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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2019‒05‒13
fifty-six papers chosen by |
| By: | Koshovnyk, Roman; Nivievskyi, Oleg |
| Abstract: | Ukraine’s agriculture increasingly contributes to global food security. However, there is a significant untapped agricultural production and export potential with the country. Weak land governance and institutions, including the moratorium on farmland sales, are generally recognized as the major source of a significant agricultural productivity gap in Ukraine. In this paper we match a rich farm-level accounting data with a unique set of land governance indicators to measure the role of land institutions in enhancing agriculture productivity. Controlling for farm specific characteristics, land institutions turned out to have quite sizable impact on productivity. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2019–03–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa165:288299&r=all |
| By: | Ben Henderson (OECD); Jussi Lankoski (OECD) |
| Abstract: | The relationship between agricultural support policies (adapted from the OECD Producer Support Estimate (PSE) classification) and a selection of environmental impacts are analysed in a range of country settings, using a farm-level and a market-level model. Based on the methods and environmental indicators used, market price support and payments based on unconstrained variable input use were the most environmentally harmful among the various PSE measures. Decoupled support payments based on non-current crop area were the least harmful, even when considering their impacts on the behaviour of risk averse farmers. The impacts of support policies that clearly change the competitiveness of one production activity in relation to another, such as payments based on current crop area or on animal numbers, were more equivocal. Support payments subject to environmental constraints can improve environmental outcomes compared to coupled support without restrictions, however, they can also have unintended environmental impacts. |
| Keywords: | biodiversity, GHG, nitrogen runoff, nutrient balance, producer support |
| JEL: | Q12 Q15 Q18 |
| Date: | 2019–05–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:130-en&r=all |
| By: | Hein, Yarzar; Vijitsrikamol, Kampanat; Attavanich, Witsanu; Janekarnkij, Penporn |
| Abstract: | Agriculture is highly sensitive to climate change and understandings how the adaptation options improve the farming household’s adaptive capacity are critical to the agricultural policies. The study was carried out for the economic assessment of climate adaption options in rice-based farming system of Myanmar. The propensity score matching approach was applied to explore the existing adaptation options and its contribution on the farm income. In addition, the binary probit model was used to analyse the factors influencing those adaptation decisions. The erratic rainfall, especially dry spell period and unexpected rain during the critical crop growth, was the critical challenge of rice-based farming in the study. The timely operation of farm machineries was one of the major adaptation options for the farmers, followed by other options such as use of more agrochemicals and changing rice varieties including early maturity, high yielding and stress tolerant varieties. The combination of those adaptations gave additional 0.86-0.89 ton/ha yield, 152-158 USD/ha total return and 108-124 USD/ha profit to the adapter farmers. The institutional factors such as irrigation access, access to credit, access to weekly weather information and participation to agricultural training were critically important to the adaptation decision. Moreover, the social capital factors like farming experience, farm size and farm income share were also major influencing variables. |
| Keywords: | climate adaptation, economic impact, Myanmar, propensity score matching, rice-based farming |
| JEL: | C52 O13 Q12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:93587&r=all |
| By: | Carney Conor; Abman Ryan |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the relationship between land tenure for smallholder agriculture and deforestation in Viet Nam. We combine high resolution satellite data on deforestation with rich household and commune-level, biannual panel data.We study two margins of tenure security, whether a household has any land title (extensive) and the share of a household’s land held in title (intensive). Using a household-fixed effects model, we find the increases in crop production and land investment associated with holding land title are driven by the intensive margin.We then aggregate the survey data to the commune-level and find evidence that marginal increases in extensive tenure (share of households with any land title) increase deforestation holding constant the average intensive tenure (average share of land held in tenure among those with land title).We find some evidence that increasing the intensive margin of tenure (holding constant the extensive tenure) decreases deforestation. These results present a more nuanced view of the tenuredeforestation relationship than is prevalent in the existing literature. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural productivity,Deforestation,Land tenure |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp2018-88&r=all |
| By: | Aminata Diagne; Lota Dabio Tamini; Patrick Mundler |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the adoption dynamics of improved rainfed maize seeds disseminated in Senegal in 2013 by the West African Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAPP). We group maize producers into five groups (non-adopters, laggards/abandoners, late adopters, followers and pioneers/innovators) and take into account the heterogeneity of unobservable characteristics of the producers. In the pioneers/innovators group, the availability of labour, household size, shocks, and frequency of access to advice positively influence adoption, whereas financial constraints and high numbers of plots reduce the probability of adoption. Producers in the followers’ category tend to be older and more educated than are those in the other categories. However, food insecurity and shocks such as diseases hamper adoption. For the group of late adopters, household size and available storage infrastructures explain adoption. However, the number of plots and shocks reduce their probability of adoption. Laggards tend to face shocks and food insecurity. |
| Keywords: | Adoption,Technological Innovations,Multinomial Logit Model,Endogeneity,Unobservable Heterogeneity,Senegal, |
| JEL: | Q12 Q18 |
| Date: | 2019–05–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2019s-08&r=all |
| By: | Kotchikpa Gabriel Lawin; Lota Dabio Tamini |
| Abstract: | The literature considers crop diversification to be a risk management strategy at the farm level. In this article, we combine experimental data on risk aversion with survey data to identify the extent to which risk aversion affects crop diversification decisions. We conduct experiments to measure the risk aversion of smallholder farmers in Burkina Faso and a field survey to gather data on various socio-economic variables. To measure crop diversification, we use three indices of spatial diversity in crop species adapted from the ecological economics literature, i.e., the weighted count index, the weighted Herfindahl index measure of crop concentration and the weighted Shannon index of evenness. An Ordinary Least square (OLS) model is used to estimate the impact of risk aversion on crop diversification when the weighted count index and the weighted Herfindahl index are used as the dependent variable, whereas a Tobit model is used for the weighted Shannon index. Our results show that risk aversion has a negative and significant effect on crop diversification. Risk-averse producers focus more on the production of traditional, less risky and low market value crops. Other variables also affect crop diversification. In particular, education level, distance to market, farm area and land fragmentation are associated with greater crop diversification. |
