unique and the most secure data framework for big data. Given the features of the blockchain system listed above, it is considered a more effective tool for food authenticity verification. The combination of serialization and blockchain will certainly proffer a fast and effective solution to counterfeit labelling issues in the global food industry, but this is also dependent on its level of adoption. A review of literature and industry articles revealed that a lot of attempts are being made in the use of blockchain for value chain traceability, farmer positioning, logistics, entering new markets and transaction costs. Most of these tools are utilized by most actors in the value chain but the consumer. Very little has been done in creating consumer centered verification tools using blockchain and this is a huge gap. This poster presentation intends to highlight the features and possible ways blockchain can equip consumers in developing countries with tools to verify the safety of food reliably and timely. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305254&r=all |
| By: | Brester, Gary W.; Swanser, Kole; Crosby, Brett |
| Abstract: | ADDING WEIGHT TO A THINNING LIVE CATTLE MARKET Abstract Many segments of the beef cattle industry have raised concerns that the live cattle negotiated market has become so thin that it no longer reflects underlying beef supply and demand fundamentals. The percentage of live cattle procured through negotiations has declined to about 15% while the percentage procured through formulas has increased to almost 70%. Proposed legislation mandating that a larger percentage of live cattle be procured through negotiations represent a market intervention. We show that live cattle futures market prices could be used as a base in formulas and would be less restrictive in meeting specific cattle procurement percentages. Key Words: cattle prices, mandatory price reporting, thin markets JEL Codes: Q11, Q13, Q18 |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Demand and Price Analysis, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2020–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:msaesp:305569&r=all |
| By: | Ma, Wanglin |
| Abstract: | Relatively little is known about the association between Internet use and agricultural innovation adoption. To fill this void, this study examines the impact of Internet use on the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) and their heterogeneous effects on farm income and household income. Unlike previous studies that analyse the dichotomous decision of agricultural innovation adoption, this study captures the number of SAPs adopted. We apply both endogenous-treatment Poisson regression model and unconditional quantile regression model to analyse unique farm-level data collected from China. The empirical results show that Internet use exerts a positive and statistically significant impact on the number of SAPs adopted, and the joint effects of Internet use and SAP adoption on farm income and household income are heterogeneous. In particular, we show that households with lower farm income tend to benefit more from SAP adoption, while those with higher household income appear to benefit more from Internet use. |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305240&r=all |
| By: | Wilts, Rienne; Latka, Catharina; Britz, Wolfgang |
| Abstract: | Climate change impacts on agricultural production will shape the challenges of reaching food security and reducing poverty across households in the future. Existing literature lacks analysis of these impacts on different household groups under consideration of changing socio-economic developments. Here, we analyze how crop yield shifts induced by climate change will affect different household types in three low and low middle-income countries, namely Vietnam, Ethiopia and Bolivia. The long-run analysis is based on a recursive-dynamic Computable General Equilibrium model. We first construct a baseline scenario projecting global socio-economic developments up to 2050. From there, we implement business-as-usual climate change shocks on crop yields. In the baseline, all households benefit from welfare increases over time. Adding climate change induced yield changes reveals impacts different in size and direction depending on the level of the households’ income and on the share of income generated in agriculture. We find that the composition of the factor income is of large importance for the vulnerability of households to climate change, as, the loss for non-agricultural households is highest in absolute terms. The complementary comparative static analysis shows smaller absolute and relative effects for most households as the differentiated factor income growth over time is not considered, which makes household types more or less vulnerable. A sensitivity analysis varying the severity of climate change impacts on yields confirms that more negative yield shifts exacerbate the situation of the most vulnerable households. Furthermore, it underlines that yield shocks on staple crops are of major importance for the welfare effect. Our findings reveal the need for differentiated interventions to mitigate consequences especially for the most vulnerable households. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Food Security and Poverty, International Development, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2020–10–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubfred:305631&r=all |
| By: | Ekong, Olabisi |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Production Economics, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304541&r=all |
| By: | Petcharat, Areeyapat; Lee, Yohan |
