|
on Agricultural Economics |
|
Issue of 2013‒12‒20
fifty papers chosen by |
| By: | Shadbolt, Nicola; Valentine, Barbara |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Political Economy, Production Economics, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160562&r=agr |
| By: | Duncan, Ronlyn |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160198&r=agr |
| By: | Hunt, Lesley; Rosin, Chris; Campbell, Hugh; Fairweather, John |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Financial Economics, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160263&r=agr |
| By: | Collins, Keith; Bulut, Harun |
| Keywords: | crop insurance, risk management, risk management agency, farmers, production agriculture, agriculture, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries, Risk and Uncertainty, |
| Date: | 2013–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ncissr:160463&r=agr |
| By: | Huy, Hoang; Lyne, Michael; Ratna, Nazmun; Nuthall, Peter |
| Abstract: | This research investigates the efficiency and equity impacts of the cropland rental market in rural Vietnam and attempts to identify the determinants and importance of transaction costs impeding this market. A generalised ordered logit model with shifting thresholds accounting for effects of transaction costs associated with market participation was specified and estimated using pooled data extracted from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys of 2004 and 2008. The findings show that the cropland rental market reduced imbalances in factor endowments, transferring cropland to those households more willing and able to farm. Equity advantages were also revealed as cropland transferred from relatively land-rich to relatively land-poor households, allowing young farmers to ‘scale the agricultural ladder’. However, the market is constrained by transaction costs that effect lessors and lessees differently. It is recommended that the Vietnamese government should complete its land registration programme and consider relaxing restrictions on the use of wetlands to grow crops other than rice. It should also focus on improving access to all-weather roads as this encourages participation on both sides of the rental market whereas better access to communications infrastructure was found to promote only the supply side. |
| Keywords: | Vietnam, 2003 land law, rental market, transaction costs, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160264&r=agr |
| By: | Saunders, Caroline; Guenther, Meike; Tait, Peter; John, Saunders |
| Abstract: | This study examined consumer attitudes towards food attributes and origins, alongside consumer’s willingness to pay (WTP) for food certified for these attributes in China, India and the UK. The study used surveys including a choice experiment undertaken in each country. The economic impact of the WTP for food certification in each of these countries on New Zealand was also assessed using a partial equilibrium trade model. Results showed environmental, social and basic attributes in food products were valued positively by consumers in all countries, with WTP up to 77 per cent extra for food products certified for various attributes. |
| Keywords: | WILLINGNESS TO PAY, CHOICE EXPERIMENT, TRADE MODELLING, FOOD LABELLING, SUSTAINABILITY, CROSS-COUNTRY COMPARISON, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Production Economics, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160561&r=agr |
| By: | Dorner, Zach |
| Abstract: | This paper is a current draft of my Honours research project, and looks into whether changing economic variables have any predictive power on changing rural land use in recent years. To do this I attempt to answer three questions: 1. Do recent commodity prices have any predictive power on land use conversions? 2. Is recently sold land more likely to change use? 3. Does land which is marginal between uses have identifiable characteristics? I present my preliminary findings, which suggest land sales as a good indicator of land use change. |
| Keywords: | LANDUSE, AGRICULTURE, LAND SALES, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Consumer/Household Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Food Security and Poverty, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160197&r=agr |
| By: | Doole, Graeme |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160196&r=agr |
| By: | Martana, Kadim; Lennox, James; Evison, David; Manley, Bruce |
| Abstract: | A dynamic recursive CGE model of the Berau District (East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia) was constructed, to analysis the impact of REDD policies. The model was used to simulate a policy to implement reduced-impact logging (RIL) by inducing a seven percent raise in logging cost. Results suggest that impact of the policy to the Berau economy is small. Agricultural-based households’ welfare decreased (with forestry households the most impacted) while non-agricultural households were better off. As logging output declines, other agricultural outputs increase, since factors of production that are not used in the logging sector, are re-employed in other agricultural sectors, especially the oil palm sector. |
| Keywords: | CGE, RIL, Berau, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160268&r=agr |
| By: | Ogundari, Kolawole |
| Abstract: | The present study investigates the development (i.e., rise or decline) in African agricultural efficiency level and what drives the efficiency over the years. A total of 379 frontier studies resulting in 534 farm level efficiency estimates were considered using meta-regression analysis (MRA) for the empirical analysis. The results show that mean efficiency estimates from the selected case studies decrease significantly as year of survey in the primary study increases. Apparently, this implies that over the years, negative efficiency change characterized the growth of African agriculture and food production. The effect of other study attributes considered in the MRA show that studies published in Journals, with parametric and primal technology specification produced significantly higher efficiency estimates, while those published in top ranking journals and with Cobb-Douglass and Translog functional forms produced significantly lower efficiency estimates. Other results show that education, followed by experience; extension and credit are the major drivers of agricultural efficiency levels in Africa over the years. Given these findings; we suggest policies that encourage investment in human capital development associated with education and extension should be prioritized to enhance the growth of agriculture and food production in the region. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, efficiency, meta-analysis, growth, fractional regression, Africa, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Productivity Analysis, C13, Q12, Q18, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160418&r=agr |
| By: | Birovljev, Jelena; Ćetković, Biljana |
| Abstract: | Free trade has become a modern-day creed, accepted by both wealthy industrialized countries and many governments of developing countries as the generator of economic growth, development and employment. However, free trade has also been condemned by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in developing countries as the tool through which the economic dominance of wealthy, developed countries is institutionalized and maintained. Agriculture has been one of the most controversial issues in the multilateral trade negotiations for the past fifty years. The aim of this article is to examine food security implications of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. It discusses the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, which is systematically favoring agricultural producers in industrialized countries at the expense of farmers in developing countries, and explores ways in which the Agreement may be modified to achieve a more equal chance for success for both parties. The article also deals with the extent to which realization of the Agreement’s stated objective – the establishment of a fair and market-oriented agricultural trading system—is likely to advance food security in developing countries. The first section defines food security, discusses the relationship between trade and food security, and analyzes the impact of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture on food security in developing countries. The second section sets forth the reforms necessary to address inequities in the global trading system for agricultural commodities, and enhance and protect food security in developing countries. The last section concludes that leveling the playing field between industrialized and developing countries is a necessity, but not sufficient to promote food security. Promotion of food security requires additional trade reforms, so as to provide developing countries with a wide range of solutions and ensure access by all people at all times to sufficient, safe and nutritious food. |
