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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2020‒07‒27
72 papers chosen by |
| By: | Raymond van Der Wijngaart (Wageningen University); John Helming (Wageningen University); Claire Jacobs (Wageningen University); Pedro Andres Garzon Delvaux (European Commission - JRC); Steven Hoek (Wageningen University); Sergio Gomez y Paloma (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The report assesses the potential of developing irrigation in the Niger River Basin under various agricultural scenarios accounting for biophysical and socio-economic variables, and for expected climate change. Irrigation potential is assessed in two parts. The first reviews recent literature in English and French (2010 onwards) on sustainable irrigation potential in the Sahel (i.e. Lake Chad basin, Niger, Senegal Volta River basins). Sahel agriculture possesses a significant irrigation potential. However, estimates fluctuate greatly depending on the scale of irrigation schemes, whether the resource is surface or ground water, expected and actual irrigation costs but also on determinants of success of irrigation schemes, including the varying effects when interacting with other inputs, such as fertilisers. Past, and not always successful, efforts were based on large public irrigation schemes (i.e. river dams and related canals). In a growing number of contexts, investments in small and micro-irrigation systems are identified as more desirable than conventional large schemes. Existing small-scale irrigation systems in the region are known to be developing however limited systematised evidence exists. The realisation of this potential is very sensitive to the costs of irrigation, among the highest in the world, with some technologies more sensitive than others (i.e. small river diversions). Moreover, irrigation potential is influenced by synergies among irrigation and other agricultural production technologies – it is maybe worthwhile to recall that irrigation potential is not a static concept, but it is contingent on levels of other inputs. Hence, irrigation investments need to be put in the broader context of productivity enhancement, rural development efforts and global changes such as urbanisation The development of irrigation in the Sahel and in the Niger River basin in particular is a key intervention area for agriculture and development policy in general. Current policy identifies irrigation development as an instrument fostering food security. However, from the angle of optimization, rainfed agriculture retains the larger potential for development when looking at costs and overall potential profits. Moreover, support to the development of irrigated agriculture needs to be fully integrated with a relevant and adapted support to agriculture in general, particularly with regards to how it mitigates risk. Access to irrigation is expected to expand farmers' production opportunities. It mitigates production risks, even in low quantities as crop-saving irrigation. By reducing risk, it encourages farmers to make more intensive use of inputs and land. Moreover, this dynamic effect is also influenced by the type of irrigation systems accessed. For example, the literature has identified that farmers which have some off-farm income are particularly interested in investing in agriculture if irrigation is made available, whereas other groups may be interested in improving first their access to credit for farm inputs with then a view on irrigation. How production risks are perceived need to be clearly identified so that the irrigation systems fostered can be seen as risk-reducing Functioning supply chains would also make irrigation more profitable as they reduce losses of potentially more valuable products from irrigated agriculture and enhance market access. Recently, registered regional increases in groundwater storage have been associated to diffuse recharge, partially compensating for groundwater withdrawal associated with irrigation development. Hence, hinting at some level of sustainability in the use of groundwater for small-scale irrigation in the Sahel, despite the risks associated with salinization. The second part focuses on the Niger Basin to assess and quantify its irrigation potential through modelling. The model uses static biophysical and socio-economic indicators in model optimising profits of mainly smallholder farms under 4 possible agricultural scenarios with distinctive productivity levels. In general, the projected irrigated area does not evolve much between scenarios mainly because of high productions costs associated with increased irrigation. Although irrigation potential is theoretically large, investing in both irrigated and rainfed input intensification offers the largest potential gains. The results for total irrigation potential in terms of farmed area are in the range of 0.6-09M hectares, from the estimated current 0.53M hectares of irrigated land under the most productive scenario in terms of agricultural yields. However, even the most yielding scenario results of the current study are significantly lower than previous estimates developed in the literature, and depend on assumed irrigation and input costs. The specific strengths of this new estimation are that of using input costs from recent agricultural surveys (i.e. LSMS-ISA) along with crop suitability maps. Its main limitation is that is does not distinguish between irrigation technologies and related costs, constraining estimates to a generic (gravity) irrigation. In turn, the expansion of agriculture is exogenously determined and does not depend upon the variables analysed. |
| Keywords: | adaptation to climate change, agricultural policy, irrigated agriculture, irrigation, Niger, research report, Sahel |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc108657&r=all |
| By: | SMIT Bert; JANSSENS Bas; HAAGSMA Wiepie; HENNEN Wil; ADRADOS Jose Luis; KATHAGE Jonas (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | In order to contribute to the EU's ambitions to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, different technological and management options are being analysed. Within the agricultural sector, catch and cover crops (CCC) are considered a viable option to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. CCC are crops grown for the protection of the agricultural land which would otherwise be bare against erosion and nutrient losses. They immobilise nitrogen such that it remains available in the soil after the harvest of the main crop for the next main crop. If managed correctly, catch and cover crops can enhance climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration (building up the soil organic carbon content of the soil) and reducing emissions from fertiliser production. In this report, we conduct a survey for different case study regions in Europe (Castilla y León in Spain; Sud – Muntenia in Romania; Centre in France; and Overijssel in the Netherlands) focusing on the mitigation and adoption potential. From the survey results we observe that CCC are mainly grown after wheat, barley, silage maize or sunflower, the most popular species being ryegrasses, mustards, clovers, vetch, oats, phacelia and rye. In most cases CCC are sown after the harvest of the main crop, after a seedbed preparation, and adopters generally do not apply irrigation, N-fertilisation (mineral or organic) or crop protection. The termination of these crops is in most cases by ploughing or by using herbicides (glyphosate). In Spain, the concept of CCC is not very well known. Common vetch was the most applied species, mostly after cereals but in some cases after sugar beet or potato. Part of the CCC was undersown. Irrigation and N-manure were often applied, but seedbed preparation, N-fertiliser and crop protection were not frequently mentioned. Half of the Spanish adopters did not harvest this crop and the other half harvested it for selling, for own use or for fodder. The majority of adopters used ploughing for termination of CCC. In France, unlike the other regions in the survey, a wide variety of CCC species was applied. Black oat (Avena strigosa), white mustard (Sinapis alba), common vetch (Vicia sativa) and Phacelia were most frequently mentioned, which were mostly sown after wheat and barley harvest. French farmers are in general well informed about catch and cover crops. While most farmers apply seedbed preparation, irrigation, N-fertilization and crop protection are not often applied. The large majority of French adopters did not harvest the CCC and terminated the crop through ploughing. Dutch respondents knew the CCC-concept, since most of them grew green maize on sandy soils as a part of their fodder production for their dairy herd. Thus, they had to comply with the Nitrates Directive to grow a CCC after the maize and they did that mostly after harvest. Half of them grew Italian or English ryegrass and the other half (cutting) rye. This practice led to a relatively long CCC-period on the field compared to the three other regions in the survey. Irrigation, N-fertilisation, N-manure and crop protection were not often applied, but all adopters applied seedbed preparation. Half of the CCC-growers terminated the crop through ploughing, a quarter through a different mechanical form and the others through herbicides. In Romania, not all farmers knew the concept of CCC-growing, although quite a share of the adopters did so as an obligation by the Romanian Agency for Payments and Intervention for Agriculture. Rapeseed and green peas were the most frequently applied CCC-species, after wheat or sunflower harvest and after a seedbed preparation. Like in the other regions, irrigation, N-fertilisation, N-manure and crop protection were not often applied. The majority of adopters did not harvest the crop and more than 80% of the adopters in Romania ploughed the CCC for termination. Farming activities related to the use of CCC take on average 3.4 hours per ha. The total cost of all inputs (seeds, fertiliser/manure, pesticides, water) and all operations (seedbed preparation, sowing, application of fertiliser/manure and plant protection, irrigation, fuel, harvest and termination, including contractors hired) is on average 144 €/ha. Adopters estimated that growing CCC reduces the fertiliser need of the following main crops by 6.6%, and increases yields of the following main crops by 4.2%. Most adopters grow CCC because of existing policies and most consider cultivation mandatory. Overall, agronomic reasons play a smaller role, and environmental motives are of little relevance to the adoption decision. The reasons why non-adopters do not grow CCC include a lack of benefits, high cost and labour requirements, lack of awareness, and unsuitable weather and crop rotations, among others. A majority of non-adopters indicate that they would start growing CCC if additional subsidies were provided. Estimated CCC adoption rates based on the share of farmers using CCC range from 12% in Castilla y León, 46% in Sud – Muntenia, 84% in Centre to 99% in Overijssel. However, most adopters grow CCC on only a small share of their arable land, with the exception of Overijssel. The estimated adoption rate based on the regional area potentially available for CCC cultivation (after cereals, protein and industrial crops) is well below 20% in the Spanish, Romanian and French regions and 90% in Overijssel. The adoption potential is combined with regionally differentiated estimates of carbon sequestration from CCC per hectare to calculate the total potential climate change mitigation from CCC in each of the case study regions. |
| Keywords: | crop, climate change, greenhouse gas emissions |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc116730&r=all |
| By: | Kamel Elouhichi (European Commission - JRC); Pascal Tillie (European Commission - JRC); Aymeric Ricome (European Commission - JRC); Sergio Gomez-Y-Paloma (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report presents the FSSIM-Dev (Farming System Simulator for Developing Countries) model, which is one of the decision-making tools developed by the JRC to provide independent evidence-based policy analysis in the areas of food and nutrition security and sustainable agriculture, specifically in sub-Saharan Africa. It aims to stimulate dialogue between scientists and policymakers, and to challenge them in better addressing the question of the ‘last mile’ between research results and concrete decision-making. FSSIM-Dev is a farm household model used to ex ante assess the impacts of agri-food policies and technological innovations on food security and rural poverty alleviation, in the specific context of low-income/developing countries. It aims to inform policymakers on how changes in prices, technology, food and agricultural policies might affect the viability, poverty and food security of heterogeneous sets of farm households that characterize the agricultural sector, which types of farm households will be most affected, where these most-affected farms are located, etc. The report provides a detailed description of the FSSIM-Dev model in terms of design, mathematical structure, data preparation, calibration process, and modelling of household (market) decisions. The rationale, theoretical background, technical specification and main indicators that can be generated from this model are also presented and discussed. The report also presents a comprehensive summary of results from the application of FSSIM-Dev to three countries: Ethiopia, Niger and Tanzania. Data from the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study – Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS–ISA) ( ), which provide a national representative survey of the rural population with a focus on the farming sector, were used in these three country case studies. |
| Keywords: | Food and Nutrition Security, Poverty, Agricultural Policy, Sustainable Agriculture, Farm Household Model, Mathematical Programing, Sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | D9 C61 O12 O13 O21 Q12 Q18 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc118822&r=all |
| By: | Philip Roessler; Yannick I. Pengl; Robert Marty; Kyle Sorlie Titlow; Nicolas van de Walle |