| Abstract: | Bang Ka Chao, the largest green area in the Bangkok metropolitan area, delivers significant ecosystem services to sustain society free of charge. It is therefore difficult to achieve socially optimal services because of inefficient allocation of resources, over-consumption, and negative externalities resulting from market failures. This study assesses the value, or consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP), for enhanced ecosystem services from the Bang Ka Chao Green Area and to investigate factors influencing the WTP of Bangkok residents. The choice experiment approach was applied by interviewing 200 respondents living in the Bangkok metropolitan area. The data were collected between July and September 2016 and analyzed using a conditional logit model. The results reveal that the respondents are willing to pay USD41.5 per year to improve the ecosystem services provided by the Green Area. The respondents identified air purification as the most important service, while food products and recreational benefits were somewhat important, and bird habitat was the least important. We therefore suggest that the government take immediate steps to establish restoration projects with the concrete objective of enhancing regulating services, especially air purification. Traditional agricultural practices (mixed fruit orchards), agroforestry, and agritourism should also be implemented and promoted in the green area. Therefore, a payment for ecosystem services (PES) scheme funded by Bangkok and recreational users should be a possible approach to guarantee the quality of the ecosystem services provided by the landowners within the Bang Ka Chao Green Area. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305234&r=all |
| By: | Zareena Begum Irfan (Associate Professor, Madras School of Economics); Venkatachalam; Jayakumar S; Satarup Rakshit |
| Abstract: | Land use/cover change is a major factor for global change because of its interactions with climate, ecosystem processes, biodiversity, and, even more important, human activities, research on land use/cover change has become an important aspect of global change. The present research paper aims to investigate the land use changes over the time period, 2005 to 2014, in the Ousteri wetland. The information collected through the ecological, hydrological and geological analysis was used to carry out the quantitative research on Ousteri wetland land use/cover change. The temporal changes of land use characteristics were quantitatively analyzed and then the driving forces of land use changes were examined based on natural and artificial factors. As the result of natural factors and human disturbances, the area of wetland shrunk, bringing the conversion from wetland to terrestrial land use type. The annual conversion rates indicated the land use changes in Ousteri wetland. |
| Keywords: | Land use cover, Ousteri wetland, Dynamic Degree model, Ecosystem modification |
| JEL: | O13 Q15 Q56 N55 R11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2016-156&r=all |
| By: | Dhoubhadel, Sunil P. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304229&r=all |
| By: | Hazarika, Gautam (The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley); Paul, Sourabh Bikas (Indian Institute of Technology Delhi) |
| Abstract: | Between the early 1970s and very nearly the present, Indians' per capita calorie consumption declined. This decline, perplexing in the face of rising per capita income when malnutrition is rampant, has been termed India's Calorie Consumption Puzzle. It has been partially attributed to a squeeze in the household food budget. This study employs Stochastic Cost Frontier Analysis to evaluate this explanation, upon the logic that such a squeeze shall likely result in the rising cost-efficiency of calorie purchases, that is, the more economical purchase of calories. Analysis of household expenditure data from India's National Sample Survey reveals that Indian households' purchase of calories did become more cost-efficient at every level of income, suggesting that there was indeed a squeeze in the household food budget, making this a viable explanation of the Calorie Consumption Puzzle. Besides thus investigating India's Calorie Consumption Puzzle, this study demonstrates a novel application of Stochastic Cost Frontier Analysis, to consumption instead of the more common production, in that the method has not previously been applied to the consumption of multiple items treated as inputs yielding an output. Stochastic Cost Frontier Analysis applied to calorie acquisition may be a new way of gauging changes over time in food security, with a rise in cost-efficiency indicating a squeeze in the food budget or declining food security. |
| Keywords: | calorie consumption puzzle, Stochastic Cost Frontier Analysis |
| JEL: | I32 O1 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13722&r=all |
| By: | Eugenia C. Go (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | I investigate the effect of a transport program in the Philippines on spatial price gaps and markups of agricultural products. The Roll-on Roll-off Terminal System (RRTS) introduced in 2003 promotes the use of roll-on roll-off (RORO) ships for interisland trade. Using an origin-destination mapped dataset and the variation in the availability and timing of RORO services between provinces, I find that conditional on distance, price gaps as proportion of farmgate prices are on average 28% smaller in province pairs that have RRTS connection. The gap narrowing effect is driven by higher farm prices without the corresponding increase in retail markets. During episodes of localized weather shocks, farmers in RRTS provinces retain a higher share of the rents from price increases, while changes in consumer prices are not significantly different than in non-RRTS provinces. The results are consistent with a reduction in markups from RRTS-induced competition in intermediation and shipping services. |
| Keywords: | Markups, trade cost, transport cost |
| JEL: | F14 R12 R40 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:1820&r=all |
| By: | Iost, Susanne; Geng, Natalia; Schweinle, Jörg; Banse, Martin; Brüning, Simone; Jochem, Dominik; Machmüller, Andrea; Weimar, Holger |
