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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2017‒06‒04
nineteen papers chosen by |
| By: | Vlada Vitunskiene (Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Lithuania); Evaldas Serva (Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Lithuania) |
| Abstract: | For a long time before the Russian import ban, Russia was the second most important destination for Lithuania's agricultural exports (after the EU common market), especially for processed dairy and meat products, and edible vegetables. Russia imposed a ban on most agricultural products from the EU in August 2014. Moreover, a year earlier, Russia closed its market for Lithuanian dairy products citing safety concerns. Among the EU countries, the economic impact of the Russian import ban of agricultural products may be most acute in Lithuania. Purpose of the article is to examine the Russian import ban consequences for Lithuanian agricultural products export and the agri-food industry responses to the Russian import restrictions. The examination has been based on trade and production performance indicators. Time series and spatial analysis of agricultural export flows by HS and the food production. Due to the Russian embargo Lithuania’s agricultural production export worth sharply declined in 2014-2015. In volume terms, Lithuania’s export of cheese, cream, yogurt and other fermented milk products was significantly lower in 2016 than in 2013, although, butter export has increased, whereas a higher share of raw milk was processed into butter. The production profile of the dairy processing industry has been changing since 2014. Processors have increased output of products like butter and skimmed milk powder which can be sold or stored within the EU intervention programs or exported to alternative markets within the EU or beyond. In 2015-2016, the export of banned agricultural products has been reoriented towards new markets. The profitability of dairy processors decreased in 2014. However, in 2015, main dairy processors increased the profitability again due to the greatly reduced farm-gate milk prices. Despite the drop of farm-gate milk prices, majority of farmers are continuing milk production. Some of the farms completely switched to local food markets |
| Keywords: | agri-food products export, processing industry, Russian import ban, profitability |
| JEL: | F14 Q17 Q18 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pes:wpaper:2017:no136&r=agr |
| By: | Joanna Rorat (University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, ul. Balicka 116B, 30-149 Krakow, Poland); Anna Szelag-Sikora (University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, ul. Balicka 116B, 30-149 Krakow, Poland); Marcin Niemiec (Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, ul. Balicka 116B, 30-149 Krakow, Poland); Jakub Sikora (University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, ul. Balicka 116B, 30-149 Krakow, Poland); Michal Cupial (University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, ul. Balicka 116B, 30-149 Krakow, Poland) |
| Abstract: | Agricultural sector of polish national economy is an example of entrepreneurship - especially individual one, dealing with underdevelopment of technological, intellectual and institutional infrastructure what is a serious threat to the usage of potential of the financial resources available due to polish membership in the European Union. The possibility of gaining financial support and entering the European market caused dynamic increase in the number of entities engaged in agricultural activities with ecological characteristics - in Poland and whole EU- and mainly this sector of production is treated with priority in currently realized Common Agricultural Policy in European Union countries. At the same time it should be remarked that managing agricultural companies is aimed at achieving their specific goals of a financial nature - as in other sectors of the national economy. The main aim of this thesis is to show the impact of financial support coming from European Union budget on the pace of development of the organic sector in Poland compared to other European Union countries. To fulfill the aim of the thesis the available financial mechanisms (the level of support, the main criteria for accesses) were characterized as well as legal aspects regulating them on the national level and in selected EU countries. General issues included provide also the characteristics of the problem of European market of ecological products. The study contains an assessment of the current use of the financial resources of the EU (after accession to the EU, i.e. 2004) addressed to organic farming. The thesis has been prepared based on the analysis of subject literature, applicable laws, as well as the documents / reports prepared by the major stakeholders in the country and EU responsible for gaining and gathering information on country level as well as chosen EU countries. In the thesis a comparative analysis has been carried out as well as tabular – numerical analysis with regard to the volatility during the analyzed events. The observed absorption of EU financial resources in the agricultural sector in all European countries – especially in recent years in Poland- shows how big are the needs for financial support of agricultural production for sustaining for example the stability of market prices of food products. In the era of increasing consumer awareness on the rational nutrition we observe revival of market of organic products. However the increase in market absorptive capacity is the only factor determining the development of ecological agriculture? Or are there any other financial support mechanisms? High subsidy rates (an average of approx. 950 PLN/ha and growing every year, with an average area of ecological farms above 20 ha) caused a significant increase in the number of ecological farms (within 10 years of joining the EU over 1400%). It is reasonable to assume that as long as there will be economic incentives, business farmers will be interested in the transition to an ecological way of farming, an example of which are other EU countries. |