| Keywords: | Risk aversion,diversity index,crop diversification,smallholder farmers,Burkina Faso, |
| JEL: | C93 D13 G11 Q12 Q57 |
| Date: | 2019–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2019s-07&r=all |
| By: | Yoro Diallo (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - Clermont Auvergne - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sébastien Marchand (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - Clermont Auvergne - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Etienne Espagne (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech, AFD - Agence française de développement, CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - Clermont Auvergne - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to examine farm household-level impacts of weather extreme events on Vietnamese rice technical efficiency. Vietnam is considered among the most vulnerable countries to climate change, and the Vietnamese economy is highly dependent on rice production that is strongly affected by climate change. A stochastic frontier analysis is applied with census panel data and weather data from 2010 to 2014 to estimate these impacts while controlling for both adaptation strategy and household characteristics. Also, this study combines these estimated marginal effects with future climate scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5) to project the potential impact of hot temperatures in 2050 on rice technical efficiency. We find that weather shocks measured by the occurrence of floods, typhoons and droughts negatively affect technical efficiency. Also, additional days with a temperature above 31°C dampen technical efficiency and the negative effect is increasing with temperature. For instance, a one day increase in the bin [33°C-34°C] ([35°C and more]) lessen technical efficiency between 6.84 (2.82) and 8.05 (3.42) percentage points during the dry (wet) season. |
| Keywords: | Weather shocks,Technical efficiency,Rice farming,Vietnam |
| Date: | 2019–03–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02080285&r=all |
| By: | McKay Andy; Cazzuffi Chiara; Perge Emilie |
| Abstract: | The past 30 years have seen a consistent increase in agricultural commercialization in rural Viet Nam, at the same time when rural residents have moved increasingly into non-agricultural activities.The contribution of the latter to welfare improvement and poverty reduction is well known; in this paper we investigate the extent to which increased agricultural commercialization has also contributed to improving welfare levels. For this purpose, we use the five-wave Viet Nam Access to Resources Household Survey (VARHS) panel data set from 2008–16 to consider the specific impacts of increased commercialization of rice, Viet Nam& 39;s dominant crop.We use three measures of welfare and two measures of agricultural commercialization, and find a significant impact of commercialization on household assets, a longer term welfare measure. However, we do not find much impact on household income and food consumption. The results also show heterogeneous effects across different types of households, with particularly large impacts for those who are frequent sellers. |
| Keywords: | Rice,Smallholders,Commercialization |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp2018-130&r=all |
| By: | Danne, Michael; Buchholz, Matthias; Musshoff, Oliver |
| Abstract: | Farmland is a principal production factor in agricultural production. Farmers have the opportunity to buy or to rent farmland. In this paper, we apply a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to analyze farmers’ individual buying and rental decisions for farmland. The net present value (NPV) is used as normative benchmark to evaluate farmers’ decisions in the experiment. Sociodemographic and business variables as well as farmers expectations about developments of farmland prices are used as covariates in the econometric analysis. Our results reveal that farmers have a higher willingness to buy than to rent farmland. Covariates as the farm size and the farmers risk attitude influence the farmers’ decisions in the DCE while no effect was observable for the individual expected purchase price change. Finally, we find that farmers act only in nearly the half of all decision in accordance with the NPV. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2019–03–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa165:288295&r=all |
| By: | Shingo Kimura (OECD); Stephan Hubertus Gay (OECD); Wusheng Yu (University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | Reforming China’s grain policy could have significant implications for both domestic and international markets. China has begun to reform its price support policies for several commodities, replacing them with commodity specific area payments. The assessment of policy reform scenarios for grains, using two partial equilibrium models, show that China would maintain more than 80% of self-sufficiency in wheat and maize, and more than 95% in rice. The increase in its grain imports could increase international prices, in particular for wheat and rice. A gradual approach to reforming market price support with compensatory payments would smooth the potential impacts on domestic and world commodity markets, as well as on domestic farm income. While the reform of price support policies benefit consumers the most, more decoupled area payments could also have a greater impact on farm income without increasing the overall cost to society as well as environmental performance of agriculture. Lower costs of managing public grain stocks would equally reduce the budgetary cost of reforms. |
| JEL: | Q11 Q17 Q18 F14 |
| Date: | 2019–05–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:129-en&r=all |
| By: | Djuikom Marie |
| Abstract: | Understanding how internal labour migration affects the agricultural sector is important for all developing countries whose markets do not work well or are non-existent. In fact, even if the movement out of the agricultural sector can be viewed as a process to reach development for many African countries, this could lead to a negative effect on the rural economy. The availability of labour and the cost of hiring people to work on farms is an example of a problem that farmers may face in the presence of a critical level of labour migration.This paper investigates the effect of internal labour migration on agricultural productivity of rural households in Uganda. Since households select themselves into migration this raises the endogeneity problem. In order to account for the endogeneity of the migration decision and the fact that the effect might be different from one household to another, I model the households’ decisions to participate in migration along with their investment in agricultural productivity using the Bayesian treatment analysis. This approach allows me to self-match each household and to estimate a distribution for the counterfactual outcome.The results show that even if on average internal labour migration positively affects agricultural productivity, there are some households for which the effect is negative. Those households for which the effect is negative are mostly small farmers and are therefore more likely to be poor and thus more sensitive to the local price volatility. Moreover, the average effect of the labour migration tends to increase with the likelihood of participating in the internal labour migration. In parallel, I also examine to what extent previous migration rates, widely used in the literature as instrument for the migration decision, are exogenous to the agricultural productivity. It turns out that previous households’ decisions to participate in migration are intimately correlated with their current agricultural productivity. |
| Keywords: | Bayesian treatment analysis,Instrumental variable,Labour migration,rural,Agriculture |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp2018-45&r=all |