| Keywords: | free trade, WTO, agriculture, developing countries, food security, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Food Security and Poverty, International Relations/Trade, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160372&r=agr |
| By: | Baker-Galloway, Maree |
| Abstract: | In assessing the regional management of farming activities on water quality, this paper focuses solely on the mechanisms contained in regional plans as at August 2013. It does not assess how particular councils implement their plans, nor has it correlated particular planning mechanisms and styles with particular water quality trends or farming productivity and profitability. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Production Economics, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160192&r=agr |
| By: | Jiang, Nan; Sharp, Basil |
| Abstract: | Historically NZ dairy farming has held a position as the lowest cost, non-subsidized producers at the farm gate. Recently, this position has been eroded as a result of increases in labor and land costs, while other emerging countries, such as Argentina and Ukraine, have adopted lower cost production systems. This indicates a need to continually build competitiveness on efficient utilization of resources, both physical and financial. Prior research on the efficiency performance of dairy farming in NZ is scant and the focus to date has been on technical efficiency, which alone only reveals how well farms utilize the physical production process. This paper contributes to the empirical literature by examining the cost efficiency of NZ dairy farms using established methods. Simplified translog stochastic cost frontiers are constructed based on an unbalanced panel of 824 farms. Average cost efficiency is estimated to be around 83% for dairy farms located in the North Island and 80% for the South Island. Analysis of the relationship between inefficiency and farm characteristics suggests significant associations exist between capital intensity, livestock quality, farm size and cost efficiency. |
| Keywords: | stochastic cost frontier, NZ dairy farming, cost efficiency, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160266&r=agr |
| By: | Haggblade, Steven; Boughton, Duncan |
| Abstract: | Despite its enormous potential, Myanmar’s agriculture has underperformed over the past fifty years. Today, per capita earnings in agriculture average roughly $200 a year, one-half to one-third of the levels achieved by its regional peers. Given that two-thirds of the population works primarily in agriculture, low farm productivity translates into high rates of poverty and food insecurity. Currently, about one quarter of the population falls below the national poverty line. As a result, in spite of national rice self-sufficiency, food security for many households and individuals remains elusive. Poor households spend over 70% of their income on food. In addition, fully one-third of rural households borrow at some point during the year in order to purchase food. Even after shouldering this heavy financial burden, up to one-half of rural households report having to navigate two months each year without adequate food supplies, leaving one-third of the country’s children stunted. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2013–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:midiwp:161372&r=agr |
| By: | Doucha, Tomáš; Pohlová, Karina |
| Abstract: | The development of the Czech agricultural trade after EU accession in 2004 is a reflexion of changing trade conditions (especially the entry on the EU single market and taking over the EU commitments to the WTO), effectiveness of the Czech agriculture and food industry. The main characteristics of the changes are the growth of the negative trade balance, a substantial increase of the trade turnover with EU countries to the detriment of the third countries and the growth of exports of agricultural raw materials accompanied with the growth of imports of more processed products. The main cause is the orientation of the Czech agriculture on products with a lower demand on labour quantity and quality and on simpler technologies, together with a lower effectiveness of domestic primary processors. Besides the global trade indicators, this development is documented by selected RCA indicators. |
| Keywords: | agricultural trade, Czech Republic, EU single market, agriculture, food industry, effectiveness, revealed comparative advantage, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160380&r=agr |
| By: | Bhattari, Salil; Lyne, Michael; Martin, Sandra |
| Abstract: | This study assesses the performance of supply chains for two major export crops produced in Nepal (ginger and large cardamom) from a smallholder perspective. It aims to identify factors that constrain marketing choices available to smallholders, limiting the chain’s robustness from their perspective. A qualitative case study method was used to gather and analyse data on farmer-buyer dyads in the ginger and cardamom chains. These case studies were informed by a conceptual model based on Transaction Cost Economics. The analysis included a cross-case comparison to identify the effects of exogenous chain attributes on the channels available to smallholders. Informal market trading was the only form of smallholder engagement observed in both chains. However, there was evidence that smallholders had previously engaged in relational contracts in the ginger chain, and in ‘captive’ relational contracts in the cardamom chain. There was no evidence that smallholders had ever engaged in either spot markets or conventional contracts in these chains. Although the informal market channel continues to operate, the ginger and cardamom chains are not robust from a smallholder perspective as producers are unable to select channels that better match their risk-reward preferences. The analysis suggests that access to other channels is constrained mainly by underinvestment in value-adding assets. Government should give more attention to the cooperative model that it supports to promote collective marketing. Traditional cooperatives can and do help to resolve problems of asymmetric information and high unit transaction costs, but more innovative cooperative models are required to encourage the investment needed to finance value-adding assets and activities. |
| Keywords: | Large cardamom, ginger, transaction cost, collective marketing, case study, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Consumer/Household Economics, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160194&r=agr |
| By: | Murray, Stephen J.; Satishkumar, Meena; Marfell-Jones, Alice |
| Abstract: | The Agriculture Production Survey and Annual Enterprise Survey were analysed as part of a redesign of the Ministry for Primary Industries’ Farm Monitoring Programme. These data sets are hosted by Statistics New Zealand, and access is possible for accredited researchers. This paper is intended to 1) provide examples of the types of analyses possible using these data sets, and 2) describe key lessons from our experiences. |
| Keywords: | Primary industries, research, financial, Statistics New Zealand, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160416&r=agr |