| Keywords: | EU funds, agricultural development, eco products market |
| JEL: | Q12 Q14 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pes:wpaper:2017:no102&r=agr |
| By: | Piotr Kulyk (Uniwersytet Zielonogorski); Mariola Michalowska (Uniwersytet Zielonogorski); Paulina Paluszkiewicz (Uniwersytet Zielonogorski) |
| Abstract: | Research background: Organic farming is a practical response to the ecological consequences of non-organic management of natural resources. Interest in the organic food market is growing both among producers and consumers. What has influenced this is, on the one hand, the demand for organic products, and on the other, the support for organic farming from the national budget and the budget of the European Union. Purpose of the article: In the article we have shown an attempt to identify the key factors influencing the development of the organic food market as well as the state of organic farming in Poland compared to individual European Union countries. Particular attention has been paid to the mechanisms of support for organic farming that enables farmers to keep a farming system based on ecological production methods not disturbing natural environmantal balance and allowing to undertake activities that are particularly beneficial for environmental protection ensuring the continuance and development of present and future generations. Seeking justification for the promotion of organic agricultural producers a reference has been made to the market failure, with particular emphasis on the problems of socio-economic development. Methodology/methods: The conditions for the development of the organic food market are shown in the context of the analysis of the literature on the problems of organic farming, the available empirical research, as well as the results of own survey conducted among respondents in Lubuskie Voivodeship and data from the Central Statistical Office, Eurostat and IJHARS. Findings: Polish organic food market is growing rapidly. However its significance in Poland is not great in the total agricultural production. The level and structure of consumption of organic food market is determined by the income of consumers, as well as their increasing environmental awareness. An important element influencing the development of organic farming is a system of support for organic farming. |
| Keywords: | organic farming, demand factors, supply factors |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pes:wpaper:2017:no54&r=agr |
| By: | Jacqueline Doremus (Department of Economics, California Polytechnic State University) |
| Abstract: | We investigate how a road connection in a remote area of Congo changes hunger and illness for ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities’ production activities are highly local, making it hard to construct a valid counter-factual. We exploit a natural experiment: a river boundary between two forests, one of which builds roads to satisfy eco-certification. We find the road increases trade and leads to the export of farmed food products. People and households increase production and specialize. Ethnic minorities, net buyers of exported food during this season, face higher prices and lower real wages. We find the road increases their frequency of hunger and illness. In Central Africa, hunting restrictions accompany roads to prevent over exploitation of fauna. We find the restrictions reduce hunting effort for all households. Households shift consumption to fish but, on net, consume protein less frequently, with non-fisher households seeing the largest decreases. |
| Keywords: | ethnic inequality, rural roads, nutrition, poverty, Africa, Congo |
| JEL: | O12 J15 J24 O18 Q12 F14 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpl:wpaper:1702&r=agr |
| By: | Elodie Letort; Pierre Dupraz; Laurent Piet |
| Abstract: | Nitrate pollution remains a major problem in some parts of France, especially in the Brittany region, which is characterized by intensive livestock production systems. Although farmers must not exceed a regulatory limit of nitrogen contained in manure per hectare, many farmers in this region exceed this limit. Therefore, they must treat the excess of manure that they produce or export it to be spread in neighbouring farms and/or areas, inducing fierce competition in the land market. Another adaptation strategy consists of modifying production practices or the production system as a whole, i.e., changing the structure of the farm. In this paper, a spatial agent-based model (ABM) has been developed to assess policy options in the regulation of manure management practices. The objective is to highlight the potential effects of these policies on the farmland market and the structural changes that they induce. Our results show that the different policies, which result in similar environmental benefits, induce different changes in the land market and in agricultural structures. |