| By: | Gabriela Demarchi (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Subervie Julie (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Fernando Palha Leite (CENIBRA - Celulose Nipo-Brasileira SA); Jean-Paul Laclau (UMR Eco&Sols - Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | In a climate change context, changing temperature and precipitation pattern are expected to have strong impacts on Brazilian eucalyptus plantations. Implementing adaptive water-efficient management practices is thus becoming necessary to maintain high levels of productivity while preserving the water resources. This paper investigates the ability of eucalyptus farmers to modify their current silvicultural practices in order to adapt to drought in the near future. We ran a choice experiment in the state of Minas Gerais, among 80 eucalyptus producers, who were asked to choose from several management options associated with various financial supports. The results show that adaptation by reducing the length of the eucalyptus rotation proves to be by far the preferred option, despite the associated costs. On the contrary, reducing density appears to be the least chosen option by the respondents, which may suggest that they underestimate the benefits of this strategy. We moreover find a clear and relevant segmentation of farmers'choice behavior, the general preference for reducing the length of the eucalyptus rotation being driven by themost vulnerable farmers of the sample. |
| Keywords: | Brazil,water resources,drought,choice experiment,eucalyptus |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-02086526&r=all |
| By: | Clement A. Tisdell |
| Abstract: | India has drawn up plans for it to contribute to the fulfilment of the UN’s Global Agenda 2030 for sustainable development. This chapter focuses on India’s plans for fostering biodiversity conservation in relation to sustainable development goal 15 of this agenda. The aim of SDG15 is to conserve natural ecosystems and life (biodiversity) on land. As noted in this chapter, there is a lack of clarity in Global Agenda 2030 about what ecosystems and components of biodiversity are worthy of preservation. Also the concept of sustainable development is not well defined. Therefore, Global Agenda 2030 gives individual nations considerable leeway in applying these objectives. Furthermore, the targets associated with the UN’s SD goals are ‘fuzzy’ and individual nations are at liberty to decide which targets to pursue. India has selected only three of the twelve UN targets as a part of its contribution to satisfying SDG15, and these are only partly covered by its planning specifications. The reasons for India’s choice and the limitations of its choice are discussed. Also the implications for biodiversity conservation of India’s other SD targets (e.g. those pertaining to water and food supplies) are analyzed and deficiencies are noted. It is contended that India’s SD responses to Global Agenda 2030 reflect the ‘fuzziness’ of the agenda itself. There is a real risk that India will not meet its conservation targets and significantly improve the state of its environment by 2030. It is predicted that India is unlikely to follow a ‘green’ path policy in order to achieve sustainable development by 2030 given that a pro-economic growth climate is likely to prevail politically for some time yet in India. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–05–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uqseee:288283&r=all |
| By: | Isabelle Tritsch (UMR ECOFOG - Ecologie des forêts de Guyane - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech - UG - Université de Guyane - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UA - Université des Antilles); Gwenolé Le Velly (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Benoit Mertens (ATILF - Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Patrick Meyfroidt (Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] - UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain); Christophe Sannier (SIRS - Systèmes d'Information à Référence Spatiale - Systèmes d'Information à Référence Spatiale); Jean-Sylvestre Makak (Geospatial Company); Kenneth Houngbedji (AFD - Agence française de développement) |
| Abstract: | To allow for the production of timber while preserving conservation values, forestry regulations in the Congo Basin have made Forest Management Plans (FMPs) mandatory in logging concessions. This paper uses original highresolution maps of forest-cover changes and official records on the activities of logging concessions to analyze the impact of FMPs on deforestation in this region. We apply quasi-experimental and difference-in-difference approaches to evaluate the change in deforestation in concessions that implemented an FMP. We find that between 2000 and 2010, deforestation was 74% lower in concessions with an FMP compared to others. Building on a theory of change, further analyses revealed that this decrease in deforestation takes at least five years to occur, and is highest around communities located in and nearby logging concessions and in areas close to previous deforestation. These findings suggest that FMPs reduce deforestation by allowing concessions to rotate cycles of timber extraction, thereby avoiding the overexploitation of areas that were previously logged, and by the better regulation of access to concessions by closing former logging roads to limit illegal activities such as slash and burn agriculture, hunting and the illegal harvest of timber or fuelwood. |
| Keywords: | forest management plan,FSC certification,deforestation,quasi-experimental matching,causal mechanisms,Congo Basin |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02103836&r=all |
| By: | Braito, Michael; Flint, Courtney; Leonhardt, Heidi; Penker, Marianne |
| Abstract: | Agricultural tenancy is increasing, as is soil degradation and erosion. Theory suggests that these trends may be correlated, yet empirical findings are ambiguous. This paper broadens the perspective on mental models influencing farmers’ soil management and disentangles assumed relationships with agricultural land tenancy. Results of a survey of farmers (n=344) in Austria reveal that tenure is less important for understanding farmers’ soil management practices than items of mental models. The study sheds new light on the assumption that farmers’ soil management practices depend on ownership status and planning horizons, as often suggested by agricultural economic theory. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2019–03–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa165:288288&r=all |
| By: | Grau, Aaron; Odening, Martin; Ritter, Matthias |
| Abstract: | Land market regulations are often justified by the assumption that activities of foreign and non-agricultural investors drive up prices in domestic land markets. However, empirical knowledge about the dynamics of agricultural land prices across borders is sparse. Using the German reunification as a natural experiment, we study the effect of the former inner German border on the dynamics of agricultural land prices in East and West Germany. We apply a land price diffusion model with an error correction specification to analyze spatial agricultural land markets. A novel feature of our model is its ability to distinguish price diffusion within states and across state borders. We provide evidence for a persistent border effect given that the fraction of spatially integrated counties is larger within states than across the former border. Moreover, we observe non-significant error correction terms for many counties along the former border. From a policy perspective, it is striking to realize that even 25 years after German reunification, pronounced land price differences persist. It is quite likely that price diffusion through existing borders within the EU would take even more time given language barriers, different institutional frameworks, and information asymmetries between domestic and foreign market participants. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2019–02–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa165:288296&r=all |
