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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2019‒08‒19
73 papers chosen by |
| By: | Denisard Alves; Paula Pereda |
| Abstract: | The world’s population will rise exponentially in the coming decades, increasing the demand for food and challenging the agricultural sector to ensure food security. Due to the importance of climate conditions for agriculture, this article analyzed two different hypotheses regarding climate impacts on agricultural markets in Brazil. First, farmers only observe the average climate conditions of their region when deciding the type and amount of crop or animal to grow or raise. Second, weather diversions from normal climate conditions cause farmers to deviate from optimal profits. Neither hypothesis was rejected by the data. The 2006 estimated loss from rainfall anomalies was 12.8 billion dollars (in 2014 values). |
| Keywords: | translog profit function; climate change; climate and weather impacts; profit frontier; agricultural economics. |
| JEL: | D21 Q11 Q12 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2019wpecon23&r=all |
| By: | Coletta, Attilio; Giampietri, Elisa; Santeramo, Fabio Gaetano; Severini, Simone; Trestini, Samuele |
| Abstract: | The exposure of farmers to different (and increasing) risks has been recognized by the EU policy, which supports several risk management tools through the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Despite the vulnerability of the agricultural sector, and the attention paid at the EU level, the uptake of such tools is generally low across EU countries. The Italian case is emblematic: the uptake of subsidized crop insurance contracts is low, limited to few products, and concentrated in few areas. Coherently, the interest of policy makers toward explaining these characteristics and in gaining insights on the interventions that may help promoting participation is intense. This contribution investigates behavioral aspects linked to choices under risk and ambiguity, and account for time preferences in order to mimic the scenario faced by the potential adopters of the subsidized crop insurance contracts in Italy. Data are collected through questionnaires submitted to students from agricultural colleges in three administrative regions located in northern, central and southern Italy. Results show that attitude toward risk, ambiguity, and impatience are correlated with the intrinsic characteristics of respondents. In addition, some of those attitudes may help explaining decisions under uncertainty. Despite the empirical analysis is preliminary and focused on students, it allowed to validate a promising methodological approach capable of explaining farmer’s willingness to adopt (or renew) insurance contracts. By accounting for (currently under-investigated) behavioral aspects, it is likely to prove useful to re-design or implementing, more effectively, the current policies. |
| Keywords: | Insurance; subjective probabilities; risk preferences; choice experiment |
| JEL: | D81 D83 Q12 Q18 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:95347&r=all |
| By: | McFadden, Jonathan R.; Hoppe, Robert A. |
| Abstract: | Agricultural policies—through Federal commodity, conservation, and crop insurance programs—aim to mitigate the financial risks faced by farmers and the environmental risks posed by agricultural production. The programs also provide support to farmers through direct financial assistance, in the case of commodity and conservation programs, and through premium subsidies in the case of crop insurance. Changes in the structure of agriculture have changed the distribution of income support over time. Specifically, commodity program payments, some conservation program payments, and Federal crop insurance indemnities have shifted to larger farms as U.S. agricultural production continues to consolidate. Since the operators of larger farms have higher household incomes than those of smaller farms, commodity program payments and support through Federal crop insurance have also shifted to higher income households. This study details the extent of that shift over 25 years from 1991 through 2015. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Environmental Economics and Policy, Industrial Organization, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2017–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:291932&r=all |
| By: | Kaelab K. Haile; Eleonora Nillesen; Nyasha Tirivayi |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effect of smallholder farmers’ access to a formal climate risk transfer mechanism on their risk preferences. Survey and experimental data were collected from smallholder farmers that have access to weather index-based crop insurance (WICI) in Ethiopia. We use an endogenous switching (ESP) model to address self-selection and simultaneity bias. Results from the ESP model show that farmers who purchased WICI are less likely to be risk-averse compared with non-purchaser farmers. Similarly, non-purchasers would have attained a significant reduction in their risk-aversion if they had taken up the insurance product. We also find that WICI has a positive and statistically significant effect on farmers’ real-life risk-taking behavior as exemplified by mineral fertilizer use. The implication of our findings is that formal climate risk transfer mechanisms can positively influence households’ economic decisions and outcomes, through reducing risk aversion. Therefore, they can possibly contribute to poverty alleviation and economic development within agrarian economies that are exposed to recurrent and severe climate shocks. |