| Abstract: | The transition of the current economic system from non-renewable and fossil-based towards a more sustainable system using renewable resources is a dedicated objective of the German National Bioeconomy Strategy. In order to provide sound information on the status of the bioeconomy, a monitoring concept that assesses the bio-based resources and sustainability effects associated with German bioeconomy was developed. The general monitoring approach includes a definition of the bioeconomy and its implementation in terms of material flows and economic sectors at a given point in time. Based on this, available data is collected and bio-based material flows and economic sectors are quantified. These quantifications are used in the following sustainability assessment of material flows and economic sectors. This procedure can be repeated, starting again with a definition of bioeconomy that may change over time according to changing policies, market development and public perceptions of bioeconomy. Thus, bioeconomy monitoring considers the dynamics of the bioeconomy transition concerning processes, products, available data and connected sustainability goals. Understanding and quantifying material flows provides the foundation for comprehending the processing of biomass along value chains and final biomass uses. They also provide information for sustainability assessment. For biomass from agriculture, forests and fisheries including aquaculture, relevant material flows are compiled. Material flow data is not available consistently but must be collected from a broad variety of sources. Consequently, inconsistencies regarding reference units and conversion factors arise that need to be addressed further in a future monitoring. Bio-based shares of economic sectors can be quantified using mostly official statistics, but also empirical data. Bio-based shares vary considerably between economic activities. The manufacture of food products, beverages and wooden products has the highest bio-based shares. Bioeconomy target sectors like chemicals, plastics and construction still have rather small bio-based shares. The suggested assessment of sustainability effects foresees two complimentary levels of evaluation: material flows and economic sectors. The latter quantifies total effects of bioeconomy in a country and relates them to the whole economy or parts of it. The presented indicators were selected based on the Sustainability Development Goal Framework, the German Sustainable Development Strategy and the availability of data. The selection of effects and indicators to be measured in a future monitoring is a crucial point of any quantification. With sustainability being a normative concept, societal perceptions of sustainability should be taken into consideration here. In that context, we suggest to follow the approach of LOFASA for indicator selection. Sustainability assessment of material flows is demonstrated on the example of softwood lumber material flow and its core product EPAL 1 pallet using a combination of material flow analysis and life cycle assessment. Major challenges for a future monitoring of the bioeconomy's resource base and sustainability are availability of detailed and aggregated data, identification of bio-based processes and products within the economic classifications, identification and quantification of interfaces between biomass types, selection of indicators for sustainability assessment and the inclusion of bio-based services. |
| Keywords: | bioeconomy,material flow,sustainability,monitoring,bio-based,assessment,Bioökonomie,Stofffluss,Nachhaltigkeit,biobasiert,Bewertung |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:149&r=all |
| By: | Joseph I. Uduji (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Elda N. Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Food prices in Nigeria have become significantly higher and more volatile since 2012. The purpose of this research was to find out what affects farmers’ participation in the growth enhancement support scheme (GESS) in the country. We determined the effect of the GESS on the ease of access to market information and agricultural inputs that influence price volatility at farm gate level. A total of 2100 rural farmers were sampled across Nigeria’s six geopolitical zones. Result from the use of recursive bivariate probit model showed that farmers depended on the GESS for the resolution of food price volatility by providing food market information and agricultural inputs that bring down the incidence and amount of anxiety-impelled price rise in Nigeria. The results advocated for the need to improve the GESS in line with the agricultural transformation agenda (ATA) by cutting down the deterrents mostly linked with the use of mobile phones, and the distance of registration and assemblage centers. In extension and contribution, the findings suggest that smallholder farmers can be part of the volatility solution when they are provided with rural roads and transportation to get their product to the market, and technology to receive and share the latest market information on prices. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural transformation agenda, recursive bivariate probit model, food price volatility, growth enhancement support scheme, rural farmers, Nigeria |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:20/069&r=all |
| By: | Jafino,Bramka Arga; Walsh,Brian James; Rozenberg,Julie; Hallegatte,Stephane |
| Abstract: | Thousands of scenarios are used to provide updated estimates for the impacts of climate change on extreme poverty in 2030. The range of the number of people falling into poverty due to climate change is between 32 million and 132 million in most scenarios. These results are commensurate with available estimates for the global poverty increase due to COVID-19. Socioeconomic drivers play a major role: optimistic baseline scenarios (rapid and inclusive growth with universal access to basic services in 2030) halve poverty impacts compared with the pessimistic baselines. Health impacts (malaria, diarrhea, and stunting) and the effect of food prices are responsible for most of the impact. The effect of food prices is the most important factor in Sub-Saharan Africa, while health effects, natural disasters, and food prices are all important in South Asia. These results suggest that accelerated action to boost resilience is urgent, and the COVID-19 recovery packages offer opportunities to do so. |
| Keywords: | Inequality,Science of Climate Change,Climate Change and Health,Climate Change and Environment,Climate Change Impacts,Social Aspects of Climate Change,Health Care Services Industry |
| Date: | 2020–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9417&r=all |
| By: | Elena Kühne (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | This One Pager examines social protection's role in building climate resilience based on evidence from the Garantia Safra programme, a public index-based climate risk insurance scheme in Brazil. |
| Keywords: | protection; resilience; climate change adaptation; disaster risk management; climate risk insurance; smallholders; rural development; Garantia Safra |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opager:445&r=all |