| By: | Vos Rob |
| Abstract: | Over the past sixty years, most Asian countries have undergone relatively rapid agricultural transformations that helped jumpstart broader economic development. However, the changes have differed markedly in nature and speed across countries of the region.In much of East and Southeast Asia, the Green Revolution brought a quantum leap in yields of staple crops. Agricultural productivity growth facilitated labour exit and savings transfers, which helped jumpstart industrial growth and urbanization, which in turn induced deeper agrarian change and food system transformations.In South Asia, these transformative changes have lagged in part because of structural hurdles to agrarian change signalled by Gunnar Myrdal in his seminal book Asian Drama of 1968. More recently, South Asian economies also managed to overcome most of those obstacles, inducing accelerated growth of both agriculture and non-agricultural sectors.Vast challenges of still widespread poverty and food insecurity in this part of Asia remain. These challenges remain in a context of relatively advanced urbanization, strongly changed dietary patterns and agri-food systems, and pressing environmental constraints.Consequently, as this paper argues, moving forward, the role and nature of agricultural transformations and structural change in forging economic growth and poverty reduction in still disadvantaged regions of Asia will need to be different as well. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural productivity,Food policy,structural change,Rural development |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp2018-87&r=all |
| By: | Lota Dabio Tamini; Ibrahima Bocoum; Ghislain Auger; Kotchikpa Gabriel Lawin; Arahama Traoré |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the crop production intensification credit [Crédit d’Intensification de la Production Agricole] (CIPA) and its impact on smallholders farmers in Burkina Faso. The methodological approach of the evaluation is based on a randomized experiment coupled to propensity score matching. For the latter, the strategy was to use the observable characteristics of producers and their farms to identify, in non-CIPA areas, producers who have characteristics that have an impact on the propensity to take a credit similar to the CIPA beneficiary producers. We used a Difference-in-Difference approach and analysed the changes in the results between the baseline (2015) and final (2017) surveys witch result in a total of 955 observations in the northern of Burkina Faso and 1,311 in the southern part. The results show that CIPA has a positive effect on area planted, yield, production and sales. However, there is heterogeneity regarding gender, province and perceived quality of services to producers (provided by extension agents, producers’ organization and input suppliers). Development projects should therefore consider this heterogeneity in the design of their interventions. |
| Keywords: | Burkina Faso,Microcredit,Agricultural production,Agricultural productivity,Impact evaluation, |
| JEL: | O13 Q14 |
| Date: | 2019–05–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2019s-11&r=all |
| By: | Fabienne Femenia (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST) |
| Abstract: | Food demand elasticities are crucial parameters in the calibration of simulation models used to assess the impacts of political reforms or to analyse long-term projections, notably in agricultural sectors. Numerous estimates of these parameters are now available in the economic literature. The main objectives of this work are twofold: we seek first to identify general patterns characterizing the demand elasticities of food products and second to identify the main sources of heterogeneity between the elasticity estimates available in the literature. To achieve these objectives, we conduct a broad literature review of food demand elasticity estimates and perform a meta-regression analysis. Our results reveal the important impacts of income levels on income and price elasticities both at the country (gross domestic product-GDP) and household levels: the higher the income is, the lower the level of elasticities. Food demand responses to changes in income and prices appear to follow different patterns depending on the global regions involved apart from any income level consideration. From a methodological viewpoint, the functional forms used to represent food demand are found to significantly affect elasticity estimates. This result sheds light on the importance of the specification of demand functions, and particularly of their flexibility, in simulation models. |
| Abstract: | Les élasticités prix et revenu de la demande de biens alimentaires sont des paramètres cruciaux intervenant dans le calibrage des modèles de simulation qui sont utilisés pour évaluer l'impact de réformes politiques ou faire des projections de long terme, notamment en ce qui concerne dans les secteurs agricoles. De nombreuses valeurs estimées de ces paramètres sont aujourd'hui disponibles dans la littérature économique. Nos principaux objectifs ici sont, d'une part, de mettre en avant des éléments caractérisant de manière générale ces élasticités prix et revenu et, d'autre part, d'identifier les principales sources de variabilité de leurs valeurs estimées dans la littérature. Pour répondre à ce double objectif nous collectons dans la littérature un large ensemble d'élasticités estimées de demande de biens alimentaires que nous analysons ensuite à l'aide d'une méta-régression. Nos résultats mettent en évidence un impact important du niveau de revenu, à la fois au niveau pays (produit intérieur brut-PIB) et au niveau ménage, sur les élasticités prix et revenu : plus le revenu est élevé, moins la demande de biens alimentaires est élastique. Il apparait également que les réponses de la demande aux variations de revenu et de prix diffèrent entre régions du monde indépendamment des différences de revenus pouvant exister entre ces régions. D'un point de vue méthodologique, nous trouvons que le choix de la forme fonctionnelle utilisée pour représenter la demande a un effet significatif sur les élasticités estimées. Ce résultat souligne l'importance de la spécification des fonctions de demande, en particulier de leur flexibilité, dans les modèles de simulation. |
| Keywords: | demande de biens alimentaires,elasticities,food demand,meta-analysis,elasticity,élasticité,estimation,méta-analyse |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02103880&r=all |
| By: | Bonnet, Céline; Bouamra-Mechemache, Zohra |
| Abstract: | During the period 2006 to 2012, French competition authorities pressed charges against the country’s top 11 firms for engaging in a price-fixing cartel in the fresh dairy store brand segment. Using an empirical vertical bargaining model, this paper studies the effects of the "yogurt cartel" on the price of store brand and national brand products, on the profit sharing between dairy dessert companies and retailers, and consumer welfare. We find that data supports collusive behavior in the dairy dessert market. The cartel leads to price effects for store brands varying from 7.3% for other dairy desserts to 11.3% for yogurts, and those price effects would even be stronger if the cartel also affects the ability of retailers to negotiate with manufacturers. We also show that in a hypothetical situation without the collusion of private label providers, the prices of national brands would have been higher and manufacturers’ profits for the sales of their national brand products would have been lower. The cartel thus benefits manufacturers both in the national brand and private label markets. We show that the national brand dairy dessert market should be taken into account when evaluating the damages to the private label dairy dessert market, which the French competition authorities failed to do. |
