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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2020‒07‒20
forty-two papers chosen by |
| By: | Chalmers Mulwa; T.S Jayne; Milu Muyanga; Martine Visser |
| Abstract: | Pervasive threats of climate change and land degradation have compounded the low farm productivity problem inherent in sub-Saharan Africa. Though sustainable agricultural intensification practices have been shown to improve resilience of farm production in the face of these emerging threats, they suffer low adoption rates typical of technology adoption in these regions. Recent evidence shows the emergence of large grain traders in the smallholder farm output markets. Given established correlation between contractual farm arrangements and technology adoption, the hypothesis is that these traders can incentivize technology adoption at scale at the farm level, given their financial capacity. This study tests this hypothesis using a large panel dataset from Kenya spanning a decade. A dynamic random effects Probit model is used to evaluate how past adoption of sustainable inputs influence subsequent adoption behavior, while a control function approach is used evaluate how sales to large grain traders affect the adoption of sustainable inputs at the farm level. Results indicate that sales to large grain traders lead to higher adoption of inorganic fertilizer but not improved seed and manure, and that land ownership is a key success factor in explaining sales to these market actors. The adoption of improved seed and organic manure is persistent across time, indicating state dependence in the use of these inputs. These results suggest that strategies to foster engagements between large grain traders and farmers can enhance uptake of inorganic fertilizer; such strategies should also be accompanied by efforts to enable resource-poor farmers access to these markets |
| Keywords: | Large grain traders, Smallholder farm markets, Sustainable agricultural intensification, Kenya |
| JEL: | D13 Q12 Q13 Q16 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rza:wpaper:812&r=all |
| By: | Ragasa, Catherine; Agyakwah, Seth K.; Asmah, Ruby; Mensah, Emmanuel Tetteh-Doku; Amewu, Sena |
| Abstract: | Over the past decade, the aquaculture sector in Ghana has experienced tremendous growth—driven mainly by large-scale cage farms—but it has been unclear how the rural poor have shared in this growth. A research project has been initiated to help diagnose, design, and test interventions for better inclusion of the rural poor, women, and youth in the tilapia value chain. This report describes the baseline data on 603 small-scale tilapia farmers in Ghana. The data collected during two-hour face-to-face interviews during May–July 2019 are disaggregated by socioeconomic indicators, gender, and age group. Baseline data show that 9 percent of farm managers and owners were women, and an additional 9 percent of farms engaged women in some decision-making. Moreover, women contributed 16 percent of family labor and 5 percent of hired labor on farms. Youth represented 14 and 24 percent of owners and managers, respectively, but contributed 68 percent of the total family and hired labor on farms. A large majority of managers and owners had at least high school education, with a third of owners and a quarter of managers attaining at least a college degree. In Brong Ahafo and Ashanti regions especially, most farmers engaged mainly in crop farming and non-farm businesses as their main livelihood, with fish farming as a small contributor to overall household income and livelihood. Farmers in all regions had poor record-keeping and management practices and low compliance with sanitation, fish health, and food safety standards. A wide variety of input usage, management practices, and performance was observed among fish farms. As a result, the profitability of fish farms was also wide-ranging, between –12.00 and 46.00 cedi per m2, with an average of 8.82 cedi per m2. Despite wide variability in production and profits, the majority of farmers experienced positive profits. On average, a farmer received a profit of 2.4 cedi per kilogram of tilapia produced or a 27 percent profit margin. These encouraging figures indicate that farmers who adopt good aquaculture practices can achieve respectable profits. |
| Keywords: | GHANA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; aquaculture; fish culture; household income; tilapia; fishery production; value chains; livelihoods; rural areas; poverty; women; youth; inclusion; tilapia farming; seed system; inclusive value chains |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1937&r=all |
| By: | Jordan Hristov (European Commission - JRC); Andrea Toreti (European Commission - JRC); Ignacio Perez Dominguez (European Commission - JRC); Dentener Frank (European Commission - JRC); Thomas Fellmann (European Commission - JRC); Christian Elleby (European Commission - JRC); Andrej Ceglar (European Commission - JRC); Davide Fumagalli (European Commission - JRC); Stefan Niemeyer (European Commission - JRC); Iacopo Cerrani (European Commission - JRC); Lorenzo Panarello (European Commission - JRC); Marian Bratu (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2013 EU strategy on adaptation to climate change aims at contributing to a more climate-resilient Europe. However, there are still large gaps in understanding and characterising climate impacts in Europe and how impacts in the rest of the world could affect Europe. This report provides quantitative modelling-based results from biophysical and agro-economic models as part of the PESETA-IV (Projection of Economic impacts of climate change in Sectors of the European Union based on bottom-up Analysis) project. We analyse climate change projections for 2050 considering the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) of 8.5 W/m2 (with corresponding global warming levels ranging between 1.6 oC and 2.7 oC compared to pre-industrial levels), as well as for 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming conditions. Results show that climate change will pose a threat to global food production in the medium to long term, and that Europe will also be affected. Forced by the projected changes in daily temperature, precipitation, wind, relative humidity, and global radiation, grain maize yields in the EU will decline between 1% and 22%. In addition, wheat yields in Southern Europe are expected to decrease by up to 49%. However, in Northern Europe some of the negative productivity effects caused by climate change may be partially offset by higher levels of atmospheric CO2 concentrations and changing precipitation regimes. Losses, especially in Southern Europe may be reduced by tailored adaptation strategies; e.g. changing varieties and crop types, increasing and improving irrigation practices for certain crops and when economically feasible. However, limitations on sustainable water abstraction levels could become a barrier to increase irrigation levels, specifically in the Mediterranean countries (particularly Spain, Portugal, Greece, Cyprus, Malta, Italy and Turkey) where duration of water scarcity under global warming are projected to intensify. As large negative climate change impacts on productivity outside of the EU are estimated, large market spill-over effects will push up production in both Northern and Southern Europe through higher demand for some agricultural commodities outside of EU, resulting in higher producer prices. This, in turn, may benefit farmers' income and have positive effects on the EU’s agricultural commodity exports. However, other limiting factors (not all fully integrated into the used modelling system yet), such as increasing water shortage in Southern Europe (Task 10) and constraints on the expansion of irrigation, increasing impacts of heatwaves and droughts, consequences of reduction of nutrient use due to environmental and climate mitigation constraints, need to be further evaluated. |
| Keywords: | climate change, biophysical modelling, agro-economic modelling, market effect |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc119632&r=all |
| By: | Mitchell, Sean; Bannon, Nicholas; Weersink, Alfons |
| Abstract: | In order to assess the overall adoption of precision agriculture technologies in Canada, members of the Ontario Agri Business Association (OABA) or the Canadian Association of Agri-Retailers (CAAR) were surveyed on their own use and offerings of precision agriculture technologies and services as well their perception of farmers use of these technologies. There is a significant regional difference in the role that custom application services play in the adoption of precision agriculture technologies. In Ontario dealerships commonly custom apply crop inputs on behalf of the farmer. Guidance systems and observational technologies are commonly employed by dealerships in Ontario to apply crop inputs bought by farmers. in the Prairie provinces, farmers, and not dealerships, apply the purchased inputs. There is potential for future adoption of precision agriculture technologies for both dealerships and farmers, however barriers do exist. These barriers largely relate to the cost of the precision agriculture and the value propositions of these services. As both dealers and farmers become more educated about the benefits of precision agriculture and the costs associated with precision agriculture fall, the overall adoption of precision agriculture will increase. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2020–07–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uguiwp:303877&r=all |