| By: | Tomić, Danilo; Popović, Vesna; Tandir, Nataša |
| Abstract: | In the frame of EU Stabilization and Association Process, Serbia and EU signed Stabilization and Association Agreements (SAA) in 2008, with Free Trade Agreement (FTA) as one of its main parts. SAA Interim Agreement entered in the fifth year of the transitional period ending on January 1, 2014. Serbia got already (2000) non-reciprocal duty-free access to the EU market for nearly all agricultural products. In imports, Serbia committed to abolish/reduce tariffs, lowering average agricultural tariff from 22% to 2.49%. In the paper, the authors focus on the effects of SAA import liberalization and the future import trends in the key sectors of Serbian agriculture analyzing: • structure of agricultural tariffs and import values in 2012, compared to base 2008 year, according to the different models of liberalization, • agricultural trade flows with the EU in the period 2010-2012 compared to total agricultural trade, and some of supply chains, potentially most affected by liberalization process. The results should provide an assessment of the agriculture adjustment level to SAA requirements and evaluation of the SAA trade creation/diversion effects. |
| Keywords: | SAA, import liberalization, integration potentials, Serbian agriculture, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160514&r=agr |
| By: | Kamau, Mercy; Smale, Melinda; Mutua, Mercy |
| Abstract: | Land degradation cripples smallholder crop production in Sub-Saharan Africa, including those found in the densely populated, grain basket areas of Kenya. Research in the early nineties already documented and rated nutrient depletion to be very high in the east African Highlands. Whereas some of the soil related problems are inherent, smallholder farmer practices have contributed to the degradation, including the increasing soil nutrient depletion. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, |
| Date: | 2013–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:midiwp:161373&r=agr |
| By: | Greenhalgh, Jill; Rawlinson, Phillipa |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study was to investigate the social influence that the recent growth of dairying has had in Southland. Over 60 semi-structured and informal interviews were undertaken with a wide cross-section of organisations and individuals. Quantitative data was used to complement the qualitative data. The growth of dairying has provided sheep farmers with more farming options through dairy support and increasing their equity. It has created downstream employment for dairy services and suppliers and, consequently, more employment opportunities. Rural communities are being revitalised through the influx of younger people. Primary schools are more multicultural and their roll decline has been arrested, but the transience associated with dairying creates problems. Community relationships have been affected by the different values of dairy farmers. Their occupational demands also affect their ability to participate in community activities. Southlanders perceive that dairying does impact on the environment with iwi recognising a loss of some traditional food sources. However, most participants believe environmentally-related compliance is improving. The overall finding is that dairying has revitalised an ailing Southland economy by creating a wider range of employment opportunities, drawing in a more youthful population, and generating a more diversified economic base. |
| Keywords: | Southland, dairy farming, social influences, diversification, employment, Agricultural and Food Policy, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Labor and Human Capital, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160200&r=agr |
| By: | Lubungu, Mary; Burke, William; Sitko, Nicholas J. |
| Abstract: | This study uses data from qualitative research and different national representative surveys to identify factors limiting smallholder linkages to the growing markets for soybean in Zambia and to provide concrete strategies to overcome them. Soybean production remains low despite its clear benefits for smallholders. This is due to limited availability of high yielding soybean seed and limited incentive for private investment in smallholder soybean seed multiplication. Low production is also related to agronomic practices, such as late planting and poor disease management as well as low usage of yield improving inputs such as inoculum. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2013–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:midcpb:161375&r=agr |
| By: | Olubode-Awosola, Femi; Paragahawewa, Upananda Herath; Upsdell, Martin; Vattala, Don |
| Abstract: | In this study, we have assessed the economic impact of potential increase in supply reliability of irrigation water in the Hinds Plains Area in the Ashburton district. The Hinds catchment has a number of irrigation schemes namely, Rangitata Diversion Race (provides water for Mayfield Hinds and Valetta Schemes), Barrhill Chertsey, Eiffelton and Lynford Schemes. All these schemes have varying supply reliability which ranges from 40% to 80% approximately. First, we estimated the relationship between water availability and pasture growth using experimental data. We then employed this relationship to estimate the potential incremental pasture growth with assumed increased supply reliability (95%) at farm level. We estimated the farm level benefit of increased pasture production in terms of saved costs in supplementary feed. These farm level estimates were used to assess the catchment level farm income gain. The catchment level income gain was then employed to assess the regional level economic gain (GDP and employment) by the socio-accounting matrix input-output model (SAMI-O) simulation. Income gain at catchment level is estimated to vary from $16 to $17million. This implies an additional gain in regional level income (GDP) of $85 to $91million and additional employment of 137 FTE to 207 FTE. The study indicates the importance of an increase in irrigation efficiency at farm level for the local and regional economy and also discusses the potential environmental impacts of increase irrigation efficiency at catchment level. |
| Keywords: | water, supply reliability, SAMI-O input-output modeling, irrigation, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160419&r=agr |
| By: | Nikolić, Marija M.; Ševarlić, Miladin M. |
| Abstract: | The cooperative sector is an indispensable and integral part of the global economy; includes cooperatives ranging from small-scale to multi-million dollar businesses in all sectors of the economy, count over 800 million members and provide 100 million jobs – which is 20 percent more than multinational company. According to ICA Global 300 list, the largest 300 cooperatives in the world generate revenue of 1,600 billion US dollars (2010), which is comparable to the GDP of the Russian Federation or Spain and occupies the ninth place among the world's largest economies. The paper analyze the contribution of cooperatives to the development of international trade in agricultural and food products, starting from agricultural cooperatives which organized small farmers and involve them in local, national and world trade, to the consumer cooperatives that have managed to survive in spite of strong competition and increasing prices of agricultural and food products and the global economic crisis, and which significantly contribute to the international trade fair. The paper consists of two parts. In the first part is given the analysis of the contribution of the largest cooperatives in the world according to the list by Global 300 list, with special emphasis on the importance of agricultural cooperatives in the local economy, both in terms of reducing unemployment, as well as in the production of agricultural and food products. In the second part of the paper is presented the genesis of the development of a major international cooperative trade event – ICA Expo-Coop, which is a cooperative international fair that was held eight times in the period since 2004 to 2012. Based on the development of this international manifestation, the number of cooperatives exhibitors and visitors, and other important information, it is possible to observe how cooperatives participate and promote the development of international trade of agricultural and food products. It was particularly emphasized that the cooperative sector and ICA Expo-Coop are not adequately recognized and represented in the activities of the WTO after the Doha round. |