| Keywords: | Yogurt cartel; private label; bargaining; profit sharing; food; collusion. |
| JEL: | L13 L41 L66 |
| Date: | 2019–05–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:122945&r=all |
| By: | Théo Benonnier (ENS Cachan - École normale supérieure - Cachan); Katrin Millock (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics); Vis Taraz (Smith College) |
| Abstract: | Climate change will affect both international and internal migration. Earlier work finds evidence of a climate-migration poverty trap: higher temperatures reduce agri- cultural yields, which in turn reduce emigration rates in low-income countries, due to liquidity constraints. We test whether access to irrigation modulates the climate- migration poverty trap, since irrigation protects crops from heat. We regress measures of international and internal migration on decadal averages of temperature and rain- fall, interacted with country-level data on irrigation and income. We find that irri- gation access significantly weakens the climate-migration poverty trap, demonstrating the importance of considering alternative adaptation strategies when analyzing climate migration. |
| Keywords: | International migration,Rural-urban migration,Climate change,Agriculture,Irrigation |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-02107098&r=all |
| By: | Fabrice Etilé (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sebastien Lecocq (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Christine Boizot-Szantai (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | Market heterogeneity may affect the distributional incidence of soft-drink taxes if households sort by income across markets with different characteristics. We use the Kantar Worldpanel homescan data to analyse the distributional incidence of the 2012 French soda tax on Exact Price Indices (EPIs) that measure consumer welfare from the price, availability and consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (SSBs) at a local market level. After correcting prices for consumer heterogeneity in preferences, we find that the soda tax had a significant but small national average impact corres- ponding to a pass-through of approximately 40%. Producers and retailers set significantly higher pass-throughs in low-income, less-competitive and smaller markets and for cheaper but less popular brands. Market heterogeneity ultimately has substantial distributional effects, as it accounts for approximately 35% of the difference in welfare variation between low- and high-income consumers. |
| Keywords: | Soft-drink tax,Nutrition,Tax incidence,Inequality,Market Structure,Consumer Price Index |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02084147&r=all |
| By: | Kelly, Siobhan; Swensson, Luana F.J. |
| Abstract: | Institutional food procurement programmes (IFPPs) refer to initiatives that are designed to link institutional demand for food to broader development objectives. In developing countries, IFPPs are increasingly viewed as approaches that facilitate the transformation of local food systems. This publication shares lessons from the Purchase for Progress (P4P) pilot initiative of the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP), as well as Brazil’s National School Feeding Programme (PNAE) and the public Food Purchase Programme (PAA), with insights on the policy and institutional reforms required for developing and implementing IFPPs. In analysing the needs and constraints of buying institutions and small suppliers, the publication also provides practical guidance on tools and capacity building priorities required to build strong IFPPs. The analysis culminates in a programmatic framework to help the public sector to shape and implement IFPPs. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Consumer/Household Economics, Financial Economics |
| Date: | 2017–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:faoets:288202&r=all |
| By: | Ifft, Jennifer; Li, Wen; Raszap Skorbiansky, Sharon; Rosch, Stephanie; Zhu, John Yiran |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:scc019:288102&r=all |
| By: | Hellerstein, Daniel; Vilorio, Dennis |
| Abstract: | Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators, 2019, describes trends in economic, resource, and environmental indicators in the agriculture sector. Agriculture is dynamic, changing in response to economic, technological, environmental, and policy factors. The indicators covered in this report provide assessments of important changes in U.S. agriculture—the industry’s development, its environmental effects, and the implications for economic and environmental sustainability. The individual chapters track key natural, produced, and management resources that are used in or are affected by agricultural production, as well as structural changes in farm production and the economic conditions and policies that influence agricultural resource use and its environmental impacts. The chapters also direct interested readers to ERS research and data that provide more detailed description and analysis. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Productivity Analysis |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:288293&r=all |
| By: | Singh Anuj; King Michael |
| Abstract: | We employ a novel approach to investigate the reasons for a low demand for agricultural insurance. We confirm that farmers systematically undervalue agricultural insurance.First, we find that private transfers, mainly from family members, explain under-valuation of agricultural insurance. Second, membership of a farmer’s union, interpreted as a form of social capital or pro-active behaviour, explains the differential between willingness to pay (WTP) and the predicted economic value of insurance. Third, we help answer the puzzle why the most risk averse are least likely to take up agricultural insurance.We find that over-confidence holds a positive and significant relationship with WTP for agricultural insurance and interpret this as evidence that, within the context of implementation challenges and likely concerns about insurer viability, only the most confident are likely to purchase insurance. These results hold across a range of robustness checks. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture,Insurance,Risk |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp2018-93&r=all |
| By: | Pierre-Emmanuel Darpeix (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Food price volatility has drawn much attention from the international community in the beginning of the 21st century, in the aftermath of the 2008 and 2010 food riots. One strand of the literature aimed at identifying the economic origins of the increased variability of prices (supply shocks, underinvestment in the agricultural sector, financial speculation and increased demand from the emerging markets), while several articles were trying to assess whether there had actually been a change in the volatility regime in the first place. Yet another strand of the literature focused on the consequences of food price shocks and volatility. This paper provides a comprehensive review of this extensive literature on the impacts of food price shocks and food commodity volatility. The consequences are assessed both in micro- and macroeconomic terms, from the consumer's and producer's sides, as well as from the theoretical and empirical points of view. If the vast majority of studies points to a detrimental impact of food price shocks on the livelihood of many in the developing world, and on potentially dire consequences on production, growth and political stability, this literature review reveals, above all, the lack of proper investigation about the consequences of food price volatility in itself. The hype around the excessive volatility of the food markets did not translate into an academic focus on the consequences of this price instability. |
| Keywords: | Food price volatility,investment,development,human capital,conflicts |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02072329&r=all |