| By: | Liesbeth Colen (European Commission - JRC); Zohra Bouamra-Mechemache (Toulouse School of Economics); Victoria Daskalova (University of Twente); Kjersti Nes (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report summarizes the content and discussions of the JRC-DG AGRI workshop on 'The role of Retail Alliances in the Food supply chain' that was held in Brussels on 4-5 November 2020. It presents a typology of retail alliances, describes their functioning and activities, and analyses the impact of retail alliances on the food supply chain, from an economic and legal point of view. |
| Keywords: | retail, alliance, market power, food, agriculture |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc120271&r=all |
| By: | Istvan Feher (Szent István University); Andrew Fieldsend (Research Institute of Agricultural Economics, Budapest) |
| Abstract: | Together with Russia and Ukraine, Kazakhstan is considered as a ‘future main player’ in world grain supply. Many observers have indeed argued that Central Asia, and especially Kazakhstan, has the potential to enhance local, regional and global food security by expanding grain production and exports. This study provides an overview of the Kazakh farming sector; agricultural policies; wheat production, processing, and logistics, environmental resources and challenges; and on domestic consumption, exports and prices of wheat. Based on this information, it is concluded that Kazakhstan has a great potential for expanding its wheat production and exports in the future and it could play a non-negligible role in fulfilling local, but especially regional, food security. By compensating for the export fluctuations of other major players, it could have an important stabilizing role on the world market for wheat and thereby contribute to global food security. Nevertheless, this positive view on the future of Kazakh wheat production is highly conditional on several factors. Projections on the role of climate change are uncertain, but may lead to considerable yield losses. In addition, investments in infrastructure and machinery will be essential to unlock the wheat potential of the country and to compensate for the potential consequences of climate change, water scarcity and soil degradation. |
| Keywords: | Kazakhstan, wheat, food security |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc113009&r=all |
| By: | Sébastien Marchand (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - Clermont Auvergne - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Maimouna Barro (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - Clermont Auvergne - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Huanxiu Guo (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - Clermont Auvergne - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In the process of industrialization, relocation of manufacturing industries from urban to rural areas may have important implications for the rural environment and agricultural production. As a demonstration, the aim of this paper is to estimate the impact of wastewater from industrial firms on agricultural yields in rice farming of Jiangsu province, China. Using 2011-2015 panel data from both the China Rural Fixed Point Survey and the China Environmental Statistics Database between 2011 and 2015, we find that industrial wastewater significantly reduces rice yields. The econometric strategy implemented allows us to assume that this result reflects a causal and detrimental biological effect of wastewater on the growing process of the rice. These results highlight the need to better understand the conflicts between industry and agriculture at the local level in a context of rapid industrialization. |
| Keywords: | China,Rural environment,Rice farming,Industrial water pollution |
| Date: | 2020–06–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02871257&r=all |
| By: | Alvarez-Cuadrado, Francisco; Amodio, Francesco; Poschke, Markus |
| Abstract: | Output per worker is lower in poor countries than in rich countries, and relatively more so in the agricultural sector. Sorting of heterogeneous workers can contribute to explain this fact if comparative and absolute advantage are aligned in agriculture, implying that average productivity in agriculture increases as the agricultural employment share decreases. We empirically investigate the correlation between comparative and absolute advantage using representative household-level panel data from four Sub-Saharan African countries. Around one third of households engage in both agriculture and non-farming entrepreneurship. We find that more productive farming households are more likely to also engage in non-farm entrepreneurship, allocate more hours to it if they do, and are more likely to enter it if not yet active. All three pieces of evidence imply that comparative and absolute advantage are negatively correlated -- misaligned -- in agriculture, casting doubt on the importance of selection as a root cause of the agricultural productivity gap. |
| Keywords: | Africa; agricultural productivity gap; entrepreneurship; selection |
| JEL: | J24 J31 J43 L26 O11 O13 O40 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:14269&r=all |
| By: | Alain de Janvry (University of California [Berkeley] - University of California, FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International, ARE - Agricultural and Resource Economics - NC State - North Carolina State University [Raleigh] - UNC - University of North Carolina System); Elisabeth Sadoulet (ARE - Agricultural & Resource Economics, University of California [Berkeley] - University of California, FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International) |
| Abstract: | For most poor countries of today, using agriculture for development is widely recognized as a promising strategy. Yet, in these countries, investment in agriculture has mostly been lagging relative to international norms and recommendations. Current wisdom on how to use agriculture for development is that it requires asset building for smallholder farmers, productivity growth in staple foods, an agricultural transformation (diversification of farming systems toward high value crops), and a rural transformation (value addition through rural non-farm activities linked to agriculture). This sequence has too often been hampered by extensive market and government failures. We outline a theory of change where the removal of market and government failures to use this Agriculture for Development strategy can be addressed through two contrasted and complementary approaches. One is from the "supply-side" where public and social agents (governments, international and bilateral development agencies, NGOs, donors) intervene to help farmers overcome the major constraints to adoption: liquidity, risk, information, and access to markets. The other is from the "demand-side" where private agents (entrepreneurs, producer orgaizations) create incentives for smallholder farmers to modernize through contracting and vertical coordination in value chains. We review the extensive literature that has explored ways of using Agriculture for Development through these two approaches. We conclude by noting that the supply-side approach has benefited from extensive research but met with limited success. The demand-side approach has promise, but received insufficient attention and is in need of additional rigorous research which we outline. |
| Keywords: | staple foods,agricultural transformation,rural transformation,adoption constraints,value chain development |
| Date: | 2020–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02865556&r=all |
| By: | Chowdhury, Shyamal K.; Hoque, Mohammad Mainul; Rashid, Shahidur; Bin Khaled, Muhammad Nahian |
| Abstract: | We evaluated a large transfer program in Bangladesh, named the Food Friendly Program (FFP, Khaddo Bandhob Karmasuchi), based on observational data. The program aims to provide nutritional support to poor rural households during preharvest seasons by offering rice at a subsidized price. It is a targeted program where the selection of the beneficiaries takes place through local governments and community consultations. We examined both inclusion and exclusion errors and measured the magnitude of corruption in the program. We found that for every taka spent by the government under the FFP, about 0.88 taka, on an average, reaches the eligible beneficiaries. In addition, we also looked at the regional variations in poverty and redistribution. The program seems to be achieving a high level of targeting efficiency, though spatial heterogeneity remains an important drawback. Our evaluation offers some important policy lessons discussed in detail in the report. |
| Keywords: | BANGLADESH; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA; social protection; rural areas; poverty; food assistance; targeting; program evaluation; rice; food prices |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1935&r=all |
| By: | Kjersti Nes (European Commission - JRC); Pavel Ciaian (European Commission - JRC); Federica Di Marcantonio (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report provides an econometric estimation of the economic determinants of differences in the composition of seemingly identical branded food products (DC-SIP) in the European Union. The analyses of this report is based on the results from the EU wide testing campaign (European Commission, 2019) in combination with economic data collected from different statistical sources (e.g. Eurostat, Eurobarometer, World Bank, Global Dietary Database). Econometric estimation — probit estimator — is performed on these combined dataset to quantitatively identify drivers of DC-SIP. The estimated results show that the difference in income levels between two Member States has a statistically significant positive effect on the probability of the two MS having a different version of seemingly identical branded food products. The estimation of this report also show that other factors—such as heterogeneous consumer preferences across MS, distance, company size, price level and product complexity—also contribute to a firm’s incentive to offer different versions of seemingly identical branded food products in different MS. Further, specific characteristics of different product categories and country-specific factors are also found to impact the presence of DC-SIP between MS. |
