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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2020‒10‒05
76 papers chosen by |
| By: | Dorosh, Paul A., ed.; Minten, Bart, ed. |
| Abstract: | Ethiopia has experienced impressive agricultural growth and poverty reduction, stemming in part from substantial public investments in agriculture. Yet, the agriculture sector now faces increasing land and water constraints along with other challenges to growth. Ethiopia’s Agrifood System: Past Trends, Present Challenges, and Future Scenarios presents a forward-looking analysis of Ethiopia’s agrifood system in the context of a rapidly changing economy. Growth in the agriculture sector remains essential to continued poverty reduction in Ethiopia and will depend on sustained investment in the agrifood system, especially private sector investment. Many of the policies for a successful agricultural and rural development strategy for Ethiopia are relevant for other African countries, as well. Ethiopia’s Agrifood System should be a valuable resource for policymakers, development specialists, and others concerned with economic development in Africa south of the Sahara. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA, EAST AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, agrifood systems, agriculture, climate change, natural resources, crop production, yields, crops, livestock, food security, welfare, farm size, value chains, households, food consumption, cereals, food prices, labour markets, poverty, agricultural development, rural development |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:synops:9780896296930&r=all |
| By: | Mondal, Ripon Kumar; Selvanathan, Eliyathamby A; Selvanathan, Saroja |
| Abstract: | Research questions: Are there any benefits from increasing nonfarm employment on expenditures of agricultural production? Is there any impact of nonfarm employment on family labour use in agricultural production? and Is there any gain in the technical efficiency of production through nonfarm employment participation? Evidence from the rural livelihood literature shows that rural farm households engage in nonfarm employment to supplement their household income in developing countries. Therefore, it raises the question of whether nonfarm employment complements or competes with agricultural production due to a possible shift in farm household labour to nonfarm employment. The consequences of participation in nonfarm employment on agricultural production could be two-fold. On the one hand, the increased cash earnings from nonfarm employment could be used to purchase agricultural inputs to intensify production. On the other hand, agricultural production might be negatively affected due to a shortage of labour. Lately, the agriculture sector in Bangladesh is experiencing this scenario due to a high demand for labour during crop planting and harvesting periods. Therefore, the direction of the impact of nonfarm employment on agricultural production needs to be investigated, especially in an agricultural dependent country like Bangladesh. Moreover, the research in this area still inconclusive based on the mixed findings in different countries. Surprisingly, there is no study appears regarding the impact of nonfarm employment on agricultural production in Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS) data 2015, collected by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) has been used in this study. To overcome the endogeneity issues of nonfarm income and censored nature of agricultural input expenditures, IV Tobit model is used to identify the effects of nonfarm employment on the expenditures of major agricultural inputs. In addition, treatment effect models (Nearest Neighbour Matching, Propensity Score Matching, and Inverse Probability Weighted Regression Adjustment) have been used to check the robustness of the findings obtained by the IV Tobit estimation. IV 2SLS estimation is also used to identify the effects of nonfarm employment on the use of family labour in agricultural production. Finally, the impact of nonfarm employment on the technical efficiency of production is investigated using the Stochastic Frontier Production model. The results show that nonfarm income has a positive impact on the total crop expenditure as well as expenditures on major purchased agricultural inputs (equipment, seed, fertilizer, purchased labour). Also, the robustness checks confirm the findings obtained by IV Tobit model. The findings also show that an increase in nonfarm income is negatively associated with the use of male family labour in crop production. Moreover, the technical inefficiency in agricultural production decreases when nonfarm income increases. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that nonfarm employment exerts an income effect on agricultural production by reducing the liquidity constraint and intensifying major purchased inputs. Thus, introducing policies that would increase rural nonfarm employment opportunities to rural households complements agricultural production and that could be a means to increase food production, ultimately leading to food availability as well as food security. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305251&r=all |
| By: | Kotir, Julius; Bell, Lindsay; Kirkegaard, John; Whish, Jeremy; Aikins, Kojo Atta |
| Abstract: | Many farming systems in Australia are underperforming. For example, a recent analysis showed that only about 29% of current crop sequences in the northern grains region of Australia are achieving 80% of their water-limited yield potential (Hochman et al., 2014). This is compounded by tight profit margins and changing climate and market conditions. Available evidence also suggests that between 2013 and 2018, the cost of consumable inputs, such as fertiliser, has increased by 5.7% (ABARES, 2018). Also, over the past five years, the cost of agricultural machinery in Australia has increased by 13.4% (ABS, 2018). However, several farming system component analyses and simulations have predominantly focused on the impact of biophysical processes on farming system performance, including soil quality, water use efficiency, dynamics of nitrogen, crop yields, and disease and nematodes effects of farming practices at the paddock scale. While biophysical optimisation of the farming system may be possible to improve the efficiency of most farming systems, key elements that are often ignored is how the intensity and diversity of different cropping systems impact on whole-farm factors, such as labour and machinery resources. Far from being obvious, these input resources are critical because they modify farm productivity and profitability in the short and long term. Moreover, a consideration of these factors is crucial because they can influence the adoption of farm innovations. The central objective of this study is to examine farm resource constraints with a focus on machinery, labour requirements and fuel requirements as influenced by diverse crop rotations in the northern grain-growing region of Australia. Our analysis is based on three steps. First, we simulated different crop rotations over 112 years (i.e., 1900-2012) of historical climate records using the Agricultural Production Simulator (APSIM). These crop rotations were identified following focus group meetings with leading farmers and advisors throughout the northern cropping zone of Australia. Second, we obtained information on machinery and labour parameters from existing literature, local technical guides and through a consultation process with farm advisers and growers (N = 26 farmers). Finally, we combined the APSIM generated outputs with the machinery and labour data to comprehensively determine how different crop rotations affect labour and machinery requirements within the farming system using analysis of variance. Results showed that the low-intensity systems required 46% less labour per ha than the higher-intensive systems, while the less diverse systems required about 33% less labour per ha than the more diverse systems. Planting and spraying operations respectively represent about 27% and 37% of total fieldwork requirements. Also, the labour required per ha is less in bigger farms compared to smaller farms, which may be explained by the larger machines used by these larger farms. For all sequences considered, peak labour periods fell in July, October to November, while non-peak period is August to September and December to January, corresponding with the periods in which most farm production activities occur. We conclude that Diversified crop rotation systems had significant effect on labour and machinery requirements and differed significantly among rotations (P < 0.05). Also, diverse rotations may create higher labour demand and peak periods that might, in some cases, limit the adoption of diversified crop rotations in some farm businesses, suggesting that labour efficiency can be an important consideration in farming systems research and analysis. These findings will be explored further as part of the on-going development of a bio-economic modelling to explore the trade-offs and synergies between system performance objectives and impacts of innovations options at the whole-farm level. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305243&r=all |
