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on Agricultural Economics |
|
Issue of 2019‒05‒27
forty-two papers chosen by |
| By: | Farnaz Pourzand; Ilan Noy; Yigit Saglam |
| Abstract: | We quantify the impacts of droughts in New Zealand on the profitability of dairy, and sheep and beef farms. Using a comprehensive administrative database of all businesses in New Zealand, we investigate the impact of droughts on farm revenue, profits, return on capital, business equity, debt to income ratio, and interest coverage ratio. Over the period we examine (2007-2016) about half of the districts experienced severe droughts, and almost 85% of districts were affected by more moderate droughts at least once. For dairy farms, there is a strong negative relationship between the occurrence of droughts two years earlier and farms’ revenue, profit and consequently their return on capital. More surprisingly, we found that current (same fiscal year) drought events have positive impacts on dairy farms’ revenue and profit; this effect is most likely attributable to drought-induced increases in the price of milk solids (New Zealand is the market maker in this global market). In general, dairy farmers ‘benefit’ more from drought events when compared to sheep/beef farms, whereas the latter sector has less impact on global prices. These findings are useful for shaping climate-change adaptation as there is a clear variation in the future climate-change projections of drought intensities and frequencies for different regions in New Zealand. |
| Keywords: | drought, profitability, dairy, sheep/beef farming, New Zealand |
| JEL: | Q12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7633&r=all |
| By: | Angela Cheptea; Catherine Laroche-Dupraz |
| Abstract: | A recent trend of literature investigates how international trade compensates or accentuates the differences in countries’ endowments in water resources and whether trade regulation should be used to improve the use of water resources at the global level. In this paper, we develop a simple model establishing a positive link between the demand for irrigation water of agricultural producers and the international price of irrigated goods. Unlike previous works, that focus on the cost of water resources, we emphasize the price of traded goods as a key element of the shadow value of water used in agriculture. We test our model empirically using data on 159 irrigated crops exported by 183 countries, and find that countries’ irrigation behavior is strongly linked to the global price of crops. This indicates that agricultural producers internalize the price of irrigation water. The export price effect is stronger when countries are net exporters of irrigated crops and weaker for internationally traded crops that constitute a pillar of most countries’ domestic food security, such as cereals. Our results provide elements for the broader issue of the economically efficient use of water resources in agriculture |
| Keywords: | water resources, virtual water, international trade, agri-food products, irrigation |
| JEL: | Q17 Q25 F18 N50 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:201905&r=all |
| By: | Chatellier, Vincent; Dupraz, Pierre |
| Abstract: | Classifications JEL: Q10, Q13, Q18 The European Union (EU) has, since a long time, an important role in the international livestock industry chains, both in terms of production and trade. In spite of a strong restructuring movement, mainly due to factor productivity gains, European livestock brings together farms that are still very heterogeneous in terms of productive combinations, size, social structuring, intensification and economic performance. To document this, data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) is used to analyze the diversity of structural and economic situations of farms specializing in the production of milk, beef and pigs/poultry, for the ten most productive EU Member States in animal production. This step is necessary for identifying the main levers for improving the economic performance of European animal productions. Two types of levers are distinguished. The first concerns the « cost competitiveness ». It refers successively to the substitution of production factors, economies of scale, the geographical concentration of production, the structuring of production chains and the impact of agricultural policies. The second concerns the « non-cost competitiveness ». It covers the sanitary quality of animal productions, the differentiation of products and production processes, and the required conditions for farmers to capture some of the generated value-added. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:inrasl:288830&r=all |
| By: | Lucilla Salvia (Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome (IT).) |
| Abstract: | As in many other countries in the world, the Italian agricultural sector has witnessed a process of deep restructuring with the expansion of export-oriented production and the rise of global value chains in the agrifood sector. This paper argues that the new way of producing and delivering food, coupled with country-specific conditions, such as the structure of Italian agrarian capital, have created the room for new forms of exploitation, such as those based on seasonal migrant labour through practices of labour contracting and that sometimes amount to forms of 'modern slavery'. These new forms of exploitation are far from being exceptional. Although often associated with the territory control of Mafia organizations, this article argues that migrant labour exploitation through the labour contracting system is an integral feature of the contemporary agricultural production in Italy. This is shown through the case study of the fruit and vegetable production in the south area of Lazio region where firms can rely, through the role of labour contractors, on cheap and disposable migrant labour, especially Indian workers. |