| Keywords: | dual food quality, food chain, branded food products, differences in composition, consumers |
| JEL: | D12 D91 L15 L11 L66 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc119221&r=all |
| By: | Mayuko Nakamaru (School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology); Ayumi Onuma (Faculty of Economics, Keio University) |
| Abstract: | A major challenge in biodiversity management is overharvesting by unsustainable harvesters. If a scenario could be created where sustainable harvesters benefit more than the unsustainable ones, even in the short term, the issue of overharvesting would be solved. Then, everyone would follow the lead of sustainable harvesters. However, creating such a scenario is not an easy task; the difficulty is intensified if the habitat is open-access and a property rights system is not in place. There is a special case where sustainable harvesters are believed to gain more than unsustainable harvesters: swiftlets in Sarawak, Malaysia. Edible nests built by adult swiftlets are used as ingredients for a traditional luxurious soup in Chinese cuisine. A rise in nest prices has increased the instances of unsustainable harvesters wrongfully collecting nests along with the eggs and fledglings, which are then abandoned. Swiftlets live in caves and build nests on cave ceilings. It is known that swiftlets escape from cave ceilings when these harvesters take the nests, and they do not return to the same place. This ecological feature appears to work as the swiftlet's punishment against unsustainable harvesters. This paper constructs a stage-structured population model and examines the effect of property rights and the punishment by swiftlets on the population dynamics of the bird and on the economic return of both sustainable and unsustainable harvesters. Our findings are as follows: the punishment by swiftlets provides sustainable harvesters a higher short-term return than unsustainable harvesters under the property rights system, as long as swiftlets return to the cave after they escape from the unsustainable harvesters. While previous studies regarding the management of a commons have stressed the importance of rules and regulations for sustainable harvesting without considering the ecological uniqueness of each species, this study suggests that ecological exploration, and the discovery of ecological features are also essential for designing a sustainable framework. |
| Keywords: | the tragedy of the commons, property rights, indirect punishment by swiftlets, difference equations |
| JEL: | Q01 Q57 |
| Date: | 2020–05–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:keo:dpaper:2020-011&r=all |
| By: | Pavel Ciaian (European Commission - JRC); Federica Di Marcantonio (European Commission - JRC); Liesbeth Colen (European Commission - JRC); Kjersti Nes (European Commission - JRC); Jesus Barreiro-Hurle (European Commission - JRC); François J. Dessart (European Commission - JRC); Luisa Menapace (Technical University of Munich – Tum); Carlo Russo (University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale); Annarita Colamatteo (University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale); Negin Fathinejad (University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale); Maria Anna Pagnanelli (University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale); Marcello Sansone (University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale); Edward Kyei Twum (University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale); George Chryssochoidis (University of Kent) |
| Abstract: | Differences in composition of seemingly identical, branded food products (DC-SIP) occur when a good is marketed in one country as being identical (labelling, and appearance on packaging) to goods marketed in other countries, while that good has significantly different composition. The DC-SIP issue was brought to policymakers’ attention in 2017 by tests conducted in several Eastern EU Member States, which showed that some brand owners sell products across the EU Single Market, which are of different composition, despite having the same or similar packaging. The European Parliament and the European Council stressed the importance of tackling the issue of dual quality products, and requested that the European Commission investigate these practices, and find a solution at the European level. As a response to this request, the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC), in collaboration with experts from Member States’ competent authorities and stakeholders in the food chain, developed and applied a harmonised methodology in 2018/2019, with the objective of bringing further evidence on whether the composition of various branded food products differed across Member States. In April 2018, the European Commission tabled a proposal for the amendment of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005/29/EC, aimed at introducing more specific rules on the DC-SIP issue. The European Parliament and the Council adopted these amendments on 27 November 2019. At the request of the European Parliament, the JRC carried out an economic analysis of DC-SIP in collaboration with DG GROW, to develop a better understanding of the drivers, and of the impact of this phenomenon. This report summarises the main finding of this pilot project. The specific objectives of this project were to: (1) Explain the rationale for brand owners to offer different versions of identically or similarly branded food products in different markets; (2) Analyse the impact of DC-SIP on consumers’ choices and welfare and (3) Identify the main determinants of the occurrence of DC-SIP across Member States. |
| Keywords: | dual food quality, food chain, branded food products, differences in composition, consumers, EU |
| JEL: | D12 D91 L11 L15 L66 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc120297&r=all |
| By: | Dominique Desbois (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The decision to adopt one or another of the sustainable land management alternatives should not be based solely on their respective benefits in terms of climate change mitigation but also based on the performances of the productive systems used by farm holdings, assessing their environmental impacts through the cost of specific resources used. This communication uses the symbolic clustering tools in order to analyse the conditional quantile estimates of the fertilizer costs of specific productions in agriculture, as a replacement proxy for internal soil erosion costs. After recalling the conceptual framework of the estimation of agricultural production costs, we present the empirical data model, the quantile regression approach and the symbolic clustering tools used to obtain typologies of European countries on the basis of the conditional quantile distributions of fertilizer cost empirical estimates. The comparative analysis of econometric results for main products between European countries illustrates the relevance of the typologies obtained for international comparisons based on their input specific productivity. |
| Abstract: | La décision d'adopter l'une ou l'autre des alternatives de gestion durable des terres ne devrait pas être fondée uniquement sur leurs avantages respectifs en termes d'atténuation du changement climatique, mais également sur les performances des systèmes de production utilisés par les exploitations agricoles, en évaluant leurs impacts environnementaux à travers le coût des ressources spécifiques utilisées. Cette communication mobilise les outils de la classification symbolique afin d'analyser les estimations quantitatives conditionnelles des coûts des engrais de productions spécifiques en agriculture, en tant que substitut des coûts internes de l'érosion des sols. Après avoir rappelé le cadre conceptuel de l'estimation des coûts de production agricole, nous présentons le modèle de données empiriques, l'approche de régression quantile et les outils de classification symbolique utilisés pour obtenir des typologies de pays européens sur la base des estimations empiriques des distributions quantile conditionnelles des coûts des engrais. L'analyse comparative des résultats économétriques pour les principaux produits entre les pays européens illustre la pertinence des typologies obtenues pour les comparaisons internationales basées sur la productivité spécifique de leurs intrants. |
| Keywords: | intervalles d'estimation,agricultural product,European countries,classification symbolique,quantile regression,empirical distributions,specific cost,symbolic clustering,interval estimates,distributions empiriques,coût spécifique,produit agricole : pays européens,régression quantile |
| Date: | 2020–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02806732&r=all |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Win, Myat Thida; Masias, Ian |