| By: | McKinley, Justin; Sander, Bjoern; Vuduong, Quynh; Mai, Trinh; LaFrance, Jeffrey |
| Abstract: | This study aims to better understand factors that may influence a farmers’ decision to use the irrigation practice known as alternate wetting and drying (AWD). This study is novel because it is the first of its kind to use expectations of AWD use to estimate whether or not farmers use the practice of AWD. Perceptions have not been previously used as predictors in the use of new agricultural technologies / practices and certainly not for AWD specifically. Furthermore, this study investigates whether or not those expectations match reality by looking at the production data of farmers using AWD as compared to farmers not using AWD. At the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015, Vietnam committed to an eight percent reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030. These reductions will come in part from the agricultural sector and specifically rice production. One promising GHG mitigating technology used in rice production is AWD, which can reduce GHG emission by as much as 48% (Sander, Wassmann, & Siopongco, 2015). This study uses primary data collected in Vietnam’s Mekong River Delta and Red River Delta to compare yield, cost, and returns of farmers who currently use AWD to farmers who use the conventional production method of continuously flooded (CF) rice. Furthermore, this study employs McFadden’s conditional logit model to model factors that may influence the farmers’ decision to use AWD or not. This study looks specifically at expectations of farm inputs (e.g. will water use increase or decrease with AWD use?) and yield for AWD use, sources of agricultural information, and irrigation subsidy perceptions. This is the first study of its kind to use expectations as an explanatory variable for the outcome, namely, expectations of AWD as a determinant of AWD use. Results indicate that the respondents’ expectations of AWD use, where respondents receive agricultural information, and whether or not they perceive that they receive a subsidy for irrigation are all significant factors in whether or not they use AWD. Furthermore, farmers have rational expectations of AWD as their expectations largely match the reality with respect to certain costs and production. The Vietnamese government can use AWD to abate GHG emissions and move closer to achieving their GHG abatement commitments without burdening themselves or Vietnamese farmers with additional costs to production. AWD use can be increased by changing expectations of AWD through proper channels of agricultural information in Vietnam. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305255&r=all |
| By: | Goeb, Joseph; Zu, A. Myint; Synt, Nang Lun Kham; Zone, Phoo Pye; Boughton, Duncan; Maredia, Mywish K. |
| Abstract: | Crop traders comprise the mid-stream of Myanmar’s food supply chain, forming important links between farms and food processors, exporters, commodity exchange centers, and urban food markets. Traders engage in a variety of business activities ranging from wholesalers that buy, store, grade, and sell commodities to brokers that facilitate crop sales on commissions. Many traders have strong and direct ties to farmers, often providing farmers with agricultural inputs on credit to strengthen relationships and to build business later in the year when crops are harvested and sold. These connections to the farm have important implications for any challenges that traders face due to the COVID-19 crisis. Effects on traders will also be felt upstream by farmers through both their post-harvest crop marketing activities, including the prices they receive for their crops, and potentially through access to agricultural inputs on credit. Furthermore, challenges to crop trading will also have effects on the food system downstream and, ultimately, on consumers. This is the second policy note in a series presenting results from phones surveys tracking a sample of crop traders across Myanmar. The surveys are designed to better understand the effects of COVID-19 shocks on Myanmar’s agri-food marketing system. This Policy Note builds on the results from the first round of the survey of crop traders. 1 This second round of the survey also added questions on two key themes from the first-round report – credit offered out by traders to farmers and trader’s use of mobile phones. |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, trade, supply chain, commodities, marketing, agricultural prices, prices, movement restrictions, agricultural products, Covid-19, crop marketing, traders |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:myanpn:23&r=all |
| By: | Ruben, Ruerd; Grace, Delia; Lundy, Mark |
| Abstract: | Food systems and diets are transforming rapidly in many parts of the world, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Changes in income, employment, taste, and location have direct implications for food choices and shopping patterns, which in turn have impacts on consumers’ nutrition and health, as well as environmental sustainability and resilience of the food system. |
| Keywords: | food systems; diet; health foods; food consumption; food safety; research; intervention; nutrition; fresh products; vegetables; food prices; feeding preferences; developing countries; healthier diet; Behavior change communication (BCC); fresh food; food choice |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:othbrf:133955&r=all |
| By: | Vo, Long; Clements, Ken; Si, Jiawei |
| Abstract: | An efficient market allocates resources to equalise prices of the same good. Are food prices – important to literally everyone in the world, and especially the poor – equalised across countries? In view of the substantial distortions to international trade in agriculture and the large swings of currencies away from long-term equilibrium values, equalisation would seem an unlikely proposition. But the forces of arbitrage – buying low and selling high – could still govern a tendency towards food prices equalisation over the long term. In this paper, we ask, are these forces sufficiently strong to more or less overcome trade barriers and currency volatility, thereby equalising changes in food prices over the longer term? Despite the fall in average tariffs globally after nine rounds of WTO trade negotiations, non-tariff distortions to agricultural trade remain significant. Examples include the long-standing import restrictions of Japan resulting in many food prices substantially above world prices, and Europe’s massive export subsidies under the Common Agricultural Policy. Add to this is the pronounced gyrations of currency values, large transport and distribution costs, trade taxes and other wedges, and it would seem that segmented food markets with different prices in different countries would be the norm, at least in the short term. What of the long-run situation? To investigate the validity of the law of one food price (LOFP), we employ the prices of food and agricultural products in cross-sectional regressions, panel unit root and panel co-integration tests. We also use impulse response functions and simulations of prices within a vector error-correction framework. We find considerable support for LOFP. This result is obtained in three basic ways. First, retail prices from the International Comparisons Program (World Bank, 2013, unpublished) were used in cross-country and cross-commodity regressions for a large number of food items and countries. Second, producer prices over time, countries and products from the Food and Agriculture Organisation (2018) were employed in panel unit-roots tests. Third, a vector error-correction approach was used for wheat prices in Australia and the US to examine in detail the dynamics of the adjustment process of prices and exchange rates. We found that variations in the exchange rate were relatively more important than wheat prices in bringing about adjustments to LOFP. Given the apparently stringent requirements for LOFP to hold, the results are surprising, but they need careful interpretation. We do not claim LOFP holds in the short run, nor that it holds for all commodities, but only as a long-run tendency for the majority of commodities in the sense that departures from parity are short-lived. It takes time for prices to be arbitraged across countries because of three reasons. First, there can be difficulties in collecting reliable market information and for participants to be convinced price divergences are worthwhile acting upon, especially when driven by currency movements (are they likely to reverse direction?). Second, some trade costs are essentially fixed, and so overcoming this hurdle is also likely to be time-consuming (if, for example, local agents have to be engaged to deal with importing-country regulations). Third, food and agricultural prices can have costly nontraded components, and devising innovative ways to deal with these costs (such as bypassing the traditional retail model with on-line sales technologies) can incur significant trial-and-error learning costs, further adding to delays. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305235&r=all |