| Keywords: | labour contractors, caporalato, Italian agricultural sector, FFV value chain, labour exploitation. |
| JEL: | J61 J81 Q1 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:saq:wpaper:2/19&r=all |
| By: | Jean-Philippe BOUSSEMART (Univ. Lille, CNRS, IESEG School of Management and LEM-UMR 9221); Raluca PARVULESCU (IESEG School of Management and LEM-CNRS (UMR 9221)); ; |
| Abstract: | This article seeks to highlight the performance of the farm sector in the main EU countries. Based on the productivity surplus account method (PSAM), our performance analysis includes all elements of the profit and loss account, which is one of the limits of the traditional index number approach. Moreover, this method also shows the way in which productivity gains observed in each country have been distributed among the main stakeholders. A specific focus is on the state’s as well as the farmers’ roles in this distribution game. |
| Keywords: | : productivity surplus accounting method, total factor productivity, agricultural sector, common agricultural policy |
| JEL: | D24 N54 O13 Q18 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ies:wpaper:e201721&r=all |
| By: | Samuel Asante Gyamerah; Philip Ngare; Dennis Ikpe |
| Abstract: | The effects of weather on agriculture in recent years have become a major concern across the globe. Hence, the need for an effective weather risk management tool (weather derivatives) for agricultural stakeholders. However, most of these stakeholders are unwilling to pay for the price of weather derivatives (WD) because of product-design and geographical basis risks in the pricing models of WD. Using machine learning ensemble technique for crop yield forecasting and feature importance, the major major weather variable (average temperature) that affects crop yields are empirically determined. This variable (average temperature) is used as the underlying index for WD to eliminate product-design basis risks. A model with time-varying speed of mean reversion, seasonal mean, local volatility that depends on the average temperature and time for the contract period is proposed. Based on this model, pricing models for futures, options on futures, and basket futures for cumulative average temperature and growing degree-days are presented. Pricing futures on baskets reduces geographical basis risk as buyer's have the opportunity to select the most appropriate weather stations with their desired weight preference. With these pricing models, agricultural stakeholders can hedge their crops against the perils of weather. |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1905.07546&r=all |
| By: | Oladeebo, J.O; Ganiyu, M.O; Omotayo, A.O |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288337&r=all |
| By: | Svetlov, Nikolay (Светлов, Николай) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Loginov, Dmitriy (Логинов, Дмитрий) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | It has been shown that in the long term, the presence of unused farmland on the northern border of the grain belt of European Russia will contribute to the development of grain production, but this process will, firstly, be gradual and involve relatively small areas, and secondly, it will have the necessary prerequisite for using optimal tools agrarian policy, among which the support of research and development works is coming to the fore. An assessment of the effectiveness of grain sales in a given territory, including by type, and for wheat, by class, is given for the two studied scenarios for involving unused agricultural land (in the absence and with scientific and technological progress) in comparison with the fact. The research methodology is based on the use of two mathematical models, one of which calculates the optimal agrarian policy for the future of 25 years while maintaining equilibrium conditions in the markets of grain, potatoes and the rest of crop production, the other reproduces the behavior of the aggregate agricultural organizations by maximizing the marginal income for non-parametric production capacities for 24 products of agriculture. |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:041932&r=all |
| By: | Obasan, T.A.; Okojie, L.O.; Okuneye, P.A. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288341&r=all |
| By: | Terngu, Iorliam |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288474&r=all |
| By: | Fernando Rios-Avila |
| Abstract: | This paper describes the application of a semiparametric approach, known as a varying coefficients model (Hastie and Tibshirani 1993), to implement a Oaxaca-Blinder type of decomposition in the presence of self-selection into treatment groups for a continuum of comparison groups. The flexibility of this methodology may allow for detecting heterogeneity of the role of endowment and coefficient effects when analyzing endogenous dose treatments. The methodology is then used to revisit the impact of obesity on wages (Cawley 2004), using body mass index (BMI) as the continuous group variable. The results suggest that body weight does have a negative impact on wages for white women, but the impact decreases for higher BMI levels. For white men, the impact is also negative and significant, but positive for low levels of BMI, which explains why they are not significant in the linear instrumental variables approach. |