| Abstract: | We analyze the long-term effects of colonial cash crop extraction in Africa. Our conceptual framework focuses on the dynamic, interactive effects of geography, trade and colonialism in the context of Africa’s structural change from the slave trades to export agriculture. The adoption of cash crops shifted the loci of economic production to smallholder farmersin areas suitable for cultivation. Concurrently, the cash crop revolution—tied to European industrialization—led to the diffusion of economic imperialism beyond coastal Africa. Imperial extractive economies fueled infrastructural development in highly-suitable zones but dislocated production linkages to Europe and stymied the economic differentiation that otherwise might have occurred. The result was economic agglomeration at the site of production but with limited spillovers to nearby areas. Using agro-climatic suitability scores and historical data on the source location of more than 95 percent of all exports across 38 African states, we find that colonial cash crop production exhibited a large and positive long-run effect on local development in terms of urbanization, road infrastructure, nighttime luminosity and household wealth. These effects rival or surpass other geographic and historical forces frequently linked to subnational development in Africa. Exploring causal mechanisms, we show that path dependence due to colonial infrastructure investments is the more important channel than continued advantages in agricultural productivity. We also find that the positive local effects of colonial cash crop extraction came at the expense of surrounding areas and thereby entrenched deep spatial inequalities. |
| JEL: | F63 N57 O13 O18 Q17 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csa:wpaper:2020-12&r=all |
| By: | PEREZ DOMINGUEZ Ignacio (European Commission - JRC); GOMEZ BARBERO Manuel (European Commission - JRC); FELLMANN Thomas (European Commission - JRC); CHATZOPOULOS Thomas (European Commission - JRC); JENSEN Hans (European Commission - JRC); PHILIPPIDIS George (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The workshop 'Medium-term Outlook for the EU Agricultural Commodity markets' is an integral part of the intensive validation procedure of the results of the European Commission’s report 'Prospects for EU agricultural markets and income'. It provides a forum for presentations on preliminary medium term projections of the most relevant EU agricultural commodity markets and discussing in-depth the EU prospects in a global context. This year the workshop was held on 22-23 October in Brussels. The workshop was jointly organised by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development (DG AGRI). Participants included policy makers, modelling and market experts from various countries, as well as stakeholders of the agri food industry. This document summarises the presentations and discussions on the macroeconomic and energy assumptions associated with this outlook, and on each of the EU agricultural markets addressed: biofuels, cereals and oilseeds, sweeteners, milk and dairy, meats and wine. Additionally this year challenges regarding international trade disputes, organic agriculture and climate change were also discussed. |
| Keywords: | agricultural markets, outlook, Aglink-Cosimo, organic agriculture |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc113987&r=all |
| By: | Minten, Bart; Habte, Yetimwork; Baye, Kaleab; Tamru, Seneshaw |
| Abstract: | Modern marketing arrangements are increasingly being implemented to assure improved food quality and safety. However, it is not well known how these modern marketing arrangements perform in early stages of roll-out. We study this issue in the case of rural-urban milk value chains in Ethiopia, where modern processing companies – selling branded pasteurized milk – and modern retail have expanded rapidly in recent years. We find overall that the adoption levels of hygienic practices and practices leading to safer milk by dairy producers in Ethiopia are low and that there are no significant differences between traditional and modern milk value chains. While suppliers to modern processing companies are associated with more formal milk testing, they do not obtain price premiums for the adoption of improved practices nor do they obtain higher prices overall. Rewards to suppliers by modern processing companies are mostly done through non-price mechanisms. At the urban retail level, we surprisingly find that there are no price differences between branded pasteurized and raw milk and that modern retailers sell pasteurized milk at lower prices, ceteris paribus. Modern value chains to better reward hygiene and food safety in these settings are therefore called for. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; food safety; food prices; milk; milk consumption; food consumption; hygiene; modernization; milk production; retail markets; milk prices; food quality |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:esspwp:146&r=all |
| By: | Nicholas Ryan (Cowles Foundation, Yale University); Anant Sudarshan (Energy Policy Institute, University of Chicago) |
| Abstract: | Common resources may be managed with inefficient policies for the sake of equity. We study how rationing the commons shapes the efficiency and equity of resource use, in the context of agricultural groundwater use in Rajasthan, India. We ï¬ nd that rationing binds on input use, such that farmers, despite trivial prices for water extraction, use roughly the socially optimal amount of water on average. The rationing regime is still grossly inefficient, because it misallocates water across farmers, lowering productivity. Pigouvian reform would increase agricultural surplus by 12% of household income, yet fall well short of a Pareto improvement over rationing. |
| Keywords: | Common resources, Agricultural productivity, Misallocation, Sustainable development |
| JEL: | D24 Q15 Q56 O13 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2239&r=all |
| By: | Mauro Vigani (University of Gloucestershire); Hasan Dudu (World Bank, Washington,D.C. (United States)); Gloria Solano-Hermosilla (European Commission JRC) |
| Abstract: | In this study we analyse the structure of food demand in Ethiopia to better understand the evolution of food demand under volatile prices and household income vulnerability. In particular, this report aims to estimate the income and price elasticities of the demand of main agricultural and food commodities for Ethiopian households by using state of the art methods and recent data to inform the policy making process with better information. The income and price elasticities measure the responsiveness of quantity of food demanded to changes in income and prices, respectively, and hence contribute to the discussions about policies related to food security. Further, they are important inputs for structural models that are developed by the JRC to support the stakeholders in Ethiopia on nutrition and food security. Using a QUAIDS approach controlling for the potential endogeneity of both expenditure and prices and data from the 2015-2016 Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey/LSMS-ISA, we find that cereals and animal products are superior (luxury) goods relative to other crops and manufactured food products that appear to be basic necessities. Further, cereals and animal products are elastic to price changes with high substitution effect, while manufactured foods and other crops are inelastic and unit elastic respectively to price changes with low substitution effect, thus confirming their status of essential foods for Ethiopian households. Finally, expenditure elasticities at regional level show a similar pattern that the national one, but price elasticities vary across regions. |
| Keywords: | food income and price elasticities, QUAIDS, Ethiopia, Socioeconomic Survey/LSMS-ISA |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc117125&r=all |
| By: | ELOUHICHI Kamel; TEMURSHOEV Umed; COLEN Liesbeth (European Commission - JRC); GOMEZ Y PALOMA Sergio (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report presents the results of an impact analysis of several scenarios related to the Agricultural Commercialization Cluster (ACC) initiative. This initiative was introduced by the Government of Ethiopia during the first Growth and Transformation Plan (2010-2015) as a mechanism to improve agricultural productivity and production within specific geographies by targeting a limited number of high-value commodities. The farm-household model FSSIM-Dev (Farm System Simulator for Developing Countries) is applied to a representative sample of 2,886 individual farm-households spread throughout the country, taken from the 2013/14 Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey. Simulation results show that upscaling the ACC productivity performance to the respective regions would lead to an increase in production of the main products ranging between 1.8% and 62.6%, depending on scenario, region and commodity. The average (across all ACC scenarios considered) country-level production increase for wheat, teff, maize and barley are assessed to be 29.6%, 21.1%, 12.8% and 12.6%, respectively. These impacts are driven by the rise in land productivity, rather than area expansion (through putting fallow land into cultivation) and/or area reallocation. The increase in crop yields would also have a positive impact on both income and poverty level of farm households. The average increase in gross income at the country and individual farm-household levels are assessed to be around 14% and 9%, respectively. These impacts could be more pronounced for individual farms: for example, 85% of the farms would experience an increase in gross income of up to 17% to 32%, depending on the nature of scenarios considered. The largest income change occurs in farms specializing in field crops, and in medium-large farms (i.e. farms with total production value of larger than ETB 9,000). The increase in both production and income would also raise food consumption and improve nutritional indicators. |
| Keywords: | Policy impact analysis, Agricultural Commercialization Cluster Initiative, Farm level modelling, Ethiopia, Sub Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc117562&r=all |
| By: | Ignacio Perez Dominguez (European Commission - JRC); Thomas Fellmann (European Commission - JRC); Peter Witzke (EuroCARE GmbH); Franz Weiss (European Commission - JRC); Jordan Hristov (European Commission - JRC); Mihaly Himics (European Commission - JRC); Jesus Barreiro-Hurle (European Commission - JRC); Manuel Gomez Barbero (European Commission - JRC); Adrian Leip (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report highlights the importance of assessing emission mitigation from a multidimensional perspective. For this, a quantitative framework to analyse the potential contribution of different technological mitigation options in EU agriculture is described in this report. Within the boundaries of the analysis, the need to consider land use, land-use change and forestry emissions and removals for a comprehensive analysis of the sector’s potential contribution to achieve certain greenhouse gas mitigation targets is highlighted. The assessment of carbon dioxide emissions and removals is also important in light of the new flexibility introduced in the EU 2030 regulation framework. Regarding a possible ranking of mitigation technologies in terms of their mitigation potential and attached costs, the analysis clearly highlights the need to consider mitigation technologies as ‘a bundle’. It is important to avoid the simple aggregation of mitigation potentials by single measures without taking into account their interactions both from a biophysical and economic perspective. Moreover, the analysis quantifies how mitigation measures might influence differently the agricultural sector in different EU Member States, stating that there is no ‘one fits all’ rule that could be followed for selecting which mitigation technologies should be implemented at regional level. In the policy context of the European Green Deal, the Effort Sharing Regulation and the CAP-post 2020, our results imply that farmers should have flexibility with regard to which mitigation options to adopt in order to find the right mix fitting to the regional circumstances. |
| Keywords: | EU agriculture, climate change mitigation, technologies, land use and land use change, marginal abatement cost curves |
| JEL: | Q11 Q13 Q18 Q51 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc120355&r=all |
| By: | SOTO Iria (European Commission – JRC); BARNES Andrew; BALAFOUTIS Athanasios; BECK Bert; SANCHEZ FERNANDEZ Berta (European Commission – JRC); VANGEYTE Jurgen; FOUNTAS Spyros; VAN DER WAL Tamme; EORY Vera; GOMEZ BARBERO Manuel (European Commission – JRC) |
| Abstract: | Agriculture in the EU has to cope with global challenges such as climate change mitigation and making farming more efficient. The active management of agricultural practices using appropriate technologies and systems could reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increase agricultural productivity and income. However, information on the uptake, use and impacts of precision agriculture technologies (PAT) in the EU is so far sparse and site-specific. This technical report assesses the impact of PAT on GHG emissions and farm economics. To this end, a typology of PAT was created in order to identify those that had the greatest potential to reduce GHG emissions. Secondly, five case studies were selected with the aim of identifying a range of EU countries, precision agriculture techniques and arable crop types that could realise the maximum potential economic and environmental benefits of adopting PAT. A survey was applied to 971 adopters and non-adopters of machine guidance and/or variable-rate nitrogen application technologies on the selected study cases with the aim of assessing the reasons behind uptake and the economic and environmental impacts of different approaches. Finally, economic and environmental impacts were investigated though a partial budgeting analysis and the Miterra-Europe model respectively. Results indicate that, although most surveyed farmers were aware of PAT, uptake rates are low. High investment costs, farm size and the farmers’ age were identified as barriers to the adoption of PAT. The survey reveals that adoption barriers might be overcome by boosting economic incentives that aim to improve economic performance both directly and indirectly. However, non-monetary incentives, such as technical advice or training, also seem to be of interest to the surveyed farmers. The results of the survey also show that information points, such as peer-to-peer learning, attendance at trade fairs, visits to (and by) researchers and industry dealers, have a positive effect on PAT uptake. The results of the partial budget analysis, where capital costs of the technologies are not included, indicate that impacts are highly variable by country, by farm type and size, and by technology. The results of the environmental impact analysis show that the introduction of PAT might have positive effects on the environment, with reductions in GHG emissions from the reduced application of fertiliser, reduced fertiliser production and reduced use of fuels. |
| Keywords: | Precision Agriculture, Climate change, Mitigation, Agriculture, efficiency,farming,technology, impacts, adoption |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc112505&r=all |
| By: | Uduji, Joseph; Okolo-Obasi, Elda; Asongu, Simplice |