| Keywords: | Q15, C63, D22 |
| JEL: | Q15 C63 D22 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:17-01&r=agr |
| By: | François Bareille; Florence Bonnet-Beaugrand; Sabine Duvaleix-Treguer |
| Abstract: | Members’ commitment lessens when agricultural cooperatives grow larger. Their organization becomes more complex and their membership more heterogeneous, which threatens their sustainability and leads them to implement specific mechanisms for collective decisions. We explore how the alignment of objectives between a multi-purpose cooperative and its members influences member commitment. We estimate a multinomial probit model on a cross-section sample of 3,205 members from a large agricultural cooperative in France. We assess the determinants of member commitment through four factors: the offer of new agricultural practices, the availability of outlets and supplies to members, the farm distance to the cooperative headquarters and the farm governance. We show that the adoption of new agricultural practices has a small but significant effect. The availability of outlets and supplies has the strongest effect on the economic involvement of the farmers. Other determinants, such as farm governance or geographical distance to the cooperative headquarters, also reinforce member commitment. |
| Keywords: | agricultural cooperatives, member commitment, farm innovation, economic involvement |
| JEL: | Q13 C35 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:17-02&r=agr |
| By: | François Bareille; Pierre Dupraz |
| Abstract: | Previous studies on the productive value of biodiversity emphasized that crop diversity increases crop yields. Here, we focus on the productivity of crop diversity and permanent grasslands for crops and milk. Using a GMM approach, we estimate detailed production functions using a sample of 3960 mixed farms from the FADN between 2002 and 2013. We highlight that permanent grasslands enhance crop production. We confirm that crop diversity increases crop and milk yields. Permanent grasslands and crop diversity are however substitute inputs. We also find that both of these biodiversity productive capacities influence variable input productivities. These results suggest the potential adaptations of farmers’ choices to environmental measures. |
| Keywords: | ecosystem services, agriculture, permanent grassland, crop diversity |
| JEL: | Q12 Q57 D22 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:17-03&r=agr |
| By: | Renata Marks-Bielska (University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland); Agata Zieliñska (University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland) |
| Abstract: | Agency theory examines relations between entities as contract relations. The agency relation is always present when the situation of one person depends on the activities of another person. The individual who performs such activities is the agent, and the other party dependant on the activities of the agent is called the principal. The agency relation occurring between the above-listed parties is one of the oldest and most extensively codified modes of social interactions. Relationship studies: andlord - tenant, belong to the earliest and classic examples of agency relationships, analyzed by economists.the determination of the significance of the lease in Polish agriculture with the use of agency theory. The theoretical basis is primarily provided by a review of the literature encompassing publications devoted to agency theory, legislative acts pertaining to leases, as well as domestic and foreign scientific studies. Statistical data deriving from the Agricultural Property Agency. The time range of the analysis encompassed the years 1992–2015. The empirical section was prepared on the basis of results of our own studies.According to the analysis of the results of the author’s own studies, the most important advantage of leasing for the lessees is the possibility of expanding the farm (76.1%). Very similar importance was also assigned to the possibility of the pre-emptive right (70.1%). Most frequently (42.4%) this answer was indicated by the respondents who held over 75% under lease in total used land. This may be justified by the fact that farms with a high share of lease function in the environment of a relatively higher level of risk than farms with the majority of ownership, whereas purchase of leased land contributes to its minimisation. |
| Keywords: | agricultural lease, agency theory, contract |
| JEL: | D82 L51 Q15 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pes:wpaper:2017:no72&r=agr |
| By: | Santeramo, Fabio Gaetano; Lamonaca, Emilia; Contò, Francesco; Stasi, Antonio; Nardone, Gianluca |
| Abstract: | Understanding the determinants of price volatility is a key step to prevent potential negative consequences of to the uncertainty faced by farmers. Our critical provides a novel categorization of grain price volatility drivers. We distinguish endogenous and exogenous causes and conclude on the potential effects that each of identified factors may generate on price dynamics. In particular, we deepen on the contribution of endogenous factors such as spatial and temporal arbitrage, as well as drivers of shocks of demand and supply. |