| By: | Cristina Cirillo (IPC-IG); Mario Gyori (IPC-IG); Fábio Veras Soares (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "There is evidence that the impacts of social protection programmes and agricultural interventions can mutually reinforce each other when they are implemented jointly (Tirivayi, Knowles and Davis 2016). Nevertheless, they often operate in isolation. A recent article by Cirillo et al. (2017) discusses how an alignment of their targeting mechanisms can help boost programme coordination and coherence and potentially build synergies to reinforce their impacts". (…) |
| Keywords: | Targeting, social protection, agricultural, interventions, potential, synergies |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:oparab:367&r=all |
| By: | Ngai, L Rachel; Pissarides, Christopher A; Wang, Jin |
| Abstract: | China’s hukou system imposes two main barriers to population movements. Agricultural workers get land to cultivate but are unable to trade it in a frictionless market. Social transfers (education, health, etc.) are conditional on holding a local hukou. We show that the land policy leads to over-employment in agriculture and it is the more important barrier to industrialization. Effective land tenure guarantees and a competitive rental market would correct this inefficiency. The local restrictions on social transfers also act as disincentives to migration with bigger impact on urban migrations than to job moves to rural enterprises. |
| Keywords: | Chinese immigration; Chinese land policy; imperfect rental market; mobility barriers; hukou registration; social transfers |
| JEL: | J61 O18 R23 |
| Date: | 2019–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:100822&r=all |
| By: | Pannell, David; Florec , Veronique; Dempster, Fiona |
| Abstract: | Wildfires in Australia regularly cause major losses of life, property, water resources, wildlife and habitat. Various mitigation options exists and are applied to varying degrees across Australia, including : prescribed burning, land-use planning, retrofitting houses to reduce their flammability, and fire breaks. We have undertaken economic analyses of these options for diverse case studies in four Australian states and New Zealand. Fire economics is about trade-offs between various costs (of risk mitigation, fire suppression, and losses due to fire). Prescribed burning (PB) is often worth doing but it is not a panacea. The big costs are from catastrophic fires, but PB makes little difference to them. Even so, the main benefits of PB can be from small effects on catastrophic fires. The optimal area of prescribed burning is not clear-cut but around 5% per year is indicated in several of our case studies. Fire risk is highly sensitive to weather so climate change is relevant. Land-use planning to keep assets out of the highest risk areas has been under-emphasised in the current debate. Retrofitting has costs well in excess of benefits in two cases studies. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305260&r=all |
| By: | Depetris-Chauvin, Emilio (Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile); Özak, Ömer (Southern Methodist University) |
| Abstract: | We explore the effect of historical ethnic borders on contemporary conflict in Africa. We document that both the intensive and extensive margins of contemporary conflict are higher close to historical ethnic borders. Exploiting variations across artificial regions within an ethnicity's historical homeland and a theory-based instrumental variable approach, we find that regions crossed by historical ethnic borders have 27 percentage points higher probability of conflict and 7.9 percentage points higher probability of being the initial location of a conflict. We uncover several key underlying mechanisms: competition for agricultural land, population pressure, cultural similarity and weak property rights. |
| Keywords: | borders, conflict, territory, property rights, landownership, population pressure, migration, historical homelands, development, Africa, Voronoi tessellation, Thiessen tessellation |
| JEL: | D74 N57 O13 O17 O43 P48 Q15 Q34 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13736&r=all |
| By: | Rübcke von Veltheim, Friedrich; Claussen, Frans; Heise, Heinke |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305587&r=all |
| By: | Doidge, Mary |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304369&r=all |
| By: | Roxana Elena Manea |
| Abstract: | The evidence concerning the impact of school feeding programmes on education is mixed. In this paper, I set out to investigate one of the potential reasons behind this disagreement. I argue that the prevailing food security situation at the time and place of the programme's evaluation plays a major role. I study the case of rural Malawi. I use an instrumental variable approach and propensity score matching to estimate the impact of school feeding on the extensive and intensive margins of education, i.e., the percentage of children of primary school age who are in school and the percentage of primary school enrollees who have not dropped out. I focus on villages with overlapping characteristics to avoid confounding the impact of school feeding with factors that are specific to treated villages. School feeding has increased the extensive margin of education by 7 percentage points on average, but the impact on the intensive margin is relatively limited. When I distinguish between food-secure and food-insecure areas, not only do I find a larger impact on the extensive margin of schooling in food-insecure areas, but I also uncover a significant increase of 2 percentage points in the intensive margin of education in these same areas. I conclude that school feeding programmes bear an impact on education as long as they also intervene to relax a binding food constraint. |
| Keywords: | School feeding programmes;Education; Food security; Malawi |
| Date: | 2020–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gii:ciesrp:cies_rp_63&r=all |
| By: | Rudder, Jess |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304668&r=all |
| By: | Wendiam Sawadgo; Wendong Zhang (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)); Alejandro Plastina (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)) |