| Keywords: | cooperatives, trade, agricultural and food products, cooperative fair, Agribusiness, International Relations/Trade, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160390&r=agr |
| By: | Ray, David |
| Keywords: | risk management, production risk, crop insurance, Agribusiness, Farm Management, Risk and Uncertainty, |
| Date: | 2013–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ncissr:160464&r=agr |
| By: | Fernandez, Mario Andres |
| Abstract: | Economic research on decadal climate variability (DCV) is scarce. DCV refers to ocean-related climate influences of duration from seven to twenty years. The DCV phenomena and their phases are associated with variations in crop and water yields. This paper examines the value of DCV information in the Missouri river basin using a mathematical programming model. The analysis shows the value of a perfect forecast is about 5.2 billion dollars, though 86% of this value can be obtained by a less perfect forecast based on already available data. Results show differential responses in major crops acreage and water usage. |
| Keywords: | Decadal climate variability, value of information, adaptation, crop insurance, Agribusiness, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160199&r=agr |
| By: | Vanka, Gajo M.; Heijman, Wim J.M. |
| Abstract: | This article gathered and displayed data on export strategies of agro-food products and the performance of some clusters and associations inside industries in Serbian region. As part of this article, producers in clusters were described in detail in agro&food production, their weaknesses&opportunities they confront in the national and international markets. Analyzes were carried out within 2 clusters, association and on their subsistence in national markets. SWOT analyzes managed to make a solid/viable cross section of agro production and food industry through its branches within which these clusters work. These branches are baking, wine, organic food production&dairy industry. Etno-tourism and the way it connects all of these food items of food industry is also analyzed within this paper. In this way a complete picture of the clusters in the agriculture and food industry was gained. |
| Keywords: | agribusiness, agro-food sector, clusters, competitiveness, micro¯o level, Serbia, SWOT, Agribusiness, International Relations/Trade, Production Economics, |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:161367&r=agr |
| By: | Boulanger, Pierre; Ferrari, Emanuele; Michalek, Jerzy; Philippidis, George; Vinyes, Cristina |
| Abstract: | Croatia joined the European Union (EU) on July 1st, 2013. This paper assesses the likely effects of this accession on the agricultural and food sectors, and analyses the impact on the EU, Croatia and their main trading partners. It considers both the harmonization of Croatia's trade instruments with those applied in the EU, and the adoption of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The analysis is carried out using MAGNET, a global recursive dynamic CGE model. Results show that Croatia slightly benefits from its accession to the EU with an increase in GDP, whereas the impact on the EU-27's GDP is insignificant. Total exports of Croatian agricultural products increase by 7.4% and those of food products decrease by 2%. Croatia will face some changes in its production structure. At constant prices, agricultural production benefits (increasing by 1.1%), whereas food production contracts (decreasing by 5.5%). This result sheds some light on competitiveness limitations of the Croatian food processing industry. The scope of this paper is to model both European trade and agricultural policies. It is worth mentioning that other EU policies such as the structural or cohesion policies, and additional gains resulting from the accession such as a less risky investment environment or a more efficient regulatory framework, are not modelled. |
| Keywords: | CGE, European integration, agricultural policy, agricultural trade, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160373&r=agr |
| By: | Bell, Brian |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, Public Economics, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160193&r=agr |
| By: | Allan, Corey; Kerr, Suzi |
| Abstract: | This paper uses a national dataset from 1980 to 2010 of valuations and sales data by land use category from Quotable Value New Zealand to explore patterns in and potential drivers of values of rural land in New Zealand over time. Increasing our understanding of the drivers of rural land values will aid in informing how climate change and environmental policy may influence these values. Climate change brings with it an increased likelihood of extreme weather events, for example drought conditions and severe storms, which could plausibly influence the value of rural land through their impacts on the productivity of land. It is also likely to have profound impacts on global commodity prices. Efficient climate change policy could have significant impacts on the profitability of ruminant agriculture. Who bears the losses depends critically on how land values respond to the profitability of different land uses. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Demand and Price Analysis, Financial Economics, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160191&r=agr |
| By: | Božić, Dragica; Nikolić, Marija M. |
| Abstract: | The processes of economic transformation and integration in which Serbia is included (gaining membership in the WTO and the EU), are accompanied by significant liberalization of markets, including the market of agricultural products, which causes certain changes in the size, structure and mode of foreign trade. Foreign trade regime of Serbian agrarian products is being harmonized to the requirements of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in anticipation of acquiring the status of member, as well as the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between Serbia and the EU and CEFTA-2006, whose members are the most important trade partners of our country. Trade liberalization and the growing international market of agricultural and food products represent an opportunity to promote exports of agrarian products from Serbia, but also opening of the market might seem a serious threat to some of our agricultural products and affect the change of production structure, where agricultural policy makers should pay special attention. The aim of this paper is to perform a regional analysis of foreign trade of agricultural and food products from Serbia with key trading partners such as EU, CEFTA-2006, and especially with some of its members for the period 2004-2011. In order to gain insight into the degree of integration of the Serbian agricultural sector in the markets of these countries, Grubel-Lloyd index of intra-industry trade (GLIIT) is calculated, which indicate the intensity and the level of intra-industry trade, implying mutual – bilateral exchange (import and export) of similar or identical products between regions (countries). A higher degree of integration on the markets of certain countries indicates the possibility of easier adjustment to the conditions of liberalization (and lower cost) because certain products are already present on them. Performed analysis provides insight into the potential consequences of further liberalization on the development of the agrarian sector and expected structural adjustments. Calculated GLIIT index for different groups of agricultural and food products and for individual countries are considerably different and vary in the observed period, but in general the level of intraindustry trade between Serbia and its leading trade partners (especially the EU) is low, indicating a low integration of agrarian sector of Serbia on these markets. |