| Keywords: | Grain, Price, Risk, Uncertainty, Volatility |
| JEL: | D81 E31 Q11 Q13 Q17 Q18 |
| Date: | 2017–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:79427&r=agr |
| By: | Fosso Djoumessi, Yannik |
| Abstract: | This study examines the efficiency of smallholder vegetable farmers in the forest zone of the Southwest region of Cameroon. Data used was collected by means of a field survey within the framework of the Humidtropics program. This study aims to evaluate the technical efficiency levels of small-scale vegetable producers and to identify the sources of inefficiency. It therefore has two specific objectives: i) estimate the technical efficiency of smallholder vegetable farmers, (ii) identify the determinants of the technical efficiency of smallholder vegetable farmers. The efficiency scores for a sample of 100 producers are obtained using Data Envelopment Analysis and a Tobit model is used to identify the sources of inefficiency. The calculated technical efficiency scores range from 12% to 100%, with a mean technical efficiency index of 70% for the constant returns to scale (CRS) model. The technical efficiency scores for the variable returns to scale (VRS) model range from 23% to 100% with a mean score of 79%. Scale efficiency ranges from 40% to 100% with a mean of 87%. The mean technical efficiency scores indicate that there exist better ways of using resources which can push the production of the average producer right to the frontier. The findings show that farm size and access to credit influence efficiency significantly and positively. Age, household size, experience, manure, farm-related training and extension contact improve the efficiency of farmers. Meanwhile, education and membership of farmers’ association have no effect on the productive performance of vegetable farmers. Public and private stakeholders should therefore focus on these factors in order to reduce technical inefficiency |
| Keywords: | Data Envelopment Analysis, Forest-based System, Smallholder, Technical efficiency |
| JEL: | Q12 |
| Date: | 2015–08–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:79371&r=agr |
| By: | J. T. Manhire |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the possibility that asset prices, especially those traded in large volume on public exchanges, might comply with specific physical laws of motion and probability. The paper first examines the basic dynamics of asset price displacement and finds one can model this dynamic as a simple harmonic oscillator at local "slices" of elapsed time. Based on this finding, the paper theorizes that price displacements are constrained, meaning they have extreme values beyond which they cannot go when measured over a large number of sequential periods. By assuming price displacements are also subject to the principle of stationary action, the paper explores a method for measuring specific probabilities of future price displacements based on prior historical data. Testing this theory with two prevalent stock indices suggests it can make accurate forecasts as to constraints on extreme price movements during market "crashes" and probabilities of specific price displacements at other times. |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1705.09965&r=agr |
| By: | Lucyna Witek (Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland) |
| Abstract: | Environmental pollution has led to a growing interest in protecting the environment of various stakeholder groups, especially consumers, who in their purchasing behavior point to eco-labels. The purpose of the study is to analyze consumers attitudes towards eco-labels. The direct survey method was used. The survey was conducted from 1 December 2015 to 31 January 2016 among 390 consumers who are residents of south-eastern and southern Poland. The study conducted confirms that consumers have positive attitudes toward eco-labels, but have overall and partial knowledge of them. Almost half of respondents (48.2%) buy eco-labels, but only a small group has knowledge of various eco-labels (24.9%). The recognition of EU eco-labels is declared by 43.4% of survey participants (national eco-label – 35.1%). One may notice an inconsistency in the test participant declarations. A large group of respondents believe that manufacturers use eco-labels for sales and image purposes (61%). Only one third (32.1%) have confidence in eco-labels products. Quite a large number of respondents (43.1%) are willing to pay a higher price for such products. Almost three quarters of respondents declared that they were buying products from reliable sources but without eco-labels (76.2%). This study is a valuable contribution to research and a discussion on consumer ecological behavior, and contributes to sustainable consumption research. It creates a deeper and more detailed analysis of attitudes towards eco-labelling. It gives guidance to manufacturers and retailers, especially in consumer communication strategies. The results of the study may help to increase the effectiveness of eco-labelling. The research implies some values to society and helps to solve environmental problems. |
| Keywords: | green product, sustainable consumption, eco-labelling, consumer, ecolabel |
| JEL: | D12 M31 M37 Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pes:wpaper:2017:no142&r=agr |
| By: | Ai Hisano (Harvard Business School, General Management Unit) |