| By: | Schnitkey, Gary; Swanson, Krista; Paulson, Nick; Coppess, Jonathan |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:scc019:288094&r=all |
| By: | Camille Dezécache (UMR ECOFOG - Ecologie des forêts de Guyane - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech - UG - Université de Guyane - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UA - Université des Antilles); Jean-Michel Salles (LAMETA - Laboratoire Montpelliérain d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - INRA Montpellier - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Bruno Herault (UMR ECOFOG - Ecologie des forêts de Guyane - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech - UG - Université de Guyane - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UA - Université des Antilles) |
| Abstract: | Background: REDD+ is being questioned by the particular status of High Forest/Low Deforestation countries. Indeed, the formulation of reference levels is made difficult by the confrontation of low historical deforestation records with the forest transition theory on the one hand. On the other hand, those countries might formulate incredibly high deforestation scenarios to ensure large payments even in case of inaction. Results: Using a wide range of scenarios within the Guiana Shield, from methods involving basic assumptions made from past deforestation, to explicit modelling of deforestation using relevant socioeconomic variables at the regional scale, we show that the most common methodologies predict huge increases in deforestation, unlikely to happen given the existing socioeconomic situation. More importantly, it is unlikely that funds provided under most of these scenarios could compensate for the total cost of avoided deforestation in the region, including social and economic costs. Conclusion: This study suggests that a useful and efficient international mechanism should really focus on removing the underlying political and socioeconomic forces of deforestation rather than on hypothetical result-based payments estimated from very questionable reference levels. |
| Keywords: | Baseline,REDD+,Reference level,Spatial modelling,Deforestation,Guiana Shield,HFLD countries |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02100172&r=all |
| By: | Bigelow, Daniel P.; Jodlowski, Margaret |
| Abstract: | Estimates for the asset value of agricultural land come from direct elicitation of farm operators' own assessment of the value of their land. We use data from actual sales transactions to evaluate the extent to which these estimates accurately correspond to the observed market value, or sale price, of land at the county level. We form a short panel at the county-level and compute the difference between the average sales price and the value of land to estimate a county-level fixed effects model. We find that increasing temperatures exacerbates the difference, while increasing population has the opposite relationship. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2019–03–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa165:288287&r=all |
| By: | Bellemare Marc; Chua Kenn; Santamaria Julieth; Vu Khoa |
| Abstract: | In Viet Nam, all lands belong to the state, who assigns usufruct rights to those lands to individuals and households. In 1993, the state gave 20-year usufruct rights to growers of annual crops, and 50-year usufruct rights to growers of perennial crops.In 2013, as the usufruct rights of growers of annual crops were set to expire, the Vietnamese government passed a law—the Land Law of 2013—that extended the usufruct rights of all landowners by 50 years. We exploit this largely unanticipated shock to study the effect of the Land Law of 2013 on the investment behaviour of growers of annual crops.Using a difference-in-differences design, we find that the Land Law of 2013 is associated with a higher likelihood of investment in irrigation technology or soil and water conservation, but not other types of investment.Our results are robust to controlling for endogenous switching from annual to perennial crops, and our data support the parallel trends assumption. Our results also suggest that the long-term effects of the Land Law of 2013 are larger than its short-term effects. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp2018-76&r=all |
| By: | Julie Trottier (UMR ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the usefulness of recognizing the commons governing irrigation water. It harnesses the commons to understand the power interactions at play in transformations over local, national and international scales. It proposes to harness the positive externalities commons generate in order to transform political and economic interactions at the national and international scales. Although it uses a Palestinian case study, this conceptual development can apply anywhere. Palestinians have long managed irrigation as commons at the local level. But the overwhelming attention paid to their national struggle has led most researchers to focus on national institutions instead. It has also favored treating water as a stock rather than a flow. All West Bank aquifers are shared with Israel. The Oslo agreements treated them as a stock and divided them quantitatively between two users: Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Recognising the existence of commons in Palestinian irrigation allows treating water as a flow. Indeed, the same water drops flow successively through several institutions, some Palestinian and others Israeli, deploying different property regimes over varying scalar levels. This paper examines the usefulness of considering water as a flow that is managed successively by such a variety of institutions. At the local level, it allows us to understand the interactions between smallholders and neighboring agribusinesses, for example. It allows us to understand the upheaval in power interactions when a merchant economy attempts to supplant a human economy. At the national level, it allows us to address the governance of the paracommons. This term designates the material gains potentially generated by the improvement of efficiency within various systems all drawing on the same source of water. Such gains are dynamic because the efficiency gain in one system often entails a loss in a neighbouring system or in a distant, yet interlinked, system. These material gains thus constitute a new commons, the appropriation of which needs to be governed. It is a paracommons because it doesn't exist until the projects designed to improve the efficiency of different systems are implemented. Donors are funding heavily projects purporting to improve irrigation efficiency. Addressing the governance of the paracommons of Palestinian irrigation is now urgent. This paper analyses the manner the social capital developed in existing commons can contribute to this. Finally, at the international level, including the institutions emerging from the commons into an institutional structure that manages water as a flow allows us to break the deadlock of present water negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. The paper details the manner this can be achieved. |