| Keywords: | Foreign trade, agricultural and food products, region analysis, intra industry trade, Agribusiness, International Relations/Trade, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160374&r=agr |
| By: | Parminter, Terry; Greenberg, Emily |
| Abstract: | This paper describes further progress in a new approach to stakeholder consultation for policies about agricultural land uses and water quality in rural waterways; a process that was begun early in 2012. The initial consultation events provided the basis for a future draft of Greater Wellington Regional Council’s regional plan. As the next step in the consultation process, a workshop was held in late 2012 to which a range of stakeholders were invited. At the workshop, stakeholders considered ways to resolve possible conflicts in the possible policies and rules, and they suggested ways that the policies could be improved. In general, the participants supported the overall direction of the policies and rules and they had ideas about how they could be made more practical for landowners. Participants encouraged Greater Wellington Regional Council to work with primary industry organisations to encourage the use of preferred management practices through voluntary methods. Consistency and fairness was very important to the workshop participants and they did not want the policies to make exceptions for particular groups of landowners. The more exceptions to the general rules that were suggested the more that other participants wanted greater monitoring and enforcement by the Regional Council so that environmental bottom lines were still going to be protected. |
| Keywords: | rural, landuse, policy, rules, regional council, regional plan, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Political Economy, Production Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nzar13:160560&r=agr |
| By: | Stojanovic, Zaklina; Mitrovic, Radmila Dragutinovic; Petrovic, Ivana Popovic |
| Abstract: | The aim of the paper is to investigate Serbian food trade in the process of EU integration, particularly the effects of EU Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) and CEFTA integration on Serbian food exports. We analyse the developments in Serbian food trade flows from various aspects: the importance and growth of overall food exports and net-exports, intra-regional (with CEFTA) and extra-regional trade (with EU), as well as trade competiveness of Serbian food trade related to its most important foreign trade markets. In spite of the fact that total export from Serbia recorded decrease during the last decade, especially after the Great economic crisis, the Serbian food exports did not follow the same pattern. That points out the importance of the food trading, especially during the crisis. The food trading is the only sector that one country continuously can count on in the world trade, and the main reason for this conclusion we can find in the real nature of this sector – food sector produces goods for human diet as an existential need. |
| Keywords: | food, trade, competitiveness, RCA, RTB, Serbia, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160512&r=agr |
| By: | Zaric, Vlade; Vasiljevic, Zorica; Vlahovic, Branislav; Andric, Jasmina |
| Abstract: | The raspberry is one of the most important export products of Serbia. According to FAO data about 80,000 tons of raspberry are exported annually from Serbia with a total value of 165 million USD (2011). That is why the Republic of Serbia is one of the major exporters of this product. Raspberries are mainly exported in the frozen form. The raspberry are mainly grown on small farms, where the farm owners and their families carry out all necessary activities, with the seasonal labor hiring during harvest of raspberries. Positive trends in production are both the result of favorable climate conditions and the knowledge and skills of producers. The increasing demands of customers in terms of product safety, recently led to the development of quality systems that are mainly related to the processing of the products. However, the increased liberalization of international trade and increased risks in the area of food safety stress more attention to the health and safety of the products in primary production as well. It is expected that the primary producers with introducing a quality system achieve better position in the marketing chain. This paper aims to analyze the main characteristics of the raspberry marketing chain and position of small producers from two perspectives - the first one is position of the participants at the beginning of the marketing chain, and the second one is the assessment of the effects of introduction the quality system on the volume of production and sales, as well as on the selling price. The research shows that the marketing chain of primary producers is short, and ends by the nearest cool storage. Introduction of quality systems create additional cost for producers and increased product quality. However, data do not show that higher quality standards are reflected in higher market prices. |
| Keywords: | marketing chain, raspberryes, small producers, Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Marketing, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160517&r=agr |
| By: | Matthews, Alan |
| Abstract: | The WTO Doha Round of trade negotiations was launched in 2001 and after twelve years of negotiations members seem unable to bring it to a successful conclusion. An attempt to deliver an ‘early harvest’ of deliverables at the 9th WTO Ministerial Conference in Bali in December 2013 does not appear likely to be more successful. This paper describes the stage that the negotiations have reached in agriculture and the value of what is currently on the table. It reviews the agricultural agenda for the Bali meeting and the prospects for its success. It discusses the reasons for the current impasse in the negotiations and asks whether agricultural trade liberalization would be better served by abandoning the Doha Round. The paper argues that this would not be the case, and concludes by speculating on the conditions necessary to ensure a conclusion to the Round. |
| Keywords: | WTO, Doha Round, agricultural trade liberalization, Bali Ministerial Council, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160370&r=agr |
| By: | Karapinar, Baris; Tanaka, Tetsuji |
| Abstract: | In recent years, international grain markets have been exposed to considerable price volatility which was partly caused by supply shocks driven by extreme climate events affecting major grain exporters. In addition, a number of exporting countries resorted to distortive trade measures in the form of export restrictions which have led to additional shortages, undermining the reliability of the world trading system. Recent climate studies suggest that climate changeinduced extreme events are likely to increase yield fluctuations. As trade volumes are also projected to increase, export restrictions constitute a systemic threat to the security of the global food supply. However, WTO rules and regulations on export restrictions are lenient, offering ample ‘policy space’ to member countries. In this context, this paper explores the potential welfare implications of productivity shocks and consequent export restrictions imposed on rice. We use a world trade stochastic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with the Monte Carlo method, taking into account risk factors in the form of a wide range of productivity shocks to world rice supplies. Our findings suggest that welfare losses that are likely to be caused by increased yield variability, due to climate change or other factors, are expected to grow substantially if countries react to productivity shocks by imposing export restrictions. Losses incurred by rice importing countries in Asia and Africa are expected to be particularly high. The paper links these results to potential WTO reform initiatives aiming at improving world food supply stability under future uncertainty. |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty, International Relations/Trade, Risk and Uncertainty, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160387&r=agr |