| Abstract: | The prices of food in Nigeria have become considerably higher and more volatile since 2012. The aim of this research was to ascertain factors affecting farmers’ involvement in the growth enhancement support programme (GESS) in the country. We ascertained the effect of the GESS on the handiness of market information and agricultural inputs that impact on price volatility at farm gate level. In number, 600 rural farmers were sampled across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Results obtained from the use of a bivariate probit model show that farmers relied on the GESS for resolving food price volatility by making available the food market information and agricultural inputs that cut down the incidence and degree of panic-compelled price increment in Nigeria. The findings suggested the need to enhance the GESS in line with the agricultural transformation agenda (ATA) by reducing the hindrances mostly connected to the use of mobile phones, and how far the registration and collection centers are. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural transformation agenda, bivariate probit model, food price volatility, growth enhancement support scheme, rural farmers, Nigeria |
| JEL: | N27 O13 Q10 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:101861&r=all |
| By: | Lucas de Almeida Nogueira da Costa; André Albuquerque Sant?Anna; Carlos Eduardo Frickman Young |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the effects of drought shocks in a vulnerable environment – the Brazilian Semi-Arid. We analyze the impact of drought shocks, measured as deviations from historical averages, on agricultural outcomes and land-use decisions in a region that suffers recurrently with drought. After controlling for municipality and year fixed effects, we use weather shocks to exactly identify outcomes. Our benchmark results show substantial effects on the loss of crop area and on the value of agricultural output. By investigating distributional effects, we are able to show that crops related to family farming suffer more from drought shocks. We follow our investigation by testing heterogeneity effects and show that adequate water provision and maintenance of forest cover help in reducing the impact of drought shocks. Finally, we show that drought shocks in the previous year affect deforestation in the following year. |
| Keywords: | Drought, Climate Change, Agricultural Output; Brazilian Semi-Arid |
| JEL: | Q15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000518:018213&r=all |
| By: | Helman, David (The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University); Zaitchik, Ben; Funk, Chris |
| Abstract: | There is an active debate regarding the influence that climate has on the risk of armed conflict, which stems from challenges in assembling unbiased datasets, competing hypotheses on the mechanisms of climate influence, and the difficulty of disentangling direct and indirect climate effects. We use gridded historical conflict records, satellite data, and land surface models in a structural equation modeling approach to uncover the direct and indirect effects of climate on violent conflicts in Africa and the Middle East (ME). We show that climate–conflict linkages in these regions are more complex than previously suggested, with multiple mechanisms at work. Warm temperatures and low rainfall direct effects on conflict risk were stronger than indirect effects through food and water supplies. Warming increases the risk of violence in Africa but unexpectedly decreases this risk in the ME. Furthermore, at the country level, warming decreases the risk of violence in most West African countries. Overall, we find a non-linear response of conflict to warming across countries that depends on the local temperature conditions. We further show that magnitude and sign of the effects largely depend on the scale of analysis and geographical context. These results imply that extreme caution should be exerted when attempting to explain or project local climate-conflict relationships based on a single, generalized theory. |
| Date: | 2020–07–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:eartha:9en6q&r=all |
| By: | Magali Aubert (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Geoffroy Enjolras (CERAG - Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to examine how crop insurance influences pesticide use, the two decisions being strategic for risk management at the farm scale. Using data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), we consider French farms which cultivate field crops and wine-growing, the two main sectors that participate the most to crop insurance and that use intensively pesticides. The paper implements propensity score matching, difference-in-differences models and a combination of these two methods in order to compare populations of insured and non-insured farmers. The analysis is performed between 2008 and 2012 given a strategic change in the crop insurance system in 2010 that strongly incites farmers to purchase crop insurance with private companies. At the same time, pesticide use was progressively discouraged through public policies. Estimations show that while pesticide use decreases for all crops, the purchase of crop insurance policies softens this reduction for field crops and fasten it for wine-growing. These results emphasize a possible substitutability between crop insurance and pesticides as risk management tools. |
| Keywords: | crop insurance,fadn,france,pesticides |
| Date: | 2018–07–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02736927&r=all |
| By: | Susan Ariel Aaronson (George Washington University) |
| Abstract: | The world’s oceans are in trouble. Global warming is causing sea levels to rise and reducing the supply of food in the oceans. The ecological balance of the ocean has been disturbed by invasive species and cholera. Many pesticides and nutrients used in agriculture end up in the coastal waters, resulting in oxygen depletion that kills marine plants and shellfish. Meanwhile the supply of fish is declining due to overfishing. Yet to flourish, humankind requires healthy oceans; the oceans generate half of the oxygen we breathe, and, at any given moment, they contain more than 97% of the world’s water. Oceans provide at least a sixth of the animal protein people eat. Living oceans absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and reduce climate change impacts. Many civil society groups (NGOs) are trying to protect this shared resource. As example, OceanMind uses satellite data and artificial intelligence (AI) to analyze the movements of vessels and compare their activities to historical patterns. The NGO can thus identify damaging behavior such as overfishing |
| Keywords: | data governance, AI, free trade, FTA, personal data, data protection |
| JEL: | F13 O3 O25 O38 O33 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gwi:wpaper:2020-7&r=all |
| By: | Emran, Shahe; Mookherjee, Dilip; Shilpi, Forhad; Uddin, Helal |
| Abstract: | We extend standard models of price pass-through in an imperfectly competitive supply chain to incorporate rationing of trade credit. Credit rationing reverses predictions concerning effects of raw material import prices on pass-through to wholesale prices, and effects of regulations of intermediaries. To test these we study the effects of a policy in Bangladesh's edible oils supply chain during 2011-12 banning a layer of financing intermediaries. Evidence from a difference-in-difference estimation rejects the standard model. We find that the regulatory effort to reduce market power of financing intermediaries ended up raising consumer prices by restricting access to credit of downstream traders. |
| Keywords: | Bangladesh; Credit rationing; Edible Oils; intermediary; market power; Pass-Through; Supply Chain |
| JEL: | L13 O12 Q13 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:14272&r=all |
| By: | Guillaume Gruère (OECD); Makiko Shigemitsu (OECD); Scarlett Crawford (University Paris-Est Créteil) |
| Abstract: | This report takes stock of agriculture and water policy changes from 2009 to 2019 and assesses the alignment of these changes with relevant sections of the OECD Council Recommendation on Water and the 2017 G20 Agriculture Ministerial Action Plan on water and food security. The analysis builds on results from a 2019 survey on agriculture and water policy changes which gathered responses from 38 countries – including OECD countries, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Cabo Verde – and the European Union. A methodology was developed to convert survey responses into indices of alignment of policy changes with OECD and G20 recommendations. Results show that changes in water and agriculture policies from 2009 to 2019 were uneven across countries and investigated policy areas (water governance, water quality, water quantity and water risks), with some countries undertaking important reforms whereas others mainly improved existing policies. On average, alignment indices suggest that agriculture and water policies in responding countries progressed towards the OECD Council Recommendation on Water. In order to advance further, relatively water abundant countries should pay attention to their approach to manage water quantity and risks under climate change, all countries should consider improving their policies to reduce pollution from agriculture, and selected countries should consider making additional efforts to recover water charges and to use pricing instruments, in line with the OECD Council Recommendation on Water. Policy changes by responding G20 member countries have also been in the direction of the 2017 G20 Agriculture Ministerial Action Plan. However, some of these changes are partial, particularly those on water use efficiency and resilience, and those supporting responsible investment in agriculture and water. |
| Keywords: | policy evaluation, reform process, Water governance, water pollution, water risks, water scarcity |
| JEL: | Q18 Q25 Q28 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:144-en&r=all |
| By: | Massimo Filippini (Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH), ETH Zurich and Universita della Svizzera italiana, Switzerland); Suchita Srinivasan (Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH), ETH Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | Voluntary approaches to environmental policy can contribute to stemming environmental degradation in developing countries with weak institutions. We evaluate the role of a behavioral anomaly, limited attention paid by owners or managers, in explaining the voluntary adoption of environmental certification by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the food and beverage industry in Vietnam. We find that firms where owners or managers were inattentive were 30 percentage points less likely to receive environmental certification. Moreover, this effect is larger for firms that were previously inspected for technical violations, and that exported or bribed, and it is weaker for household enterprises. |
| Keywords: | Voluntary environmental standards; Limited attention; Small and medium enterprises; Food and beverage industry; Vietnam |
| JEL: | D22 D83 D91 O13 Q56 Q59 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:20-338&r=all |
| By: | Sophie Drogue (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Marie Josephe Amiot-Carlin (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Viola Lamani (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Fatima Machou (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques) |
| Abstract: | The evaluation of public policies in the field of agricultural and agri-food products is mainly carried out in monetary terms (evaluation of the consumer/producer surplus). Concerning food security, this assessment is mainly done in terms of the quantity of food or caloric intake, possibly disaggregated in some main components (protein, fat, carbohydrates); but the analysis of national nutrient availability is rarely performed. The Reconcil project propose to build a coherent database reconciling, HS6 trade databases such as those of UN/COMTRADE or COMEXT (Eurostat) and food composition tables. This will allow the evaluate trade policies not only with traditional indicators but also to assess the impact on the coverage of people's nutritional needs. The database is available upon request. |
| Keywords: | international trade,databases,nutrition |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02791473&r=all |
| By: | Clara Frezal; Grégoire Garsous |
| Abstract: | Global trade in illegal pesticides has been steadily growing in recent years, posing serious threats to agriculture, the environment, human health, and the economy. Evidence of this trend can be found in the increasing number of seizures of counterfeit, fake, and unauthorised pesticides, as well as their growing share in the global pesticide market. This paper identifies the main drivers and enablers of this illicit trade, and explores the potential of digital technologies, such as blockchain, to support policies to tackle this criminal activity. It also outlines the challenges in the adoption of these digital-based policy responses and discusses other available policy options. |
| JEL: | Q55 Q18 Q16 Q17 F18 |
| Date: | 2020–07–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaaa:2020/02-en&r=all |
| By: | Tomaso Ceccarelli (Wageningen University); Manuel Winograd (Wageningen University); Pedro Andres Garzon Delvaux (European Commission - JRC); Steven Hoek (Wageningen University); Sergio Gomez y Paloma (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Responding to the food security challenge in the Sahel mainly relies on the supply of goods and services from ecosystems of the region. The evolution of the Sahelian population in the wake of climate change questions whether available biomass from agriculture and natural vegetation will be covering future human needs. To explore this issue, we present a prospective study of the human carrying capacity of Sahel ecosystems balancing its biomass supply and demand to the year 2050. This was obtained by applying a net primary production (NPP) demand and supply model based on satellite derived NPP, the most reliable information on land cover, crop types and Land Utilisation Types (LUTs), as well as official production (completed by net trade flows) statistics from FAOSTAT and UN population projections. How four alternative agriculture scenarios affect the Sahel's carrying capacity, given its variability and expected vulnerability to climate change (CC), is also addressed contrasting possible futures. Results, expressed in terms of the human appropriation of NPP (HANPP), and supported by scenario narratives, show that HANPP evolves from the current 29% (food, feed and fuel components included) to 75%-88% depending on the scenario. The approach also generated HANPP maps indicating areas of special concern (“hot spots†) as well as those expected to generate opportunities (“hope spots†) in terms of local NPP supply and demand balance. The two scenarios with most agricultural technological improvements achieve the most favourable NPP food share results but fall short of compensating for a more than doubling demand over the same period. Today about 15% of food biomass is imported against an expected 40% by the year 2050 and up to 65% in the least favourable scenario of this prospective. These are conservative estimates as they do not account for the likely future change in individual dietary preferences and increases in consumption. Such projections point to the need to reinforce agriculture policy with complementary assertive strategies through the diversification of the economy and adapted regional trade policy. |