| By: | Yaumidin, Umi Karomah |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to estimate the causal impact of the unexpected weather variation on the employment level of the farm households by exploiting natural variation of the unexpected weather changes and variation in decision of labour allocation based on gender and occupation in Indonesia. Weather variability is increasing in frequency, duration and intensity. It cannot be predicted with certainty and effectively mitigated in terms of both the time of the event and the impact of the loss (Lei, Liu, et al. 2016). Through its implications for agricultural production, the weather variability together with extreme weather will lead to crop failure, increased production costs, damaged farm infrastructure, reduced farmer incomes, and increased rural poverty (Winsemius et al. 2018). Despite substantial discussion on crop diversification, the farmers’ option to manage their family labour as means of risk avoidance is limited in the literature (Ayenew 2017). It is a crucial question to address how this strategy is effective in response to the negative effect of unexpected weather changes. We exploit the unexpected weather variability that is defined as the deviation between the real-time value of weather condition, proxies by the Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Then, we construct our model based on the assumption that farming family hold non-separable between production and consumption decision, as a response to market imperfection. To this end, our outcome variables refer to a household’s allocation of time to work (log household worked hours) of family labour to any of the categories of activities (in agriculture and non-agriculture) and by gender. While, our control variables comprise information on household and community characteristics. Household characteristics variables consist of farm or land size, parents education, household size, non-farm asset, the working-age (15-65 years old) member of the household. Village characteristics measure the availability of infrastructure that are the level of road and electricity, and irrigation. Information on altitude, experience to drought in the last year and majority income of village dwellers are also taking into account in our model. Hence, by utilising a linear household fixed-effect method, our model can be written as: y_ijt= 〖α+φD〗_jt+〖βX〗_ijt+〖ωV〗_jt+〖δ_i+δ_d+δ〗_t+ ε_ijt………(4) Overall, our results found that there were causal inferences between the employment level of farm households and weather-based variables. Unexpected variability of weather exposure reduced the number of working hours of farms employed by 4.7 per cent per standard deviation. In contrast, farm household’s member worked more in non-agricultural job as indicated by the number of working hours increased 3.6 per cent. These results are robust to the inclusion of sub-district and year fixed effect as control, and several confounding factors. Moreover, the panel regression confirmed that all policies variables have a significant positive on households working hours. Agricultural extension, public works project, and credit facilities in the villages are substantial consideration for the policies design to support farmers in overcoming the negative effect of weather variability. |
| Keywords: | International Development, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305233&r=all |
| By: | Masias, Ian; Goeb, Joseph; Lambrecht, Isabel; Maredia, Mywish K.; Win, Khin Zin |
| Abstract: | Traditional family owned retail shops are the backbone of Myanmar’s consumer market. As the final node in the grocery supply chain, they sell all types of dry foods, i.e., processed and packaged, condiments, snacks, and beverages to final consumers. To some extent, they also supply basic staple grains, i.e., rice and pulses; dairy products; eggs; kitchen crops; and tobacco and alcohol. About 85 percent of all consumer goods in Myanmar are sold through these shops. In the food and grocery sector, these retail outlets, including wet markets, account for 90 percent of all sales, with the other 10 percent accounted for by fast-growing supermarkets. Because of the importance of traditional retail outlets in the last mile delivery of a wide variety of foods to consumers, any challenges they encounter from the COVID-19 crisis and corresponding policy responses to contain the virus have important implications for the availability and affordability of food for final consumers. This policy note is the first in a series of reports presenting results from rounds of a telephone survey of a sample of owners or managers of food retail shops located in the two largest cities in Myanmar, Yangon and Mandalay. The phone surveys are designed to provide a better understanding of the effects of COVID-19 shocks on Myanmar’s agri-food marketing system through the perspective of small-scale food retailers in urban areas. This policy note focuses on the demand side and overall business effects of the COVID-19 crisis on these food retailers. Phone interviews were conducted with 426 retail shop owners or managers between 8 and 15 July 2020. Eighty percent of those surveyed were in Yangon, with the rest in Mandalay. |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, retail markets, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, urban areas, surveys, policies, restrictions, food retailers, Covid-19, food retail shops, lockdown, phone survey, retail shop |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:myanpn:24&r=all |
| By: | Hill,Ruth; Fuje,Habtamu Neda |
| Abstract: | The impact of drought on household welfare is the cumulative effect of crop losses and price changes in a local economy that are triggered by these initial losses. This paper combines data on monthly grain prices and wages in 82 retail markets over 17 years with data on district-level weather shocks to quantify the impact of drought on local prices and how this impact varies by month after harvest. The results show that price increases occur immediately after the completion of harvest and then dissipate so that inflationary effects are quite low during the lean season, contrary to commonly held views. The impact of shocks on prices is quite low now in Ethiopia -- 4 percent at its peak post-2005 compared with 12 percent before 2005. In areas of the country where infrastructure investments have been high, there is now almost no inflationary impact of drought on prices. It is not clear whether it is infrastructure investments or something else that has driven that, but it shows that it is possible for rainfall shocks to have no inflationary impacts in low income economies. Inflationary impacts were also reduced more in districts where the Productive Safety Net Program was introduced. Comparing inflationary effects in districts with food versus cash transfers suggests that cash transfers do not have inflationary effects on grain prices during times of drought. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disasters,Access of Poor to Social Services,Economic Assistance,Services&Transfers to Poor,Disability,Inequality,Crops and Crop Management Systems,Climate Change and Agriculture,Inflation |
| Date: | 2020–09–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9389&r=all |
| By: | Siderius, Christian; Conway, Declan; Yassine, Mohamed; Murken, Lisa; Lostis, Pierre-Louis; Dalin, Carole |