| By: | Banović, Marija; Ševarlić, Miladin M. |
| Abstract: | Meat market has always had a special attention due to repeating crises and confidence breakdowns. Even though global meat trade has grown in the past decades, driven mainly by gains in poultry and pig meat originating from developing regions, many countries that produce and consume meat still remain disconnected by trade. Trade barriers, as sanitary and protectionist standards, have heavily influenced meat market. Sanitary standards related to animal diseases, food safety concerns and health issue awareness mostly identify those countries that are “free” and those that are “not free” of potential risks. Although sanitary barriers can inhibit trade flows they protect against the spread of serious diseases and other risks that can break animal production. On the other hand, protectionist barriers in the form of tariffs and tariff-rate quotas designed as domestic support may distort international markets and prevent significant potential trade in meats. The EU occupies an important position in the world meat market due to its export performance drawn from subsidies and sanitary and protection barriers that have been the focus of strong criticism by some developed and developing countries, among others. The Doha round has had an ambitious call in lowering protectionist barriers and achieving substantial improvements in market access and reductions of export subsidies and in tradedistorting domestic support. Yet, major protectionist barriers linger even so and the average global meat tariffs are higher than the average tariffs for other agricultural goods. Furthermore, these developments in trade liberalization and market access seem not to be only precondition for trade to occur as well as only answer to meat crisis. |
| Keywords: | EU meat market, Doha Round, Agribusiness, International Relations/Trade, Livestock Production/Industries, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160371&r=agr |
| By: | Skurray, James H.; Pannell, David J. |
| Abstract: | Groundwater extraction can have varied and diffuse effects. Negative external effects may include costs imposed on other groundwater users and on surrounding ecosystems. Environmental damages are commonly not reflected in market transactions. Groundwater transfers have the potential to cause spatial redistribution, concentration, and qualitative transformation of the impacts from pumping. An economically and environmentally sound groundwater transfer scheme would ensure that marginal costs from trades do not exceed marginal benefits, accounting for all third-party impacts, including those of a non-monetary nature as well as delayed effects. This paper proposes a menu of possible management strategies that would help preclude unacceptable impacts by restricting transfers with certain attributes, ideally ensuring that permitted transfers are at least welfare-neutral. Management tools would require that transfers limit or reduce environmental impacts, and provide for the compensation of financial impacts. Three management tools are described. While these tools can limit impacts from a given level of extraction, they cannot substitute for sustainable overall withdrawal limits. Careful implementation of transfer limits and exchange rates, and the strategic use of management area boundaries, may enable a transfer system to restrict negative externalities mainly to monetary costs. Provision for compensation of these costs could be built in to the system. |
| Keywords: | Water markets, institutions, externalities, wetlands, Australia., Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Land Economics/Use, Political Economy, Public Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q15 Q25 Q28 Q38 Q56 Q57 Q58 R14 R52 H41 H23 H11, |
| Date: | 2013–11–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uwauwp:161074&r=agr |
| By: | Dončić, Dalibor; Nastić, Rade |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyzed in detail elements of the marketing mix of fruit and vegetables, therefore this product, price, distribution, promotion and people in Bosnia and Herzegovina, after seven years of liberal market within CEFTA. Each element of the marketing mix is analyzed for the most important vegetable species (cabbage, onions, peppers, tomatoes) and fruit species (apple, pear, plum). The analyzed elements of the marketing mix are compared with the characteristics of the elements of the marketing mix before integration BiH in CEFTA and people monitor the achieved level of competitiveness of fruit and vegetable producers in BiH. |
| Keywords: | agricultural trade liberalization, fruit, vegetables, producers, marketing mix, CEFTA, competitiveness, Crop Production/Industries, International Relations/Trade, Marketing, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160379&r=agr |
| By: | Popović, Rade; Radovanov, Boris; Jeremić, Marija |
| Abstract: | International milk market is created by 7% of world production volume. Volatile world milk prices in recent 6 years caused different forms of its transmission to national levels. In the paper this phenomena is investigated on two levels. First, on macro level how world milk price affects national markets in case of New Zealand as leading world exporter, Germany with growing net export, and Serbia with self-sufficient production. Second, it is analysed vertical price transmission in Serbian milk supply chain, according its magnitude, speed, nature and direction in period January 2007 to May 2013. Results improved understanding how world milk price influence milk price in Serbia and how price shocks are transmitted through milk supply chain for several most important kinds of milk products.Applied vector error correction model in horizontal milk price transmission indicates asymmetry in price transmission from world to Serbian milk market. Milk prices in Serbia respond to price signals from German and world market, but with significant time lags and increasing magnitude over time. From first to fourth month delay, milk prices from German market positively influence Serbian market, and from fifth to tenth month further increasing influence of world milk prices are presented. Nature of spatial asymmetry is positive. Results of threshold vector error correction model applied on dairy supply chain, suggests similar conclusionsfor all four major dairy products on Serbian market. Retail prices react mostly on raw milk price changes, with constant response to processor’s prices. Price shocks are originate at the processor level and are passed to farmers and to retailers. Blurred relationship between processing and retail sector permits more accurate analysis. |
| Keywords: | milk, price, transmission, World, Serbia, Agribusiness, Demand and Price Analysis, International Relations/Trade, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160393&r=agr |
| By: | Jaikishan Desai; Kristin Johnson; Alessandro Tarozzi |
| Abstract: | We use data from a randomized controlled trial conducted in 2003-2006 in rural Amhara and Oromiya (Ethiopia) to study the impacts of the introduction of micro finance in treated communities. We document that borrowing increased substantially in locations where the programs started their operations, but we find mixed evidence of improvements in a number of socio-economic outcomes, including income from agriculture, animal husbandry, non-farm self-employment, schooling and indicators of women's empowerment. |
| Keywords: | microcredit, cluster randomized controlled trial, Ethiopia |
| JEL: | O12 O16 |
| Date: | 2013–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:741&r=agr |
| By: | Skurray, James H. |