| Abstract: | Conservation practices such as no-till and cover crops have been shown to have on- and off-farm benefits. However, when benefits of a practice do not go to the provider, underinvestment may occur. Farmland rental arrangements where tenants may not reap the benefits of conservation investments are a commonly cited barrier to conservation practice adoption in agriculture and may result in lower adoption rates on rented land than on owner-operated fields. This issue is especially important since more than half of Midwestern farmland is rented out. This article examines the factors driving adoption of four key conservation practices-no-till, cover crops, buffer strips, and ponds/sediment basins-using a statistically representative survey of Iowa landowners. We find evidence supporting the hypothesis that adoption is lower on rented land for cover crops, buffer strips, and sediment basins, but not for no-till. Our results also show that the large proportion of the state's land owned by non-operating landowners and absentee land-owners could present a barrier to increasing adoption of conservation practices. Furthermore, landowners seem open to increasing the use of cover crops in the immediate future and a sizable number are even willing to incentivize tenants by paying for part of the cover crop planting cost. Finally, almost half of landowners would be willing to increase the area of their land under conservation practices if they could receive conservation-related tax credits or deductions, suggesting a potential policy strategy to increase adoption. |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:20-wp610&r=all |
| By: | Diarra, Lacina |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304600&r=all |
| By: | Uehleke, Reinhard; Seifert, Stefan; Hüttel, Silke |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305600&r=all |
| By: | Heinrichs, Julia; Kuhn, Till; Pahmeyer, Christoph; Britz, Wolfgang |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305628&r=all |
| By: | Saenz, Mayra A. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Development |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304626&r=all |
| By: | Tyack, Nicholas |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, International Development, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304277&r=all |
| By: | Carter, Colin A.; Steinbach, Sandro |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304367&r=all |
| By: | Shang, Linmei; Heckelei, Thomas; Börner, Jan; Rasch, Sebastian |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305586&r=all |
| By: | Barbier , Edward B. |
| Abstract: | Since the 1950s, as economics has responded to new environmental challenges, views on natural resource scarcity have also evolved. Three distinct phases are discernible in this evolution. From the 1950s through the 1970s, the “Resource Depletion Era”, the concern was mainly with the environment as a source of key natural resources and a sink for waste, and thus the focus was on whether there were physical “limits” on the availability of resources as economies expand and populations grow. From the 1970s to the end of the 20th century, the “Environmental Public Goods Era”, attention shifted to the state of environment and processes of environmental degradation, such as climate change, deforestation, watershed degradation, desertification and acid rain, that resulted in loss of global and local environmental public goods and their important non-market values. Since 2000, the “Ecological Scarcity Era” has seen a growing concern with the state of the world’s ecosystems and Earth system processes, and shifted focus back to possible “limits” to economic and population expansion, but now with the emphasis on potential “planetary boundary” constraints on human activity. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305259&r=all |
| By: | Samyuktha Ashokkumar (MA Environmental Economics(student), Madras School of Economics); Zareena Begum Irfan (Associate Professor, Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Mangroves are one of the world’s most productive ecosystems which are at present in it’s threatened state. They provide a wide range of goods and services some of which have a direct value but more often provides many indirect benefits that seem to be hidden. The indiscriminate and exploitative nature towards extracting it’s resources have led to severe loss in area throughout the world. In India, Mangroves were exploited indiscriminately during the 1960s.Traditionally considered as wastelands and dump yards, its importance were understood only over time. Hence, active conservation and regeneration activities were undertaken since the beginning of 1980s, yet the present area cover is only a modest remaining of the past. Such activities are undertaken by both the government in terms of legislative measures and active local community involvement. In addition, threats from Global Climate Change pose additional concerns for it’s regeneration and restoration. The paper throws light on the status of mangrove cover in India, the benefits, threats and the existing policy framework .Existing legal and non-legal measures pose their own shortcomings and drawbacks in terms of lack of effective implementation of many such policies, lax of local communities towards continuous restoration activities, improper resources allocations between the two and thus lays the path for some measures that could in turn be adopted as lessons learnt from international case study examples |
| Keywords: | Mangroves, Conservation, Ecosystem services, Climate change and Policy |
| JEL: | Q22 Q25 Q26 Q50 Q57 Q58 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2016-174&r=all |
| By: | Ray, Sudatta |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, International Development, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304223&r=all |
| By: | Fatica, Serena (European Commission); Panzica, Roberto (European Commission) |
| Abstract: | While green bonds are becoming increasingly popular in the corporate finance practice, little is known about their implications and effectiveness in terms of issuers' environmental engagement. Using matched bond-issuer data, we test whether green bond issues are associated to a reduction in total and direct (scope 1) emissions of non-financial companies. We find that, compared to conventional bond issuers with similar financial characteristics and environmental ratings, green issuers display a decrease in the carbon intensity of their assets after borrowing on the green segment. The decrease in emissions is more pronounced, significant and long-lasting when we exclude green bonds with refinancing purposes, which is consistent with an increase in the volume of climate friendly activities due to new projects. We also find a larger reduction in emissions in case of green bonds that have external review, as well as those issued after the Paris Agreement. |