| Abstract: | We quantify the heavily oil-dominated WEF nexus in three Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia) across spatial scales and over time, using available empirical data at the national level, and explore the exposure to nexus stresses (groundwater depletion) in other countries through virtual water trade. At the domestic scale, WEF trade-offs are fairly limited; while all sectors require considerable amounts of energy, the requirements for water and food production are modest compared to other uses. At the international scale, revenues from oil exports in the GCC allow the region to compensate for low food production and scarce water availability. This dependency is dynamic over time, increasing when oil prices are low and food prices are high. We show how reducing domestic trade-offs can lead to higher exposure internationally, with rice imports originating in regions where groundwater is being depleted. However, Saudi Arabia’s increased wheat imports, after reversing its food self-sufficiency policy, have had limited effects on groundwater depletion elsewhere. Climate change mitigation links the WEF nexus to the global scale. While there is great uncertainty about future international climate policy, our analysis illustrates how implementation of measures to account for the social costs of carbon would reduce the oil and gas revenues available to import food and desalinate water in the GCC. |
| Keywords: | WEF nexus; social cost of carbon; security; food trade; embedded groundwater depletion; ES/R009708/1 |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2020–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:104091&r=all |
| By: | Joseph I. Uduji (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Elda N. Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Food prices in Nigeria have become significantly higher and more volatile since 2012. The purpose of this research was to find out what affects farmers’ participation in the growth enhancement support scheme (GESS) in the country. We determined the effect of the GESS on the ease of access to market information and agricultural inputs that influence price volatility at farm gate level. A total of 2100 rural farmers were sampled across Nigeria’s six geopolitical zones. Result from the use of recursive bivariate probit model showed that farmers depended on the GESS for the resolution of food price volatility by providing food market information and agricultural inputs that bring down the incidence and amount of anxiety-impelled price rise in Nigeria. The results advocated for the need to improve the GESS in line with the agricultural transformation agenda (ATA) by cutting down the deterrents mostly linked with the use of mobile phones, and the distance of registration and assemblage centers. In extension and contribution, the findings suggest that smallholder farmers can be part of the volatility solution when they are provided with rural roads and transportation to get their product to the market, and technology to receive and share the latest market information on prices. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural transformation agenda, recursive bivariate probit model, food price volatility, growth enhancement support scheme, rural farmers, Nigeria |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:20/069&r=all |
| By: | Chepeliev, Maksym |
| Abstract: | This document describes a new source of inputs, based on FAO data, that allows us to estimate agricultural output targets on 133 regions of the GTAP 10A Data Base. This approach allows to overcome several limitations present under the current agricultural production targeting (APT) processing. First, a significant expansion in the regional coverage is achieved, as the number of regions undergoing APT more than doubles. Second, the detailed commodity classification of the FAO dataset allows for a more accurate mapping to the GTAP Data Base sectors. Third, a better commodity coverage in the FAO data prevents the issue of mapping a processed commodities to the corresponding primary sector. Finally, reliance on the FAO agricultural output data provides a better opportunity for further incorporation of the nutritional accounts to the GTAP Data Base, by lowering inconsistencies between GTAP and FAO agricultural accounting. Comparisons between OECD-based agricultural output (currently used in the GTAP Data Base) and FAO-derived estimates are provided in the document. FAO-based agricultural production targets are incorporated to the GTAP 10A Data Base build stream to produce a special release of the GTAP Data Base. JEL classification: C68, D57, D58, Q10, Q11. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gta:resmem:6180&r=all |
| By: | Jarvis, Forest; Johnson, Hillary; Liaqat, Sundas; Donald, Aletheia; Perova, Elizaveta; Castro-Zarzur, Rosa |
| Abstract: | Our detailed survey of farming households in the rural Philippines reveals widespread and systemic spousal disagreement on decision-making, a phenomenon reflected in similar surveys throughout the world. Using original qualitative and quantitative data, we explore the following research questions: first, what are the drivers of disagreement in spousal reports of decision-making? Second, we explore the empowerment angle by asking what is the relationship between decision-making and empowerment? The measurement of women’s empowerment in agriculture and the household has traditionally used women’s self-reported participation in decision-making as an indicator of household power, and joint decision-making is often used as a targeted outcome in development efforts. However, spousal surveys across a variety of contexts have revealed high levels of disagreement between spouses about decision-making authority. Although women’s decision-making power has been associated in some studies with better household outcomes, the conceptual and evidential links between decision-making and empowerment have been called into question. Our work adds to the literature on the measurement of decision-making and disagreement, and on the links between decision-making power and empowerment writ large. Our quantitative analysis uses data from a spousal survey of agricultural households in the rural Philippines, primarily on the island of Mindanao. Part of a larger study on land tenure, respondents were asked about decisions in a variety of agricultural domains, as well as household matters. We capture respondents’ agency through the locus of control and Relative Autonomy Index (RAI) scales. Qualitative data come from a follow-up round of semi-structured interviews focusing on the decision-making process. We exploit the detailed decision-making questionnaire to test for different drivers of decision-making, namely differing interpretations of decision-making, differing frames of reference, and social desirability bias. To test for the relationship between decision-making and empowerment, we regress various aspects of decision-making power on the respondents’ motivational autonomy. Our follow-on qualitative interviews provide more detail on differing interpretations of decision-making, and the social norms regarding decision-making in our sample population. We find evidence that differing gendered interpretations of what it means to be a decision maker are a driver of spousal disagreement on decision-making, with women more likely to report themselves as joint decision-makers as long as they are included in a conversation. Qualitative work suggests a strong social norm towards a consultative decision-making process, further obscuring the differences between interpretations of sole and joint decision-making and increasing measurement error. We also find limited evidence of social desirability bias as a driver of measurement error. We find the being a decision-maker is not associated with higher overall autonomy. However, the ability to make one’s own personal decisions, and the level of input on decisions, are well-correlated with motivational autonomy. Our findings indicate that simple binary outcomes of sole and joint decision-making obscure important elements of the decision process, suggesting the need for a more nuanced and context-specific measurement of process and intent if it is to be used as an indicator or outcome. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305245&r=all |
| By: | Onodu, Bonaventure; Culas, Richard; Nwose, Ezekiel |