| Keywords: | weather index-based crop insurance, endogenous preferences, experimental risk elicitation, endogenous switching probit, sub-Saharan, Ethiopia |
| JEL: | C91 D03 I38 N27 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7717&r=all |
| By: | Saripalle, Madhuri |
| Abstract: | This article presents a case study of mango farmers in the Kolar district of Karnataka to understand the determinants of profitability and constraints faced by the horticulture industry in India in general. The mango value chain is analysed in-depth to understand the market choices of farmers and the role of market intermediaries and is based on data collected from a primary survey of 131 farmers. The study uses an instrumental variable approach to model the profitability of farmers as a function of market awareness, distance from markets, farming practices, and control variables. It finds that in addition to age and education, distance to markets and farming practices are significant factors influencing the profitability of mango cultivators. |
| Keywords: | Horticulture, Mango, Market linkages, Profitability, Irrigation, Farming, Value chain |
| JEL: | Q12 Q13 Q19 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:95334&r=all |
| By: | Fishman, Ram (Tel Aviv University); Smith, Stephen C. (George Washington University); Bobic, Vida (George Washington University); Sulaiman, Munshi (Save the Children) |
| Abstract: | Many development programs are short-term interventions, either because of external funding constraints or an assumption of impact sustainability. Using a novel randomized phaseout research method, we provide experimental tests of phaseout effects of an extension program designed for women smallholder farmers in Uganda. We find that program phaseout does not diminish demand for improved seeds, as farmers shift purchases from NGO-sponsored village supply networks to market sources, indicating persistent learning effects. We find no evidence of declines in improved cultivation practices taught by the program. These results have implications for both efficient program design and for models of technology adoption. |
| Keywords: | agricultural extension, agricultural technology adoption, food security, supply chain, subsidies, randomized phaseout, high-yielding varieties, randomized controlled trial, Uganda |
| JEL: | O13 O33 I32 Q12 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12476&r=all |
| By: | Rob Kuijpers |
| Abstract: | Value chain development (VCD) has become a popular policy instrument to help farmers in developing countries access markets. While VCD initiated by the private sector has received much attention in the literature, there is yet little research on public-led VCD. This paper provides a conceptualization of public-led VCD and discusses in what context it can be a relevant policy instrument. As an illustration, the paper then describes the project “SAFAL”, which directly intervenes in the aquaculture, horticulture, and dairy sector of South-West Bangladesh. Using a matched difference-in-difference methodology, it is estimated that SAFAL increased farmers’ output market participation, food production, and smallholder welfare, and reduced the number of days in which participating households were food insecure. |
| Keywords: | value chain development, market access, impact evaluation, aquaculture, smallholder, food security. |
| JEL: | Q12 Q13 O13 O19 O22 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lic:licosd:41419&r=all |
| By: | Linda Steinhübel |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a flexible conceptual and methodological framework to model the dynamics of agricultural transition in the increasingly complex rural-urban interfaces of large cities. Our empirical analysis is based on data of a household survey conducted in the rural-urban interface of Bangalore, India. In our analysis we follow a polycentric perspective of urbanization and introduce a two-dimensional variable to measure its effects. Furthermore, we accommodate high input and crop diversity by applying a Structured Additive Regression (STAR) model. Our results show that satellite towns and road infrastructure are the main channels by which urbanization drives agricultural transition. Access to satellite towns appears to be more strongly associated with the modernization of smallholders’ management systems than access to the urban center of Bangalore. Our results suggest that more flexible models are necessary to understand the dynamics of agricultural transition in the surroundings of fastgrowing large towns, the kind of town expected to be dominating the urbanization trend in the coming decades. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural change; Urbanization; Structured Additive Regression; Geosplines; India |
| JEL: | Q12 R11 C14 |
| Date: | 2018–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:got:gotcrc:256&r=all |
| By: | Naylor, Jamie M.; Deaton, B. James |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290923&r=all |
| By: | Jonathan Goyette (Département d'économique, Université de Sherbrooke); Maroua Smaoui (Département d'économique, Université de Sherbrooke) |