| Abstract: | Agricultural equipment retailers (ERs) play an essential role in meeting the demand for a diverse set of machines and equipment at affordable prices that are needed for the heterogeneous agricultural production environments in Myanmar. ERs can be particularly sensitive to bottlenecks in trade flows and internal logistical disruptions that affect their inventory management. Given their close linkages with mechanization service providers, the financial and supply challenges that ERs face can have repercussions on the provision of mechanization services as well. The COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar and the policy responses to it have affected key aspects of the business operations of ERs. Measures to support equipment retailers and to ensure the access of buyers to their equipment and services should be guided by an understanding of the situation on the ground. This policy note uses qualitative findings from a rapid phone survey of ERs across Myanmar. |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, equipment, farm equipment, supply chains, policies, sales, arid zones, Covid-19, retailers, agricultural equipment retailers (ERs), agricultural equipment sales, equipment availability, equipment price |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:myanpn:9&r=all |
| By: | Shagaida, Natalia (Шагайда, Наталья) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Uzun, Vasiliy (Узун, Василий) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Gataulina, Ekaterina (Гатаулина, Екатерина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Shishkina, Ekaterina (Шишкина, Екатерина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The paper discusses the theoretical foundations of the formation of agricultural holdings; definitions of an agricultural holding structure, an agricultural holding and an agri-food holding are formulated; describes the technique developed by the authors for the allocation of agricultural holdings; gives the classification of agricultural holding formations in agriculture, the degree of concentration of resources and the efficiency of their use in agricultural holding and independent agricultural organizations are analyzed; estimates the significance of this form of business organization for rural development. |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:042011&r=all |
| By: | Flavio M. Menezes (School of Economics, University of Queensland); Morganna W. Capodeferro (COPPE and FGV CERI); Juliana J. Smiderle (Poli/UFRJ and FGV CERI); Pedro E. Guimarães (EPGE and FGV CERI) |
| Abstract: | The conflicting demands for water from irrigating perennial crops, generating power, and supplying humans and livestock have placed many river basins around the world under stress. These conflicts are being and will continue to be exacerbated by the impact of climate change. Here we expound a methodology, based on economic theory, that allows the estimation of the implicit value of the water for irrigation purposes. In turn, these implicit values can be employed to determine the amount to be charged for water to promote sustainable outcomes. The methodology is developed and applied in the context of Brazil’s Sao Marcos River Basin, where agriculture and hydroelectricity generation activities compete for the existing water resources. We show that current water charges would have to increase by over 270 times to reduce the water consumption in the basin to a sustainable level. |
| Date: | 2020–06–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qld:uq2004:624&r=all |
| By: | Carlo Russo (University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale); Luisa Menapace (Technical University of Munich – Tum); Marcello Sansone (University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale); Edward Kyei Twum (University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale); Negin Fathinejad (University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale); Annarita Colamatteo (University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale); Maria Anna Pagnanelli (University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale) |
| Abstract: | This report presents the results of a review of the economic literature about the problem of Difference in Composition of Seemingly Identical Branded Product (DC-SIP). The problem is also referred to as dual quality. Academic literature about DC-SIP is almost non-existent. Consequently, this report focuses on contributions that are indirectly related to the topic and yet are able to foster an understanding of the economic principles of DC-SIP. The report provides a conceptual analysis in order to explain the rationale for brand owners to use DC-SIP practices and policy related issues; it does not bring empirical evidence as it is not available in the literature. |
| Keywords: | dual food quality, food chain, branded food products, differences in composition, quality discrimination |
| JEL: | L15 L11 L66 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc117796&r=all |
| By: | Lara Cockx (KU Leuven); Liesbeth Colen (European Commission - JRC); Joachim De Weerdt (University of Antwerp); Sergio Gomez Y Paloma (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | There is rising concern that the ongoing wave of urbanization will have profound effects on eating patterns and increase the risk of nutrition-related non-communicable diseases. Yet, our understanding of urbanization as a driver of food consumption remains limited and primarily based upon research designs that fail to disentangle the effect of living in an urban environment from other socioeconomic disparities. Data from the Tanzania National Panel Survey, which tracked out-migrating respondents, allow us to compare individuals’ dietary patterns before and after they relocated from rural to urban areas and assess whether those changes differ from household members who stayed behind or moved to a different rural area. We find that individuals who relocated to urban areas experience a much more pronounced shift away from the consumption of traditional staples, and towards more high-sugar, conveniently consumed and prepared foods. Contrary to what is often claimed in the literature, living in an urban environment is not found to contribute positively to the intake of protein-rich foods, nor to diet diversity. Though we do not find a strong association with weight gain, these changes in eating patterns represent a clear nutritional concern regarding the potential longer-term impacts of urbanization. Our results however also indicate that the growth of unhealthy food consumption with urbanization is largely linked to rising incomes. As such, health concerns over diets can be expected to spread rapidly to less-urbanized areas as well, as soon as income growth takes off there. Our findings clearly call for more in-depth research that may help to improve health and food and nutrition security as well as correctly predict food demand and adapt trade, agricultural and development policies. |
| Keywords: | urbanization, diets, nutrition, Tanzania |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc107918&r=all |
| By: | Liesbeth Colen (European Commission - JRC); George Chryssochoidis (University of Kent); Pavel Ciaian (European Commission - JRC); Federica Di Marcantonio (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The issue of Differences in Composition of Seemingly Identical branded products (DC-SIP) refers to the case of “goods [being] marketed in the Single Market under the same brand or trademark but with differences in content, composition or quality in individual EU Member States†(European Commission, 2017a). The main concern is that “in some parts of Europe, people are sold food of lower quality than in other countries, despite the packaging and branding being identical†, as stated by President Juncker (European Commission, 2017b). In this report we aim to analyse whether and how this issue affects consumers. We do so in economic terms, by analysing how consumer purchase decisions and consumer welfare are affected by the fact that the same brand owner offers seemingly identically branded food products but having different properties. Based on the conceptual and empirical knowledge developed in the fields of economics, marketing and consumer psychology, we build a conceptual framework to analyse the formation of consumer quality perceptions, purchasing decisions and welfare. We look into the different factors that shape food quality perception, how these may differ across countries and individual consumers, and relate these to the issue of DC-SIP. Finally, we analyse the impact of disconfirmation of consumers' expectations and the role of unfairness in consumer decision making and welfare to understand consumers' reactions to DC-SIP. |
| Keywords: | dual food quality, food chain, branded food products, differences in composition, consumers, unfairness, quality perception |
| JEL: | D12 D91 L15 L66 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc118149&r=all |
| By: | Stéphane Lemarié (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Valérie Orozco (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Pierre Butault (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Antonio Musolesi (Department of Economics and Management - University of Ferrara); Michel Simioni (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Bertrand Schmitt (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the economic impact of agricultural research on productivity in France over the period 1959-2012. Adopting a dynamic time series model, we provide evidence that the impact of French agricultural research is in the range of values estimated for other countries, with the estimated long-run elasticity being 0.16, which corresponds to an internal rate of return of 22%. The estimated elasticity decreases at the beginning of the 1970s. Complementary analyses are developed to take into account the evolution of the priorities of public agricultural research (reorientation towards more fundamental objectives and focus on broader objective than productivity enhancement). |