| Keywords: | adaptation to climate change, agricultural policy, biomass, ecosystem, food security, goods and services, management of resources, production, research report, Sahel |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc108643&r=all |
| By: | Maria Blanco (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)); Peter Witzke (EuroCARE GmbH); Jesus Barreiro-Hurle (European Commission - JRC); Pilar Martinez (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)); Guna Salputra (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Since 2012 the JRC has been working on the development of a water module in the CAPRI model to allow expanding the analysis of agricultural policy to cover water related issues. This report describes the latest improvements to the module including the change to 2012 base year, the update of the water data used and the spatial coverage, the inclusion of water as a production factor for rain-fed agriculture. In addition, it describes several aspects for further developments of the CAPRI water module, such as: to account for competition between agricultural and non-agricultural water use as well as extending the water module to non-EU regions. The usefulness of the update is shown with two stylized scenarios reflecting impacts of climate change both in terms of less water availability for irrigation and precipitation. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, irrigation, water economics, modelling, CAPRI |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc114371&r=all |
| By: | Ignacio Perez Dominguez (European Commission - JRC); Manuel Gomez Barbero (European Commission - JRC); Thomas Chatzopoulos (European Commission - JRC); Christian Elleby (European Commission - JRC); Hans Jensen (European Commission - JRC); Thomas Fellmann (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The workshop ‘EU commodity market development: Medium-term agricultural outlook’ is an integral part of the validation process of the outlook published in the European Commission’s report on ‘Prospects for EU agricultural markets and income’. The workshop provides a forum for exchanges on preliminary projections to 2030 of EU agricultural commodity markets and for discussing in-depth the EU prospects in a global context. This report contains key messages of the presentations and discussions from the Outlook Workshop 2019, held on 23 and 24 October at the University Foundation in Brussels. The workshop was jointly organised by the Sustainable Resources Directorate of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre and the Directorate- General for Agriculture and Rural Development. |
| Keywords: | EU agriculture, commodity markets, medium-term agricultural outlook, Aglink-Cosimo |
| JEL: | Q11 Q17 Q18 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc119561&r=all |
| By: | Michael MacLeod (Scotland’s Rural College); Ilkka Leinonen (Scotland’s Rural College); Eileen Wall (Scotland’s Rural College); Jos Houdijk (Scotland’s Rural College); Vera Eory (Scotland’s Rural College); Jay Burns (Scotland’s Rural College); Bouda Ahmadi (FAO); Manuel Gomez Barbero (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report reviews the existing evidence regarding the current and potential use of animal breeding to reduce GHG emissions. It also comments on the likely impact of breeding on farm economics, identifies barriers to achieving GHG reductions via breeding and highlights some future research needs. The project focuses on the following livestock commodities within the EU-28: cattle meat, cattle milk, pigmeat, chicken meat and hen’s eggs. Together these account for approximately 95% of the emissions from European livestock (measured from cradle to farm gate, i.e. including on-farm emissions plus emissions arising pre-farm from the production of inputs such as feed, fertiliser and fuel). |
| Keywords: | EU agriculture, climate change mitigation, technologies, livestock sector, animal breeding. |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc117897&r=all |
| By: | Thi Huong Trinh (International Center for Tropical Agriculture); Dharani Dhar Burra (International Center for Tropical Agriculture); Michel Simioni (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Stef de Haan (International Center for Tropical Agriculture); Tuyen Thi Thanh Huynh (International Center for Tropical Agriculture); Tung Van Huynh (CTU - Can Tho University [Vietnam]); Andrew D. Jones (University of Michigan [Ann Arbor] - University of Michigan System) |
| Abstract: | Food environments in developing economies are rapidly evolving, alongside fast-paced changes in the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of populations. These changes are evident in Vietnam with the widespread emergence of supermarkets, and restructuring in traditional markets that are poised to have profound effects on household diets and patterns of food acquisition. This paper examines the relationship between province level supermarket density, quantity and quality indices of food groups acquired by households within those provinces, between 2010 and 2014. An original approach on the basis of open access mixed data sets (administrative data on the number of supermarkets at provincial level as a proxy for supermarket density, and household living standard survey) is proposed and implemented. We find that the differential presence of supermarkets across provinces in Vietnam is associated with the diversity and macronutrient quality of food groups acquired by households. In addition, households with higher per capita expenditure, and those that purchase a larger proportion of food (relative to food obtained from own production), acquire a higher diversity of food groups. Additionally, diversity of food acquired is associated with higher fat and lower carbohydrate shares, and this is independent of the presence of supermarkets. We observe a significant interplay between low household financial capabilities (i.e., low per capita expenditure and low proportion of income spent on food), large household size, ethnic minority status, and the existence of limited number of supermarkets in the food environment. All of these factors are associated with a limited diversity of food groups acquired, as well as higher carbohydrate and lower fat shares. Our findings highlight potential intervention opportunities that can "rewire" local food environments to address the challenge of double burden of malnutrition in the country. |
| Keywords: | supermarket,diet diversity score,macronutrient shares,compositional data analysis,vietnam household living standard survey,poisson regression |
| Date: | 2019–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02790424&r=all |
| By: | Pascal Tillie (European Commission – JRC); Kamel Louhichi (European Commission – JRC); Sergio Gomez-Y-Paloma (European Commission – JRC) |
| Abstract: | Au Niger, un objectif important de la politique agricole consiste à promouvoir le développement de petites infrastructures d’irrigation afin de diversifier la production agricole, prolonger la saison de culture, augmenter la productivité des terres et sécuriser les revenus des agriculteurs. La petite irrigation est considéré comme une alternative possible aux grands aménagements collectifs car elle est moins coûteuse à mettre en Å“uvre et à entretenir et plus facile à gérer. Ce rapport présente les résultats d’une modélisation des impacts d’un programme de développement de systèmes d’irrigation de petite échelle au Niger, appelé la Stratégie pour la Petite Irrigation au Niger (SPIN), en termes d’utilisation des terres, de production agricole, de génération de revenus et de réduction de la pauvreté. Cette analyse a été conduite à l’aide du modèle FSSIM-DEV (Farm System Simulator for Developing Countries) et des données provenant d’un échantillon national représentatif de ménages agricoles. FSSIM-DEV est un modèle statique comparatif de programmation mathématique positive (PMP) adapté aux ménages producteurs – consommateurs et aux particularités de l'économie rurale Sub-Saharienne. Appliqué à chaque ménage agricole inclus dans un échantillon représentatif pour le Niger, il permet de saisir toute l'hétérogénéité des impacts d'un programme de développement tel que la SPIN. Les résultats de la modélisation montrent qu'une augmentation de 47 000 hectares soit 44% des surfaces irriguées en saison sèche, correspondant aux objectifs de la SPIN, apporterait des bénéfices significatifs aux ménages producteurs nigériens. Le revenu agricole moyen augmenterait de 12% et les inégalités de revenu des ménages en milieu rural diminueraient de près de 5 points de GINI, soit d'environ 9%. L'extension des surfaces irriguées engendrerait également un grand nombre de création d'emplois, ainsi qu'une diminution du taux de pauvreté rurale de plus d'un point (de 52,4% à 50,8%). Le coût d'un tel programme serait compris entre 47 et 189 milliards de CFA, à répartir entre producteurs et Etat. |
| Keywords: | Food chain, Agricultural policy, Agricultural sector, Africa, Niger |
| JEL: | D13 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q15 Q18 N57 O13 |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc115744&r=all |
| By: | Ambec, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Environmental markets distribute tradable rights on natural resources that are available for free on the earth such as water, biomass or clean air. In a framework where users differ solely in respect of their access to the resource, I investigate the allocation of rights that are accepted in the sense that, after trading, users obtain at least what they can achieve by sharing the resources they control. I show that, among all accepted rights, the more egalitarian ones do not allow any redistribution among users. Consequently, compared to an efficient allocation of resources, the net trading of rights always increases inequality. |
| Keywords: | Common-pool resources, environmental externalities, property rights, cooperative game, fairness, tradable quotas, emission permits. |
| JEL: | C71 D02 D63 Q28 Q38 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:124416&r=all |
| By: | Gloria Solano-Hermosilla (European Commission - JRC); Giampiero Genovese (European Commission - JRC); Sergio Gomez y Paloma (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report presents a summary of the discussions that took place during the Food Price Crowdsourcing Africa (FPCA) workshop with relevant stakeholders at the EU Delegation of Abuja, Nigeria on the 24th September 2019. The workshop had a double purpose: (a) to provide an overview of the work done at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, in particular of the JRC-D4- Economics of Agriculture Unit’s activities in the areas of agriculture, trade, markets and development in Europe and Sub Saharan Africa, and (b) to present and exchange ideas and perspectives on the results of the FPCA project implemented in Nigeria between September 2018 and June 2019. The main objective of the FPCA project was to test a crowdsourcing or citizen-driven approach to collect, quality check, structure and make easily accessible in real-time through an online dashboard data on food prices at different stages of the food chain from voluntary data contributions of citizens of varying knowledge, heterogeneity and number, by using a smartphone app. Timely and reliable data on food prices are of interest to food supply chain participants as well as to government and other organisations to plan and implement appropriate interventions. The online price indicator dashboard is accessible at the following link (1): https://datam.jrc.ec.europa.eu/datam/mas hup/FP_NGA/index.html |
| Keywords: | real-time, food price monitoring, crowdsourcing, citizen science, Nigeria |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc119475&r=all |
| By: | Iciar Pavez (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Zouhair Bouhsina (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques) |
| Abstract: | Agricultural supply chains are providers and receivers of ecosystem services. Providers when supplying food, non-food products and services; and receivers as they benefit from natural resources (Le Roux et al., 2008). Agriculture and its supply chains must be considered as social-ecological systems due to the participation of different actors that interact within natural, economic, institutional and social dimensions (Moraine et al., 2015). Partners within the supply chains coordinate to organize exchanges while managing the natural resources and adapting to changes and uncertainties, whether linked to natural or to economic factors. This study focuses the analysis on two fruit-based food supply chains: apples and mangoes, particularly at the interface between agricultural raw materials and processing. Supply chains of fruits are especially complex. At the production stage, climate, i.e. sunlight, temperature, humidity among other agronomical factors, are source of variability and heterogeneity of the raw material. Beside the influence of climate on the quality attributes of fruit, climate also affects the apparition of plant diseases, which on one hand, have direct and harmful effects on fruit quality, and on the other, trigger the use of phytosanitary substances to control pests with the consequently emergence of chemical hazards due to residues in fruits. This complexity makes more difficult for growers and processors to control the food quality which is increasingly relevant and demanding. Quality has evolved towards a more comprehensive concept that beyond the organoleptic and nutritional attributes, involve the respect for sanitary, social and ecological considerations. Firms, i.e. growers, processors, traders and distributors of the supply chains, have the responsibility to satisfy consumer, to protect human health and to protect natural resources. Firms have also the challenge of ensuring their own position in a highly competitive and uncertain environment. To do so, they implement strategies to control quality and to protect assets involved in transactions with partners that can also be competitors (Menard, 2013:130). This study asks the question: How do firms manage the variability and the heterogeneity of fruits within the supply chains? To answer this question, our framework is the New Institutional Economics. We resort to the institutional analysis applied to the agricultural sector by Menard (2013, 2014, 2017), that allows a better understanding of the multilayer institutions in place to regulate the social-ecosystems. Using a qualitative method of analysis, we gathered primary information from 54 firms with a main focus on France for apples and mangoes (La Reunion), we also explored other European, Asian and Latin-American countries to have a wider scope of analysis and comparison. We uncover the main problems concerning quality of products, and the strategies of coordination adopted by firms within the supply chains. |