| Keywords: | climate change, green bonds, impact investing, corporate sustainability, environment |
| JEL: | G12 Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202010&r=all |
| By: | von Hobe, Cord-Friedrich; Mußhoff, Oliver |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305592&r=all |
| By: | Theesfeld, Insa; Soliev, Ilkhom; Bunkus, Ramona |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305582&r=all |
| By: | Alkilany, Yousef A. A. |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304651&r=all |
| By: | Gong, Binlei |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, International Development, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304347&r=all |
| By: | Michels, Marius; von Hobe, Cord-Friedrich; Mußhoff, Oliver |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305579&r=all |
| By: | Díaz González, Ana María; Morales-Opazo, Cristian |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Political Economy |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305602&r=all |
| By: | Wu, Kaidi |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304462&r=all |
| By: | Rutledge, Zach |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital, Production Economics, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304249&r=all |
| By: | Janker, Judith; Becker, Talea; Feindt, Peter H. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305623&r=all |
| By: | Ortiz Becerra, Karen |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, International Development, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304620&r=all |
| By: | Khanal, Binod |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Demand and Price Analysis, Marketing |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304346&r=all |
| By: | LEE, SEUNGHYUN |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304197&r=all |
| By: | Ana Sanjuan Lopez (Unidade de Economía Agroalimentaria y de los Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA) Government of Aragon); Marie-Luise Rau; Geert Woltjer (Wageningen UR) |
| Abstract: | This report generates estimates for the effect of non-tariff measures (NTMs) on trade unit values. Adding to the latest development of the NTM analysis, we account for different types of NTMs for pairs of countries/regions. Our estimates thus provide new insights about the bilaterally distinct effect of specific NTMs. This is particularly interesting for policy makers that like to know which types of measures are relevant for trade from or to specific countries/regions and whether they are trade-hampering or trade-facilitating. We elaborate on the estimation of the price effect (measured in trade unit values) vis-Ã -vis the standard gravity on trade quantities (measured in trade value). A panel dataset (2012-2015) using the last releases of trade unit values (Berthou & Emlinger, 2011) and UNCTAD NTMs global database is built, and alternative approaches to account for the distinct bilateral impact are tested on beef, white meat (poultry) and milk. The focus is on trade between the EU member states and relevant regions with which the EU is negotiating or has just completed trade agreements: MERCOSUR, ASEAN, Japan and New Zealand. In this report, we do not implement the specific Ad-valorem equivalents (AVE) estimates for NTMs in a simulation model but rather provide a literature review that elaborates on the different approaches to depict NTMs in simulation models. The next step would be the application of the AVEs estimated in a simulation model in order to gauge the economy-wide effects of the respective NTMs under review. |
| Keywords: | non-tariff measures (NTMs), gravity, simulation models. |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc113883&r=all |
| By: | Clements, Ken; Lan, Yihui; Liu, Haiyan |
| Abstract: | Do drinkers respond to prices signals in the usual way by economising on beverages with higher prices and vice versa? Is the currency unit used in different countries irrelevant, or are drinkers subject to money illusion? Are the substitution effects of price changes symmetric? More fundamentally, can drinking patterns be adequately accounted for by the conventional utility-maximising approach? If so, how does consumption of beer, wine and spirits interact (if at all) in generating utility? According to the most recent data from the International Comparisons Program, on average, consumers in countries in the bottom quartile of the global income distribution devote something approaching one-half of all expenditures to food, while this falls to about 11% in the richest countries, in accordance with Engel’s law. The share for alcohol also drops, but much slower, so drinking rises noticeably relative to food as income increases. The within-alcohol distribution of spending (beer, wine and spirits) also changes quite dramatically. We use these cross-country data to address the above research questions. To visualise the data, we plot the budget shares for beer, wine and spirits in the form of a “drinking triangle”, which highlights the dominant beverage in each country. We also employ a Divisia-index-number approach to summarise the degree of price-quantity covariation. We cross-classify consumption and prices of beer, wine and spirits for nonparametric tests of the law of demand that higher prices lead to reduced consumption and vice versa. A system-wide model is estimated for the demand for beer, wine and spirits. As there is no unique way of ordering countries, a “levels version” of a differential system (similar to the Rotterdam model) is used. The system is used to test the hypotheses of homogeneity (the absence of money illusion) and symmetry of the substitution effects. For a substantial majority of countries, the Divisia price-quantity correlation is negative, which is suggestive evidence in favour of the economic approach to drinking. In the main, the results here support the law of demand. The hypotheses of homogeneity and symmetry cannot be rejected. Tests also reveal the coefficients are reasonable stable across countries, which sheds some light on the question of the similarity of tastes. Estimated price elasticities are tabulated for each beverage. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305249&r=all |