| Keywords: | research lags,agricultural R&D,economic impact of agricultural research,knowledge stocks,France,dynamic time series. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02794533&r=all |
| By: | Federica Di Marcantonio (European Commission - JRC); Luisa Menapace (Technical University of Munich – Tum); Jesus Barreiro-Hurle (European Commission - JRC); Pavel Ciaian (European Commission - JRC); François J. Dessart (European Commission - JRC); Liesbeth Colen (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Differences in the composition of seemingly identical branded food products (DC-SIP) has been a source of growing concern in the EU in recent years. This was particularly the case after tests conducted in several Member States (MS) confirmed the presence of differences in composition of some branded food products sold across different Member States. To provide further evidence on DC-SIP practices, in close collaboration with experts from Member States' competent authorities and stakeholders of the food chain, the Joint Research Centre (JRC) developed a harmonised methodology for the comparative testing of DC-SIP in food across MS. The result of the application of this methodology to different products found that 9% and 22% of evaluated food products had differences in composition but had identical or similar front packaging, respectively. While the JRC’s comparative testing found evidence on the scale of the DC-SIP issue across EU, there is still a lack of empirical evidence on consumer preferences for DC-SIP. This report aims to contribute to the existing studies by verifying whether the presence of DC-SIP influences consumer preferences and willingness to pay for a different version of the same branded product. The study applied two different methodologies, an (online) discrete choice experiment (DCE) and a sensory testing experiment ('lab experiment'), in six MS (i.e. Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Romania, Spain, and Sweden) with a total of 10,600 respondents. |
| Keywords: | dual food quality, food chain, branded food products, differences in composition, consumers |
| JEL: | D12 D91 L66 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc119484&r=all |
| By: | Lucile Henry (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Ole Boysen (UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science) |
| Abstract: | From UK land-bridge to sea route: Irish agri-food exports to the EU, transport modes and Brexit |
| Keywords: | Brexit,Land bridge,trade,Ireland-France,agrifood |
| Date: | 2019–09–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02485081&r=all |
| By: | Cummins, Steven (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine); Berger, Nicolas; Cornelsen, Laura; Eling, Judith; Er, Vanessa; Greener, Robert; Kalbus, Alexandra; Karapici, Amanda; Law, Cherry; Ndlovu, Denise |
| Abstract: | COVID-19 has focused minds on the resilience of the urban food system in supplying adequate food to the whole population as the result of a massive external shock. In this commentary we sketch out four of the plausible changes to urban food retail systems that might occur as a result of the pandemic in the UK, and how this might affect population diet and dietary inequalities. |
| Date: | 2020–05–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:dwv2e&r=all |
| By: | Dominique Desbois (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | Signatory States to the 2015 Paris Agreement have set a common goal of achieving carbon neutrality. According to a logic of net emissions flow adopted by several European countries, France has adopted a Climate Plan in July 2017 with a target of zero net emissions (ZEN) of greenhouse gases, at the 2050 horizon (Quinet, 2019). The introduction of an option to use offset credits from agricultural projects in the European Emissions Trading Scheme (EETS) requires the drafting of a regulation requiring the establishment of the initial level of carbon in the EU soil and verification of the amount of CO2 sequestered by eligible projects. The decision to adopt one or another of the sustainable land management alternatives should not be based solely on their respective benefits in terms of climate change mitigation but rather based on the consideration of the workshops. farm, assessing comprehensively the productivity, resource utilization and environmental impact of the productive system (Pellerin et al., 2017). |
| Abstract: | Les États signataires de l'Accord de Paris de 2015 ont fixé un objectif commun visant à atteindre la neutralité carbone. Selon une logique de flux nets d'émissions adoptée par plusieurs pays européens, la France a adopté en juillet 2017 un Plan Climat visant un objectif de zéro émission nette (ZEN) de gaz à effet de serre, à l'horizon 2050 (Quinet, 2019). L'introduction d'une option d'utilisation des crédits compensatoires provenant de projets agricoles dans le Système européen d'échange de quotas d'émission (EETS) nécessite la rédaction d'un règlement exigeant la fixation du niveau initial de carbone dans le sol de l'UE et la vérification de la quantité de CO2 séquestrée par les entreprises éligibles. projets. La décision d'adopter l'une ou l'autre des solutions de rechange en matière de gestion durable des sols ne devrait pas reposer uniquement sur leurs avantages respectifs en termes d'atténuation des changements climatiques, mais plutôt sur la prise en compte des ateliers. de l'exploitation agricole, en évaluant globalement leur productivité, l'utilisation des ressources et l'impact environnemental du système de production (Pellerin et al., 2017). |
| Keywords: | Cost,Soil,Erosion |
| Date: | 2019–11–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02790409&r=all |
| By: | Hamed Sambo (Université Sorbonne Paris Nord (USPN)) |
| Abstract: | In most countries, migration is a common phenomenon that can have both positive and negative effects on the living conditions of households in the locality of origin. This paper offers new evidence concerning the effect of migration on the food security of households left behind. The evidence is provided for Ethiopia, a country where internal migration is more predominant, and where food insecurity is still acute. The analysis is based on the 2013/2014 and 2015/2016 Ethiopian Socioeconomic Surveys (ESS), which are both nationally representative. In order to address the self-selection bias of migration, the estimation strategy used relies on the Heckman two-stage estimate and several robustness tests. The result indicates that migration negatively affects household per capita calorie intake while it leads to an improvement of their dietary diversity. However, the overall result is more inclined towards a negative effect of migration on the food security of migrant households in Ethiopia. Policies aimed at improving food security in Ethiopia should therefore consider those households among the priority targets. |
| Keywords: | Migration; Food security; Households; Ethiopia |
| JEL: | I31 O15 O55 Q18 R23 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upn:wpaper:2020-05&r=all |
| By: | Renaud Marti (UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UM - Université de Montpellier - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles, Naturalia-Environnement, Ingénierie en écologie); Zhichao Li (Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University); Thibault Catry (UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UM - Université de Montpellier - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles, LMI Sentinela - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UnB - Universidade de Brasilia [Brasília] - FIOCRUZ - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - RIIP - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur); Emmanuel Roux (UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UM - Université de Montpellier - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles, LMI Sentinela - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UnB - Universidade de Brasilia [Brasília] - FIOCRUZ - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - RIIP - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, ICICT/Fiocruz - Institute of Communication and Scientific and Technological Information on Health [Rio de Janeiro, Brasil] - FIOCRUZ - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - RIIP - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur); Morgan Mangeas (ENTROPIE [Nouvelle-Calédonie] - Ecologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien - IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement); Pascal Handschumacher (SESSTIM - U1252 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - UMR 259 IRD - Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, LMI Sentinela - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UnB - Universidade de Brasilia [Brasília] - FIOCRUZ - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - RIIP - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur); Jean Gaudart (SESSTIM - U1252 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - UMR 259 IRD - Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, LMI Sentinela - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UnB - Universidade de Brasilia [Brasília] - FIOCRUZ - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - RIIP - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Annelise Tran (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Laurent Demagistri (UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UM - Université de Montpellier - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles); Jean-François Faure (UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UM - Université de Montpellier - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles); José Joaquín Carvajal (Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias - FIOCRUZ - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - RIIP - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, ILMD - Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - FIOCRUZ - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - RIIP - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, LMI Sentinela - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UnB - Universidade de Brasilia [Brasília] - FIOCRUZ - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - RIIP - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur); Bruna Drumond (ICICT/Fiocruz - Institute of Communication and Scientific and Technological Information on Health [Rio de Janeiro, Brasil] - FIOCRUZ - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - RIIP - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, ENSP - Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca [Rio de Janeiro] - FIOCRUZ - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - RIIP - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, LMI Sentinela - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UnB - Universidade de Brasilia [Brasília] - FIOCRUZ - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - RIIP - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur); Lei Xu (Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University); Vincent Herbreteau (UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UM - Université de Montpellier - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles); Helen Gurgel (Department of Geography - UnB - Universidade de Brasilia [Brasília], LMI Sentinela - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UnB - Universidade de Brasilia [Brasília] - FIOCRUZ - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - RIIP - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur); Nadine Dessay (UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UM - Université de Montpellier - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles, LMI Sentinela - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UnB - Universidade de Brasilia [Brasília] - FIOCRUZ - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - RIIP - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur); Peng Gong (Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Center for Healthy Cities - Tsinghua University [Beijing]) |
| Abstract: | To date, there is no effective treatment to cure dengue fever, a mosquito-borne disease which has a major impact on human populations in tropical and subtropical regions. Although the characteristics of dengue infection are well known, factors associated with landscape are highly scale dependent in time and space, and therefore difficult to monitor. We propose here a mapping review based on 78 articles that study the relationships between landscape factors and urban dengue cases considering household, neighborhood and administrative levels. Landscape factors were retrieved from survey questionnaires, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and remote sensing (RS) techniques. We structured these into groups composed of land cover, land use, and housing type and characteristics, as well as subgroups referring to construction material, urban typology, and infrastructure level. We mapped the co-occurrence networks associated with these Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 932 2 of 82 factors, and analyzed their relevance according to a three-valued interpretation (positive, negative, non significant). From a methodological perspective, coupling RS and GIS techniques with field surveys including entomological observations should be systematically considered, as none digital land use or land cover variables appears to be an univocal determinant of dengue occurrences. Remote sensing urban mapping is however of interest to provide a geographical frame to distribute human population and movement in relation to their activities in the city, and as spatialized input variables for epidemiological and entomological models. |
| Keywords: | Dengue,remote sensing,interdisciplinary,environment,Urban landscape |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02682042&r=all |
| By: | Bortz, Pablo Gabriel; Toftum, Nicole |
| Abstract: | The paper reviews the alternatives available to Emerging Market Economies (EMEs) to finance investment required to mitigate and adapt to climate change. It also takes into account the financial needs to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Since the requirements dwarfs the financial capabilities of the public sector in EMEs, the paper explores possible funding channels focusing on international financial markets. The paper identifies potential obstacles to a smooth and sustainable finance provision, including the influence of the global financial cycle on credit supply, risks related to currency mismatch and creditworthiness assessment, and mispricing of risks. The review also identifies the challenges to the exporting profile and therefore the sustainability of the balance of payments of EMEs. Finally, the paper provides some reflections on the limits of domestic private capital markets to bridge the “environmental financial gap”, and calls for the deeper involvement of specialized and official financial institutions. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Sustainable Development Goals, Financial requirements, international capital markets, green bonds, sustainable finance |
| JEL: | E44 F64 G23 O13 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:101722&r=all |
| By: | Dominique Desbois (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The decision to adopt one or another of the sustainable land management alternatives should not be based solely on their respective benefits in terms of climate change mitigation but also based on the performances of the productive systems used by farm holdings, assessing their environmental impacts through the cost of specific resources used. This communication uses the symbolic data analysis tools in order to analyse the conditional quantile estimates of the fertilizer costs of specific productions in agriculture, as a replacement proxy for internal soil erosion costs. After recalling the conceptual framework of the estimation of agricultural production costs, we present the empirical data model, the quantile regression approach and the interval data techniques used as symbolic data analysis tools, mainly symbolic principal component analysis and symbolic clustering of the estimation intervals. The comparative analysis of econometric results for main products between European regions illustrates the relevance of the displays obtained for inter-regional comparisons based on specific productivity. |
| Abstract: | La décision d'adopter l'une ou l'autre des alternatives de gestion durable des terres ne doit pas être basée uniquement sur leurs avantages respectifs en termes d'atténuation du changement climatique mais également sur les performances des systèmes de production utilisés par les exploitations agricoles, en évaluant leurs impacts environnementaux à travers le coût des ressources spécifiques utilisées. Cette communication utilise les outils de l'analyse de données symboliques afin d'analyser les estimations quantiles conditionnelles des coûts de production spécifique agricole en engrais, comme substitut pour les coûts d'érosion interne des sols. Après avoir rappelé le cadre conceptuel de l'estimation des coûts de production agricole, nous présentons le modèle de données empiriques, l'approche de régression quantile et les techniques de données d'intervalle utilisées comme outils d'analyse des données symboliques, principalement l'analyse des composantes principales symboliques et la classification symbolique des intervalles d'estimation. L'analyse comparative des résultats économétriques des principaux produits entre les régions européennes illustre la pertinence des affichages obtenus pour les comparaisons interrégionales basées sur une productivité spécifique. |
| Keywords: | Production Cost,Interval Data,Symbolic Data Analysis,symbolic principal component analysis,symbolic clustering,Fertilizer Input,Soil Erosion |
| Date: | 2020–01–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02790417&r=all |
| By: | Yuanning Liang; Ivan J. Rudik; Eric Zou; Alison Johnston; Amanda D. Rodewald; Catherine L. Kling |
| Abstract: | Massive wildlife losses over the past 50 years have brought new urgency to identifying both the drivers of population decline and potential solutions. We provide the first large-scale evidence that air pollution, specifically ozone, is associated with declines in bird abundance in the United States. We show that an air pollution regulation limiting industrial emissions during summer ozone seasons has generated substantial benefits in conserving bird populations. Our results imply that air quality improvements over the past four decades have substantially slowed the decline in bird populations, preventing a loss of 1.5 billion birds, approximately 20 percent of current totals. Our results highlight that in addition to protecting human health, air pollution regulations have previously unrecognized and unquantified conservation co-benefits. |