| Abstract: | Objective or research question is to analyze the socioeconomic characteristics (SEC) and other factors influencing root and tuber crops (RTC) consumption in favour of wheat (imported carbohydrate substitute) in Delta State Nigeria Healthy dietary lifestyle can only be achieved by the ability to access and afford adequate quality food. Availability of food in sufficient quantity and quality is regarded as the starting point of economic development, social interaction, political stability and security of any nation. RTC are the main source of carbohydrate foods in many regions, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the large quantity in RTC (cassava and yam) production in Nigeria, many consumers’ are neglecting the locally produced indigenous RTC in preference to wheat which is almost imported. The question is “What are the SEC of the households in relation to using (consuming) various products from RTC relative to wheat products?” Based on the household level data collected from the case study areas in Delta State of Nigeria, descriptive and multiple regression analyses were performed to achieve the research objectives. In particular, the regression models were estimated to determine the various factors affecting consumption of cassava, wheat and yam in urban as well as in rural communities. Descriptive statistical analyses of the SEC of both consumers and producers of RTC were useful to understand the important of nutritional and health befits of RTC. Demand analysis of RTC, relative to wheat, was also conducted to understand the consumer behaviour towards the consumption of RTC in relation to their nutritional and health benefits. It was identified that age, price of cassava, annual income and household size affect RTC consumption while annual income, household size and cassava price affects wheat consumption in the study area. Assessment of producers indicate that the 55 respondents comprised female producers (78%) while males were the rest (22%). Regression analysis indicates that age, educational status and farming experience are the significant factors affecting production and age, annual income, price of cassava and household size are the factors affecting the consumption of root and tuber crops in the study area. This study finds that an improved understanding of the relationship between knowledge and dietary intake is an important factor, as evidenced by previous studies, to address the low nutritional knowledge and poor management of chronic diseases. It is recommended that nutritional knowledge programs should be designed and implemented in order to support sound dietary intake within the study area and the entire country at large to reduce the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (obesity, diabetics and cardiovascular diseases). |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305252&r=all |
| By: | Ben Brunckhorst |
| Abstract: | In 2015, Ethiopia experienced the worst meteorological drought in decades. This paper investigates vulnerability to drought by applying a difference-in-differences strategy to this event, in a natural experiment. I construct a Standardised Precipitation Index using 35 years of satellite rainfall data to exogenously measure local drought intensity, and combine with nationally representative household panel data. Results show thathouseholds experiencing at least a one in 20-year drought have, on average, 12 percent lower annual consumption and 38 percent lower agricultural production than they would otherwise have in a typical year. Results are robust to varying sets of counterfactuals, placebo treatments and identification using the change-in-changes method. Drought has a greater impact on poorer households, female-headed households and larger producers. Production is sensitive to drought severity. In a context of increasing drought frequency and intensity, these findings imply lower expected returns to investment in agriculture, hindering rural development. Results also suggest drought induces positive production spillover effects in nearby areas, which could support resilience. This mechanism may be facilitated by increased factor mobility and market interactions between villages during times of drought. Evidence from rural Ethiopia indicates that transport services, mobile phones and social networks are important for resilience, but the effect of road infrastructure alone is less clear. Public investment in these services may have untapped potential to reduce climate vulnerability. |
| Keywords: | Drought; Ethiopia; Infastructure; Rural Development |
| JEL: | Q54 R58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csa:wpaper:2020-17&r=all |
| By: | Shahzad, Muhammad Faisal |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304261&r=all |
| By: | Daniel Ovando; Gary D. Libecap; Katherine D. Millage; Lennon Thomas |
| Abstract: | Bigeye tuna in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean were perceived as overfished for nearly 20 years, in large part due to incidental catch in the much larger skipjack tuna fishery. Efforts to halt the overfishing of bigeye stalled due to disagreements over the distribution of costs and benefits from reform. An alternative Coasean-style approach to setting both harvesting levels and the allocation of costs and benefits might offer a path forward. We calculate the costs and benefits of achieving bigeye conservation goals and describe an exchange through which benefits could be realized via removal of Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs). Through trade, aggregate benefits and costs are more apt to be in balance relative to mandated protection controls. The realities of bargaining costs in a multilateral setting are not underappreciated, but in light of existing stalemates in this and other fisheries, consideration of Coasean-style approaches is warranted. |
| JEL: | Q22 Q28 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27801&r=all |
| By: | Elena Kühne (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | This Policy Research Brief examines social protection's role in building climate resilience based on evidence from the Garantia Safra programme, a public index-based climate risk insurance scheme in Brazil. |
| Keywords: | protection; resilience; climate change adaptation; disaster risk management; climate risk insurance; smallholders; rural development; Garantia Safra |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:pbrief:70&r=all |
| By: | Amodio, Francesco; Baccini, Leonardo; Chiovelli, Giorgio; Di Maio, Michele |
| Abstract: | Does comparative advantage explain legislators’ support for trade liberalization? We use data on potential crop yields as determined by weather and soil characteristics to derive a new, plausibly exogenous measure of comparative advantage in agriculture for each district in the US. Evidence shows that comparative advantage in agriculture predicts how legislators vote on the ratification of preferential trade agreements in Congress. We show that legislators in districts with high agricultural comparative advantage are more likely to mention that trade agreements are good for agriculture in House floor debates preceding roll-call votes on their ratifications. Individuals living in the same districts are also more likely to support free trade. Our analysis and results contribute to the literature on the political economy of trade and its distributional consequences, and to our understanding of the economic determinants of legislators voting decisions. |
| Keywords: | Comparative Advantage, Trade Liberalization, Politicians, US |
| JEL: | D72 F14 Q17 |
| Date: | 2020–07–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:102727&r=all |
| By: | Kuruc, Kevin; McFadden, Jonathan |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304305&r=all |
| By: | Kim, GwanSeon; Seok, Jun Ho |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304521&r=all |
| By: | Chen, Sijia; Steinbach, Sandro |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade, Agribusiness, Marketing |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304566&r=all |
| By: | Wang,Dieter; Andree,Bo Pieter Johannes; Chamorro Elizondo,Andres Fernando; Spencer,Phoebe Girouard |
| Abstract: | Recent advances in food insecurity classification have made analytical approaches to predict and inform response to food crises possible. This paper develops a predictive, statistical framework to identify drivers of food insecurity risk with simulation capabilities for scenario analyses, risk assessment and forecasting purposes. It utilizes a panel vector-autoregression to model food insecurity distributions of 15 Sub-Saharan African countries between October 2009 and February 2019. Statistical variable selection methods are employed to identify the most important agronomic, weather, conflict and economic variables. The paper finds that food insecurity dynamics are asymmetric and past-dependent, with low insecurity states more likely to transition to high insecurity states than vice versa. Conflict variables are more relevant for dynamics in highly critical stages, while agronomic and weather variables are more important for less critical states. Food prices are predictive for all cases. A Bayesian extension is introduced to incorporate expert opinions through the use of priors, which lead to significant improvements in model performance. |
| Keywords: | Food Security,Nutrition,Inequality |
| Date: | 2020–09–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9413&r=all |
| By: | Chakravarty, Shourish; Mullally, Conner C. |