| Abstract: | This working paper examines how innovations in transparent packaging, specifically cellophane, in the mid-twentieth century United States helped retailers to create full self-service merchandising systems, including selling perishable food. While self-service stores began appearing in the late 1910s, self-service was initially applied only to grocery and dry goods, such as canned foods and a box of breakfast cereals. It was not until after World War II that the majority of American grocers adopted self-service to meat and produce sections. Business historians have explored the development of this self-service merchandising from the perspectives of marketing strategies, store operations, and relationships between customers and store clerks. However, the significance of the development of cellophane as a new packaging material, and the role of packaging manufacturers in promoting self-service, has yet to be analyzed. This working paper fills this void by showing that the expansion of self-service operation and the increasing use of transparent packaging had a significant impact not only on how consumers purchased foods but also on how they understood food quality. |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hbs:wpaper:17-106&r=agr |
| By: | Talat S. Genc (Department of Economics, University of Guelph, Guelph ON Canada); Stanley S. Reynolds (Department of Economics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the market implications of ownership of a new low-cost production technology. We relate our theoretical findings to measuring the impact of renewable energy penetration into electricity markets and examine how the ownership of renewable capacity changes market outcomes (prices, outputs, emissions). As the current public policies influence the renewable energy ownership, this research provides useful insights for policy makers. We show that ownership of renewable capacity will matter when there is market power in energy market. We apply our findings to the Ontario wholesale electricity market to analyze the impact of different ownership structures for wind capacity expansions. We show that consumers enjoy better air quality under the largest firm's ownership, but at the expense of higher prices. We find that market structure and the shape of generation cost functions are the key drivers explaining the impact of renewable ownership on market outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Market structure, technology ownership, renewable energy, greenhouse gas emissions |
| JEL: | D4 L1 Q5 Q4 Q2 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gue:guelph:2017-03&r=agr |
| By: | Jung, Verena (QE / Operations research); Peeters - Rutten, Marianne (QE / Operations research); Vredeveld, Tjark (QE / Operations research) |
| Abstract: | Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework to better evaluate potential supply chain collaborations (SCCs). Design/methodology/approach – Prior research is used to develop a conceptual framework of all relevant factors, both drivers and resistors, which is, next, empirically tested in the Dutch fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) industry. Findings –The study provides a complete overview of all potential factors that should be evaluated before starting SSCs, categorized in “benefits”, “forces”, “enablers/barriers” and “risks”. Research limitations/implications – The sample of the study only consists of parties from one Dutch industry. Further research in other geographical areas and/or industries may result in stronger support. Furthermore, the importance of each driver and resistor has not been quantified for the specific party and collaboration. Quantifying the factors for each party might be beneficial and should also be considered in further research. Practical implications – The study provides a checklist containing all potential factors for all parties involved. Originality/value –This paper enriches the supply chain management (SCM) literature with an extensive specification of all potential drivers and resistors for starting SCCs structured in a framework. |
| Keywords: | Operations research and management science |
| Date: | 2017–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:umagsb:2017014&r=agr |
| By: | Rita Remeikiene (Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian Economics, V. Kudirkos 18-2, 03105, Vilnius, Lithuania); Ligita Gaspareniene (Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian Economics, V. Kudirkos 18-2, 03105, Vilnius, Lithuania) |
| Abstract: | The increase in the demand for organic products prompts the establishment of green farms. In spite of the large global interest in green farming, scientific literature is not rich in the studies that cover the issues of green farming development. Although previous studies examine different aspects of green business, the factors that facilitate or impede the development of green farming, especially at the national level, are hardly considered. In order to fill this gap in the scientific literature, we formulate the following problem of the research: what opportunities of green farming development can be envisaged in Lithuania? To explore the opportunities of green farming development in Lithuania on the basis of the general features of green business development. Comparative and systematic analysis of the scientific literature, graphic and comparative data analyses, and expert