|
on Agricultural Economics |
|
Issue of 2020‒03‒30
35 papers chosen by |
| By: | Emmanuelle Augeraud-Véron (Université de Bordeaux, France); Giorgio Fabbri (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France); Katheline Schubert (Paris School of Economics, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, France) |
| Abstract: | We study a model of strategic competition among farmers for land use in an agricultural economy. Each agent can take possession of a part of the collective forest land and convert it to farming. Unconverted forest land helps preserving biodiversity, which contributes to reducing the volatility of agricultural production. Agents' utility is given in terms of a Kreps Porteus stochastic differential utility capable of disentangling risk aversion and aversion to fluctuations. We characterize the land used by each farmer and her welfare at the Nash equilibrium, we evaluate the over-exploitation of the land and the agents' welfare loss compared to the socially optimal solution and we study the drivers of the inefficiencies of the decentralized equilibrium. After characterizing the value of biodiversity in the model, we use an appropriate decomposition to study the policy implications of the model by identifying in which cases the allocation of property rights is preferable to the introduction of a land conversion tax. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity, insurance value,land conversion, recursive preferences, stochastic differential games |
| JEL: | Q56 Q58 Q10 Q15 O13 O20 C73 D62 |
| Date: | 2020–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctl:louvir:2020011&r=all |
| By: | Ebun Akinsete (ICRE8); Alice Guittard (ICRE8); Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | Coastal and sea regions not only concentrate populations and intensive economic activity but also environmental stresses and higher levels of pollution. On the other hand, rural hinterlands face depopulation and often economic recession while still environmentally impacting coastal regions. Land-based activities (agriculture, forestry, industries and urbanization) are directly and indirectly impacting land, coastal and sea ecosystems (soil and river pollutions, marine water eutrophication, etc.), the coastal region are the downstream recipient of land use negative practice externalities. At river basin scale, despite the fact that land-based ecosystems are linked to coastal and sea ecosystems through water flows, the understanding of these links remains limited partly due to sectorized and fragmented research and governance practices. At the European policy level, legislations follow these spatial and sectoral approaches, the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategic Framework Directive (MSFD) which seek to achieve 'Good Environmental Status' of rivers and marine water respectively, but both lack interconnections and common working principles. Although river water flows directly impact coastal and marine waters, neither the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) nor the Integrate Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) principles sufficiently address the gaps between sea management, coastal management and inland management. The EU H2020 COASTAL project adopts an innovative source-to-sea approach where at river basin scale, sea, coastal and rural regions are seen as a whole and single ecosystem. The project seeks to improve land-sea synergies in strategic business and policy decision making, and collaborations between coastal and rural stakeholders in order to (1) create connections between land ecosystems and coastal ecosystems, for sustainable use and management of theses ecosystems as well as reaching the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) pertaining to the sustainable use of freshwater (SDG 6), seas (SDG14), terrestrial ecosystems (SDG 15) and climate change impacts (SDG13); (2) support sustainable growth in rural, coastal and marine sectors by fostering cross-sectoral collaborations; (3) develop links between EU WFD, MFD and CAP by developing policy alternatives for coastal-rural areas. The COASTAL project adopts a strong participatory multi-actor, bottom-up approach based on collaboration between rural, coastal and sea stakeholders. The methodology and tools used combine local and scientific knowledge to explore and analyse social, environmental and economic land-sea interactions in a collaborative System-Dynamic framework to identify problems and develop practical and robust business road maps and strategic policy guidelines to improve land-sea synergies and coastal-rural collaborations. The project adopts an interactive approach via Multi-Actors Labs (MALs) centered around 6 selected coastal regions (in Belgium, Sweden, Romania, Greece, Spain and France) with both common as well as unique opportunities and challenges. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2007&r=all |
| By: | Kurdi, Sikandra; Mahmoud, Mai; Abay, Kibrom A.; Breisinger, Clemens |
| Abstract: | As part of a national policy to ensure a certain level of food self-sufficiency in strategic crops, the government of Egypt subsidizes nitrogen fertilizer directly by distributing quotas of subsidized fertilizers to farmers and indirectly by subsidizing natural gas used by local fertilizer factories. The implication of this subsidy on farmers’ fertilizer demand and productivity remains unknown. Using a detailed agricultural survey collected from smallholder farmers in Upper Egypt, we show that nitrogen fertilizer application rates are substantially in excess of crop-specific agronomic recommendations. We exploit eligibility criteria and other sources of variation to show that farm plots with easier access to the subsidy tend to use more subsidized nitrogen fertilizer and less phosphate fertilizer. Easier access to the subsidy increases use of total nitrogen fertilizer per unit of land, mainly because of the increase in subsidized nitrogen fertilizer. In particular, the fertilizer subsidy program in Egypt is associated with significant overapplication of nitrogen fertilizer. Such overapplication of fertilizer is expected to adversely affect soil, water, and environmental health. Our findings have important policy implications for Egypt and other African countries known for input subsidy programs. As Egypt is currently moving on from the successful implementation of a comprehensive macroeconomic reform program towards sector-level reforms, our results suggest that eliminating fertilizer subsidies is a good place to start. |
| Keywords: | EGYPT, ARAB COUNTRIES, MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA, YEMEN, SOUTHWESTERN ASIA, ASIA, fertilizers, subsidies, support measures, application rates, agriculture, nitrogen fertilizers, farmers, agricultural policies, input subsidies, overapplication |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:menawp:27&r=all |