| Keywords: | Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition; Heckman Selection; Heckit; Semiparametric; Kernel; Nonlinear; Body Mass Index; Weight; Wages |
| JEL: | C14 I19 J31 J71 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lev:wrkpap:wp_930&r=all |
| By: | Oluwalana, E.O.A.; Shittu, A.M.; Olaomi, O.O. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288333&r=all |
| By: | Gregory Casey (Williams College); Soheil Shayegh (Bocconi University, Milan, Italy); Juan Moreno-Cruz (School of Environment, Enterprise and Development, University of Waterloo); Martin Bunzl (Department of Philosophy, Rutgers University); Oded Galor (Brown University); Ken Caldeira (Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA) |
| Abstract: | We examine the potential for climate change to impact fertility via adaptations in human behavior. We start by discussing a wide range of economic channels through which climate change might impact fertility, including sectoral reallocation, the gender wage gap, longevity, and child mortality. Then, we build a quantitative model that combines standard economic- demographic theory with existing estimates of the economic consequences of climate change. In the model, increases in global temperature affect agricultural and non-agricultural sectors differently. Near the equator, where many poor countries are located, climate change has a larger negative effect on agriculture. The resulting scarcity in agricultural goods acts as a force towards higher agricultural prices and wages, leading to a labor reallocation into this sector. Since agriculture makes less use of skilled labor, climate damage decreases the return to acquiring skills, inducing parents to invest less resources in the education of each child and to increase fertility. These patterns are reversed at higher latitudes, suggesting that climate change may exacerbate inequities by reducing fertility and increasing education in richer northern countries, while increasing fertility and reducing education in poorer tropical countries. While the model only examines the role of one specific mechanism, it suggests that climate change could have an impact on fertility, indicating the need for future work on this important topic. Classification- |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wil:wileco:2019-04&r=all |
| By: | Ajiboye, B.O.; Bamiro, O.M.; Adeyonu, A.G.; Adigun, G.T. |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288470&r=all |
| By: | Elum, Z.A.; Ndubueze-Ogaraku, M.E. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288468&r=all |
| By: | Adade, B.F.; Ada-Okungbowa, C.I. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288347&r=all |
| By: | Ugalahi, U.B.; Adeoye, S.O.; Ocheni, B.A. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288499&r=all |
| By: | Rufai, A.M.; Salman, K.K.; Salawu, M.B.; Ogunniyi, A.I. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288352&r=all |
| By: | Kolade, F.T.; Agbonlahor, M.U.; Adeogun, S.O.; Ashaolu, O.F. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288330&r=all |
| By: | Adeyonu, A.G.; Amao, I.O.; Ajiboye, B.O.; Faseyi, S.A.; Isitor, S.U. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288355&r=all |
| By: | Daniel Nachtigall |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the potential benefits and challenges of enhanced international co-ordination on carbon pricing and outlines the different types and levels of co-ordination that are available for national and sub-national governments. These levels include, inter alia, facilitating new pricing schemes, phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, sectoral approaches, co-ordination on minimum carbon prices and carbon pricing clubs. Jurisdictions may want to adopt several of these options simultaneously and may co-ordinate at multiple levels of government or across countries and sectors. This creates a bottom-up ‘web of carbon pricing schemes’, which can be an important element in delivering the Nationally Determined Contributions of the Paris Agreement and which has the potential to support greater levels of climate action and ambition. |
| Keywords: | Carbon clubs, Carbon markets, Carbon pricing, International co-operation, Sectoral agreements |
| JEL: | H23 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:147-en&r=all |
| By: | Ashagidigbi, Waheed M; Olaniyi, Afolabi; Omotola, Aderonke M. |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288471&r=all |
| By: | Crick, Florence; Jenkins, Katie; Surminski, Swenja |
| Abstract: | Multisectoral partnerships are increasingly cited as a mechanism to deliver and improve disaster risk management. Yet, partnerships are not a panacea and more research is required to understand the role that they can play in disaster risk management and particularly disaster risk reduction. This paper investigates how partnerships can incentivise flood risk reduction by focusing on the UK public-private partnership on flood insurance. Developing the right flood insurance arrangements to incentivise flood risk reduction and adaptation to climate change is a key challenge. In the face of rising flood risks due to climate change and socio-economic development insurance partnerships can no longer afford to focus only on the risk transfer function. However, while expectations of the insurance industry have traditionally been high when it comes to flood risk management, the insurance industry alone will not provide the solution to the challenge of rising risks. The case of flood insurance in the UK illustrates this: even national government and industry together cannot fully address these risks and other actors need to be involved to create strong incentives for risk reduction. Using an agent-based model focused on surface water flood risk in London we analyse how other partners could strengthen the insurance partnership by reducing flood risk and thus helping to maintain affordable insurance premiums. Our findings are relevant for wider discussions on the potential of insurance schemes to incentivise flood risk management and climate adaptation in the UK and also internationally. |