| Abstract: | The goal of this paper is to examine the impact of rising world temperatures on the incidence of civil armed conflicts, focusing on a specific mechanism: the interaction between variations in annual temperatures and variations in agricultural potential. We assemble a dataset from various sources for 172 countries from 1946 till 2014. Agricultural potential is based on the Food and Agricultural Organization’s definition of a country land suitability for growing basic crops. Annual temperature data come from the Climate Research Unit of the University of East Anglia. Data on civil armed conflicts is from the Uppsala Conflict Data Project. Using a fixed-effect approach, our identification strategy is akin to a natural experiment where the exogenous interaction between the temporal variation in temperature within a country and the cross-country variation in agricultural potential allows identifying the effect of this interaction on conflict incidence. The findings indicate that temperature and agricultural potential are substitutes and have offsetting effects on conflict incidence. We find that in a country with low agricultural potential a one degree increase in temperature is associated with a 3% increase in conflict incidence. However, when agricultural potential is high, a one degree increase in temperature is associated with a 5% decrease in conflict incidence. The results are tested against various robustness checks. |
| Keywords: | armed conflict, civil war, climate change, crop suitability, water scarcity, food security |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:shr:wpaper:19-02&r=all |
| By: | Rice, Emma D.; McKendree, Melissa G. S.; Tonsor, Glynn T. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290877&r=all |
| By: | Kabir, Kayenat; Hertel, Thomas W.; Baldos, Uris Lantz C. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290784&r=all |
| By: | Koik, Yascha Lena; Thiele, Holger D.; Enneking, Ullrich |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290787&r=all |
| By: | Gelo, Dambala (University of Johannesburg); Muchapondwa, Edwin (University of Cape Town); Shimeles, Abebe (African Development Bank); Dikgang, Johane (University of Johannesburg) |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the impact of the Purchase 4 Progress (P4P) intervention implemented by World Food Program in Ethiopia on per capita income as well as across sub-social groups. The intervention is intended to improve the market power of smallholder farmers through cooperatives that has the potential to increase the relative farm gate price of agricultural produce, particularly staple crops. Using a semi-parametric difference-in-difference (DID) model, which relaxes the parallel trend assumption, we show that the P4P intervention has raised per capita consumption of smallholders. Estimates of the treatment effect from alternative specifications of our preferred models ranged between Ethiopian Birr (ETB) 188.3 and ETB 248.6 (15.10% and 19.93%). Moreover, our analysis suggests heterogeneous treatment effects related to elite capture within Farmer Organizations. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | P4P, welfare effect, distributional bias, semi-parametric DID |
| JEL: | D23 Q02 D02 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12495&r=all |
| By: | Tong, Qingmeng; Qiu, Feng; Zhang, Junbiao |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290771&r=all |
| By: | Nils Axel Braathen (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Based on an in-depth literature review and responses to a survey among OECD member countries, this paper discusses the use of flexibility mechanisms in environmental regulations. Such mechanisms can provide flexibility as to how a given environmental improvement is achieved, regarding where environmental improvements take place, when they take place, as regards who is to achieve the improvements, and for which pollutants the emission reductions are to be achieved.The literature on these issues is limited, but it is clear that some such mechanisms can have important environmental and economic impacts. In certain cases, flexibility mechanisms which have provided important benefits in terms of cost reductions have proven to also shift pollution to areas where the negative health impacts are larger. Hence, it will be useful to carefully assess the related social costs and benefits of both existing and new flexibility mechanisms. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, emission trading, environmental regulations, flexibility mechanisms, government policy, valuation of environmental externalities |
| JEL: | Q51 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–08–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:151-en&r=all |
| By: | Nthambi, Mary; Wätzold, Frank; Markova-Nenova, Nonka |