| By: | Julia Jouan (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Julia Heinrichs (Institute of Food and Ressource Economics, University of Bonn); Wolfgang Britz (Institute for Food and Ressource Economics, University of Bonn); Christoph Pahmeyer (Institute for Food and Ressource Economics, University of Bonn) |
| Abstract: | Legumes can limit the impact of agricultural systems on the environment by limiting N fertilization, diversifying crop rotation and substituting imported protein-rich feed. However, their production remains low in the European Union, which led to specific policies. France established Voluntary Coupled Support scheme for legumes. Germany did not introduce a coupled support, but provides more favorable implementation of the Nitrates Directive for legumes by allowing spreading manure on these crops. Our study assesses economic and environmental impacts of the coupled support and measures of the Nitrates Directive affecting legume production in France and Germany. We employ the bio-economic model FarmDyn, parameterized for a typical dairy farm in France and Germany. Legumes are introduced as cash crops and on-farm feed, highlighting interactions between crop and animal productions.Different levels of coupled support per hectare were analyzed and the French versus the German implementation of the Nitrates Directive were compared. Results suggest that voluntary coupled support leads to an increase in legume production but to a lesser extend in the German farm than in the French farm, due to higher opportunity costs of legumes. In both farms, the increase in legume production leads to limited environmental benefits: nitrogen leaching and global warming potential slightly decrease. In the French farm, the German implementation of the Nitrates Directive fosters legume production. Thus, this study shows that allowing manure spreading on legumes can help reaching high legume production in livestock farms. However, this further increase in legume production does not lead to environmental benefits. Thus, allowing manure spreading on legumes to increase their production should be justified by other goals such as improving the protein self-sufficiency of the farm. |
| Keywords: | protein crop,mathematical programming,bio-economic model,global warming potential,nitrates directive |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02501428&r=all |
| By: | Alix-Garcia,Jennifer M.; Sims,Katharine R. Emans; Orozco Olvera,Victor Hugo; Costica,Laura Elena; Fernandez Medina.Jorge David; Romo-Monroy,Sofia; Pagiola,Stefano P. |
| Abstract: | Environmental conditional cash transfers, or"payments for ecosystem services"are a centerpiece of global efforts to protect biodiversity, safeguard watersheds, and mitigate climate change by reducing forest loss. This paper evaluates the impacts of Mexico's national payments for ecosystem services program, which provides five years of payments to landowners in exchange for maintaining and managing natural land cover. Using a regression discontinuity design, the paper studies impacts on environmental, socioeconomic, and social capital outcomes for the 2011-14 program cohorts. The analysis finds that treated communities increased management activities to protect land cover, such as patrolling for illegal conversion or combatting soil erosion (by 48 percent compared to controls). The program reduced the loss of tree cover in areas at high risk of deforestation (by 29 percent compared to controls), with effects being larger for those that have been in the program the longest (38 percent compared to controls). These results are similar to estimates of impact for earlier program cohorts and continue to highlight the importance of targeting the program to areas of high risk of land cover loss to increase environmental effectiveness. The program continued to reach poor communities and households, but estimated impacts on household wealth indicators are small in magnitude and not statistically significant. These results indicate that community-level conditional payments did not harm household-level socioeconomic indicators, a key safeguard requirement of conservation policies of the United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. The data also show that payments for ecosystem services significantly increased community social capital -- the institutions, attitudes, and values that govern human interactions -- (by 9 percent compared to controls), and these externally provided incentives did not crowd out household contributions to other community work. |
| Keywords: | Global Environment,Environmental Disasters&Degradation,Global Environment Facility,Biodiversity,Disability,Economic Assistance,Access of Poor to Social Services,Services&Transfers to Poor,Natural Resources Management,Forests and Forestry,Forestry,Sustainable Land and Crop Management,Environmental Protection,Forestry Management,Natural Resources Management and Rural Issues,Energy and Natural Resources,Coastal and Marine Resources,Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2019–01–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8707&r=all |
| By: | Saumya Verma (Lady Shri Ram College,University of Delhi); Shreekant Gupta (Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics); Partha Sen (Centre for Development Economics, Delhi School of Economics & CESifo) |
| Abstract: | THow would climate change affect India’s agriculture which accounts for sixty percent of employment? We study the impact of climate change on the level and variability of yields of rice (India’s major food crop) and two key millet crops (sorghum and pearl millet), using an all India district level panel dataset from 1966-2011. A stochastic production function is estimated with exogenous climate anomalies. We find that climate change adversely affects both the level and variability of crop yields - rice yields are reduced by rainfall extremes whereas extremely high temperatures make yields of all three crops highly variable with the biggest impact on millets. |
| JEL: | Q54 O13 D24 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cde:cdewps:305&r=all |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Lydia Papadaki |