| Abstract: | Cet article explore l'utilité de reconnaître les communs qui gouvernent l'eau destinée à l'irrigation. Il mobilise la notion de communs pour comprendre les interactions de pouvoir en jeu au sein des transformations se réalisant sur des échelles locale, nationale et internationale. Il propose de se saisir des externalités positives générées par les communs afin de transformer les interactions politiques et économiques aux échelles nationale et internationale. Bien qu'il s'appuie sur une étude de cas palestinienne, ce développement conceptuel peut être appliqué n'importe où. Les Palestiniens gèrent depuis longtemps l'irrigation en tant que communs au niveau local. Cependant, l'attention massive qu'a suscitée leur combat national a mené les chercheurs à se focaliser sur les institutions nationales plutôt que sur les institutions locales. Cette focalisation sur l'échelle nationale a aussi favorisé la perception de l'eau en tant que stock plutôt qu'en tant que flux. Tous les aquifères de Cisjordanie sont partagés avec Israël. Les accords d'Oslo les ont traités comme un stock et les ont divisés quantitativement entre deux utilisateurs : Israël et l'Autorité Palestinienne. Reconnaître l'existence de communs au sein de l'irrigation palestinienne nous permet de traiter l'eau comme un flux. En effet, la même goutte d'eau coule successivement au travers de plusieurs institutions. Certaines sont palestiniennes et d'autres sont israéliennes. Chacune déploie des régimes de propriété définis sur des niveaux d'échelle différents. Cet article examine l'utilité de considérer l'eau comme un flux qui est géré successivement par cette variété d'institutions. Au niveau local, ceci nous permet de comprendre les interactions entre les petits agriculteurs et les agribusiness voisines, par exemple. Ceci nous permet de comprendre les bouleversements au sein des interactions de pouvoir qui ont lieu lorsqu'une économie marchande entre en interaction avec une économie humaine. Au niveau national, ceci nous permet de nous pencher sur la gouvernance des paracommuns. Ce terme désigne les gains matériels qui sont potentiellement générés par l'amélioration de l'efficience au sein de différents systèmes s'approvisionnant tous auprès de la même source d'eau. De tels gains sont forcément dynamiques car l'amélioration de l'efficience au sein d'un système implique souvent une perte pour un système voisin ou pour un système éloigné mais lié au premier. L'ensemble de ces gains matériels potentiels constituent un nouveau commun dont l'appropriation doit être gouvernée. Il s'agit d'un paracommun car il n'existe que si les projets d'amélioration de l'efficience de différents systèmes sont réalisés. Les bailleurs financent massivement de nombreux projets visant à améliorer l'efficience de l'irrigation. Il est maintenant urgent de faire face à la question de la gouvernance des paracommuns de l'irrigation palestinienne. Cet article analyse la façon dont le capital social élaboré au sein des communs existants peut contribuer à cela. Enfin, au niveau international, inclure les institutions émergeant des communs au sein d'une structure institutionnelle qui gère l'eau en tant que flux nous permet de sortir de l'impasse actuelle des négociations concernant l'eau entre Israël et l'Autorité Palestinienne. Cet article détaille la façon dont ceci peut être réalisé. |
| Keywords: | irrigation,commons,Israeli-Palestinian conflict,paracommons,water governance,communs,conflit israélo-palestinien,paracommuns,gouvernance de l’eau |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02108227&r=all |
| By: | Grilli, Gianluca; Curtis, John; Hynes, Stephen |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp600&r=all |
| By: | Che, Yuyuan; Feng, Hongli; Hennessy, David |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:scc019:288081&r=all |
| By: | Kropp, Jaclyn; Moss, Charles |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:scc019:288101&r=all |
| By: | Kounetas, Konstantinos; Polemis, Michael; Tzeremes, Nickolaos |
| Abstract: | This study applies a nonparametric time dependent conditional frontier model to estimate and evaluate the convergence in eco-efficiency of a group of 51 US states over the period 1990-2017. Specifically, we utilize a mixture of global and local pollutants (carbon dioxide CO2, sulphur dioxide SO2 and nitrogen oxides NOx) to capture the environmental damage caused by the anthropogenic activities. The empirical findings indicate divergence for the whole sample, while specific groups of convergence club regions are formulated dividing the US states into worst and best performers. Moreover, Our findings reveal significant convergence patterns between the US regions over the sample period. |
| Keywords: | Eco-efficiency; Convergence clubs; Order-m estimators; Non parametric frontier analysis; US regions |
| JEL: | C15 Q40 Q53 Q57 |
| Date: | 2019–05–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:93686&r=all |
| By: | Zhang, Yuehua; Turvey, Calum |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:scc019:288087&r=all |
| By: | Kono Daniel; Montinola Gabriella |
| Abstract: | Climate-related foreign aid is on the rise, with signatories to the Paris Climate agreement pledging US$100 billion annually to promote mitigation and adaptation in recipient countries. While this seems like a welcome development, we have little evidence that climate aid actually encourages recipients to adopt climate legislation.In this paper, we examine the relationship between climate aid and recipient climate policy. Using multiple measures of each, we find no evidence that the former is systematically related to the latter. Although this suggests that climate aid is ineffective, this conclusion must be qualified due to the poor quality of both climate aid and climate policy data.More definitive conclusions will require more accurate coding of climate aid as well as better climate policy measures that distinguish truly consequential policies from less consequential ones. |
| Keywords: | Official development assistance,Adaptation,Climate change,Climate change mitigation,Environmental policy |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2019-15&r=all |
| By: | Heinrich, Florian; Appel, Franziska; Balmann, Alfons |
| Abstract: | Governments in several German states discuss or propose land market regulations. In this paper we analyze the proposed land market regulations of the NASG in Niedersachsen with an agent-based approach. Our simulation results show some unexpected effects. While rental prices for arable land increase slower due to the regulations, they increase faster for grassland. The number of small farms decreases because they grow into a larger size class. Regarding farm profits, medium and large sized farms can benefit the most, while very large farms are disadvantaged. Overall, the results show a differentiated picture, as the policy’s desired effects cannot entirely be achieved. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2019–03–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa165:288298&r=all |
| By: | Ngo Quang-Thanh |
| Abstract: | Structural transformation in rural areas is a key issue in economic development. While much of the literature on structural transformation has so far focussed on household- or commune levels or even higher aggregate levels, little is known about the individual member level.The paper aims at examining factors that affect the individual-level employment rural transitions in Viet Nam, namely: (1) non-transient farm; (2) positive transient farm; (3) out-of-wage transition; (4) transitory farm-household work; and (5) transitory wage-household work.By taking advantage of the Viet Nam Access to Resources Household Survey (VARHS) with data on 2,699 individuals for two years, 2008 and 2016, we find that individual-level human capital and social capital are important factors affecting employment transition status in the rural area. In addition, changes in individual and household characteristics and socio-economic conditions at commune level are important to influence various types of employment transitions.These results have implications for the development policy on rural transition in developing countries, highlighting the importance of recognizing the positive aspects of changes in individual-, household-, and commune-levels for rural transformation. Promotion of education attainment is necessary at both individual- and household-level to spur the transition out of farming.Broadened policy mechanisms which support and encourage non-farm employment at the household level are also needed. Likewise, development initiatives that focus on increasing the human and social assets of the individual farmers and farming households are more likely to be successful in supporting livelihood diversification and reducing vulnerability. |
| Keywords: | Employment,Rural areas,Structural transformation |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp2018-154&r=all |