evaluation. The researched has enabled to identify the factors that facilitate and impede green farming development in Lithuania. On the basis of the results of the expert evaluation, the recommendations for green farming development in Lithuania were provided. It was found that the main barriers that disturb smooth development of green farming in Lithuania mainly include economic and social obstacles. Frequently changing regulations on organic farming, complicated procedures of green farming certification and lack of information about the support and subsidies call for the development of a consistent green farming monitoring system and conduct of the efficient green market research. Extensive networking systems would provide the opportunities for green farmers to share their experience and observe all the economic changes: new market niches, demand-supply indicators, new channels of product delivery, etc. Non-financial green farming support measures (e.g. consultations, training, provision of information, etc.) could substantially contribute to the development of green farming in Lithuania. |
| Keywords: | green business, green farming, organic foods, Lithuania. |
| JEL: | Q13 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pes:wpaper:2017:no99&r=agr |
| By: | Piotr Kulyk (Uniwersytet Zielonogorski, Poland); Anna Kowalewicz (Uniwersytet Zielonogorski, Poland); Aleksandra Nowomiejska (Uniwersytet Zielonogorski, Poland) |
| Abstract: | Bio-economy regional level is essential for the socio-economic impact, especially in sparsely populated peripheral areas. The positive effects of bio-economy in the agro-food sector can be regarded as an increase in em-ployment and incomes and security of supply. The purpose of the article was to define and determine the potential of bio-economy in the polish Voivodships. In addition, it attempts to define the role of bio-economy in the agro-food sector, including the environmental aspects. The study covered the period 2005-2015. In order to assess the influence of macroeconomic factors on the development of sustainable agriculture the article used method of panel analysis with fixed effects. The data for the analysis was taken from the statistical data from the Local Data Bank (BDL), the Central Statistical Office and the Chief Inspectorate of Trade Quality of Agricultural and Food (GIJHARS). In order to increase the potential of the region it is necessary to recognize the im-portance of local knowledge as a stimulant of competitiveness of regional devel-opment, while taking into account the diversity and complexity of local systems. In order to improve opportunities for bio-economy and green growth it is necessary to better understand the role of natural capital and related changes.The integration of cross-sectoral dimensions of ecological, social-cultural and socio-economic development in the process of regional management is becoming important. In this context, there is a need for further study of the so-cio-economic conditions to determine the regional conditions providing a perma-nently sustainable development with the use of bio-economy in agriculture. |
| Keywords: | bio-economy, local development, economic and social determinants, the Lubuskie Voivodeship, sustainable agriculture |
| JEL: | O13 Q01 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pes:wpaper:2017:no49&r=agr |
| By: | Harro van Asselt (Stockholm Environment Institute) |
| Abstract: | This report investigates the implications of regionalism for the interaction between trade and climate policy. It examines the implications of regional climate governance for international trade and conversely the implications of regional trade governance for climate change action. Regional approaches to climate change governance are discussed with a specific focus on the rise of “climate clubs” and their implications for international trade. Moreover, regional trade agreements and their current environmental provisions related to climate change are also examined. Building on these analyses, this report explores the various ways in which regional trade agreements could address climate change objectives, and draws lessons from recent developments in regional trade governance for the further evolution of such agreements. |
| Keywords: | climate clubs, climate coalitions, free trade agreements, regional trade agreements, Trade and environment |
| JEL: | F13 F18 Q54 Q56 R11 |
| Date: | 2017–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaaa:2017/3-en&r=agr |
| By: | Luca Pensieroso (UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES)); Alessandro Sommacal (University of Verona, Department of Economics; Bocconi University, Dondena Centre (Welfare State and Taxation Unit)) |
| Abstract: | We show that the structural change of the economy from agriculture to industry was a major determinant of the observed shift in intergenerational coresidence. We build a two-sector overlapping generation model of the structural change out of agriculture, in which the coresidence choice is endogenous. We calibrate the model on US data and simulate it. The model can match well the decline in US intergenerational coresidence between 1870 and 1940. |
| Keywords: | living arrangements, family economics, structural change, economic development, unified growth theory |
| JEL: | O40 O11 O33 J10 E13 |
| Date: | 2017–05–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctl:louvir:2017007&r=agr |