| Abstract: | This chapter is based on the work of DAFNE project, a decision analytic framework to explore the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus in complex transboundary water resources of fast countries. In particular, we develop three geo- and temporally-referenced scenarios under economic growth and climate change in the Zambezi river basin (ZRB), which is the 4th largest river basin in Africa and located in eight different countries 1. The future scenarios are conceptually driven by the selected combination of the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) and the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP 4.5). As baseline is used the SSP2 or the Business-as-usual pathway following a pattern of action that is consistent with the experience of the last century. The time horizon of the explored case study ZRB shared by eight countries is the period from 2018 to 2060. The aim of this work is to develop a better understanding of the WEF nexus by providing the input to a cost-benefit optimization model aiming to optimally allocate over time and space water-energy-food. WEF nexus is a complex situation to be modeled due to the trade-offs among the different sectors of the economy, p.es. energy production and irrigation, governance and common property challenges. The findings show that the water, energy and food requirements are expected to double during the period of interest considering only demographic development, while economic development and international trade will put an additional burden to the supply chain in meeting those goals. |
| Keywords: | Modelling tool, integrated assessment, river basin, demographic index, water, electricity and food projections, economic indexes forecast, nexus, Africa. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2004&r=all |
| By: | Chaoran Chen; Diego Restuccia; Raul Santaeulalia-Llopis |
| Abstract: | We assess the effects of land markets on misallocation and productivity by exploiting effective variation in land rentals across time and space arising from a large-scale land certification reform in Ethiopia, where land remains owned by the state. Our main finding from detailed micro panel data is that land rentals substantially reduce misallocation and increase agricultural productivity. Our evidence builds from an empirical difference-in-difference strategy and a calibrated quantitative macroeconomic framework with heterogeneous household-farms that replicates---without targeting---the empirical effects, an outcome that externally validates our model. The empirical effects are nonlinear---impacting more farms farther away from efficient operational scale, consistent with our theory. Further, counterfactual model experiments suggest that the land reform reduces income inequality, is relatively scalable and explains a sizeable proportion of the full extent of misallocation. Additional insights on the role of (in)formality in land markets and its effects on technology adoption are provided. |
| Keywords: | Land markets, rentals, effects, misallocation, productivity, inequality, micro data, quantitative macro, informal markets, technology, fertilizers. |
| JEL: | E02 O10 O11 O13 O43 O55 Q15 Q18 Q24 |
| Date: | 2020–03–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tor:tecipa:tecipa-661&r=all |
| By: | Eissler, Sarah; Sanou, Armande; Heckert, Jessica; Myers, Emily; Nignan, Safiatou; Thio, Elisabeth; Pitropia, Lucienne Amélie; Ganaba, Rasmané; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Gelli, Aulo |
| Abstract: | The SELEVER study is a five-year impact evaluation designed to address key knowledge gaps on the impact of a poultry value chain intervention on the diets, health, and nutritional status of women and children in Burkina Faso. This report qualitatively examines the SELEVER program’s impact on women’s empowerment and intra-household gender dynamics in relation to food production and allocation, as well as control and use over poultry resources in the study areas. Six villages across five provinces were purposively selected for this study. Data were collected using multiple qualitative methods. In each village, we conducted four sex-disaggregated focus group discussions, and semi-structured individual interviews were held with a man and a woman from two different households. Sex-disaggregated seasonal calendars were created for half of the villages. Interviews were also conducted with project service providers in each community, including group leaders (n=13), voluntary vaccinators (n=10), and poultry traders (n=6). A mix of inductive and deductive thematic coding guided the analysis of the data. Men and women participants described an empowered woman in terms of her confidence, how she spent her time, financial capacity, and freedom of movement. SELEVER beneficiaries illuminated how gender norms were shifting related to household activities and women’s empowerment, such that young boys are now washing dishes and women earn additional incomes from raising her own poultry. Yet results suggest that women’s empowerment may threaten men and their masculinity, an important tension of which SELEVER and other projects should be cognizant. Participants perceived that while SELEVER has increased women’s access to the necessary resources and capacity to raise quality poultry, and their incomes, women still lack full latitude to make decisions around when to sell or kill their bird. Instead they must rely on their husbands’ permission. Beneficiaries are more aware of the benefits of consuming poultry products, yet barriers persist for actual consumption. This report further details the intersectional nature of these findings, which will be important to consider. The differences in women’s role in monogamous versus polygynous households is especially important to consider in interpreting the program impacts and further strengthening the program delivery activities. The SELEVER program has improved outcomes for women across the village sites in terms of empowerment, awareness raising, and behavior change. Yet barriers and challenges, often rooted in social norms, persist for women’s involvement in poultry production, their empowerment, and the potential for the SELEVER program to improve diets of household members. |
| Keywords: | BURKINA FASO; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; empowerment; gender; women; agriculture; nutrition; value chains; poultry; diet; nutrition-sensitive agriculture; nutrition-sensitive value chains; poultry production; SELEVER |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1913&r=all |
| By: | Lecoutere, Els; Spielman, David J.; Van Campenhout, Bjorn |
| Abstract: | Women often have less access to agricultural information than men, constraining their participation in decision-making on crops, technologies, and practices. In the design of agricultural extension programs, women may be viewed as insignificant actors in agricultural production. Moreover, even if their role is recognized, valuable information on production does not flow freely within the household from men to women. Among groups of maize-farming households in eastern Uganda, we explore the impacts on women’s empowerment from the use of gender-responsive information and communication technologies to provide extension services, specifically videos that feature women as information providers. The research tests the relative impact of the videos, contrasting their informational effects versus their role model effects, on women’s knowledge, their agency, and their achievements in farming. The results show that targeting women with information increases their achievements in farming. |