| Abstract: | The Gnangara groundwater system in Western Australia occupies some 2,200 km2, supports multiple ecological systems and human uses, and is under unprecedented stress due to reduced rainfall and over-extraction. The basin is currently managed according to command and control principles, by the state's Department of Water. This paper examines some of Ostrom's "situational variables" for the analysis of institutional choice - the self-provision of institutional arrangements in common-pool resources situations - as they relate to the Gnangara case. The paper approaches the topic of collective governance not as a niche concept which may be fitted only to certain specific cases, but as a basic and natural mode of human co-operation and interaction when faced with inter-dependent interests and in the absence of militating factors. We therefore conduct the analysis from the perspective of identifying elements of the current management approach - as well as of the shared norms, expectations, and attitudes of the appropriators - which could be altered to allow collective governance to develop, at least at some scale within the overall management regime. We use data from a set of water licence documents obtained from the Department of Water, among other data sources. A number of factors are identified as inhibiting the development of collective governance at present. Current arrangements are top-down in nature, with all rules, monitoring, and enforcement supplied by the state-level management agency. Current norms and expectations among the appropriators appear to be competitive rather than co-operative, and discount rates appear to be high. In view of the size of the resource, and the large number and heterogeneity of appropriators, we conclude that the use of 'nested' organisational units - beginning at the smaller scale - will be a key component of efforts to develop the requisite social and institutional capital. Further, we conclude that there are several historical and other factors in this case whose net effect is to prejudice the unassisted development of collective governance institutions by appropriator efforts alone, and that significant external support will be required from government agencies. |
| Keywords: | Institutions, collective action, governance, common-pool resources, Australia, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Land Economics/Use, Political Economy, Public Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q15 Q25 Q28 Q38 Q56 Q57 Q58 R14 R52 H41 H23 H11, |
| Date: | 2013–11–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uwauwp:161075&r=agr |
| By: | Brankov, Tatjana Papić; Lovre, Koviljko |
| Abstract: | The paper discusses the mechanisms by which World Trade Organization (WTO) influence the diffusion of genetically modified (GM) products. We have analyzed the connection between the international trade of GM products and the three WTO Agreements: the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). It can be concluded that the mechanisms of the WTO organization are often used as instruments of threat to nations seeking to ban imports of GM food. In failing to acknowledge and support the precautionary principle, the WTO may have further weakened its authority to make decisions affecting the human health and environment and, in so doing, lessened its legitimacy in the world arena. |
| Keywords: | WTO, GM products, TRIPS, SPS, GATS, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160376&r=agr |
| By: | Volpe, Richard; Leibtag, Ephraim; Roeger, Edward |
| Abstract: | This report examines the ways that fuel prices are transmitted to wholesale produce prices via transportation costs. Specifically, it focuses on marketing costs for asparagus,cantaloupes, table grapes, oranges, bell peppers, and tomatoes. Results of the study indicate that transportation costs significantly increase the costs of marketing these produce items and therefore their wholesale price. The impact of fuel prices on produce prices depends on a number of factors, including the distance between wholesale markets and the source of the produce, the method of transportation, the importance and timing of imports, and commodity-specific factors such as perishability. Overall, as fuel prices rise, so do wholesale produce prices and the margins between farm and wholesale prices. |
| Keywords: | Price determination, transportation costs, wholesale price margins, fruits and vegetables, trade, Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Industrial Organization, |
| Date: | 2013–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:161355&r=agr |
| By: | Donatella Baiardi; Carluccio Bianchi; Eleonora Lorenzini |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the relationships between export price and income elasticities, average unit values (AUVs) and market shares for the top world food exporters in the time period 1992-2011 using a panel data framework. Emerging countries and Spain show a high price elasticity unlike other advanced countries. Moreover, an inverse relationship between price elasticities and AUVs is found to exist. The overall analysis enables the conclusion that advanced countries can maintain a specialization in low-tech sectors only if high prices, as indicators of high quality, are accompanied by a rigid foreign demand and a satisfactory income elasticity of exports. |
| Keywords: | Food Exports, Price elasticity, Income elasticity, Panel Granger causality |
| JEL: | F14 L66 Q17 C23 |
| Date: | 2013–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mib:wpaper:262&r=agr |
| By: | Dieter Pennerstorfer (WIFO); Franz Sinabell (WIFO) |
| Abstract: | A small number of firms have a large market share in the Austrian food retailing market. Market concentration has been growing over the last years which has raised concerns about market power. Previous studies on price setting behaviour in the food retailing market were at the national level and regional price setting has not yet been analysed. We use a panel data set of over 2,000 households with monthly food purchasing data and the number of outlets of the nine biggest food retailers in 120 districts to explore regional price setting behaviour. The analysis shows that only a small number of retailers seem to regionally differentiate prices extensively. It cannot be confirmed that spatial price differentiation is a way to exert market power in the Austrian food retailing market. |
| Keywords: | Market power, Food retailing, Spatial price differentiation, Austria |
| Date: | 2013–12–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2013:i:458&r=agr |
| By: | Hurduzeu, Gheorghe; Hurduzeu, Raluca |
| Abstract: | The international diversification of assets by investing in agricultural commodities has manifested increasingly in recent years, as demonstrated by the growth in investment in commodities which have augmented rapidly in recent years, the prospect is that they will increase further. The common perception is that international trade markets investments popularity comes from the fact that the goods constitute an alternative asset class with returns that present, at least in theory, low or negative correlation with the returns on assets belonging to traditional asset classes: stocks and bonds. Harry Markowitz (1959) and James Tobin (1958) developed the theory of optimal selection of securities portfolios in an uncertain environment. This was developed by William Sharpe (1964) and John Lintner (1965) in a general equilibrium model prices. This model completes and improves Markowitz's theory, because even its author William Sharpe, leaves in its development, inters alia, on the premise that the investor will use an investment approach as described by his predecessor. Basically the model enables us to facilitate the work in evaluating the expected earnings of the various securities and portfolios, which relates to a risk measure called β. What is particularly important about this model is that it is currently applied in the industry of the investments, maybe not in its original form, but in newer versions adapted of it. However, the researchers concluded that the overall balance given by the CAPM is quite inconsistent in practice. Other authors have attempted to explain the application of CAPM on futures markets. The conclusion was that the CAPM is not consistent in explaining the results of the futures markets, but also the qualitative and quantitative empirical phenomena are unable to explain the results from the futures markets. |