| Keywords: | International Development, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304640&r=all |
| By: | Cao, Ting; Moss, Charles B. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agribusiness, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304455&r=all |
| By: | Marcella Veronesi; Stefano Carattini |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the relationship between generalized trust, temperature fluctuations during the maize growing season, and international migration by asylum seekers. A priori generalized trust can be expected to have an ambiguous effect on migration. On the one hand, countries with higher trust may exhibit higher adaptive capacity to temperature fluctuations and so lower climate-induced migration. On the other hand, trust may also facilitate migration by increasing the likelihood that communities invest in risk sharing through migration and enjoy reliable networks supporting migrants. Hence, it is an empirical question whether trust mitigates or increases the impact of climate change on migration. Our findings are consistent with an ambivalent effect of trust on migration. We find that for moderate temperature fluctuations, trust mitigates the impact of weather on migration. This effect is driven by the role of trust in increasing adaptive capacity. However, for severe temperature fluctuations, communities with higher trust experience more migration. Overall, the former effect dominates the latter, so that the net effect is that trust mitigates migration. Our findings point to important policy implications concerning the role of trust in fostering adaptation by facilitating collective action, and the need for targeted interventions to support adaptation and increase resilience in low-trust societies in which collective action may be harder to achieve. |
| Keywords: | migration, climate change, trust, adaptation |
| JEL: | O15 Q54 Z13 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8537&r=all |
| By: | Farquharson , Robert; Pyay Thar, So; Ramilan, Thiagarajah; Chen, Deli |
| Abstract: | Questions of ‘improving’ smallholder decisions for farm input use have long exercised the minds of RD&E practitioners with ‘reducing poverty’ objectives in developing countries. Decision Support Tools (DSTs) have often been developed for farmers and/or extension agents based on a ‘top-down’ or linear Research-Development-Extension paradigm. There is evidence that DSTs are not used by farm decision makers. Some developers of DSTs don’t realise that smallholder farmers must borrow money to buy fertilizer! In Myanmar smallholder farmers are using Nitrogen (N) fertilizer for cereal crop production and these decisions have been studied to investigate whether better information can be provided for such decisions. These smallholders are semi-subsistence with reliance on purchased inputs and they sell to markets for profit. Considering the current situation for rice and maize production systems in the central Dry Zone of Myanmar, how can information be provided to relevant decision makers (farmers, extension agents, input suppliers) leading to improved farm household well-being? Is the development of a ‘traditional’ DST (as described above) likely to be of value? Can an improved decision-making framework be developed for this set of farmers and circumstances? A multi-disciplinary ACIAR-funded project in central Myanmar has investigated rice and maize production focussing on nutrient use efficiency and fertiliser decisions. Bio-physical work included field trials measuring crop yield responses to differing levels of N input (production functions) and taking associated soil and plant measures to estimate N uptake and use efficiency. The socio-economic component included initial focus group workshops, two farmer field surveys, a literature review of DSTs and an economic analysis of the crop yield responses for ‘best’ N levels. The project has promised to develop a DST, and the purpose of this paper is to outline our thinking about decision support. The paper draws together information from the focus group workshops, the field surveys, the yield responses and economic analyses. A partial budget framework using (subjective) farmer inputs in a return on investment (ROI) framework is outlined. An existing DST which uses this economic framework is discussed. Despite our a priori expectations that farmers in central Myanmar might not be using fertilizer efficiently, we found that many smallholders apply both compound (NPK) and Urea (N) fertilizers, that the amounts of Urea are substantial, and that they split the Urea applications as do farmers in Australia. They seem to understand the agronomic benefits from applying N fertilizer when the crop is growing to improve uptake efficiency. Rice and maize yield responses to increasing N application rates generally follow a diminishing returns pattern, despite the tyranny of site and season associated with trials in farmer fields. Given that their stated objectives include financial returns, that some farmers require their income to cover input costs and that a ROI is desirable, we apply the CIMMYT (1988) framework to this set of results and compare the actual farmer decisions with a ROI decision rule based on agronomic field work results. We conclude that these farmers are making fertilizer decisions that are consistent with a profit-conscious but risk-averse paradigm. We illustrate a DST which is based more on economic objectives and risk preferences than traditional tools based on N budgets or programs with soil, agronomic and socio-economic overlays. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare20:305248&r=all |
| By: | Liu, Bingcai; Sohngen, Brent |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304335&r=all |
| By: | Baral, Arun; Birol, Ekin |
| Abstract: | Globally, an estimated two billion people suffer from micronutrient deficiencies that contribute to weakened immune systems, disease, disability, and even death.1 One of the main causes of micronutrient deficiencies – also known as hidden hunger – is low-quality diets that rely on calorie-rich but micronutrient-poor staple crops, and include very little nutrientdense foods such as animal-sourced foods and fresh fruits and vegetables. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; biofortification; crops; trace elements; partnerships; stakeholders; seeds; policies; knowledge; intervention; seed multiplication; knowledge and information hub; biofortified crops |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:othbrf:133959&r=all |
| By: | Hovhannisyan, Vardges; Urutyan, Vardan |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Marketing, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304428&r=all |
| By: | Stevens, Andrew W.; Bradley, William B. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Risk and Uncertainty, Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304246&r=all |
| By: | Nowakowski, Adam (Bocconi University); Oswald, Andrew J. (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | Economists have proposed a variety of sophisticated climate-change interventions. But do our citizens care enough about climate change to enact such policies? This paper provides evidence that suggests they do not. Two kinds of findings are presented. Using data on 40,000 Europeans from the 2016 European Social Survey, the paper shows that only 5% of people say they are extremely worried about climate change. The cooler European countries express particularly low levels of worry. Using data on 30,000 citizens from the 2019 Eurobarometer Surveys, the paper demonstrates that climate change is viewed as a less important problem than parochial issues such as (i) health and social security, (ii) inflation, (iii) unemployment, and (iv) the economic situation. Other results, from regression equations, are provided. This paper's conclusions seem to have exceptionally serious implications for our unborn great grandchildren -- and imply that economic policy should now focus on how to alter feelings rather than upon the design of complicated theoretical interventions. An analogy with successful anti-tobacco policy is discussed. |
| Keywords: | climate change, global warming, feelings, economic policy, welfare |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13660&r=all |
| By: | Yousef, Sahar |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade, International Development, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304609&r=all |
| By: | Tsiboe, Francis; Tack, Jesse B. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Risk and Uncertainty, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304187&r=all |
| By: | Patrice Bougette (Université Côte d'Azur; GREDEG CNRS); Christophe Charlier (Université Côte d'Azur; GREDEG CNRS) |