| Keywords: | UGANDA, EAST AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, empowerment, gender, women, agricultural extension, information, decision making, agricultural extension, maize, rural areas, digitalization, agricultural information, agricultural extension services, maize-farming households |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:prnote:pnmarch2020&r=all |
| By: | Francis Declerck (ESSEC Business School - Essec Business School); Jean-Pierre Indjehagopian (ESSEC Business School - Essec Business School); Frédéric Lantz (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at explaining the major drivers of biodiesel market prices by examining agricultural resource prices and gasoil prices for automotive fuels in the context of the EU environmental policy. The EU policy has enhanced biodiesel production since 2006. Biodiesel prices are impacted by the EU policy as well as rapeseed and oil prices which have fluctuated a lot over the last decade. An econometric analysis was performed using monthly data from November 2006 to January 2016. However, tests for structural breaks show several changes in price behavior. This leads us to estimate a regime-switching model which reveals two main regimes for the biodiesel price pattern. When oil prices are high, biodiesel, rapeseed and diesel oil prices are related, mainly driven by oil prices. When oil prices are low, biodiesel prices are mostly related to rapeseed prices according to EU regulations requiring the blending of biodiesel and gasoil. |
| Keywords: | switching regime model,biofuel,oil market,structural changes |
| Date: | 2020–02–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02487491&r=all |
| By: | Diego Restuccia; Chaoran Chen; Raul Santaeulalia-Llopis |
| Abstract: | We assess the effects of land markets on misallocation and productivity by exploiting effective variation in land rentals across time and space arising from a large-scale land certifcation reform in Ethiopia, where land remains owned by the state. Our main fnding from detailed micro panel data is that land rentals substantially reduce misallocation and increase agricultural productivity. Our evidence builds from an empirical difference-in-difference strategy and a calibrated quantitative macroeconomic framework with heterogeneous household-farms that replicates|without targeting|the empirical effects, an outcome that externally validates our model. The empirical effects are nonlinear|impacting more farms farther away from effcient operational scale, consistent with our theory. Further, counterfactual model experiments suggest that the land reform reduces income inequality, is relatively scalable and explains a sizeable proportion of the full extent of misallocation. Additional insights on the role of (in)formality in land markets and its effects on technology adoption are provided |
| Keywords: | Land markets, rentals, effects, misallocation, productivity, inequality, micro data, quantitative macro, informal markets, technology, fertilizers |
| JEL: | E02 O10 O11 O13 O43 O55 Q15 Q18 Q24 |
| Date: | 2020–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tor:tecipa:tecipa-660&r=all |
| By: | Claudiu Albulescu (CRIEF - Centre de Recherche sur l'Intégration Economique et Financière - Université de Poitiers); Aviral Tiwari (ICFAI University Tripura - ICFAI University Tripura); Qiang Ji |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the extreme dependencies between energy, agriculture and metal commodity markets, with a focus on local co-movements, allowing the identification of asymmetries and changing trend in the degree of co-movements. More precisely, starting from a non-parametric mixture copula, we use a novel copula-based local Kendall's tau approach to measure nonlinear local dependence in regions. In all pairs of commodity indexes, we find increased co-movements in extreme situations, a stronger dependence between energy and other commodity markets at lower tails, and a 'V-type' local dependence for the energy-metal pairs. The three-dimensional Kendall's tau plot for upper tails in quantiles shows asymmetric co-movements in the energy-metal pairs, which tend to become negative at peak returns. Therefore, we show that the energy market can offer diversification solutions for risk management in the case of extreme bull market events. |
| Keywords: | energy prices,commodity markets,local dependence,co-movements and contagion,mixture copula,local Kendall's tau JEL Classification: C22 |
| Date: | 2020–03–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02501815&r=all |
| By: | Pape,Utz Johann; Wollburg,Philip Randolph |
| Abstract: | Understanding the magnitude and importance of income shocks, such as drought or conflict, in causing and perpetuating poverty is critical to designing policies aimed at building resilience and contributing toward the goal of ending poverty. This paper uses micro-data from two waves of the Somali High Frequency Survey to assess the impact of the severe drought that Somalia experienced in 2016/17 on poverty, hunger, and consumption. The analysis uses a regression framework to quantify the effects of the drought, relying on spatial variation in drought exposure and the timing of data collection, which took place before and during the drought, for identification. The drought is found to have a sizable effect on poverty, consumption, and hunger in rural areas, where agricultural households and those lacking access to infrastructure and basic services are most severely affected. A renewed drought shock could lead to an increase in poverty of 9 percentage points. The findings underscore the importance of investing in rural resilience, especially among agricultural households. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disasters,Inequality,Food Security,Nutrition,Gender and Development,Environmental Engineering,Health and Sanitation,Water and Human Health,Small Private Water Supply Providers,Water Supply and Sanitation Economics,Town Water Supply and Sanitation,Sanitation and Sewerage,Engineering,Sanitary Environmental Engineering |
| Date: | 2019–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8698&r=all |
| By: | Osman Gulseven; Kasirga Yildirak |
| Abstract: | This study estimates the risk contributions of individual European countries regarding the indemnity payments in agricultural insurance. We model the total risk exposure as an insurance portfolio where each country is unique in terms of its risk characteristics. The data has been collected from the recent surveys conducted by the European Commission and the World Bank. Farm Accountancy Data Network is used as well. 22 out of 26 member states are included in the study. The results suggest that the EuroMediterranean countries are the major risk contributors. These countries not only have the highest expected loss but also high volatility of indemnity payments. Nordic countries have the lowest indemnity payments and risk exposure. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2003.05726&r=all |