| Keywords: | partnerships; insurance; climate change; surface water flood risk; ES/K006576/1 |
| JEL: | E6 |
| Date: | 2018–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:87669&r=all |
| By: | Akshaya Jha; Frank A. Wolak |
| Abstract: | The introduction of purely financial participants into commodity markets is thought to yield forward prices that better reflect future spot prices, and ultimately, more efficient future production and consumption decisions. However, there are sizable transaction costs associated with trading in most commodity markets. This paper develops a statistical test of the null hypothesis that expected forward/spot price spreads cannot be arbitraged even after accounting for these transactions costs. We apply this test to hourly, location-specific day-ahead and real-time prices from California's wholesale electricity market. The implied trading cost required to reject the null hypothesis of no profitable arbitrage opportunities falls significantly after California allowed purely financial participation. Moreover, variable input costs per MWh of electricity produced fell by 3.6% in high demand hours after the introduction of purely financial participants. Combined, our evidence supports the hypothesis that the introduction of purely financial participants into the California wholesale electricity market decreased the average difference and the volatility of the difference between day-ahead and real-time prices, which ultimately lowered the total variable cost of serving demand |
| JEL: | G13 G14 Q02 Q4 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:25851&r=all |
| By: | Oti, O. G.; Onyia, C. C.; Okere, R. A.; Umoinyang, M. E. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288332&r=all |
| By: | Precious Paul Adesina (Economist, Cambridge Resource International Inc.) |
| Abstract: | This study is an appraisal of a rural water and sanitation project in Senegal. The Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) done in this study employs the Integrated Investment Appraisal Approach (IIA) which typically includes the financial, economic, stakeholder and risk analyses of the project. The impacts on all major stakeholders are quantified. Senegal’s water supply coverage was 75 percent in 2004. Of the 75 percent of the total population. 64 percent of the rural population is covered, and 90 percent of the urban population has access to water. In the case of sanitation, however, with only 33 percent coverage of the entire population of Senegal. To further improve the water and sanitation sector of Senegal, especially in the rural areas, the African Development Bank (AfDB) decided to intervene with a series of engagements. This study is the appraisal of the first phase of the African Development Bank’s (AfDB) engagement in the rural water and sanitation in Senegal. This initiative is directed towards ensuring that Senegal reaches its millennium development goals. The intervention is structured such that addresses the needs of both the water supply and sanitation infrastructure. |
| Keywords: | Water and sanitation, Infrastructure, Senegal, African Development Bank, Integrated Investment Appraisal, Cost-Benefit Analysis |
| JEL: | D61 I38 L95 Q25 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:4518&r=all |
| By: | Adakaren, B.; Ekhator, O.J.; SAND Chidebelu; Arene, C.J. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288480&r=all |
| By: | Olutumisc, A.I.; Amos, T.T.; Ajibcfun, A. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288357&r=all |
| By: | Marshall Burke; Vincent Tanutama |
| Abstract: | Efficient responses to climate change require accurate estimates of both aggregate damages and where and to whom they occur. While specific case studies and simulations have suggested that climate change disproportionately affects the poor, large-scale direct evidence of the magnitude and origins of this disparity is lacking. Similarly, evidence on aggregate damages, which is a central input into the evaluation of mitigation policy, often relies on country-level data whose accuracy has been questioned. Here we assemble longitudinal data on economic output from over 11,000 districts across 37 countries, including previously nondigitized sources in multiple languages, to assess both the aggregate and distributional impacts of warming temperatures. We find that local-level growth in aggregate output responds non-linearly to temperature across all regions, with output peaking at cooler temperatures (less than 10°C) than estimated in earlier country analyses and declining steeply thereafter. Long difference estimates of the impact of longer-term (decadal) trends in temperature on income are larger than estimates from an annual panel model, providing additional evidence for growth effects. Impacts of a given temperature exposure do not vary meaningfully between rich and poor regions, but exposure to damaging temperatures is much more common in poor regions. These results indicate that additional warming will exacerbate inequality, particularly across countries, and that economic development alone will be unlikely to reduce damages, as commonly hypothesized. We estimate that since 2000, warming has already cost both the US and the EU at least $4 trillion in lost output, and tropical countries are greater than 5% poorer than they would have been without this warming. |