| Abstract: | Climate change impacts pose a great challenge to agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa as droughts become more frequent and more severe. A major roadblock to implementing climate change adaptation measures is poor governance. Given their experience with governing organizations, farmers are highly suitable respondents to assess the appropriateness of different governing organizations to implement adaptation measures on the ground. We surveyed 300 farmers in Makueni County in Kenya applying the choice experiment method to assess their preferences in relation to different attributes of a sand storage dam project to enhance rainwater harvesting as an adaptation measure. Attributes include the organization governing the dam construction, dam wall height and volume of water harvested, the type of pump used to distribute water, number of tree rows planted to prevent silting, and labor time farmers are willing to contribute to dam construction. Responses were analyzed using the mixed logit model. Our key result shows that farmers prefer an NGO as the governing organization, followed closely by a farmer network and, with some distance, a government institution. For the whole of Makueni County, we find that benefit losses of $ 482,766 occur if farmer networks are the governing organizations instead of NGOs and $ 2,679,706 if government institutions govern the dam construction instead of NGOs. While the importance of governance structures for development is well-known, our study is novel as it quantifies the benefit losses that occur due to poor governance in the field of climate change adaptation. On a methodological level, our study contributes to improving the application of choice experiments in developing countries as it draws attention to the careful selection of the payment vehicle. In terms of policy recommendations, our results suggest that substantial benefit losses may occur if appropriate governing organizations are not selected when implementing much needed climate adaptation measures. |
| Keywords: | Good governance, climate change adaptation measures, governing organizations, choice modeling, payment vehicle, willingness to pay |
| JEL: | Q5 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:94678&r=all |
| By: | Ghosh, Prasenjit N.; Miao, Ruiqing; Malikov, Emir |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291096&r=all |
| By: | Rollins, Kimberly S.; Lee, Gi-Eu; Singletary, Loretta |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291269&r=all |
| By: | Nadezhda V. Baryshnikova (School of Economics, University of Adelaide); Ngoc T. A. Pham (School of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Adelaide); Nicholas C. S. Sim (Singapore University of Social Sciences) |
| Abstract: | Reducing child marriage is seen as one of the essentials to women’s empowerment and wellbeing, ending the intergenerational cycle of poverty and rights violation. In this paper, we use a longitudinal household survey from Indonesia to study whether a food subsidy (Raskin) reduces child marriage. Modelling treatment assignment with Coarsened Exact Matching and Differences-in-Differences, we show that the unconditional rice subsidy significantly reduces the likelihood of marrying as a child. |
| Keywords: | Child marriage, Food subsidy, Raskin, Indonesia, Coarsened exact matching, Diffs-in-Diffs |
| JEL: | J82 I21 I38 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adl:wpaper:2019-05&r=all |
| By: | Julia Jouan (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Julia Heinrichs (Institute for Food and Resource Economics, University of Bonn); Wolfgang Britz (Institute for Food and Resource Economics, University of Bonn); Christoph Pahmeyer (Institute for Food and Resource Economics, University of Bonn) |
| Abstract: | Legumes can contribute to a more sustainable agriculture by limiting N fertilisation, diversifying crop rotation and substituting imported protein-rich feed. However, their production remains low in the European Union, which had led to specific policies. For instance, following the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy, France established Voluntary Coupled Support (VCS) scheme for legumes. Germany did not introduce a VCS, but provides more favourable implementation of the Nitrates Directive (ND) for legumes by allowing spreading manure on these crops. Our study quantifies economic and environmental impacts of the VCS and measures of the ND affecting legume production in France and Germany. We employ the bio-economic model FarmDyn, parameterised for a typical dairy farm in France and Germany, to analyse different levels of VCS per hectare and to compare the French versus the German implementation of the ND. Results suggest that VCS leads to a significant increase in legume production. The implementation of the German ND can foster legume production due to the possibility of spreading manure on legumes. The policy induced increase in legume production is lower in the German farm due to higher opportunity costs of legumes. In both farms, the profit slightly increases but the share of VCS in the profit rises. Environmental indicators are overall improved. Thus, VCS, coupled with an adapted implementation of the Nitrate Directive, is an effective policy to foster environmental benefits from increased legume production. However, the effectiveness of these policies highly depends on the opportunity costs of legumes in each country. |
| Keywords: | protein crop,policy coherence,mathematical programming,protein self-sufficiency,nitrates Directive,farmdyn,bio-economic model |
| Date: | 2019–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02197018&r=all |
| By: | Chen, Bowen; Dennis, Elliott J.; Featherstone, Allen M. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291144&r=all |
| By: | Marion Krämer; Santosh Kumar; Sebastian Vollmer |