| By: | Claudiu Albulescu (CRIEF); Aviral Tiwari; Qiang Ji |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the extreme dependencies between energy, agriculture and metal commodity markets, with a focus on local co-movements, allowing the identification of asymmetries and changing trend in the degree of co-movements. More precisely, starting from a non-parametric mixture copula, we use a novel copula-based local Kendall's tau approach to measure nonlinear local dependence in regions. In all pairs of commodity indexes, we find increased co-movements in extreme situations, a stronger dependence between energy and other commodity markets at lower tails, and a 'V-type' local dependence for the energy-metal pairs. The three-dimensional Kendall's tau plot for upper tails in quantiles shows asymmetric co-movements in the energy-metal pairs, which tend to become negative at peak returns. Therefore, we show that the energy market can offer diversification solutions for risk management in the case of extreme bull market events. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2003.04007&r=all |
| By: | Marie-Eve Laporte (GREGOR - Groupe de Recherche en Gestion des Organisations - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - IAE Paris - Sorbonne Business School) |
| Abstract: | Distinguishing between perceived health and nutritional risks to improve eating behaviors Food is closely associated with well-being and health. In return, it also causes concerns. The present research studies perception of food risk through its two dimensions: (1) perception of health risk in the short term and (2) perception of nutritional risk in the long term. Two quantitative studies verify in France that consumers distinguish both dimensions and that perception of nutritional risk is now prominent. Implementing tighter standards against health risk has paradoxically created a distance between consumers and their plate, increasing perception of nutritional risk. The latter should be taken into account to reassure consumers, without overlooking health risk. The present paper analyses practical tools to do so. |
| Abstract: | L'alimentation est étroitement liée au bien-être et à la santé. De ce fait, elle suscite aussi des inquiétudes. La présente recherche étudie la perception du risque alimentaire à travers ses deux dimensions théoriques : (1) la perception de risque sanitaire à court terme et (2) la perception de risque nutritionnel à long terme. Elle vérifie par deux études quantitatives en France que les consommateurs distinguent ces deux dimensions et que la seconde est désormais prépondérante. Le renforcement des normes pour lutter contre le risque sanitaire a paradoxalement créé une distance entre le consommateur et son assiette, accroissant la perception de risque nutritionnel. Il apparaît nécessaire de prendre celle-ci en compte pour rassurer les consommateurs, sans pour autant négliger le risque sanitaire. L'article analyse différentes solutions de le faire en pratique. |
| Keywords: | food,nutrition,perceived risk,nutritional risk,digital tools,outils digitaux,risque nutritionnel,risque perçu,alimentation |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02472011&r=all |
| By: | Hackman, Joseph V.; Hruschka, Daniel; Vizireanu, Mariya |
| Abstract: | Social scientists have increasingly used asset-based wealth scores, like the DHS wealth index, to assess economic disparities. However, current indices primarily capture wealth in globalized market economies, thus ignoring other forms of prosperity, such as success in agricultural activities. Using a simple extension to the standard estimation of the DHS Wealth Index, we describe procedures for estimating an Agricultural Wealth Index (AWI) that complements market-based wealth indices by capturing household success in agricultural activities. We apply this procedure to household data from 129 DHS surveys from over 40 countries with sufficient land and livestock data to estimate a reliable and consistent AWI. We assess the construct validity of the AWI using benchmarks of growth in both adults and children. This alternative measure of wealth provides new opportunities for understanding the causes and consequences of wealth inequality, and how success along different dimensions of wealth creates different social opportunities and constraints for health and well-being. |
| Date: | 2020–03–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:gqxby&r=all |
| By: | Pierre Mérel (UC Davis - University of California [Davis] - University of California); Ariel Ortiz-Bobea (Cornell University); Emmanuel Paroissien (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides empirical evidence of large welfare losses associated with asymmetric in- formation about product quality in a competitive market. When consumers cannot observe product characteristics at the time of purchase, atomistic producers have no incentive to supply costly quality. We compare wine prices across administrative districts around the enactment of historic regulations aimed at certifying the quality of more than 250 French appellation wines to identify welfare losses from asymmetric information. We estimate that these losses represent up to 13% of total market value, suggesting an important role for credible certification schemes. |
| Abstract: | Cet article donne des preuves empiriques de pertes importantes de bien-être causées par l'asymétrie d'information sur la qualité des produits dans un marché concurrentiel. Lorsque les conso- mateurs ne peuvent pas observer les caractéristiques du produit au moment de l'achat, les pro- ducteurs atomistiques n'ont aucune incitation à fournir de biens de meilleure qualité s'ils sont plus coûteux à produire. Nous comparons les prix du vin dans les différentes circonscriptions administratives autour de la mise en place d'une réglementation historique visant à certifier la qualité de plus de 250 vins français d'appellation d'origine, de manière à identifier les pertes de bien-être dues à l'asymétrie d'information avant la réforme. Nous estimons que ces pertes représentent jusqu'à 13% de la valeur totale du marché, ce qui suggère un rôle important pour des systèmes de certification crédibles. |
| Keywords: | asymmetric information,adverse selection,quality uncertainty,welfare,wine appellation,information asymétrique,sélection adverse,qualité incertaine,bien-être,appellation des vin |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02507225&r=all |
| By: | Olivia Bertelli (DIAL - Développement, institutions et analyses de long terme, PSE - Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL) |