| Date: | 2018–09–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02737568&r=all |
| By: | Esther Devilliers (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Alain Carpentier (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | R educing the use of pesticides and more generally of chemical inputs is a topical issue for governments . Economists generally advocate taxation for reducing polluting input uses. While econometric models tend to show that the pesticides price elasticity is low , these models mostly consider short - term adjustment s . Mid - term adjustment s of variable input uses are expected to be larg er as reducing such uses require farmers to change their cropping management practices (CMPs) . CMP is a notion closely related to the economists ' production function s and use d by agricultural scientists for characterizing crop production technologies . Yet, data lacking on farmers ' CMPS prevents direct empirical analyses of CMPs ' performances and adoption p rocesses. The main objective of this paper is to propose original approaches for identifying farmers ' CMPs in farm accountancy pan e l datasets with cost accounting. We consider that each CMP is characterized by a specific production function and propose a pproaches for identifying farmers ' CMPs and the related production functions either sequentially or simultaneously. We demonstrate the relevance of our approaches through an empirical application based on a French arable crop farm accountancy unbalanced panel dataset covering the 1998 - 2014 period . Albeit preliminary, our empirical results demonstrate that our approaches perform relatively well. For instance, they enable us to identify thre e wheat CMPs used by farmers. |
| Keywords: | cropping management practices,production function,clustering analysis,finite mixture models |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02788572&r=all |
| By: | Thomas Allen; Stéphane Dees; Jean Boissinot; Carlos Mateo Caicedo Graciano; Valérie Chouard; Laurent Clerc; Annabelle de Gaye; Antoine Devulder; Sébastien Diot; Noémie Lisack; Fulvio Pegoraro; Marie Rabaté; Romain Svartzman; Lucas Vernet |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes an analytical framework to quantify the impacts of climate policy and transition narratives on economic and financial variables necessary for financial risk assessment. Focusing on transition risks, the scenarios considered include unexpected increases in carbon prices and productivity shocks to reflect disorderly transition processes. The modelling framework relies on a suite of models, calibrated on the high-level reference scenarios of the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS). Relying on this approach, the ACPR has selected a number of quantitative scenarios to be submitted to agroup of voluntary banks and insurance companies to conduct the first bottom-up pilot climate-related risk assessment. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Scenario Analysis, Economic Modelling, Financial Stability . |
| JEL: | C60 E50 G32 O44 Q40 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:774&r=all |
| By: | Gloria Solano Hermosilla (European Commission - JRC); Pavel Ciaian (European Commission - JRC); Jonas Kathage (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Market transparency in the agri-food supply chain has been subject to intensive analysis in scientific literature and has recently been under renewed policy attention in the EU. This report contributes to the discussion on market transparency by presenting findings on estimates by operators in EU agri-food supply chains, of the costs of providing information to a third party in order to comply with a reporting obligation to help improve market transparency. The secondary objective of this report is to analyse potential benefits and risks from increased market transparency, as perceived by operators in the agri-food supply chain. The analyses are based on an online survey and structured interviews conducted among operators in the agri-food supply chain between 23 October 2018 and 5 February 2019. |
| Keywords: | Market transparency, food chain, costs of reporting, external reporting, operators, survey, EU |
| JEL: | D23 D83 Q18 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc116927&r=all |
| By: | Samir El Ouaamari (AgroParisTech – UFR Agriculture comparée et développement agricole); Pascal Tillie (European Commission – JRC); Fatouma-Lucie Sanou; Viviane Treves; Constantin Girard; Sergio Gomez-Y-Paloma (European Commission – JRC); Hubert Cochet (AgroParisTech – UFR Agriculture comparée et développement agricole) |
| Abstract: | L'agriculture en Côte d'Ivoire est le fait de différents types de systèmes de production, qui différent grandement les uns et les autres, en termes de taille, d'accès aux ressources de production (travail, capital) ou encore de droits fonciers. Certaines régions combinent sur un même espace des systèmes de production familiaux, patronaux et d'entreprises, chacune de ces catégories pouvant d'ailleurs renfermer une grande diversité de systèmes. Par ailleurs, ces différentes exploitations n'évoluent pas en vase clos, loin de là , et elles interagissent et échangent connaissances, ressources et produits finis. Leur trajectoire de différenciation – en constante évolution – ne peut se comprendre que par une étude fine de leurs caractéristiques et de leurs relations les unes aux autres. Il en va de même pour l'étude de leurs performances économiques. L'objectif de ce projet de recherche, dont les principaux résultats sont rassemblés dans ce rapport, était donc d'analyser le fonctionnement économique de ces différents systèmes de production, et par conséquent leurs performances économiques comparées, à partir de trois études de cas en Côte d'Ivoire, concernant plus particulièrement la culture de l'hévéa, du palmier à huile et de la canne à sucre. Les résultats montrent l'importance de la prise en compte de tous les aspects des exploitations dans la réalisation de telles analyses : les performances "au champs" (rendement, marge brute) s'avérant de mauvais indicateurs de la performance finale. Nos résultats montrent la capacité de l'agriculture familiale à générer des revenus important alors même qu'elle reste très peu dotée en capital. Dans les trois régions étudiées de Côte d'Ivoire, les exploitations familiales sont parfaitement capables de rivaliser avec les exploitations patronales et industrielles voisines. Grâce à des systèmes de culture complexe, associant cultures pérennes et cultures vivrières, elles créent bien souvent plus de richesse par unité de surface ou de travail que les plus grandes exploitations. Ces dernières pâtissent de déséconomies d'échelles liées leur taille et aux coûts d'organisation du travail, ainsi que, dans le cas des plantations industrielles, de la poursuite d'une logique industrielle au détriment de la logique agricole. Les conclusions de ce travail ont d'importantes implications pour les bailleurs de fond ou les agences de développement. |
| Keywords: | Food chain, Agricultural policy, Agricultural sector, Africa, Côte d'Ivoire |
| JEL: | D13 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q15 Q18 N57 O13 |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc116258&r=all |
| By: | Alun H. Thomas |
| Abstract: | Recent micro level data from East Africa is used to benchmark aggregate data and assess the role of agricultural inputs in explaining variation in crop yields on smallholding plots. Fertilizer, improved seeds, protection against erosion and pesticides improve crop yields in Rwanda and Ethiopia, but not Uganda, possibly associated with lack of use there. With all positive yield determinants in place, wheat and maize yields could increase fourfold. The data hints at the negative effect of climate change on yields and the benefits of accompanying measures to mitigate its adverse impact (access to finance and protection against erosion). The adverse effect of crop damage on yields varies between 12/13 percent (Rwanda, Uganda) to 36 percent (Ethiopia). Protection against erosion and investment financing mitigate these effects considerably. |
| Date: | 2020–06–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:20/95&r=all |
| By: | Mechthild Donner (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Anne Verniquet; Agnès de Souza; Jan Broeze (WUR - Wageningen University and Research Centre); Jim Groot (WUR - Wageningen University and Research Centre); Katrin Kayser (International Biogas and Bioenergy Competence Center - Partenaires INRAE); Romane Gohier (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Hugo de Vries (UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UM - Université de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | In the transition from a linear, ‘take-make-dispose' economy to a sustainable usage of all renewable resources in circular or cascading ways, stakeholders' strategies striving for value creation are adapted. Implementing a circular economy requires a change at a system level, involving all actors of value chains within diverse economic sectors. At an enterprise level, innovative business models are needed that offer market opportunities for new products. Circular business models deal with the question of how to create, deliver and capture value with and within closed material loops. We aim to understand under which conditions new business models within the agricultural sector successfully contribute to a circular economy. 33 cases have been studied and semi-structured interviews have been performed, in order to investigate critical success factors. Results show that various success factors exist, which can be grouped in five categories: (1) technical and logistic, (2) economic, financial and marketing, (3) organisational and spatial, (4) institutional and legal, and (5) environmental, social and cultural factors. Findings indicate that the transition to a circular economy in the agricultural sector let individual business models evolve towards dynamic and integrated business models in which the macro-environment sets the boundary conditions for successful operations. Moreover, there is a high degree of interactions between all actors in the circle. This implies that not only an individual companies' business model is impacted, but that a new, integrated business model for all circle actors is required, asking for an open and flexible management and a transparent communication. |
| Keywords: | business model,agro-waste management,value creation,circular economy |
| Date: | 2019–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02790667&r=all |
| By: | Love, David; Allison, Edward H.; Asche, Frank; Belton, Ben; Cottrell, Richard S.; Froehlich, Halley E.; Gephart, Jessica A.; Hicks, Christina; Little, David C.; Nussbaumer, Elizabeth M. |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns are creating health and economic crises that threaten food and nutrition security. The seafood sector provides important sources of employment and nutrition, especially in low-income countries, and is highly globalized, allowing shocks to propagate internationally. We use a resilience ‘action cycle’ framework to study the first five months of COVID-19-related disruptions, impacts, and responses to the seafood sector. Looking across high- and low-income countries, we find that some supply chains, market segments, companies, small-scale actors and civil society have shown initial signs of greater resilience than others. For example, frozen Ecuadorian shrimp and Chinese tilapia exports were diverted to alternative markets, while live-fresh supply chains were more impacted. COVID-19 has also highlighted the vulnerability of certain groups working in- or dependent on the seafood sector. We discuss early coping and adaptive responses, combined with lessons from past shocks, that could be considered when building resilience in the sector. |
| Date: | 2020–06–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:x8aew&r=all |
| By: | Isabelle Piot-Lepetit (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Mauro Joaquin Florez (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Karine Gauche (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to the understanding of the use of digital technologies in agriculture. It aims to highlight the different factors of the adoption of these digital technologies in agriculture. The theoretical framework of the research is based on two well-known models of adoption of new technologies (TAM and TOE). The authors propose a model combining the previous two. A bibliometric analysis of several articles dealing with digital adoption in agriculture was then conducted. It allows to refine the proposed model, by selecting the most relevant variables. |
| Keywords: | digital use,digital adoption,agriculture |
| Date: | 2019–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02789959&r=all |
| By: | Loske, Reinhard |
| Abstract: | This paper reflects on the links between the current COVID-19-crisis and the climate and biodiversity crises. It argues that the present pandemic and nonsustainable development on a global scale have similar roots: from ignoring natural boundaries to denying scientific facts, from over-globalisation to a one-sided economic understanding of public services, from a systematic undervaluation of caring activities to consumerism and growth-fetishism. As result our societies became less resilient and more vulnerable over the last decades. Various policy proposals to overcome these undesirable developments are presented in the paper, including selective de-globalisation, regionalization, circular economy, global fairness, the strengthening of public goods and a strategy of democracydriven "glocalisation". |
| Keywords: | COVID-19-crisis,climate and biodiversity crises,common roots,re-embedding the economy in nature and society,global fairness,"glocalisation" |
| JEL: | B52 B59 D62 F02 F41 F55 F60 G38 Q01 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cuswps:62&r=all |
| By: | Regassa, Mekdim D.; Abate, Gashaw T.; Kubik, Zaneta |