| Abstract: | In 2019, following several investigations, the European Union decided to impose definitive anti-subsidy (AS) duties on imports of biodiesel from Argentina and Indonesia. While AS duties protect the domestic market and R\&D, this trade defense policy may interfere with environmental preservation. We investigate this issue using an international duopoly model with an environmental externality. We discuss the economic rationale of AS measures in the biodiesel context. We show that the larger the size of the domestic market, the higher the optimal AS level. Second, trade policies are less necessary when firms become more cost-efficient. Third, the sensitivity of AS policies to environmental externalities is ambiguous. Fourth, under certain conditions, the success of the innovation is negatively correlated with the strategic levels of both subsidies and AS policies. |
| Keywords: | Anti-subsidy, countervailing duties, biodiesel, European Union, trade, environmental impact |
| JEL: | D43 F18 F13 Q48 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2020-38&r=all |
| By: | Franz Sinabell; Julia Grübler; Oliver Reiter |
| Abstract: | This study presents quantitative and qualitative assessments of potential consequences of the trade agreement between the EU and Mercosur countries. It is embedded in a wider Association Agreement and was made public in summer 2019. The focus is on Austria. One objective of the agreement is to liberalise trade and to improve conditions for making investments in order to create jobs and value added and to give consumers in both regions better access to a wide range of products and services. A gravity model analysis shows that average income gains per person are remarkably similar in both regions. However, the economies in Mercosur countries will benefit more than EU Member States economies in relative terms. A second objective of the agreement is to meet targets that go beyond immediate economic benefits, such as to further sustainable development, to prevent environmental deterioration, to avoid social frictions and to smooth adaptation processes. A qualitative comparison shows the advancements compared to other trade agreements and the limitations of trade agreements to address social and environmental concerns. An in depth-appraisal of the provisions for agriculture shows potential benefits and costs for consumers and farmers in both regions. |
| Keywords: | trade liberalisation, EU, MERCOSUR, gravity model, environment, agriculture |
| JEL: | F13 F15 F17 F18 Q17 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wsr:ecbook:2018:i:vii-003&r=all |
| By: | Diaz-Serrano, Luis (Universitat Rovira i Virgili); Stoyanova, Alexandrina P. (University of Barcelona) |
| Abstract: | One of the most claimed links in the health and education literature is that education prevents from the risk of overweight, and the negative link between education and BMI is up to now out of questioning. More educated adults tend to have lower body mass index (BMI) and a lower risk of overweight and obesity. However, recent literature started questioning the mechanism behind this education gradient in BMI. A more recent and alternative explanation is that the BMI-education gradient hides a selection mechanism, which makes adolescents with higher BMI are less likely to plan for, attend, and complete higher levels of education. In this paper we test for the selection mechanism behind the link between education and BMI by estimating the impact of adolescents' BMI on medium-long-term educational expectations and short-term school choices, while controlling for the potential endogeneity of BMI. Our IV estimates indicate that individuals with higher BMI have lower academic aspirations and are less likely to attend high school after finishing compulsory education, which is a pre-condition of the intentions to go college. These results support the selection (reverse causality) mechanism. |
| Keywords: | students' expectations, BMI, overweight, school choices, university, educational achievement |
| JEL: | I24 I29 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13685&r=all |
| By: | Li, Qingxiao; Cakir, Metin |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Demand and Price Analysis, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304201&r=all |
| By: | Hanny John Mediodia; Viktoria Kahui; Ilan Noy |
| Abstract: | The increase in sea surface temperature (SST) is one of the primary consequences of climate change and has the potential to impact tuna fisheries. This paper theoretically models and then applies the production function approach to establish a positive but non-linear relationship between catch and SST using gridded data for yellowfin and skipjack tuna catch in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. We test different forms of relationship between SST and the carrying capacity of tuna fisheries. By considering area, species and fishing methods, we provide spatially and biologically relevant information for the management of tuna in response to warming oceans. The increase in yellowfin tuna catch is higher in the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere, while the reverse is true for skipjack tuna. We also find that there is a nonlinear (i.e. logarithmic and quadratic) relationship between the SST and the carrying capacity of tuna fisheries. |
| Keywords: | production function, sea surface temperature, tuna |
| JEL: | Q22 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8533&r=all |
| By: | Young, Jeffrey S.; Binkley, James K. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Labor and Human Capital, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304539&r=all |
| By: | Diersen, Matthew A.; Wang, Zhiguang |
| Keywords: | Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession, Demand and Price Analysis, Marketing |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304463&r=all |
| By: | Noumir, Ashraf; Langemeier, Michael R. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Agricultural Finance, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304485&r=all |
| By: | Bairagi, Subir K.; Mishra, Ashok K. |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Production Economics, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304179&r=all |
| By: | Noumir, Ashraf; Langemeier, Michael R. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Risk and Uncertainty, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304303&r=all |
| By: | Njuki, Eric |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Production Economics, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304285&r=all |
| By: | Queiroz, Pedro; Mariano, Denis |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Production Economics, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304557&r=all |
| By: | Ma, Ruchuan; Xiong, Tao |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Agricultural Finance, Marketing |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304274&r=all |
| By: | Emmanuelle Augeraud-Véron (GREThA, Université de Bordeaux, France); Giorgio Fabbri (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP, GAEL, Grenoble, France.); Katheline Schubert (Paris School of Economics, Université Paris 1 PanthéonSorbonne, France.) |
| Abstract: | The relation between biodiversity loss and frequency/probability of zoonose pandemic risk is now well documented in the literature. In this article we present a first model to integrate this phenomenon in the context of a general equilibrium dynamic economic set-up. The occurrence of pandemic episodes is modeled as Poissonian leaps in stochastic economic variables. The planner can intervene in the economic and epidemiological dynamics in two ways: first (prevention), by deciding to preserve a greater quantity of biodiversity, thus decreasing the probability of a pandemic occurring, and second (mitigation), by reducing the death toll through a partial blockage of economic activity. The class of social welfare functional considered has, as polar cases, a total utilitarian and an average utilitarian specifications. It implicitly considers, at the same time, the effects of policies on mortality and on the productive capacity of the country. Thanks to the Epstein-Zin specification of preferences, we can distinguish between risk aversion and fluctuation aversion. The model is explicitly solved and the optimal policy completely described. The qualitative dependence of the optimal intervention as a function of natural, productivity and preference parameters is discussed. In particular the optimal lockdown is shown to be more severe in societies valuing more human life, and the optimal biodiversity conservation is shown to be more relevant for more “forward looking” societies, with a small discount rate and a high degree of altruism towards individuals of future generations. We also show that societies accepting a large welfare loss to mitigate the pandemics are also societies doing a lot of prevention, not to have to incur the loss too often. After calibrating the model with COVID-19 pandemic data we compare the mitigation efforts predicted by the model with those of the recent literature and we study the optimal prevention-mitigation policy mix. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity, COVID-19, prevention, mitigation, epidemics, Poisson processes, recursive preferences. |