| Abstract: | Despite the international community's emphasis on the need to achieve food security, there is still much debate surrounding its measurement, due mainly to its multidimensional aspects. This paper investigates the capacity of a new type of measure, food security scales, to capture dimensions of food security that other measures, such as food expenditures, caloric availability and food diversity, may miss. Drawing on nationally representative household panel data from Malawi, Nigeria and Tanzania, I find that the scale is a useful complementary measure to standard measures. Cross-section and panel analysis shows that the scale provides further insights into food vulnerability and coping strategies characteristic of food insecurity, dimensions not captured by the standard measures. |
| Keywords: | Food Security,Sub-Saharan Africa,measurement. |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02455184&r=all |
| By: | William Brock; Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Abstract: | We study climate change policies using the novel pattern scaling approach of regional transient climate response in order to develop a regional economy-climate model under conditions of deep uncertainty. We associate welfare weights with regions and analyze cooperative outcomes derived by the social planner's solution at the regional scale. Recent literature indicates that damages are larger in low latitude (warmer) areas and are projected to become relatively even larger in low latitude areas than at temperate latitudes. Under deep uncertainty, robust control policies are more conservative regarding emissions and, when regional distributional weights are introduced, carbon taxes are lower in the relatively poorer region. Mild concerns for robustness are welfare improving for the poor region, while strong concerns have welfare cost for all regions. We show that increasing regional temperatures will increase resources devoted to learning, in order to reduce deep uncertainty. |
| Keywords: | regional temperature anomalies, deep uncertainty, distributional weights, cost of robustness, learning |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 D81 |
| Date: | 2020–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2009&r=all |
| By: | Matthieu Bellon; Carlo Pizzinelli; Roberto Perrelli |
| Abstract: | Economic volatility remains a fact of life in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). Household-level shocks create large consumption fluctuations, raising the incidence of poverty. Drawing on micro-level data from South Africa and Tanzania, we examine the vulnerability to shocks across household types (e.g. by education, ethnic group, and economic activity) and we quantify the impact that reducing consumption volatility would have on aggregate poverty. We then discuss coverage of consumption insurance mechanisms, including financial access and transfers. Country characteristics crucially determine which household-level shocks are most prevalent and which consumption-smoothing mechanisms are available. In Tanzania, agricultural shocks are an important source of consumption risk as two thirds of households are involved in some level of agricultural production. For South Africa, we focus on labor market risk proxied by transitions from formal employment to informal work or unemployment. We find that access to credit, when available, and government transfers can effectively mitigate labor market shocks. |
| Date: | 2020–03–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:20/51&r=all |
| By: | Raghunathan, Kalyani; Headey, Derek D.; Herforth, Anna |
| Abstract: | Malnutrition is endemic in India. In 2015-16 some 38% of preschool children were stunted and 21% were wasted, while more than half of Indian mothers and children were anemic. There are many posited explanations for the high rates of malnutrition in India, but surprisingly few discuss the role of Indian diets, particularly the affordability of nutritious diets given low wages and the significant structural problems facing India’s agricultural sector. This study was undertaken to address knowledge gaps around the affordability of nutritious diets in rural India. To do so we used nationally representative rural price and wage data to estimate the least cost means of satisfying India-specific dietary recommendations, referred to as the Cost of a Recommended Diet (CoRD), and assess the affordability of this diet relative to male and female wages for unskilled laborers. Although we find that dietary costs increased substantially over 2001-2011 for both men and women, rural wage rates increased more rapidly, implying that nutritious diets became substantially more affordable over time. However, in absolute terms nutritious diets in 2011 were still expensive relative to unskilled wages, constituting approximately 50-60% of male and about 70-80% of female daily wages, and were often even higher relative to minimum wages earned from the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Since many poor households have significant numbers of dependents and substantial non-food expenditure requirements, it follows that nutritious diets are often highly unaffordable for the rural poor; we estimate that 45-64% of the rural poor cannot afford a nutritious diet that meets India’s national food-based dietary guidelines. Our results point to the need to more closely monitor food prices through a nutritional lens, and to shift India’s existing food policies away from their heavy bias towards cereals. Achieving nutritional security in India requires a much more holistic focus on improving the affordability of the full range of nutritious food groups and ensuring that economic growth results in sustained income growth for the poor. |
| Keywords: | INDIA; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA; nutrition; diet; rural areas; food prices; malnutrition; children; income; cost of diet; affordability |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1912&r=all |
| By: | Jonathan McCarthy |
| Abstract: | Commodity prices have risen considerably since August 2010, raising concerns that higher commodity prices could reduce households? discretionary income and slow the recovery. For example, as former Federal Reserve Board Vice Chairman Donald Kohn said in the Wall Street Journal last fall:?? the surge in international commodity prices. If that persists it could hurt Americans? disposable income, especially as it is reflected in higher gas and energy prices.? |
| Keywords: | discretionary income; Commodity prices; personal consumption expenditures |
| JEL: | E2 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednls:86738&r=all |
| By: | Avula, Rasmi, ed. |
| Abstract: | In this issue of Abstract Digest, we present to you a collection of articles on various outcomes, determinants and interventions related to maternal and child nutrition, from around the world, with relevance to India. In addition, this issue features articles on multiple micronutrient supplementation in pregnancy from a special issue of the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences and a systematic scoping review of food environment research in low-and middle -income countries. |