| JEL: | Q53 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27415&r=all |
| By: | Raghunathan, Kalyani; Kumar, Neha; Gupta, Shivani; Chauhan, Tarana; Kathuria, Ashi Kohli; Menon, Purnima |
| Abstract: | Despite improvements over the last decade or more, India still accounts for a large proportion of the global prevalence of maternal and child undernutrition. We use a cluster-randomized controlled design and two waves of panel data on more than 2000 households from Bihar to analyse the impact on diet quality and anthropometry of a health and nutrition intervention delivered through an at-scale women’s self-help group (SHGs) platform. We find that the intervention had small but significant impacts on women and children’s dietary diversity, with the main impacts coming from an increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables and dairy, however, it had no impact on women’s body mass index. We identify several potential pathways to impact. To the extent that SHGs can effect broad-based social change, their current reach to millions of women makes them a powerful platform for accelerating improvements in maternal and child health and nutrition outcomes. |
| Keywords: | INDIA; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA; nutrition; maternal nutrition; self-help groups; randomized controlled trials; anthropometry; maternal and child health; health; diet; body mass index; women; children; empowerment; gender; women's empowerment; rural areas; behavior change communication |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1936&r=all |
| By: | Xavier Leflaive (OECD); Marit Hjort (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Where they exist, tariffs for water supply and sanitation services face a tension between different policy objectives, such as ensuring the financial sustainability of service provision and ensuring access to all, including vulnerable and poor social groups. Governments (local and national) resort to a range of measures to reconcile these objectives and address social consequences of tariffs: tariff levels and structures, nudging, budgetary transfers, targeted social measures. The paper revisits most common practices and discusses their pros and cons, and requisites to make them work. It provides up-to-date analyses on a series of related issues, such as definitions of affordability, principle for cost recovery, benefits and costs of metering, elasticity of domestic water use to prices, fiscal transfers to water services. The paper is informed by recent academic research, data on selected countries, and interactions with OECD bodies. |
| JEL: | D12 D63 H4 H23 H53 H54 L95 L98 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:166-en&r=all |
| By: | Wendy Janssens (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Menno Pradhan (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Richard de Groot (Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development); Estelle Sidze (African Population & Health Research Centre); Hermann Donfouet (African Population & Health Research Centre); Amanuel Abajobir (African Population & Health Research Centre) |
| Abstract: | This research assesses how low-income households in Western Kenya coped with the immediate economic consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak. It uses granular financial data from weekly household interviews covering six weeks before the first case was detected in Kenya to five weeks after. Our results suggest that income from work decreased with almost one third and income from gifts and remittances reduced by more than one third since the start of the pandemic. Nevertheless, household expenditures on food remained at pre-outbreak levels after preventive measures were implemented. We do not find evidence that households coped with reduced income through increased borrowing, selling assets or withdrawing savings. Instead, they gave out less gifts and remittances themselves, lent less money to others and postponed loan repayments. Moreover, they significantly reduced expenditures on schooling and transportation, related to the school closures and travel restrictions. Taken together and despite their affected livelihoods, households managed to keep food consumption at par, but this came at the cost of reduced informal risk-sharing and social support between households. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, lockdown, economic effects, food security, risk-coping, East-Africa, Kenya |
| JEL: | I38 O12 I15 |
| Date: | 2020–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20200040&r=all |
| By: | Robert C. Feenstra; Chang Hong |
| Abstract: | In December 2019, the United States and China reached a Phase One trade agreement, under which China committed to purchase more imports from the United States: $12.5 billion more agricultural imports in 2020 and $19.5 billion more in 2021, as compared to 2017. We show that the most efficient way for China to increase its imports from the United States is to mimic the effect of an import subsidy. If China’s agricultural imports did not otherwise grow from their 2017 values, then the subsidies would need to be 42% and 59% to meet the 2020 and 2021 targets, respectively. These effective subsidies mean that China would divert agricultural imports away from other countries. We find that this trade diversion is especially strong for Australia and Canada, followed by Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. |
| JEL: | F14 F53 Q17 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27383&r=all |
| By: | Ojo, Idowu Oladeji |
| Abstract: | Purpose: This paper examines the economics of cashew nut processing in Ondo state using JOF Ideal Family Farms Limited, Owo as a case study. It specifically examined the socio-economic characteristics of the workers of the company, the by-products derived from cashew nuts processing and the costs and returns associated with cashew nut processing and the major constraints associated with the processing of cashew nuts in the company. Research design, data and methodology: Purposive sampling was used to select JOF Ideal Family Farms Limited, Owo as the case study being the only cashew nut processing company in the state. Descriptive statistics such as mean, mode, median, frequency distribution, the use of tables etc. were employed to know the socio-economic characteristics of workers of the company, the byproducts derived from processed cashew nuts and the problems associated with cashew nut processing. The cost and returns of the cashew nut processing were determined using the Gross margin analysis. Results: Findings revealed that 16.7% of the workers were within ages 21 and 30 years while 83.3% of them were between 31 and 40 years. 11.1% of the workers are skilled while 88.9% of them are unskilled. The Gross margin analysis showed that the company cashew nut processing is profitable with Margin of ₦ 29,192,000 and ₦ 60,870,000 in year 2011 and 2012 respectively. Conclusion: Based on findings from the study, Cashew nut processing is profitable in the study area. In spite of the fact that cashew nut processing has numerous potentials to create employment, especially for women, its level of production is still low. To mention few, the study recommended that more farmers especially the youths should engage in cashew farming, this will increase the availability of cashew nuts for the processing industries. Government should provide adequate mechanization and incentive to reduce drudgery of cashew nut processing in the state. |
| Keywords: | Cashew nut,JOF,Economics,Ondo state,processing |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esrepo:222258&r=all |
| By: | Rangel, Marcos; Thomas, Duncan |
| Abstract: | Extremely rich data on farm households in Burkina Faso are used to test whether resources are allocated Pareto efficiently. The complexity of household structures, including multi-generation and polygynous households, is taken into account to developing tests from theoretical models of behavior. Credible measures of bargaining power are constructed exploiting the fact that individuals within a household have well-defined property rights over the plots they own. Using data on consumption choices, we establish that in farm households headed by a monogamous couple (with no co-resident adult sons), resource allocations are consistent with efficiency. In more complex household structures, including polygynous households, efficiency in allocations is not rejected in models that allow more than two household members to have agency in decision-making. In contrast, tests for efficiency based on whether the same farm households maximize profits by equating marginal products across plots are rejected for all household types. Further, these same tests indicate individuals do not equate marginal products across their own plots. We conclude, therefore, that tests of models of resource allocation based on production-side decisions are likely to be misleading. In contrast, the consumption-side tests provide novel insights into the nature of decision-making within complex households. |
| Keywords: | Consumption; Household resource allocation; Pareto efficiency; Production |
| JEL: | J1 O13 Q15 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:14278&r=all |
| By: | Christoph Lakner; Daniel Gerszon Mahler; Mario Negre; Espen Beer Prydz |