| JEL: | Q56 Q57 Q58 O13 C61 |
| Date: | 2020–08–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctl:louvir:2020026&r=all |
| By: | Drugova, Tatiana; Akhundjanov, Sherzod B. |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Agribusiness, Industrial Organization |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304250&r=all |
| By: | Hanson, Erik; Roberts, David C. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Productivity Analysis, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304265&r=all |
| By: | Hendricks, Nathan P.; Stigler, Matthieu M. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304570&r=all |
| By: | Merfeld, Joshua D. (KDI School of Public Policy and Management) |
| Abstract: | Market completeness has important implications for household behavior. I firmly reject complete markets for smallholders but am unable to do so for non-smallholders. This leads to important differences in production behavior: smallholders reallocate labor across activities less in response to intra-seasonal crop price changes than do non-smallholders. A counterfactual exercise indicates smallholders could increase revenue by almost nine percent if they were to reallocate labor similarly to non-smallholders. The overall pattern of results is consistent with small-holders lacking sufficient wage employment opportunities. Since non-smallholders have to hire in for agricultural production, this lack of opportunities does not affect their decisions. |
| Keywords: | markets, market failures, agriculture, labor |
| JEL: | J20 J43 O13 Q12 Q13 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13682&r=all |
| By: | Stefan Borsky (University of Graz, Austria); Martin Jury (University of Graz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we combine sectoral input-output linkages based on the production network of 172 countries and 12 sectors from 1990 to 2015 and information on extreme weather events to construct an index measuring the intensity of shocks in the supply chain for each sector and country. This index is then used in an econometric model to determine the impact of supply chain disruptions on a sector's export performance. Our results suggest that a one standard deviation increase in our supply chain shock measure reduces a sector's export value by around 11 percent. Finally, we project that, if no additional adaptation were to occur, climate change will additionally reduce a sector's export value by up to 16 percent with a considerable heterogeneity in strength of the effect between the countries and sectors. Knowledge on the role of input-output linkages in the propagation of extreme weather shocks is important to design more resilient supply chains in future. |
| Keywords: | Supply chain shock propagation; climate change; natural disasters; export. |
| JEL: | F14 F18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2020-13&r=all |
| By: | Zhang, Yifei; Goodwin, Barry K. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304343&r=all |
| By: | Miller, Scott |
| Keywords: | International Development, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Industrial Organization |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304544&r=all |
| By: | Wang, Shaonan |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Agricultural and Food Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304317&r=all |
| By: | Xu, Licheng; Du, Xiaodong |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304247&r=all |
| By: | Kashyap, Dipanjan; Bhuyan, Sanjib |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Marketing |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304233&r=all |
| By: | Gupta, Shivani; Bansal, Sangeeta |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304438&r=all |
| By: | Michaud, Clayton P.; Atallah, Shadi S. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304628&r=all |
| By: | Calil, Yuri Clements Daglia; Ribera, Luis A. |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304548&r=all |
| By: | Stigler, Matthieu M.; Lobell, David |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Production Economics, Industrial Organization |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304663&r=all |
| By: | Jore, Kyle; Bozic, Marin |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Agricultural and Food Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304553&r=all |
| By: | Clifford, McKenna E.; McKendree, Melissa G. S. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Production Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304610&r=all |
| By: | Law, Jonathan M. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Agricultural Finance, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304615&r=all |
| By: | Kim, Dongin; Steinbach, Sandro |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade, International Development, Industrial Organization |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304501&r=all |
| By: | Wu, Karin; Du, Xiaodong |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Agricultural Finance, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304327&r=all |
| By: | Iglesias, Wilman J. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304662&r=all |
| By: | Arora, Gaurav; Agarwal, Sandip K. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Production Economics, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304508&r=all |
| By: | Guevara Alvarez, Gloria |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/Statistical Methods, International Development, Marketing |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304311&r=all |
| By: | Edobor, Edeoba W. |
| Keywords: | International Development, International Relations/Trade, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304492&r=all |
| By: | Siu, Wai Yan; Akhundjanov, Sherzod B. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304255&r=all |
| By: | Lee, Hanbin; Lee, Sangwon |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Marketing, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304660&r=all |
| By: | Joseph I. Uduji (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Elda N. Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Vincent A. Onodugo (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Justitia O. Nnabuko (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Babatunde A. Adedibu (Redeemer’s University, Ede, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | This paper extends and contributes to the literature on tourism for transformative and inclusive growth from the corporate social responsibility (CSR) perspective. Specifically, we examine the impact of CSR of multinational oil companies (MOCs) on empowerment of rural women in strengthening agriculture-tourism linkages in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. A total of 800 rural women were sampled across the region. Results from the use of a logit model indicates that rural women seldom participate in the global memorandum of understandings (GMoUs) interventions in agritourism value chain projects, due to the norms and culture of the rural communities. This implies that if the tradition of the people continues to hinder direct participation of the rural women from GMoUs programmes, achieving gender equality and cultural change would be limited in the region, and rural women would remain excluded from the economic benefits of agritourism when compared with the male counterparts. The finding suggests that, GMoU interventions engaging women smallholders in the tourism value chain can be an important vehicle for advancing gender empowerment and fostering social inclusion. Also, cluster development boards (CDBs) should pay close attention to which extent the participation of rural women in the GMoUs projects may be limited by traditions. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture-tourism linkages; corporate social responsibility; multinational oil companies; young rural women; sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:20/067&r=all |
| By: | Sawadgo, Wendiam PM; Plastina, Alejandro |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Productivity Analysis, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304356&r=all |