| Keywords: | SOUTH ASIA, nutrition, child nutrition, maternal nutrition, health, infant nutrition, |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:poshad:28&r=all |
| By: | Alix-Garcia,Jennifer M.; Sims,Katharine R. Emans; Phaneuf,Daniel J. |
| Abstract: | Cost-effective allocation of conditional cash transfers (CCT) requires identifying recipients with low opportunity costs who might change behavior. This paper develops a low-cost approach for improving program implementation by using a stated preference, referendum-style survey question to calculate willingness to accept (WTA) for CCT contracts. This is illustrated in the context of Mexico's Payments for Ecosystem Services Program, with the paper finding that the estimated social cost based on WTA is substantially lower than actual payments. Simulation of three geographic targeting approaches shows that joint selection using deforestation risk and WTA could increase program impact under the same budget. The paper also simulates modified payment schedules based on predicted WTA and demonstrates that these could reduce program cost. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Disasters&Degradation,Global Environment,Conditional Cash Transfers,Services&Transfers to Poor,Disability,Access of Poor to Social Services,Economic Assistance,Biodiversity,Global Environment Facility |
| Date: | 2019–01–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8708&r=all |
| By: | Chairul Furqon (Management Study Program, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Mokh. Adib Sultan Author-2-Workplace-Name: Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229, 40154, Bandung, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Fanji Wijaya Author-3-Workplace-Name: Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229, 40154, Bandung, Indonesia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - Coffee is one of the leading agricultural commodities that has an economic contribution in several countries, including Indonesia. As the fourth largest coffee producer country in the world, Indonesia is still facing problems, especially in some areas that managed by coffee farmer group. The problem starts from upstream to downstream and is related to productivity which is still low compared to other regions. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to describe the business conditions of the farmer group studied, and planning Triple Layered Business Model Canvas (TLBMC) to develop the business of the farmer group. Empirical analysis has been carried out for this purpose Methodology/Technique - This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analytic methods. Observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussion were conducted to collect research data. SWOT analysis is also used to gain insights and inputs used in formulating the right strategy for TLBMC formulation.Findings - The results show that the business conditions of the coffee farmers group were in a position of growth. Therefore the right strategy for this condition is the harvest strategy or divestiture strategy. The TLBMC design carried out supports the development of sustainable businesses for the coffee farmers group.Novelty - Business development for coffee farmer group using triple layered business model canvas is expected to help increase business on a broader scale. This study is important for business owners and other related parties who seek to develop the business in various aspect including social and environmental aspects. This study helps create opportunities, develop better potential and integrated with the economic, environmental and social values of the business model being run.Type of Paper - Empirical. |
| Keywords: | Business Development; Coffee; Business Model Canvas; Triple Layered Business Model Canvas. |
| Date: | 2019–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber182&r=all |
| By: | Claire Alestra (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Gilbert Cette (Centre de recherche de la Banque de France - Banque de France, AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Valérie Chouard (Centre de recherche de la Banque de France - Banque de France); Rémy Lecat (Centre de recherche de la Banque de France - Banque de France) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a tool to build climate change scenarios to forecast Gross Domestic Product (GDP), modelling both GDP damage due to climate change and the GDP impact of mitigating measures. It adopts a supply-side, long-term view, with 2060 and 2100 horizons. It is a global projection tool (30 countries / regions), with assumptions and results both at the world and the country / regional level. Five different types of energy inputs are taken into account according to their CO2 emission factors. Full calibration is possible at each stage, with estimated or literature-based default parameters. In particular, Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which is a major source of uncertainty on future growth and hence on CO2 emissions, is endogenously determined, with a rich modeling encompassing energy prices, investment prices, education, structural reforms and decreasing return to the employment rate. We present four scenarios: Business As Usual (BAU), with stable energy prices relative to GDP price; Decrease of Renewable Energy relative Price (DREP), with the relative price of non CO2 emitting electricity decreasing by 2% a year; Low Carbon Tax (LCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 1% per year; High Carbon Tax (HCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 3% per year. At the 2100 horizon, global GDP incurs a loss of 12% in the BAU, 10% in the DREP, 8% in the Low Carbon Tax scenario and 7% in the High Carbon Tax scenario. This scenario exercise illustrates both the "tragedy of the horizon", as gains from avoided climate change damage net of damage from mitigating policies are negative in the medium-term and positive in the long-term, and the "tragedy of the commons", as climate change damage is widely dispersed and particularly severe in developing economies, while mitigating policies should be implemented in all countries, especially in advanced countries modestly affected by climate change but with large CO2 emission contributions. |
| Keywords: | Climate,Global warming,Energy prices,Government policy,Growth,Productivity,Long- term projections |
| Date: | 2020–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02505088&r=all |
| By: | Roland Ismer; Karsten Neuhoff; Alice Pirlot |