| Abstract: | We present experimental evidence on the impact of delivering double-fortified salt (DFS), salt fortified with iron and iodine, through the Indian school-feeding program called “midday meal” on anemia, cognition and math and reading outcomes of primary school children. We conducted a field experiment that randomly provided one-year supply of DFS at a subsidized price to public primary schools in one of the poorest regions of India. The DFS treatment had significantly positive impacts on hemoglobin levels and reduced the prevalence of any form of anemia by 9.3 percentage points (or about 20 percent) but these health gains did not translate into statistically significant impacts on cognition and test scores. While exploring the heterogeneity in effects, we find that treatment had statistically significant gains in anemia and test scores among children with higher treatment compliance. We further estimate that the intervention was very cost effective and can potentially be scaled up rather easily. |
| Keywords: | Double-fortified salt; education; anemia; school feeding; India and randomized controlled trial |
| Date: | 2018–03–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:got:gotcrc:247&r=all |
| By: | Shi, Jian; Wu, JunJie |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291121&r=all |
| By: | Arora, Gaurav; Feng, Hongli; Hennessy, David A. |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290768&r=all |
| By: | McGlynn, Emily F.; Bastien Olvera, Bernardo Adolfo; Favero, Alice |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291127&r=all |
| By: | Antoine PERRIN (Université de Lorraine, Nancy (France)) |
| Abstract: | On the question of food and livelihood, international institutions and States call for efforts towards food security under the form of help in subsidies or better access to the market for farmers. Such efforts rely on large scale solutions and make food security depend on tall vertical institutions aiming at bringing change in a very large area at a time. On the other hand, small initiatives are born everywhere and take up on the question of access to healthy sustainable food. Farmers’ self-help groups, shared gardens, community supported agriculture, cooperative supermarket and other organisations make up this landscape and are being born everywhere. Such initiatives are often missed by observers as case studies of single organisations can not bring into light the global effort of such initiatives. Nevertheless, they can be put together and showed as being part of the same global movement. If their juridic forms, organisations, and goals are somewhat different, some trends can be established in the justification they offer to their action (Boltanski, Thévenot, 1991). In order to discover these justifications and establish trends, a study of the discourse and practices of such initiatives is offered in the following article. Namely, our study takes 20 initiatives dealing with agriculture and food. In order to find out trends, this article elaborates on the fieldwork of about 500 hours spent within said initiatives, and 50 interviews with project planners, coordinators, and motnitors. In order to show global trends, these initiatives have been chosen in two vastly different social and economic contexts: one takes place in Nancy, a medium French town, the other takes place in Ahmedabad, a very large Indian city. The results of the study show three major common trends between France and India, and between initiatives pertaining with small farmers, shared gardens, cooperatives and other social and solidarity initiatives. Firstly, there is a general call for localized, short food circuits, namely producers and consumers ask for a direct connection to each other, and even to grow the food they eat and eat the food they grow. Secondly, participants in said initiatives do not claim to be part of a recent innovative wave, but rather fall back on traditional ways to grow, sell, and cook food. Thirdly, despite the small size of such initiatives – with 200 participants at most and sometimes as small as 2 members – the ambition of these organisations is to change things on a global scale, make people from every path of life ask themselves questions and change their behaviour, and even, struggle against global climate change through small localized actions. |
| Keywords: | self-help groups; agriculture; France; India; social and solidarity economy; rural development; ecology |
| JEL: | A13 A14 D71 O52 O53 Q13 |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crc:wpaper:1912&r=all |
| By: | Akhundjanov, Sherzod B.; Pozo, Veronica F.; Thomas, Briana |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290930&r=all |
| By: | Jaqueline Oliveira; Paula Pereda |
| Abstract: | Business-as-usual climate-change forecasts point to sharp temperature rises and agriculture yield losses in Brazil. We study the impact of these changes on internal migration and population distribution. We employ a spatial equilibrium model in which the climate shapes workers' locational choices through the usual amenity-value channel and the novel indirect channel via agriculture wages. Our simulations reveal that migration rates are 5.9% higher, and that half million more people migrate inter regionally under future climate conditions. Furthermore, climate change will likely exacerbate the country's regional inequalities, as the most developed regions gain population and welfare while the least developed regions lose. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Agriculture Productivity; Internal Migration; Regional Inequality; Spatial Equilibrium. |