| JEL: | O13 Q5 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:25779&r=all |
| By: | Liman, A.; Maikasuwa, M.A.; Ala, A.L.; Sokoto, M.B. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288476&r=all |
| By: | Gérard de La Paix Bayiha (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Ludovic Temple (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Syndhia Mathé (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Thomas Nesme (ISPA - Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Bordeaux Sciences Agro - Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine) |
| Abstract: | Dans un contexte de controverse sur la capacité des modèles agricoles à répondre conjointement aux enjeux alimentaires, environnementaux et de développement en Afrique, nous analysons les conditions de viabilité d'une agriculture à caractère biologique au Cameroun. La démarche mobilise une enquête par entretiens semi-directifs auprès des acteurs engagés dans les filières de production biologique et une mise en débat des connaissances générées lors d'ateliers participatifs multi-acteurs. Elle met en interaction les connaissances scientifiques, entrepreneuriales et techniques. Les résultats mettent en exergue trois types d'agriculture biologique : l'un certifié suivant les cahiers des charges internationaux ; le deuxième hybride, du fait de sa nature entrepreneuriale et sans certification ; et le troisième, « naturel sans certification », qui renvoie aux pratiques traditionnelles à faible usage d'intrants. En utilisant le cadre d'analyse de la théorie des transitions multi-niveaux, ces trois types permettent de définir des trajectoires possibles d'évolution de l'agriculture biologique au Cameroun. Mots clés : agriculture biologique / modèle agricole d'innovation / filière / Cameroun Abstract-Typology and perspective of evolution of organic farming in Cameroon. In a context of controversy over the capacity of agricultural models to respond jointly to food, environmental and development issues in Africa, we analyze the conditions of viability of organic farming in Cameroon. The approach mobilizes a survey through semi-structured interviews with stakeholders involved in the organic production sectors and a discussion of the knowledge generated during multi-stakeholder participatory workshops. The approach brings together scientific, entrepreneurial and technical knowledge. The results highlight three types of organic farming: one type certified according to international specifications; the second, hybrid because of its entrepreneurial nature and without certification; and the third, "natural without certification", that refers to traditional practices, with low use of inputs. Using the framework of analysis of the multi-level transition theory, these three types make it possible to define possible trajectories for the evolution of organic agriculture in Cameroon. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02097784&r=all |
| By: | Ajayi, Clementina Oluwafunke; Ajayi, Joseph Omotoso; Ayo-Bello, Taofeek Ayodeji; Oluwawehinmi, Temitope Adewale |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288495&r=all |
| By: | Bullock, David W. |
| Abstract: | Over the past 20 years, U.S. agriculture has witnessed profound changes with respect to technology, climate, farm policy, and other factors (ethanol production, Chinese demand, etc.) that have major repercussions with regards to the geographic distribution of crop production — particularly, from a market share and geographic basis. There have been many recent studies that have examined both the direct and indirect impacts of these production factors upon crop yields, acreage, and production from both a temporal and spatial perspective. However, little to no attention has been paid to the impact of these factors upon the relative influence of each individual state’s crop production outcomes as they relate to the national outcome. The purpose of this study is to address this question of state-level geographic importance for U.S. corn and soybeans by employing the following procedure. First, a metric is constructed to measure crop production outcomes at any geographic level by comparing the current year’s production to the recent historical norm. This metric, called a production performance index (PPI), is simply the difference between the current year’s crop production and the Olympic average (drop minimum and maximum and take arithmetic average of remaining values) of the previous five years of production. The dataset used in the study includes annual crop production values for the 1970 through the 2017 crop years. The PPI, given its five-year lag, is calculated with values for the U.S., each major producing state, and the “Other States” residual from the 1975 to 2017 crop years for both corn and soybeans. The PPI time series is divided into two distinct sets of time periods as a proxy for the changes mentioned above: (1) the 1975 to 1995 crop years, and (2) the 1996 to 2017 crop years. The 1996 crop year was chosen as the dividing point since it represents a watershed year in U.S. corn and soybean production — the commercialization of the first GMO corn (Bt corn) and soybean (Roundup Ready) varieties. Each states’ relative influence upon the national production performance outcome is determined by regressing the individual states’ PPI values upon the national PPI value for corn and soybeans under each time