| Abstract: | As part of its Green Deal, the European Commission is considering the introduction of border carbon adjustments and alternative measures. The measures, which would primarily apply to basic materials like steel and cement, pursue a double objective: they are aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of carbon pricing for the transition to climate neutrality but also at avoiding carbon leakage risks. When implementing carbon adjustment mechanisms and alternative measures, various design options might be considered to reform the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). In this paper, we have decided to focus on three main models, which help to highlight the main differences between the available options. Under the first model, importers of basic materials would be required to surrender carbon allowances at the level of a product benchmark or, where lower, at the verified level of foreign carbon intensity. In parallel, allocation of free allowances would be phased out. Under the second model, a symmetric adjustment mechanism for exports and imports would be adopted, including refund to exporters for the carbon costs incurred on basic materials embodied in products. Finally, under the third model, the EU ETS would be complemented with a climate contribution charged for materials sold in the European Union (EU) at the product benchmark level related to the carbon intensity of each material. The free allowance allocation regime would then be modified to be directly linked to the volume of material production at the product benchmark level. In order to contribute to the current policy debate, we evaluate for each of these three models, their legality, coherence with EU climate objectives, effectiveness in carbon leakage prevention, potential international implications, as well as their administrative complexity and compliance costs |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing, Climate policy, International trade, WTO |
| JEL: | F18 K33 L61 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1855&r=all |
| By: | Boland, Michael A. |
| Abstract: | The issue of a life cycle has been discussed in the literature but no formal analysis has been shown regarding its duration in agricultural cooperatives, which are a key organizational structure in the United States. The objective is to provide evidence for a life cycle in U.S. agricultural cooperatives and measure the duration of the first three phases. A life cycle analysis is used to categorize historical data on 88 of the top 100 agricultural cooperatives comprising 71% of sales in 2014. The data suggests that marketing cooperatives have a much different life cycle relative to mixed cooperatives who have undergone significant changes since the year 2000. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umaesp:302578&r=all |
| By: | Ochieng, Dennis O.; Botha, Rosemary; Baulch, Bob |
| Abstract: | Structured markets are organized platforms where economic agents such as farmers, traders, processors and financial institutions enter transparent and legal trading and financial arrangements (East Africa Grain Council 2013). Structured markets are important for the stabilization of volumes and prices of agricultural commodities (Hernandez et al. 2017) and diversification of foreign exchange earnings (Edelman et al. 2014). If supported by export mandates, structured markets for cereals and legumes could also limit informal cross-border trade and increase agricultural exports (Government of Malawi 2016). They could potentially also provide better statistics on volumes traded to aid in the planning, production, and marketing of crops in Malawi (Baulch and Gondwe 2017). |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:masspn:36&r=all |
| By: | Margolies, Amy; Kalagho, Kenan; Kazembe, Cynthia |
| Abstract: | Malawi is extremely vulnerable to shocks and recurrent food crises (Barrett & Headey 2014). Malawi also suffers from persistently high levels of undernutrition (DHS 2016). Humanitarian aid has played an important role in alleviating hunger during emergencies, such as those in 2015-16 and 2016-17. However, the Government of Malawi and Development partners recognize that emergency responses are not a sustainable solution. This qualitative study examines the characteristics of resilient households and perceived effects of programs to improve food security and resilience from the perspective of the beneficiaries and communities they serve. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:masspn:32&r=all |
| By: | Glyn Wittwer |
| Abstract: | The unprecedented bushfires from September 2019 to January 2020 in south eastern Australian resulted in 34 deaths and destroyed homes, farmland, infrastructure, crops and conservation land. Even though most of the capital damaged was away from urban areas, substantial impacts resulted in urban areas including Newcastle, Sydney, Wollongong and Canberra, due to smoke pollution. Now the recovery phase is being hindered by the global COVID-19 pandemic. This study uses an aggregation of TERM-WINE, a multi-regional, dynamic model of Australia, to examine the impacts of bushfires and the pandemic on the Australian economy. It places some emphasis on the grape and wine industry. In a number of respects, the industry is a loser in the crisis, due to direct destruction of vineyards and wineries from bushfires, and in some regions from smoke taint. On-premise consumption of wine will be curtailed by social isolation responses to COVID-19. At the same time, the response to the crisis may increase off-premise wine consumption. It would appear that the modelled duration of the COVID-19 induced economic crisis in this study is optimistically short. Nevertheless, the bushfires plus a severe disruption for four months due to the pandemic are sufficient to reduce national economic welfare by $105 billion in net present value terms. This excludes estimates of the value of conservation land and fauna destroyed by bushfires. This provides a context for the magnitude of the appropriate fiscal response of the Federal Government. |
| Keywords: | regional bushfire impacts COVID-19 economic impacts welfare |
| JEL: | Q11 Q15 C68 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cop:wpaper:g-299&r=all |
| By: | Hjertstrand, Per (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)) |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a simple non-parametric framework to calculate income elasticities from a data set of observed prices and consumed quantities without having to estimate any parameters. The framework can be applied when the price-quantity data satisfies a revealed preference axiom called the strong version of the strong axiom of revealed preference (SSARP). The framework is used to calculate income elasticities for food and non-alcoholic drinks from a rich panel of household expenditures. For this category, it is found that households are rather homogeneous in their demand responses. |
| Keywords: | Income elasticity; Non-parametric; Revealed preference; SSARP |
| JEL: | D11 D12 |
| Date: | 2020–03–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1324&r=all |
| By: | Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2008&r=all |