| JEL: | O15 Q54 R13 Q51 |
| Date: | 2019–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2019wpecon20&r=all |
| By: | Daum, Thomas; Capezzone, Filippo; Birner, Regina |
| Abstract: | In the quest to reduce global under- and malnutrition, which is particularly high among smallholder farmers, agriculture-nutrition linkages have received a lot of attention in recent years. Researchers have analysed the link between the quantity of food that farmers produce and nutritional outcomes and the link between farm diversity and consumption diversity. A third agriculture-nutrition link has been largely neglected in recent years: the impact of how food is produced on human energy requirements, and, consequently, nutritional outcomes. This neglect persists despite the fact that the majority of smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa rely on hand tools for farming, which implies heavy physical work and, thus, high energy requirements. To address this research gap, the present study compares the energy requirements of farm households in rural Zambia that are characterized by three different levels of mechanization: hand tools, animal draught power and tractors. Detailed time-use as well as food and nutrition data was collected from male and female adults and from children during different seasons: land preparation, weeding and harvesting/processing. Subjects recorded time-use themselves using an innovative picture-based smartphone app called “Timetracker”. The time-use data served to calculate daily energy requirements using “Ainsworth’s Compendium of Physical Activities”. To analyse the link between mechanization and energy use as well as nutritional outcomes, linear mixed models and multiple linear regressions were used. The results show that during land preparation, individuals in non-mechanized households are, on the average, not able to meet their dietary energy requirements. In subsequent farming periods, results are more mixed. Gender differences are noteworthy throughout, with men mostly having higher physical activity levels and energy requirements compared to women The findings suggest that farm technologies affect nutritional outcomes substantially and that this neglected agriculture-nutrition linkage deserves more scientific and political attention in order to reduce the prevalence of both under- and malnutrition among smallholder farmers, while safeguarding against emerging double burden of nutrition. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Labor and Human Capital, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2019–08–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubonwp:292230&r=all |
| By: | Jimi, Nusrat Abedin (State University of New York); Nikolov, Plamen (State University of New York); Malek, Mohammad Abdul (Kyoto University); Kumbhakar, Subal C. (Binghamton University, New York) |
| Abstract: | Improving productivity among microenterprises is important, especially in low-income countries where market imperfections are pervasive, and resources are scarce. Relaxing credit constraints can increase the productivity of microenterprises. Using a field experiment involving agricultural microenterprises in Bangladesh, we estimated the impact of access to credit on the overall productivity of rice farmers and disentangled the total effect into technological change (frontier shift) and technical efficiency changes. We found that relative to the baseline rice output per decimal, access to credit resulted in, on average, approximately a 14 percent increase in yield, holding all other inputs constant. After decomposing the total effect into the frontier shift and efficiency improvement, we found that, on average, around 11 percent of the increase in output came from changes in technology, or frontier shift, while the remaining 3 percent was attributed to improvements in technical efficiency. The efficiency gain was higher for modern hybrid rice varieties, and almost zero for traditional rice varieties. Within the treatment group, the effect was greater among pure tenant and mixed-tenant microenterprise households compared with microenterprises that only cultivated their own land. |
| Keywords: | field experiment, microfinance, credit, efficiency, productivity, farmers, South Asia |
| JEL: | E22 H81 Q12 D2 O12 O16 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12514&r=all |
| By: | Sawadgo, Wendiam PM; Zhang, Wendong; Plastina, Alejandro |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291259&r=all |
| By: | Luther, Zachary; Swinton, Scott M.; Van Deynze, Braeden |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291257&r=all |
| By: | Baylis, Kathy; Crost, Benjamin; Pullabhotla, Hemant K. |
| Keywords: | International Development |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291048&r=all |
| By: | Minegishi, Kota; Jette Nantel, Simon; Lim, Sunghun |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291143&r=all |
| By: | Kim, Taeyoung; Son, Minhui; Rho, Ho Young |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290809&r=all |
| By: | Garrido, Dolores; Gallardo, Karina |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290835&r=all |
| By: | Salazar, Lina; Fahsbender, Jossie; Avila, Josue |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291169&r=all |