| Abstract: | Increased deployment of agricultural extension agents (EAs) in rural areas is grounded on their importance to spur agricultural productivity and mitigate spatial imbalances in welfare. However, the high turnover and the low motivation levels of EAs in remote areas pose challenges for equitable service provision and, in some cases, exacerbates geographic disparities. We assess the effectiveness of selected potential policy interventions to incentivize and retain EAs in remote areas of Ethiopia. To this end, we conducted a choice experiment to elicit preferences for job attributes of 761 EAs. We applied a random parameters logit model to estimate parameters of interest and to simulate the impact of possible policy interventions. The main results show that offering continuing education opportunities after two years of service increases uptake of an extension job in remote locations by 77 percentage points, which is significantly higher than the effect from doubling current salary levels (70 percentage points). EAs also expressed a strong preference for work environments with basic amenities, housing, transportation services, and wellequipped Farmer Training Centers (FTCs). Furthermore, the results from sub-sample analyses show that female EAs are less responsive to pecuniary incentives and are more concerned with the availability of infrastructure and services. Current salary levels, years of employment, and location of work are also important sources of heterogeneity in the response of EAs to potential policy changes. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; incentives; work force; public services; rural areas; agricultural extension; agricultural extension agents; time allocation and labor supply; government policy; remoteness |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:esspwp:147&r=all |
| By: | Willy Baltussen (Wageningen Economic Research); Dusan Drabik (Wageningen University & Research); Liesbeth Dries (Wageningen Economic Research); Michiel van Galen (Wageningen Economic Research); Cornelis Gardebroek (Wageningen Economic Research); Rico Ihle (Wageningen Economic Research); Katja Logatcheva (Wageningen Economic Research); Elsje Oosterkamp (Wageningen Economic Research) |
| Abstract: | Unfair trading practices and other imperfections of food supply chains have been continuously discussed at EU and Member State level in recent years. Consequently, both the EU and many Member States have started operating price and margin monitoring systems in order to obtain a better insight into developments of prices, costs and profits along food supply chains. This study provides an inventory of the characteristics of food price and margin monitoring systems at EU and Member State level, in international organisations, the OECD and other countries. A typology of the existing monitoring approaches has been developed based on their quantitative in-detail evaluation. This is accompanied by a review of scientific literature empirically assessing asymmetric vertical price transmission along EU food supply chains. We have identified gaps in these existing methodologies and available datasets. Based on this comprehensive evaluation of the state of the art, three alternative food price and margin monitoring approaches have been proposed. The existing and alternative monitoring approaches have been ranked according to their cost efficiency. The practical use and value of two of these alternatives is illustrated by applying them to the supply chains of dairy, pig meat and apples in Bulgaria, France, Poland and the Netherlands. |
| Keywords: | price monitoring system, food chain, margins, EU |
| JEL: | C18 L66 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc114719&r=all |
| By: | Rosario Quintero (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, Secretaria Nacional de Cienca, Tecnologia et Innovacion - Partenaires INRAE); Leila Temri (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Sophie Drogue (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques) |
| Date: | 2018–11–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02786366&r=all |
| By: | Farid Farrokhi; Heitor S. Pellegrina |
| Abstract: | We study the effects of globalization on agricultural productivity across countries. We develop a multi-country general equilibrium model that incorporates choices of crops and technologies in agricultural production at the micro-level of fields covering the surface of the earth. We estimate our model using field-level data on potential yields of crops under different technologies characterized by factor and input intensity. We evaluate the welfare and productivity gains from reductions in trade costs of agricultural outputs and inputs across countries between 1980 and 2015. In addition to gains from international crop specialization, we find notable gains from access to foreign agricultural inputs. This mechanism operates through a shift from traditional (labor-intensive) technologies to modern (input-intensive) ones. |
| JEL: | F10 F14 F60 Q16 R14 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27350&r=all |
| By: | Andreas Loschel; Michael Price; Laura Razzolini; Madeline Werthschulte |
| Abstract: | This study explores whether negative income shocks from the COVID-19 pandemic affect the demand for environmental policy. By running a survey in Germany in May 2020, we show that there is a large and negative correlation between the COVID-19 income shocks and the willingness to support green policies. Importantly, this relation is separate from the effect of long-run income. Building on the first evidence, our study provides directions for future valuation studies. Specifically, our results provide a proof of concept that welfare analyses based on willingness-to-pay estimates to assess the benefits of an environmental good or the cost of an environmental damage may be downward biased if temporary changes in income are not considered. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feb:framed:00710&r=all |
| By: | Pierre van der Eng |
| Abstract: | This paper asks why it took 10 years since a major famine in Indonesia in 1957 for Australia’s food aid to increase in greater amounts, and why food aid was so significant In Australia’s foreign aid to Indonesia during the late 1960s and 1970s. Indonesia’s reluctance to apply for food aid under the Colombo Plan is the reason for the delay. A combination of humanitarian, commercial and international relations interests converged to shape Australia’s rapidly growing food aid to Indonesia after 1966. Food aid contributed to alleviating food shortages and famines in Indonesia. It also supported Australian firms in regaining their share in the growing market for wheat-based products in Indonesia, and in building market share for Australian rice exports, in competition with US producers and the US PL480 food aid program. Food aid also allowed Australia to expand its foreign aid program to Indonesia rapidly after 1966, in support of the government of new President Soeharto and improved bilateral relations. |
| Keywords: | Australia, Indonesia, international relations, food supply, food aid |
| JEL: | F14 F35 N55 N57 O19 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:auu:hpaper:087&r=all |
| By: | Tina Volk (Agriculture Institute of Slovenia); Miroslav Rednak (Agriculture Institute of Slovenia); Emil Erjavec (University of Ljubljana); Ilona Rac (University of Ljubljana); Edvin Zhllima (Agriculture University of Tirana); Grigor Gjeci (Albanian Ministry of Agriculture); Sabahudin Bajramovic (University of Sarajevo); Zeljko Vasko (University of Banja Luka); Mihone Kerolli-Mustafa (International Business College Mitrovica); Ekrem Gjokaj (Kosovo Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development); Bekim Hoxha (Kosovo Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development); Dragi Dimitrievski (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje); Ana Kotevska (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje); Ivana Janeska Stamenkovska (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje); Darko Konjevic (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Montenegro); Mirsad Spahic (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Montenegro); Natalija Bogdanov (University of Belgrade); Milena Stevovic (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (Belgrade, Serbia)) |
| Abstract: | This report provides an analysis of agricultural policy developments and the EU approximation process in the Western Balkan area. Quantitative analysis of agricultural policy developments was performed using data on budgetary support for agriculture, systematised according to the Agricultural Policy Measures (APM) classification scheme, a uniform classification of agricultural budgetary support enabling comparison of the scope and structure of budgetary support for agriculture between WB countries/territories and the EU. The report concludes that in WB countries/territories, agriculture is an important sector for the national economies, but with a declining tendency. Significant progress has been made in recent years in aligning long-term programming documents and administrative infrastructure with EU requirements. In most WB countries/territories, the composition of direct support for producers has not changed much since 2013. Funds for structural and rural development measures are generally low and fluctuate considerably from year to year. Support for improving the environment and the countryside is insignificant. Decoupled payments represent almost 90% of direct payments to EU producers. There are no such payments in the WB countries/territories. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural policy, Western Balkans, Rural development, EU integration, EU accession, EU approximation process |
| JEL: | Q17 Q18 |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc114163&r=all |
| By: | Adele Morris; Noah Kaufman; Siddhi Doshi |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the implications of a carbon-constrained future on coal-reliant county governments in the United States. We review modeling projections of coal production under reference and climate policy scenarios and argue that some state and local governments face important revenue risks. Complex systems of revenue and intergovernmental transfers, along with insufficiently-detailed budget data, make it difficult to parse out just how exposed jurisdictions are to the coal industry. A look at three illustrative counties shows that coal-related revenue may fund a third or more of their budgets. When the results of regression analysis of 27 coal-reliant counties are extrapolated outside the sample to the demise of the industry, they suggest these counties could lose on average about 20 percent of their revenue. This does not account for the potential downward spiral of other revenues as the collapse of the dominant industry erodes the tax base. Coal-dependent communities have issued a variety of outstanding bonds that will mature in a time frame in which climate policy is likely. Our review of illustrative bonds indicates that municipalities have not appropriately characterized their coal-related risks. Ratings agencies are only now beginning to document the hazardous exposure of some local governments to the coal industry. Climate policies can be combined with investments in coal-dependent communities to support their financial health. A logical source of funding for such investments would be the revenues from a price on carbon dioxide emissions, a necessary element of any cost-effective strategy for addressing the risks of climate change. We discuss how a small fraction of revenue from a federal carbon price in the United States could fund billions of dollars in annual investments in the economic development of coal-dependent communities and direct assistance to coal industry workers. |
| JEL: | H2 H7 H71 H74 H83 Q32 Q4 Q48 Q5 Q52 Q54 Q58 R11 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27307&r=all |
| By: | Carole Maurel (UM - Université de Montpellier, MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier); Françoise Pierrot (UM - Université de Montpellier, MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier); Foued Cheriet (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Paul Amadieu (UM - Université de Montpellier, MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Wine inventories constitute a central issue in the wine industry (Koulayom and Chopov, 2007). To our knowledge, no previous study focused on the inventories in the wine industry; no research study presented inventory policies, inventory behavior and inventory performance in this specific industry. This is why we propose in this exploratory study based on qualitative approach, an overview of this question in wine specific sector where inventories play a central role. In this context, this paper aims at providing insight into the determinants of wine inventories, inventory behaviors and wine business strategies', and their impacts on enterprises performance. |
| Date: | 2019–07–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02789122&r=all |
| By: | Panayiota Lyssiotou; Elena Savva |
| Abstract: | We exploit the introduction of a 5% VAT on very essential food products (like fresh milk, coffee, yogurt, cheese) that occurred when an EU member state had to harmonise its VAT legislation with the EU VAT legislation. Preceding this reform, there was a removal of the zero VAT rate and imposition of 5% VAT rate on other food items that were considered less essential (juices, bottled water). We adopt a difference-in-difference approach as the price data support the common trends identifying assumption. On average, the tax was shifted fully to the consumer within the first month after the reform. However, there are differences even across seemingly related goods as some of them experienced overshifting of the pass through effect. The prices of goods in the control group did not change. These estimates are robust to alternative specifications and can be useful to other countries considering to broaden their VAT base by taxing basic groceries. |
| Keywords: | commodity taxation; tax burden; tax incidence; pass through; tax harmonisation |
| JEL: | H22 H32 D4 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucy:cypeua:03-2020&r=all |