| By: | Singh, Sriramjee |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Marketing |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304372&r=all |
| By: | Graskemper, Viktoria; Meine, Karolin; Feil, Jan-Henning |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305603&r=all |
| By: | Godfrey, Sosheel; Nordblom, Thomas; Ip, Ryan; Hutchings, Timothy |
| Abstract: | The paper asks, “What comparisons of farm financial risk characterise the key Victorian dairy regions over the past 13 years?” The dairy industry is the 3rd largest rural industry in Australia. The dairy farmers, though, are facing a continuous cost price squeeze amid a challenging global environment that suppresses milk prices and raises feed costs in the face of drier and hotter weather conditions. For this analysis, we focused on three key Victorian dairy regions, namely North (N), Gippsland (G) and South West (SW) which have a combined share of 67% in Australia's milk production. We analysed the financial risks of these regions based on a representative farm from each region. Balance sheet, profit and loss budget and cash flow were integrated to create a probabilistic model using Palisade’s @RISK version 7.6. The variability in historical inputs of dairy prices, quantities and costs for thirteen years from 2006-07 to 2018-19 in Victorian dairy regions was captured using a multivariate copula in @RISK. We, thus, generated decadal (10-year) distributions of profit and loss budgets, balance sheets and cash flows to simulate risks with one hundred thousand iterations under Monte Carlo method. The simulation showed that the net farm income was positive 55, 70 and 80 percent of decades respectively for farms in North, Gippsland and South West regions. Sensitivity analysis of the variable components of income, production and cost and their contributions to variance in net farm income showed that the price of milk was the largest source of variation in net farm income for all regions. Variations in feed costs were greatest in the North region compared to the other two. At the close of a decade (year 10), South West region outperformed on all accounts, including debt repayments, building/retaining equity, return of capital (ROC) and return on investment (ROE) and, thus, appeared the most viable for dairying. The business and financial risk for dairy farms based on variability in production, prices and costs was captured in this analysis by using historical data. We extended its usefulness through @RISK by illuminating their recent probabilistic risk profiles. The method allowed us to summarise the long-term portfolios of farm net profits, debt management and key performance indicators of ROC and ROE. There is a need to extend this analysis to capture the shortages and rising costs of water, particularly in the Northern region. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305250&r=all |
| By: | Čechura, Lukáš; Jamali Jaghdani, Tinoush; Samoggia, Antonella |
| Keywords: | Industrial Organization, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305591&r=all |
| By: | Farris, Jarrad G. |
| Keywords: | International Development, Agricultural and Food Policy, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304591&r=all |
| By: | Pierre M. Picard (Department of Economics and Management, Université du Luxembourg); Thi Thu Huyen Tran (Department of Finance) |
| Abstract: | Urban green areas cover more than 6% of urban land in Europe. This paper quanti- fies the impact of urban green areas on city structures for more than 300 European cities. It discusses the economic effects of the local amenity produced by green urban areas using an urban economics model with various set of preferences. It estimates those models using data on detailed residential land uses, green urban areas and population density. It finally assesses the economic effects of reducing urban green areas in counterfactual exercises where cities are closed and open to migration and green urban land is converted to residential plots or not. By this strategy, the economic assessment accounts for the general equilibrium effects through endogenous land prices and residential space and location choices. It shows that the gross benefits of urban green areas are substantial. A uniform removal of half of the urban green areas is equivalent to 6-9% reduction of household annual income. However, the conversion of those areas to residential plots brings a net gain of approximately 4%. |
| Keywords: | Urban green areas, urban spatial structure, land use policy, amenities, optimal locations, public facilities, structural estimation |
| JEL: | C61 D61 D62 R14 R53 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:luc:wpaper:20-21&r=all |
| By: | Weng, Weizhe; Cobourn, Kelly M.; Kemanian, Armen R.; Boyle, Kevin J.; Shi, Yuning; Stachelek, Joseph; White, Charles |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304667&r=all |
| By: | Thakur, Tiesta; Hurley, Terrance M. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304411&r=all |
| By: | Bastola, Sapana; Penn, Jerrod |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304613&r=all |
| By: | Kresova, Svetlana; Gutjahr, Daijana; Hess, Sebastian |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Marketing |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305611&r=all |