| By: | Khanal, Badri; Fulginiti, Lilyan E.; Perrin, Richard K. |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291184&r=all |
| By: | Miller, Noah J.; Tack, Jesse B.; Bergtold, Jason S. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291153&r=all |
| By: | Tran, Lan T.; McCann, Laura M.; Shin, Dong Won |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290761&r=all |
| By: | José M. Belbute; Alfredo Marvão Pereira |
| Abstract: | We use an ARFIMA approach to develop reference scenario projections for CO2 emissions worldwide and for seven different regions. Our objective is to determine the magnitude of the policy efforts necessary to achieve the IPCC emissions reductions goals. For worldwide emissions, the aggregate policy effort required to achieve the 2050 goals is equivalent to 97.4% of 2010 emissions. This policy effort is frontloaded as about 60% of such efforts would have to occur by 2030. In order to achieve the IPCC target the policy efforts in the cases of the USA, EU(28), Russia, and Japan - which account for 32% of worldwide emissions, are lower and less frontloaded than the IPCC goals themselves. In the case of China, India and the ROW, which account for 68% of worldwide emissions, additional policy efforts are necessary to achieve reductions in emissions of 105.0%, 156.0% and 111.4%, of the 2010 levels, respectively. In the case of India, policy efforts are not only rather severe but also rather dramatically frontloaded, as about 74% of the policy efforts would have to occur by 2030. Our results suggest that the policies toward decarbonization must consider the specific regional characteristics of emissions. Given the differences in the inertia of emissions in the different regions a one-size fits all approach is not the best approach. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, IPCC emission targets, long memory, ARFIMA |
| JEL: | C22 C53 O52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mde:wpaper:0125&r=all |
| By: | Kaya, Ozgur; Klepacka, Anna M.; Florkowski, Wojciech J. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291298&r=all |
| By: | Soomro, Yasir Ali |
| Abstract: | The main purpose of this research was to find the moderation effect of individual-level collectivist values on the antecedents of Brand loyalty (BL). What effect does consumer difference on low or high collectivist values have on the brand loyalty in the fashion apparels? It has been found that both groups of consumers have different choices while buying. To investigate this, Individual Level and three antecedent’s promotion (PRO), perceived brand quality (PBQ), and brand trust (BT) were selected to check the effect on Brand Loyalty. The questionnaire was self-developed and distributed online on social networking sites through a non-restricted non-probability sampling technique among 201 Pakistani respondents. Path Analysis and SEM analysis was performed to check the moderation in AMOS. This study has developed and tested the theory by finding that individual-level collectivist values (ILCV) have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between PBQ and BL. The findings reveal that consumers low in ILCV become significantly more loyal to a brand, particularly when PBQ is relatively at high levels. The main contribution of the study is that it presents the validated brand loyalty model with the interaction of ILCV. |
| Keywords: | Brand Loyalty, Promotion, Brand trust, Collectivist values, Perceived brand Quality, SEM. |
| JEL: | M3 M31 |
| Date: | 2019–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:95356&r=all |
| By: | Taheripour, Farzad; Richards, Peter; Tyner, Wallace E. |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291073&r=all |
| By: | Ma, Wanglin; Renwick, Alan; Greig, Bruce |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290717&r=all |
| By: | Lee, Jiwon; Schulz, Lee; Tonsor, Glynn T. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290908&r=all |
| By: | Khanal, Aditya R.; Mishra, Ashok K.; Kumar, Anjani |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291147&r=all |
| By: | Yehouenou, Lauriane; Grogan, Kelly A. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291092&r=all |
| By: | Dodson, Laura L.; Boyle, Kevin J.; Carey, Cayelan |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291125&r=all |
| By: | Wei, Xuan; Khachatryan, Hayk; Rihn, Alicia |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290827&r=all |
| By: | Li, Wen; Ortiz-Bobea, Ariel; Ifft, Jennifer E. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290692&r=all |
| By: | TAKECHI Kazutaka |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effects of a safeguard policy imposed by Japan in 2001 using detailed product-level transaction data from domestic markets. The market prices of imported and domestic goods are almost always higher during the safeguard period compared with those in the previous year. However, the safeguard measure decreases the margins for imported goods, but does not affect the margins for domestic goods. As temporary import restrictions are expected to enable structural changes in the domestic industry, we also estimate the long-term effect on margins. We find that five years after the safeguard period, the margins remain similar for domestic goods and are smaller for imported goods. These results suggest that the temporary import restrictions were both harmful to imported goods producers and consumers and unbeneficial to domestic producers. |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:19057&r=all |