| Keywords: | portofolio, diversification, prices, volatility, risk, Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Risk and Uncertainty, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160384&r=agr |
| By: | Simić, Jelena Damnjanović; Zakić, Vladimir |
| Abstract: | In many developing countries, regional integration has become a key means of promoting economic growth and fighting poverty. PTAs are increasingly used as engines of change in many developing countries, to promote, implement, and lock in reforms in a wide range of policy areas such as investment regimes, competition rules, and government procurement. They create larger and more competitive markets and benefit producers and consumers through economies of scale and lower prices. Although PTAs may promote development, they necessarily discriminate against nonmembers and can therefore lead to trade diversion in a way that hurts both member countries and excluded countries. Also, the proliferation of bilateral and regional PTAs may undermine progress toward a more open, transparent, and rules-based multilateral trading system. In this paper it will be discussed about the establishment and expectations of a free trade agreement CEFTA 2006. Specifically, the South East European countries, which made the majority of this regional economic integration, still have many unresolved, above all, political problems. On the other hand, the different status of these countries in the process of integration into the European Union chose the inflow of financial resources and speed necessary economic reforms. However, the global economic crisis has slowed the flow of financial resources, especially greenfield investments, deepened social stratification and mutual political differences between member states. This paper will try to answer the question: do this PTAs really contribute to deeper integration in EU? |
| Keywords: | PTAs, Integration, CEFTA, European Union, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, International Relations/Trade, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160378&r=agr |
| By: | Jorge Álvarez (Programa de Historia Económica y Social, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de la República); Henry Willebald (Instituto de Económia, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y de Administración, Universidad de la República) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to explain the impact of the establishment of the system of landownership on the income distribution and economic growth of settler economies (Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and Uruguay) during the First Globalization. We consider a conceptual framework based on the New Institutional Economic Theory to describe the process of the distribution of the land property rights in historical perspective and to analyze the characteristics of the land tenure system in a comparative perspective. Our results identify two models of distribution of property rights within the “club”. One of them corresponds to Australasia and, the other, to the River Plate countries, and they represented different consequences in terms of productive expansion and inequality. The land rents absorb a much larger part of total output in River Plate than in Australasia and, as result, it represents a negative incentive to productivity growth that contributes to explain the relative failure of Argentina and Uruguay compared to Australia and New Zealand. |
| Keywords: | Land ownership systems, functional income distribution, River Plate, Australasia |
| JEL: | N26 N27 N36 N37 |
| Date: | 2013–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ude:doctra:30&r=agr |
| By: | Vlahović, Branislav; Puškarić, Anton; Tomašević, Dejan |
| Abstract: | Knowing international market is a basis for segmentation and making right and timely marketing decisions regarding wine export. In this piece, we have analized the international wine market, and determined changes in international turnover, with largest importers and exporters for the period of 2001 - 2011. The average wine export in the world was 8,4 tons, with a growth tendency of 5,0% per year. Converted in money, the average export amounted to 22 billion US Dollars, which makes wine one of the most valuable of all agricultural products. The largest exporter is Italy with 1,8 million tons (21% of the whole world's turnover). Italy's wine export is increasinf at the rate of 4,14% per year. Large exporters are also France, Spain, Australia and Chile, which all amount to two thirds (68%) of the world's wine export. Besides France, whose export is decreasing, all of the abovementioned countries have increased their wine export to the international market. World's import is growing a bit slower than the export. It is a sign of a relative stagnation of demand, on the international market. The largest wine importer in the world is Germany with 1,3 million tons (17% of the world's import). Large importers are also the UK, USA, Russia and France, which take up more than half of the world's wine import (58%). All of the abovemnetioned countries have increased tendency of wine import. Within the next period, we can expect stagnation of international turnover, due to the world's economic crisis. Current world's trend is consummation of light, muscat, aromatic white wines, and when it comes to red wine - customers prefer fresh, aromatic, fruit wine. We are expecting to see the growth of rose and organic wine (made out of organic grape). |
| Keywords: | wine, international turnover, import, export, Agribusiness, International Relations/Trade, |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa135:160516&r=agr |
| By: | Joseph V. Spadaro; Sérgio H. Faria; Anil Markandya |
| Abstract: | The transportation sector is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for around one-quarter of current annual emissions. Surface transportation (passenger vehicles, buses, rail, and freight transportation) contributes 75% of total emissions, with the remaining 25% allocated equally between air and water transport. According to the recently released 5th Assessment Report of the IPCC (September 2013), the transportation sector is expected to grow significantly in future years, particularly in rapidly developing countries around the world, and will therefore be one of a few key drivers of increasing global warming. Unless there is a major political effort and consumer willingness to change current energy consumption patterns and travel modes over the next few decades, transport-related emissions are likely to double by 2050 relative to levels observed in 2010. Because of the contribution of transportation to climate change and its impact on urban air quality, a comparative assessment of potential carbon emission reductions and health benefits of reduced particulate matter emissions was undertaken considering several low carbon pathways for development of the urban road transport sector up to 2050. As a result, we conclude that aggressive changes will be needed to scale back future emissions by 20% (or more) compared to present day emissions. These changes will impact vehicle fuel economy (+50%), urban mobility patterns (lower private car demand and greater use of public transportation), choice of alternative fuels (less use of petroleum-based fuels and greater use of biofuels and electrons) and electricity generation mix (greater use of renewables, carbon capture technologies for limiting fossil fuel carbon emissions, and/or nuclear energy). Public acceptance is fundamental to bring about changes in consumer attitudes and behaviour. Given the long lead times required for research, development, demonstration and deployment of new technologies, the time to act is now if we are to limit the global mean surface temperature increase to within 2°C above preindustrial levels. |
| Keywords: | transportation; biofuels; climate change; low carbon pathways; carbon price; electricity decarbonisation; health impacts; DALY. |
| Date: | 2013–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bcc:wpaper:2013-14&r=agr |