| By: | Isabelle Tritsch (IMAGES-Espace DEV - Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en géo-environnement et santé - Espace Développement - UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UM - Université de Montpellier - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles); Gwenolé Le Velly (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Benoit Mertens (IMAGES-Espace DEV - Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en géo-environnement et santé - Espace Développement - UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UM - Université de Montpellier - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles); Patrick Meyfroidt (ELI - Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] - UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain); Christophe Sannier (SIRS - Systèmes d'Information à Référence Spatiale - Systèmes d'Information à Référence Spatiale); Jean-Sylvestre Makak (GEOCOM - Geospatial Company); Kenneth Houngbedji (LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | To allow for the production of timber while preserving conservation values, forestry regulations in the Congo Basin have made Forest Management Plans (FMP) mandatory in logging concessions. This paper uses original high-resolution maps of forest-cover changes and official records on the activities of logging concessions to analyze the impact of FMP on deforestation in this region. We apply quasi-experimental and difference-indifference approaches to evaluate the change in deforestation in concessions managed under an approved FMP. We find that between 2000 and 2010, deforestation was 74% lower in concessions with an FMP compared to others. Building on a theory of change, further analyses revealed that this decrease in deforestation takes time to occur and is highest around communities located in and nearby logging concessions, and in areas close to previous deforestation. These findings suggest that FMP help avoid deforestation by allowing logging companies to rotate cycles of timber extraction, thereby avoiding the overexploitation of areas that were previously logged, and by the better regulation of access to concessions by closing former logging roads to limit illegal activities such as shifting agriculture, hunting and the illegal harvest of timber or fuel-wood. |
| Keywords: | Congo Basin,Matching,Forest Management Plan,FSC Certification,Deforestation |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02793204&r=all |
| By: | Holden, Stein T. (Centre for Land Tenure Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences) |
| Abstract: | This chapter investigates how land tenure reforms in Ethiopia have influenced the position of women in terms of land tenure security, access to land, decision-power over land within households, as well as the gendered impacts of these tenure reforms on land investments, land productivity, land renting, and household consumption welfare. It is based on a careful screening of the relevant literature based on its quality and critically examining the reliability of the causal effects in each study. As most studies are based on survey data, studies that have been able to provide reasonably robust quantitative assessments are utilized. The review concludes that there exists strong evidence that the low-cost land registration and certification reform in Ethiopia has contributed to strengthening women’s land rights and decision-power over land and this has had positive welfare effects in female-headed as well as male-headed households. More research is needed to study the productivity and welfare effects of the ongoing 2nd Stage Land Registration and Certification reform but early findings indicate that it has contributed to formally document parcel-level land rights of women that are close to that of men even in the Tigray region where 1st Stage Land Registration and Certification was in the name of the head of household that in most cases was a man. |
| Keywords: | Gender; land rights; land registration and certification; joint land certification; impacts; Ethiopia. |
| JEL: | Q15 |
| Date: | 2020–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nlsclt:2020_006&r=all |
| By: | Kovalevsky, Dmitry V.; Hewitt, Richard J |
| Abstract: | Successful implementation of environmental policies, including climate adaptation and mitigation policies, requires careful consideration of regional and local conditions. Consequently, there is growing understanding that regional models are needed to support climate and environmental policy making. Such models need to take into account the dynamics of geographical space as well as historic and expected future land use change patterns. One relevant geographical modelling approach is based on cellular automata (CA) which has a prominent track record of successful application to a diverse range of geographical problems. Traditionally, CA models are calibrated to reproduce the footprint of actor decision-making manifested in historical land use dynamics, and then projected forward to explore the effect of the observed dynamics on future periods. However, this is a poor representation of the way the world actually works, since policy decisions reflect current needs and priorities, not historic ones. Such a model cannot help us understand how decision-making actors might respond spontaneously to emerging land use outcomes. For these reasons, we believe there is considerable scope for existing CA-based geographical models to be improved by introducing realistic representations of the dynamic behaviour of decision-making actors. We present a modelling approach which retains the well-attested benefits of CA land use models, but which allows greater flexibility in modelling the dynamic behaviour of actors for particular “policy driven” land uses. To implement our approach, we integrate the APoLUS model (APoLUS stands for Actor, Policy and Land Use Simulator) – an open-source, multi-platform model based on geographical CA – with a system dynamics (SD) model describing the actor dynamics. The SD model is tailored to reproduce the dynamics of interaction (and possible conflicting interests) of a number of aggregate actors that might influence regional development in general and might affect (either in positive or in negative way) the implementation of policy under study in particular. In the present paper, we describe new developments in the actor dynamics model family, progressing beyond earlier work in three key ways: (i) incorporating the 2 possible ‘regime shifts’ that might be related, in particular, to election cycles; (ii) describing in more detail the economic drivers of actor dynamics; (iii) introducing the stochasticity in a SD model. |
| Date: | 2020–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:5wsng&r=all |
| By: | Marie Josephe Amiot-Carlin (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Sophie Drogue (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Nicole Darmon (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Marlène Perignon (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Carole Sinfort (SDAR - SDAR Occitanie Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); - Medina Study Group |
| Date: | 2018–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02738361&r=all |
| By: | Dominique Desbois (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | This communication analyses the similarities between distributions of conditional quantile estimates, applying it to the problem of cost allocation in agriculture. The first part presents the empirical model, the quantile regression approach and the interval data clustering technique used. The second part presents the comparative analysis of the clustering results between twelve European Member States. |
| Abstract: | Cette communication utilise la classification des données symboliques pour explorer les similitudes entre distributions d'estimations quantiles conditionnelles, en l'appliquant au problème de l'allocation des coûts spécifiques en agriculture. Après avoir rappelé le cadre conceptuel de l'estimation des coûts de production agricole, la première partie présente le modèle empirique, l'approche de régression quantile et la technique de classification des données d'intervalle utilisée. La seconde partie présente l'analyse comparative entre douze États membres européens des résultats issus de la classification hiérarchique divisive des intervalles d'estimation. |
| Keywords: | estimation par intervalle,coût de production,classification symbolique,porc,Europe,quantile conditionnel |
| Date: | 2019–09–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02735928&r=all |
| By: | Stéphan Marette; Anne-Célia Disdier; John C. Beghin |
| Abstract: | We compare consumers' attitude towards and willingness to pay (WTP) for gene-edited (GE) apples in Europe and the US. Using virtual choices in a lab and different technology messages, we estimate WTP of 162 French and 166 US consumers for new apples, which do not brown upon being sliced or cut. Messages center on (i) the social and private benefits of having the new apples, and (ii) possible technologies leading to this new benefit (conventional hybrids, GE, and genetically modified (GMO)). French consumers do not value the innovation and actually discount it when it is generated via biotechnology. US consumers do value the innovation as long as it is not generated by biotechnology. In both countries, the steepest discount is for GMO apples, followed by GE apples. Furthermore, the discounting occurs through "boycott" consumers who dislike biotechnology. However, the discounting is weaker for US consumers compared to French consumers. Favorable attitudes towards sciences and new technology totally offset the discounting of GE apples. |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:20-wp604&r=all |
| By: | Archana Dang (Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This study uses a simple theory model to examine how time preferences influence food choices made by individuals, which in turn have implications for their future health. The theory results demonstrate that individuals with higher bias for the present or lower patience will have poorer health outcomes: that is, they will either be underweight (low BMI) or overweight (high BMI). The pathway from time preferences to BMI is through food. To empirically validate these predictions, we use both the nationallyrepresentative India Human Development Survey (IHDS) to estimate a reduced form equation relating savings (a proxy for time preferences) to BMI; and a primary survey of 885 adults conducted in West Delhi. Using quantile regression and SEM estimation, we provide empirical validation for the theory results; namely that time preferences have significant effect on food choices which in turn has a significant impact on BMI. Thus, such psychometric measures are useful in identifying early on those at potential risk of being overweight or obese later as adults. |
| JEL: | I12 I15 I18 D91 C93 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cde:cdewps:309&r=all |
| By: | Furlan Amaral, Daniel (Associação Brasileira das Indústrias de Óleos Vegetais (ABIOVE)); Bento de Souza Ferreira Filho, Joaquim (Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” at University of Sao Paulo); Luis Squarize Chagas, André (Departamento de Economia, Universidade de São Paulo); Adami, Marcos (Centro Regional da Amazônia - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais) |
| Abstract: | In the 1990s and 2000s, soybean farming grew sharply, particularly in states located in Brazil’s mid-west region. To curb deforestation, the Federal Government implemented the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon Region (PPCDAm). At the same time, soy-buying companies and Civil Society Organizations implemented the Soy Moratorium. This paper focused on the major role of these initiatives in decreasing soybean farming in areas deforested after 2006 and on their importance in achieving this result. We considered rich database deforestation, soybean planted area, and other critical explained variables, and used spatial panel models to a balanced database of 287 municipalities over eight years. The results confirm that lower deforestation rates in the biome laid the foundation for reducing soybean farming in the Amazon biome. However, since 2008, when the Soy Moratorium was launched, there was a structural decline in this relationship, and new plantations began to represent a small percentage of newly deforested areas. The soybean production chain is modern and organized in regional hubs and that its growth stems from stable institutional conditions in municipalities and their surroundings, as well as from the availability of skilled labor and credit. Therefore, government programs to reduce deforestation made room for specific private actions focused on soybean farming that created a new environment for agricultural expansion in line with Brazilian law and environmental commitments. The Soy Moratorium reinforced this new order, and this production chain became a case study on public and private governance, given its importance in reducing soybean farming in deforested areas after the cut-off date. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture; Amazon Biome; Deforestation; Soy Moratorium |
| JEL: | R10 |
| Date: | 2020–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:nereus:2020_003&r=all |
| By: | Natalie Chen; Luciana Juvenal |
| Abstract: | We investigate theoretically and empirically how exporters adjust their markups across destinations depending on bilateral distance, tariffs, and the quality of their exports. Under the assumption that trade costs are both ad valorem and per unit, our model predicts that markups rise with distance and fall with tariffs, but these effects are heterogeneous and are smaller in magnitude for higher quality exports. We find strong support for the predictions of the model using a unique data set of Argentinean firm-level wine exports combined with experts wine ratings as a measure of quality. |
| Keywords: | Patterns of trade;Trade models;Demand elasticity;Financial statistics;Export prices;Distance,export unit values,heterogeneity,markups,quality,tariffs,trade costs.,WP,trade cost,valorem,markup,export price,wine spectator |
| Date: | 2020–02–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2020/036&r=all |
| By: | Marette, Stéphan; Réquillart, Vincent |
| Abstract: | This introductory article presents the three main challenges faced in economics to issues raised by dietary models. The first part of this paper examines the dietary models that maximise the health profile of a population under various constraints, including environmental and agronomic criteria. The second part introduces the possibilities of economic modelling to complement these dietary models, despite the limitations of economic approaches. The third part suggests new research proposals by asserting that overlooked questions deserve further scrutiny. We emphasise that economic models are particularly useful to analyse trade-offs between the various objectives underlying a sustainable food system. However, possible improvements should tackle: first, possible substitutions between foods categories by consumers; second, adjustments in supply chains; and third, measures of inequality resulting from significant changes towards sustainability. Such improvements may be difficult to realize but are technically possible. |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:124395&r=all |