| By: | María Fernanda Mora (UDI - Universidad de Investigación y Desarrollo); Yudy Paola Murillo Velandia (UDI - Universidad de Investigación y Desarrollo); Myriam Mayerly Castillo Rincon (UDI - Universidad de Investigación y Desarrollo) |
| Abstract: | The fieldwork carried out frames a descriptive methodology with a qualitative and quantitative approach, which allowed us to demonstrate the status of beef marketers in the city of Bucaramanga, observing through important factors, how some of the tools intervene externally and internally when exporting. In this way, the research document was developed in three parts, diagnosis, analysis and classification of companies, taking into account the classification of beef marketers, it was found that one of those surveyed companies has had experience in the International market, This is a great contribution, since through all the research carried out it was given a generating proposal in which she can have a vision of the countries that, according to the fieldwork carried out, can reach the international market and thus generate greater profitability. |
| Date: | 2019–08–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02263496&r=all |
| By: | Osseni, Abdel Fawaz; Rault, Arnaud; Alexandre, Gohin |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291272&r=all |
| By: | Khanal, Aditya R.; Mishra, Ashok K.; Kumar, Anjani |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291285&r=all |
| By: | Chambers, Robert G.; Sheng, Yu; Pieralli, Simone |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291204&r=all |
| By: | Horan, Richard; Reeling, Carson; Shortle, James S. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291105&r=all |
| By: | Beatty, Timothy; Shimshack, Jay P.; Wang, Yijing |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290943&r=all |
| By: | Michels, Marius; Bonke, Vanessa; Mußhoff, Oliver |
| Abstract: | There is a steady increase in smartphone apps available to improve farmers' decision making with respect to crop protection. While current studies have focused on smartphone adoption in general and farmers' general willingness to pay for crop protection smartphone apps, none have focused on the initial adoption decision. Furthermore, it has not been studied yet which app functions are perceived as useful and which are actually used by farmers. Based on an online survey of 207 German farmers conducted in 2019, we investigated farmers' adoption decision for crop protection smartphone apps based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework applying partial least squares equation modelling and a binary logit model. Descriptive results show that 95 % of the surveyed farmers use a smartphone, but only 71 % use a crop protection smartphone app. Apps providing infor-mation about weather, pest scouting and infestations forecasts are perceived as most useful by the majority of farmers. However, reported use fell short of reported usefulness. All hypothe-ses of the UTAUT model could be verified. 72 % of the variation in the behavioral intention to use a crop protection smartphone app and 50 % of the variation in the actual adoption is explained by the model. The results are of interest for policy makers in the field of digitaliza-tion in agriculture as well as providers and developers of crop protection smartphone apps. |
| Keywords: | crop protection,partial least squares structural equation modelling,precision agriculture,smartphone,smartphone apps,unified theory of acceptance and use of technology |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:daredp:1905&r=all |
| By: | Soto-Caro, Ariel; Wu, Feng; Guan, Zhengfei |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291168&r=all |
| By: | Risius, Antje; Mehlhose, Clara; Ullmann, Konstanze |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290756&r=all |
| By: | Nelson, Kelly; Brown, Zachary S.; Parton, Lee |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291243&r=all |
| By: | Mooney, Daniel F.; Rollison, Miles M.; Ahola, Jason K. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291161&r=all |
| By: | Bergtold, Jason S.; Yeager, Elizabeth A.; Nalunga, Asha |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291148&r=all |
| By: | Weerasekara, Nadeeka D K; Streletskaya, Nadia A.; Li, Jie |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290753&r=all |
| By: | Lee, Hyunok; Sumner, Daniel A.; Yu, Jisang |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290909&r=all |
| By: | Mavroutsikos, Charalampos; Walters, Cory G.; Giannakas, Konstantinos |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290910&r=all |
| By: | Jung, Jinho; Sesmero, Juan Pablo; Siebert, Ralph |
| Keywords: | Industrial Organization |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290999&r=all |
| By: | Gatti, Nicolas; Baylis, Kathy; Crost, Benjamin |
| Keywords: | International Development |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291045&r=all |
| By: | Nian, Yefan; Gao, Zhifeng; Chen, Junhong |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290703&r=all |
| By: | Calderon Ambelis, Heydi J.; Holcomb, Rodney B. |
| Keywords: | Industrial Organization |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291011&r=all |
| By: | Li, Yijia; Khanna, Madhu; Miao, Ruiqing |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291233&r=all |