| By: | Takuro Miyamoto (Tohoku Gakuin University); Naonari Yajima (Graduate School of Economics, Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan.); Takahiro Tsukahara (Graduate School of Economics, Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan.); Toshi H. Arimura (Faculty of Political Science and Economics & Research Institute for Environmental Economics and Management (RIEEM), Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8050, Japan.) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to identify (1) the categories in which it is easier or more difficult for local municipalities to implement green purchasing and (2) the role and extent of green purchasing policy (GPP) in promoting green purchasing. To characterize the green purchasing potential of different categories, we examine the green purchasing rate, or the ratio of green products/services to total products/services purchased, of 21 categories of items. We employ data from a unique survey conducted by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment, which provides data on green procurement in municipalities. We observe that air conditioners suffer from low green purchasing rates, whereas most municipalities purchase green products in the paper products and stationery categories. We also examine the relationship between green purchasing rates and GPPs to identify the role and extent of GPPs. Our regression analyses reveal that the presence of a GPP is associated with higher implementation and measurement rates of green purchasing. This pattern is particularly evident for the categories in which many municipalities without GPPs purchase green products but, in most cases, do not measure their green purchasing rate. |
| Keywords: | green purchasing, local municipalities, green purchasing policy, green purchasing rate by category of items |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:was:dpaper:2005&r=all |
| By: | Kemeze, Francis H. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Risk and Uncertainty, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304569&r=all |
| By: | Joseph I. Uduji (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Elda N. Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Vincent A. Onodugo (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Justitia O. Nnabuko (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Babatunde A. Adedibu (Redeemer’s University, Ede, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | This paper extends and contributes to the literature on tourism for transformative and inclusive growth from the corporate social responsibility (CSR) perspective. Specifically, we examine the impact of CSR of multinational oil companies (MOCs) on empowerment of rural women in strengthening agriculture-tourism linkages in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. A total of 800 rural women were sampled across the region. Results from the use of a logit model indicates that rural women seldom participate in the global memorandum of understandings (GMoUs) interventions in agritourism value chain projects, due to the norms and culture of the rural communities. This implies that if the tradition of the people continues to hinder direct participation of the rural women from GMoUs programmes, achieving gender equality and cultural change would be limited in the region, and rural women would remain excluded from the economic benefits of agritourism when compared with the male counterparts. The finding suggests that, GMoU interventions engaging women smallholders in the tourism value chain can be an important vehicle for advancing gender empowerment and fostering social inclusion. Also, cluster development boards (CDBs) should pay close attention to which extent the participation of rural women in the GMoUs projects may be limited by traditions. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture-tourism linkages; corporate social responsibility; multinational oil companies; young rural women; sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:20/067&r=all |
| By: | Boyd, Chris M. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304293&r=all |
| By: | Chennak, Ahmed |
| Keywords: | International Development, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304493&r=all |
| By: | Haque, Samiul; Abedin, Naveen; Fakir, Adnan |
| Abstract: | We examine the effects of smoking on productivity among agricultural workers in riverine islands (locally known as chars) of northern Bangladesh, where prevalence of tobacco consumption is around 80% compared to 35.3% nationally. There is a high correlation between physically-demanding occupations and smoking, wherein farmers and day laborers are among those most likely to smoke. This means the opportunity cost of smoking is potentially very high for people employed in the labor-intensive agriculture sector. We use primary data from the Bangladesh Chars Tobacco Assessment Project 2018 survey for our empirical analyses. The effects of smoking on agricultural productivity is modelled using a standard Cobb-Douglas production function, with an additional parameter to capture the effect of the primary farmer’s smoking status on productivity. We estimate the effects using a two-stage non-linear least squares (NL2S) model through its impact on effective family labor. Our results show that smoking by the primary farmer reduces productivity of effective family labor input by 60-62%. Public policy objectives to improve labor productivity in the riverine islands of Bangladesh should actively target smoking behavior of agricultural households. |
| Keywords: | Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305257&r=all |
| By: | Lauterbach, Josephine; Risius, Antje; Bantle, Christina |
| Keywords: | Marketing, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305625&r=all |
| By: | Yugay, Stanislav; Götz, Linde; Svanidze, Miranda |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305595&r=all |
| By: | Bolotova, Yuliya |
| Keywords: | Industrial Organization, Marketing, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304209&r=all |
| By: | Song, Yujing |
| Keywords: | Industrial Organization, Marketing, Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304230&r=all |
| By: | Dirk van Seventer; Finn Tarp |
| Abstract: | This paper considers the impacts of agro-industry development and international trade on income distribution in Myanmar, focusing on low-income rural households. We use a social accounting matrix multiplier (SAM) decomposition model featuring detailed economic linkages. After describing the Myanmar economy through the lens of a SAM for 2017, we focus on agriculture development. Our results suggest that low-income rural households benefit considerably from exogenous increases in crop and agro-processing activities. |
| Keywords: | Social Accounting Matrix, Decomposition, Myanmar |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2020-115&r=all |
| By: | Rajkumar, Vidya Bharathi |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital, International Development, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304629&r=all |