| By: | Arnaud Lamy (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Pôle développement innovation et recherche - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation); Celine Vial (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Pôle développement innovation et recherche - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation); Sandrine Costa (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Gilles Séré de Lanauze (IAE); Myriam Carrère (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Lucie Sirieix (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Marie-Josèphe Amiot (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Pascaline Rollet (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques) |
| Abstract: | Horse meat consumption is decreasing in France (-46% in the 10 last years) despite the sustainable characteristics of this product: (i) its high quality (more iron, zinc, better fats) could be an opportunity to reduce the total amount of consumed meat (and consequently the total amount of farmed meat), (ii) horses emit less methane than bovine, (iii) it enables the maintenance of mountain grassland areas (iv) and of nine endangered local heavy horse breeds, (v) that are bred in extensive conditions respectful of animal well-being… In this context, this poster will present the specific characteristics of the horse meat market. Data will be collected in the beginning of 2019 through a literature review, the analysis of databases on food consumption and first exploratory surveys. The aim of this project is to obtain a typology of horse meat eaters, to understand their consumption motivations, but also to start identifying the barriers that limit this consumption, in order to point out levers to develop such a market and/or eventually to find new market opportunities and better adapt its promotion. |
| Date: | 2019–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02789666&r=all |
| By: | Pierre Bisquert (UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UM - Université de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Patrice Buche (UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UM - Université de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Fatiha Fort (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Romane Gohier (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Valérie Guillard (UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UM - Université de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Alfonso Valle Rey (UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UM - Université de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Keywords: | wine by-products valorisation,waste management,circular economy |
| Date: | 2019–06–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02735425&r=all |
| By: | Natacha Aveline-Dubach (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Thibault Le Corre (GC (UMR_8504) - Géographie-cités - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UP - Université de Paris); Eric Denis (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Napoleone Claude (ECODEVELOPPEMENT - Unité de recherche d'Écodéveloppement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This chapter is part of an edited volume on the prospective of urban issues that aims to shed light on the future directions of French research : what could, or should, be the priority areas for the production of knowledge on the urban environment in the next decade? In this chapter, we examine the "urban land issue" in relation to the transformations of the macroeconomic and institutional frameworks of contemporary capitalism. Starting from a panorama encompassing the urban contexts of the North and South, we attempt to identify prospective avenues for renewing research agendas on land and property issues. |
| Abstract: | Ce chapitre entre dans le cadre d'un ouvrage collectif de prospective des questions urbaines, qui vise à éclairer les orientations futures de la recherche française : quels pourraient, ou devraient, être les domaines prioritaires pour la production de connaissances sur l'environnement urbain au cours de la prochaine décennie ? Dans ce chapitre, nous abordons la "question du foncier urbain" en relation avec les transformations des cadres macroéconomiques et institutionnels du capitalisme contemporain. A partir d'un panorama embrassant les contextes urbains du Nord et du Sud, nous tentons d'identifier des pistes prospectives pour renouveler les agendas de recherche sur les questions foncières et immobilières. |
| Keywords: | ground rent,urban commons,financialisation of real estate,urban land,land property,urban planning,land policy,financiarisation de l'immobilier,aménagement urbain,foncier urbain,communs urbains,rente foncière,politiques foncières,propriété foncière |
| Date: | 2020–06–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02862422&r=all |
| By: | Amélie Bourceret (Territoires - Territoires - UMR 1273 - VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - AgroParisTech - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Sophie Drogue (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques) |
| Date: | 2018–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02736558&r=all |
| By: | Zuzana Brixiová (University of Economics in Prague and VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, SALDRU Research Affiliate, University of Cape Town); Thierry Kangoye (African Development Bank); Fiona Tregenna (University of Johannesburg) |
| Abstract: | Limited access to finance is one of the major barriers for women entrepreneurs in Africa. This paper presents a model of start-ups in which firms' sales and profits depend on their productivity and access to credit. However, due to the lack of collateral assets such as land, female entrepreneurs have more constrained access to credit than do men. Testing the model on data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys in Eswatini, Lesotho, and Zimbabwe, we find land ownership to be important for female entrepreneurial performance in terms of sales levels. This finding suggests that the small Southern African economies would benefit from removing obstacles to women's land tenure and enabling financial institutions to lend against movable collateral. While land ownership is linked with higher sales levels, it seems less critical for sales growth and innovation where access to short term loans for working capital seems to be key. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurial sales, innovation, credit, land, gender, Africa |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ldr:wpaper:258&r=all |
| By: | SMIT Bert; HAAGSMA Wiepie; JANSSENS Bas; VAN DER MEER Ruud; HENNEN Wil |
| Abstract: | In task 1 of the project, the central question is to collect all available information on the current and past adoption and mitigation of CCC in the EU. This report provides definitions and details of the different types of CCC, their management practices, adoption and mitigation potential in the different farming systems and regions of the EU. |
| Keywords: | CCC |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc118095&r=all |
| By: | Jerome Dumortier; Amani Elobeid (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)) |
| Abstract: | We assess the regional differences of three carbon tax scenarios on U.S. agriculture in terms of commodity prices, crop production, and farm income. Our model covers corn, sorghum, soybeans, and wheat between 2018 and 2030 and carbon prices ranging from $62 to $144 t-1 CO2-e at the end of the projection period. The basis for the analysis are the carbon tax projections from the 2020 Annual Energy Outlook produced by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Our county-level results indicate the smallest percentage decline in terms of net revenue in the U.S. Midwest despite the operating cost for corn increasing the most. We find that the increase encourages the reduction in corn area which raises corn prices such that the overall decline in net returns is small relative to other crops. Net returns for wheat in Kansas, Montana and the Dakotas decline the most. From a policy perspective, it is important to note that crop prices together with input cost are increasing and thus, the decline in net returns for farmers is offset to a certain degree. We hypothesize that the presence of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) dampens some of the declines in net returns because the retirement of cropland increases commodity prices for counties remaining in crop production. |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:20-wp606&r=all |
| By: | Mechthild Donner (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Romane Gohier (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Hugo de Vries (UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UM - Université de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Keywords: | agro-waste management,value creation,circular economy,business models |
| Date: | 2019–06–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02734738&r=all |
| By: | Iaria, Alessandro; WANG, Ao |
| Abstract: | We present novel identification and estimation results for a mixed logit model of demand for bundles with endogenous prices given bundle-level market shares. Our approach hinges on an affine relationship between the utilities of single products and of bundles, on an essential real analytic property of the mixed logit model, and on the existence of exogenous cost shifters. We propose a new demand inverse in the presence of complementarity that enables to concentrate out of the likelihood function the (potentially numerous) market-product specific average utilities, substantially alleviating the challenge of dimensionality inherent in estimation. To illustrate the use of our methods, we estimate demand and supply in the US ready-to-eat cereal industry, where the proposed MLE reduces the numerical search from approximately 12000 to 130 parameters. Our estimates suggest that ignoring Hicksian complementarity among different products often purchased in bundles may result in misleading demand estimates and counterfactuals. |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:14363&r=all |
| By: | Boris Biao (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Leila Temri (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Nina Lachia (Chaire AgroTIC - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Keywords: | digital innovation,innovation network,stakeholder network,agriculture |
| Date: | 2019–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02788884&r=all |
| By: | Griffith, Andrew P.; Martinez, Charles |
| Abstract: | Feeder cattle prices are driven by supply and demand for live cattle (i.e., finished cattle) that are in turn driven by supply and demand for beef. Supply and demand in the cattle and beef industries change seasonally, resulting in seasonal price changes for feeder cattle, finished cattle and beef. For example, on the cattle side, many cow-calf producers calve in late winter and early spring months (February and March) and market cattle in the fall (October and November). The increased supply of lower-weighted calves (i.e., less than 600 pounds) induces lower prices in the fall, whereas in the spring (March or April), there is a lower supply of animals under 600 pounds that typically sell at higher prices. Additionally, the timing of calving greatly influences when an animal will enter the feedlot and thereby when it will be harvested. From a beef demand perspective, the greatest demand for beef generally occurs during the summer grilling months, and the softest demand occurs during the winter months. Thus, these factors also seasonally influence feeder cattle prices. Outside of supply and demand for beef, feeder cattle prices are regularly influenced by changes in feed prices, as feed costs are a large component of feedlot production costs. However, there are occasions when other external (exogenous) shocks influence feeder cattle prices, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in 2003, drought in 2011 and 2012, and the Tyson beef packing facility fire in 2019. Each of these external shocks affected the typical supply and demand of finished cattle, which also transmitted to feeder cattle prices. Though these shocks were exogenous to the market, they were primarily isolated to the cattle industry or agricultural production industries; that is, they did not involve the broader United States population. Coronavirus (COVID-19) is another external shock influencing cattle prices in early 2020. The difference between COVID-19 and the external shocks discussed above is that coronavirus influenced most national and international markets, not just beef cattle. The purpose of this publication is to illustrate how Tennessee feeder cattle prices were impacted by COVID-19 in the first four months of 2020, compared to those same four months historically (based on data for cattle sold through Tennessee auction markets reported by USDA-AMS). |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Livestock Production/Industries, Marketing |
| Date: | 2020–07–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:utaeer:303915&r=all |
| By: | Carl Gaigné (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | COMPétitivité des filières ANImales françaises: une synthèse des résultats |
| Date: | 2019–09–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02788216&r=all |
| By: | Anmina Murielle Djiguemde (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, UM - Université de Montpellier); Dimitri Dubois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Mabel Tidball (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Alexandre Sauquet |
| Abstract: | We study the exploitation behavior of two symmetrical farmers using groundwater table as in Rubio & Casino (2003), where water extraction is the only input in the production process of these farmers, and the dynamic is given by the evolution of the level of the water table. In our model, strategic interaction is introduced through extraction costs which negatively depend on the level of the water table. We made the assumption that the groundwater has a flat bottom, parallel sides, and that its natural recharge is provided by a constant and positive amount of rain. Another assumption is that farmers behave non cooperatively, by maximizing their actualized utilitarian criteria. We study this model in continuous time with an infinite horizon, and consider the equilibrium paths of the four following types of behavior : myopic, feedback, open-loop and social optimum. We also studied the same model in discrete time in order to see if our results will approch those in continuous time. Unlike some articles in the literature that find different results between continuous time and discrete time, we found that the discrete time model gives results equivalent to those of the continuous time, but with the condition that discretization in time is small enough. We test the behaviors using two different protocols in the laboratory (experimental economics) for both treatments in continuous and discrete time. |
| Date: | 2018–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02791021&r=all |