period. The regression analysis is conducted using correlated component regression (CCR) – a relatively new statistical tool for sparse and mulicollinear datasets. The absolute value of the standardized coefficient values from the regression model are used to rank each state with regards to its influence. Each state’s percentage share of the sum of the absolute coefficient values was also calculated and used to calculate a Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) by summing the squared values of the percentage shares. The HHI is used as a measure of the geographic dispersion of production importance for the national aggregate. Overall, the results showed a shifting geographic dynamic for both corn and soybeans with the emphasis shifting from east to west in general direction. This makes intuitive sense as many of the observed technological and climatic changes over the past several decades point towards corn and soybean varieties that require a shorter growing season, and the increase in the number of frost-free days in many of the states in the northern reaches of the U.S. Corn Belt region. Additionally, the greater utilization of irrigation in crop production has likely contributed to the westward expansion of both corn and soybean production — often at the expense of wheat and cotton production. The slight decline in the HHI for corn indicates that production influence is becoming slightly more diversified from a geographic perspective. For soybeans, the opposite effect has occurred with a slight increase in the HHI pointing towards greater influence from the key producing states of Iowa, Minnesota, and Illinois — likely the result of a shift from corn to soybean acres as all three states lost influence shares in corn production between the two time periods. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2019–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nddaae:288635&r=all |
| By: | Oseghale, A.I.; Ayinde, I.A.; Shittu, A.M.; Adeofun, C.O |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288481&r=all |
| By: | Oladokun, Yetunde O.M; Adenegan, Kemisola O. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288331&r=all |
| By: | Agbeniga, Abiola; Afolami, C.A.; Obaelu, A.E.; Mavrotas, George; Oluwatosin, B.O. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288469&r=all |
| By: | Ng, Horlick; Ker, Alan P. |
| Abstract: | Feeding nine billion people by 2050, yield resiliency, climate change, and remaining economically competitive have received significant attention in the literature. Technological change in agriculture will largely dictate our ability to meet these challenges. Although there is significant literature on technological change in U.S. crop yields, very little has been done with Canadian yields. Moreover, the adoption and effect of various technologies and their interaction with climate tend to be crop-region specific. To this end, we model technological change in county-level yields for barley, canola, corn, oats, soybean and wheat in Canada. We use mixtures to allow and test for heterogeneous rates of technological change within the yield data generating process. While we tend to find increasing but heterogeneous rates of technological change, increasing and asymmetric yield volatility, and increasing absolute but decreasing relative yield resiliency, our results do differ across crops and exhibit spatial bifurcations within a crop. Using a standard attribution model, we find changing climate has differing effects across crops. We also consider the public funding implications of technological change for Canadian Business Risk Management programs. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uguiwp:288896&r=all |
| By: | Udoka, S.J.; Ugwu, D.S; Akpan, S.B.; Patrick, I.V.; Akubuilo, C.J.C. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288304&r=all |
| By: | Adebayo, C.O.; Oladele, A.O.; Tanko, S.U. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288365&r=all |
| By: | Adeoye, A; Olojede, M.O; Balogun, O.L.; Adegbite, S.K |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288348&r=all |
| By: | Ehirim, N.C.; Azubogu, C.C.; Osuji, E.E. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288472&r=all |
| By: | Stefano Gagliarducci (CEIS & DEF University of Rome "Tor Vergata", EIEF and IZA); M. Daniele Paserman (Boston University, NBER, CEPR and IZA); Eleonora Patacchini (Cornell University, EIEF, CEPR and IZA) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how politicians and voters respond to new information on the threats of climate change. Using data on the universe of federal disaster declarations between 1989 and 2014, we document that congress members from districts hit by a hurricane are more likely to support bills promoting more environmental regulation and control in the year after the disaster. The response to hurricanes does not seem to be driven by logrolling behavior or lobbysts' pressure. The change in legislative agenda is persistent over time, and it is associated with an electoral penalty in the following elections. The response is mainly promoted by representatives in safe districts, those with more experience, and those with strong pro-environment records. Our evidence thus reveals that natural disasters may trigger a permanent change in politicians' beliefs, but only those with a sufficient electoral strength or with strong ideologies are willing to engage in promoting policies with short-run costs and long-run benefits. |
| Keywords: | U.S. Congress, Hurricanes, Legislative Activity. |
| JEL: | D70 D72 H50 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rtv:ceisrp:458&r=all |