| Abstract: | The goals of ending extreme poverty by 2030 and working towards a more equal distribution of incomes are part of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Using data from 166 countries comprising 97.5% of the world’s population, we simulate scenarios for global poverty from 2019 to 2030 under various assumptions about growth and inequality. We use different assumptions about growth incidence curves to model changes in inequality, and rely on a machine-learning algorithm called model-based recursive partitioning to model how growth in GDP is passed through to growth as observed in household surveys. When holding within-country inequality unchanged and letting GDP per capita grow according to World Bank forecasts and historically observed growth rates, our simulations suggest that the number of extreme poor (living on less than $1.90/day) will remain above 600 million in 2030, resulting in a global extreme poverty rate of 7.4%. If the Gini index in each country decreases by 1% per year, the global poverty rate could reduce to around 6.3% in 2030, equivalent to 89 million fewer people living in extreme poverty. Reducing each country’s Gini index by 1% per year has a larger impact on global poverty than increasing each country’s annual growth 1 percentage points above forecasts. We also study the impact of COVID-19 on poverty and find that the pandemic may have driven around 60 million people into extreme poverty in 2020. If the virus increased the Gini by 2% in all countries, then more than 90 million may have been driven into extreme poverty in 2020. Length: 33 pages |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbgpmt:13&r=all |
| By: | Tegegne, Azage; Feye, Getachew Legese |
| Abstract: | Ethiopia is endowed with significant livestock resources and holds the largest livestock population in Africa, estimated at around 60 million cattle, 60 million sheep and goats, 52 million chickens, 4.5 million camels, 10 million bee colonies and 7.2 million equines. The livestock production and management system in Ethiopia is mainly extensive, where indigenous breeds are kept under lowinput/low-output husbandry practices. This study is part of a multi-country African livestock innovation study covering three East and West African countries (Ethiopia, Kenya and Mali) supported by the Program of Accompanying Research for Agricultural Innovation (PARI). The purpose of the study was to provide guidance to policy makers and private and public investors on promising innovations in Ethiopian livestock value chains and their contexts, which could enable transformation of the livestock sector. The study also aimed at providing private and public decision-makers with guidance on investment opportunities building on a review of broad trends of Ethiopian livestock development and in-depth analyses of success stories from selected innovations to encourage wider lesson-learning and knowledge-sharing. The study is based on a desk review of important documents, key informant interviews, consultations with major stakeholders on respective innovations and analyses of official customs data and other data from the national statistical agency of the country. The study focused on four selected livestock innovations: beekeeping, feed production and marketing, integrated feedlot operation and index-based livestock insurance. These innovations were selected at an inception workshop held in Kenya, Nairobi, in October 2019. Results of the study reveal the possibility to increase honey production six fold through improved frame hive, from the current level of 15-20 kg/hive/year to 90-120 kg/hive/year by raising farmers’ skill and knowledge on apiary site management, and facilitating access to inputs. On the other hand, an assessment of feed innovations revealed attractive investment opportunities in the harvesting, conserving and proper utilization of crop residues, hay and other feed resources. Harvesting and conservation of crop residues alone can create employment opportunities for over 245,000 youths for two months a year. Investments in industries that produce feed premixes and additives to supply the Ethiopian livestock sector also hold promise, in light of imports over 4,000 tons of these feed ingredients per annum an. Investment in integrated feed production, feedlot operation, slaughter and export of beef is also indicated as an promising business opportunity to enhance benefits from the Ethiopian beef industry. Index-based livestock insurance is also found to be a scalable innovation in the Ethiopian livestock industry that can benefit both livestock producers and the financial sector actors. The study has shown adoption and impact, trade-offs/externalities, potential for scaling and broad policy and development implications of all the four selected livestock innovations in Ethiopia. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubonwp:303881&r=all |
| By: | Anderson, Kym |
| Abstract: | Asia's alcohol consumption, and its retail expenditure on each of beer, distilled spirits and grape wine, have more than doubled so far this century. In the process, the mix of beverages in Asia's consumption of alcohol has been converging on that of the west as wine's share rises. Since Asia's beverage production has not kept up with its expansion in demand, imports net of exports are increasingly filling the gap - especially for wine. This paper analyses trends in consumption and imports for the region and key Asian countries, and provides projections to 2025 using a new model of global beverage markets. |
| Keywords: | beverage market projections; Changes in beverage tastes; impacts of tax and trade policies; premiumization of alcohol consumption |
| JEL: | F14 F17 L66 Q13 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:14389&r=all |
| By: | Andrea Pronti (University of Ferrara, Department of Economics and Management); Julio Berbel (Department of Agricultural Economics, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain) |
| Abstract: | The impact of water-pricing policy in irrigated agriculture in Emilia Romagna (Italy) is evaluated through the analysis of farmers’ water use whereby a flat-rate tariff (2013-2015) is replaced by a two-tier scheme composed of a flat rate plus a volumetric tariff (2016-2018). The policy assessment is performed by an innovative ‘Inverse-DiD’ approach based on the reverse application of the Difference in Differences method. The results indicate that farmers reacted to volumetric pricing by reducing water use per hectare to 56%. The high responsiveness may be explained by the combined impact of volumetric metering itself and the small price increase from the previous flat rate (zero marginal price) to a moderate volumetric tariff (from 0.025 to 0.044). |
| Keywords: | Difference in Differences, Water pricing, Policy assessment, Irrigation Water Management, Emilia-Romagna |
| JEL: | Q12 Q25 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:1320&r=all |
| By: | Simone Pieralli (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | This study provides an economic method to identify the impact of changes in stochastic (climatic) and non-stochastic (farm managed) inputs on the production of a representative sample of French field crop farms between 1990 and 2015. This economic decompositionmethod specifically attributes output changes to the impact of soil characteristics, climatic variables, non-stochastic farm managed inputs, and technological adaptation change. We quantify these impacts by decomposing product changes over time via Luenberger-type indicators, through a second-order flexible parametric technology estimation. We identify large disruptive effects due to climatic variables, especially since the beginning of this century. |
| Abstract: | Cette étude fournit une méthodologie économique permettant d'identifier l'impact des modifications des intrants stochastiques (climatiques) et non stochastiques (gérés par les exploitations agricoles) sur la production d'un échantillon représentatif de grandes cultures françaises entre 1990 et 2015. Cette méthode de décomposition économique attribue spécifiquement les changements de production à l'impact des caractéristiques du sol, des variables climatiques, des intrants non stochastiques gérés par les exploitations et au changement de l'adaptation technologique. Nous quantifions ces impacts en décomposant l'évolution du produit dans le temps au moyen d'indicateurs de type Luenberger, avec une technologie paramétrique flexible de second ordre. Nous identifions des effets perturbateurs importants dus aux variables climatiques, en particulier depuis le début de ce siècle. |
| Keywords: | weather,France,climatic variability,agricultural production |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02786610&r=all |
| By: | bahri, muhamad |
| Abstract: | The reservoir usually has multiple functions such as hydropower and water distribution for different end users. Multiple functions and multiple agents also mean there are tradeoffs among multiple functions among different end users. Through feedback loops, the system dynamics tools concern on the interdependency and the complexity of the nexus elements. This paper applies the system archetypes in investigating water-energy-food-land nexus (WEFLN) in the Jatiluhur reservoir, the largest reservoir in Indonesia. Using the system archetypes. It is found that there are growth engines to support industrial, residential, and fisheries sectors. However, water availability will be a crucial issue that possibly bounds the growth engines. This situation is called the limits to growth archetype. Another system archetype, the success to successful, is also identified. This archetype reminds us the distribution of water and power should be adjusted accordingly to sustain the growth in all sectors including industry, residence, and fisheries. |
| Date: | 2020–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:c9b7d&r=all |