| By: | Armah, Ralph; Schwab, Ben |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:scc019:288086&r=all |
| By: | Branko Bošković; Ujjayant Chakravorty (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales); Martino Pelli; Anna Risch (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Fuelwood collection is often cited as the most important cause of deforestation in developing countries. Use of fuelwood in cooking is a leading cause of indoor air pollution. Using household data from India, we show that households located farther away from the forest spend more time collecting. Distant households are likely to sell more fuelwood and buy less. That is, lower access to forests increases fuelwood collection and sale. This counter-intuitive behavior is triggered by two factors: lower access to forests (a) increases the fixed costs of collecting, which in turn leads to more collection; and (b) drives up local fuelwood prices, which makes collection and sale more profitable. We quantify both these effects. Using our estimates we show that a fifth of the fuelwood collected is consumed outside of rural areas, in nearby towns and cities. Our results imply that at the margin, fuelwood scarcity may lead to increased collection and sale, and exacerbate forest degradation. |
| Keywords: | fuelwood collection,forest cover,energy access,cooking fuels,deforestation |
| Date: | 2019–04–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02089687&r=all |
| By: | Bedrač, Matej; Bele, Sara; Cunder, Tomaž; Kožar, Maja |
| Abstract: | The agricultural sector of Western Balkan (WB) countries/territories faces major structural and competitiveness issues; in order for the sector to modernize and to approximate to the European Union (EU) standards, they will need to overcome the obstacles in land market. This paper presents the findings of a cross-country analysis of the land market functioning in selected WB countries/territories (Albania, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Srpska, Kosovo*1, Republic of North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia) with a focus on small farms’ access to land. Analysis is based on data and information collected with the means of survey questionnaire and focus groups with the relevant stakeholders in the countries/territories under review. Results show that the analysed agricultural land markets in WB are generally underdeveloped and that the small farmers have poor access to land and agricultural credits. Among the analysed countries/territories, Serbia has the most developed agricultural land market. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2019–02–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa165:288286&r=all |
| By: | Randriamarolo, Marie Rose; Lupton, Sylvie |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:scc019:288091&r=all |
| By: | Bulut, Harun |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:scc019:288089&r=all |
| By: | Zhang, Qiao; Wang, Ke; Li, Yue; Zuo, Xuan; Wang, Yueqin |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:scc019:288099&r=all |
| By: | Zhao, Yuanfeng |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:scc019:288084&r=all |
| By: | Zhang, Yuehua; Cai, Qinqyin |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:scc019:288085&r=all |
| By: | Borman, Julia; Vergara, Oscar; Desnoyers, Andrew |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:scc019:288088&r=all |
| By: | Graubner, Marten; Ostapchuk, Igor; Gagalyuk, Taras |
| Abstract: | With the emergence of large, horizontally integrated farm enterprises especially in Eastern European countries, the question arises whether these agroholdings exercise market power in (local) land markets. Using a theoretical framework of spatial competition that accounts for the presence of multi-farm agroholdings, we derive equilibrium prices under alternative spatial competition settings. Based on the investigation of Ukrainian farms, we provide a theoretical explanation and empirical support that farms affiliated with an agroholding possess (ceteris paribus) more land and set higher land rental prices compared to independent farms. The results indicate that agroholdings can act as price leaders in local land markets. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2019–03–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa165:288297&r=all |
| By: | Kim, Youngjune; Yu, Jisang; Pendell, Dustin |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:scc019:288092&r=all |
| By: | Lunn, Pete; Lyons, Seán; Murphy, Martin |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp609&r=all |
| By: | Gong, Xuche; Hennessey, David; Feng, Hongli |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:scc019:288083&r=all |
| By: | Sproul, Thomas; Michaud, Clayton |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:scc019:288098&r=all |
| By: | Mazhar Mughal (ESC Pau); Charlotte Sers (ESC Pau) |
| Abstract: | South Asia is one of the remaining major strongholds of hunger in the world. This is in spite of the fact that countries of the region went through the Green revolution during the second half of the 20th century which led to tripling of cereal production. This study examines the role this increase in cereal production has played in improving the region's food security situation. Controlling for various economic, demographic, social and climatic factors that drive food security, we study the association between different aspects of food security and cereal production prevalent in South Asia over the past 25 years. We find a beneficial role of production and yield of cereals and the extent of undernourishment. This impact is visible for the availability, stability and utilization aspects of food security but not for the access aspect. The positive effect is in particular present in the case of rice and maize production. The beneficial effect on food security persists up to three years. These findings are robust to alternative empirical specifications and techniques. The results explain, in part, the means by which South Asian nations have succeeded in reducing the extent of undernourishment. |
| Abstract: | L'Asie du Sud est l'une des régions du monde où l'insécurité alimentaire est la plus forte. Cela est malgré le fait que les pays de cette région ont lancé dans la deuxième partie du XXème siècle la Révolution verte qui a permis de tripler la production de céréales. Cet article cherche à étudier le rôle qu'a pu jouer la hausse de la production de céréales dans l'amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire en Asie du Sud. En intégrant plusieurs facteurs économiques, démographiques, sociaux et climatiques qui influencent la sécurité alimentaire, notre étude tient compte de la relation entre différents aspects de la sécurité alimentaire et de la production de céréales qui a pu existé pendant les 25 dernières années. Nos résultats indiquent un rôle positif joué par l'évolution de la production et du rendement de céréales sur le nombre de personnes sous-alimentées. Cet impact est vérifié pour différentes dimensions de la sécurité alimentaire (la disponibilité physique des aliments, la stabilité dans le temps et l'utilisation des aliments) mais pas pour l'accès économique et physique des aliments. De plus, la relation positive est particulièrement forte pour les productions de riz et de maïs. L'effet bénéfique sur la sécurité alimentaire perdure jusqu'à trois ans. Ces résultats sont robustes, ayant été testés par différentes spécifications et techniques empiriques. Ils expliquent, en partie, comment les pays d'Asie du Sud ont réussi à réduire l'insécurité alimentaire. |
| Keywords: | cereal production,food security,South Asia |
| Date: | 2019–04–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02089616&r=all |
| By: | Michaël Tropé; Marcus Kieslich (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Jean-Michel Salles (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Date: | 2018–08–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02091518&r=all |