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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2013‒01‒07
67 papers chosen by |
| By: | Sitko, Nicholas J.; Jayne, Thomas S. |
| Abstract: | The relative importance of small versus large farm enterprises in driving agricultural production growth and poverty reduction is a central development debate in Africa. More broadly this debate revolves around questions of farm land intensification versus extensification as the most effective means for addressing the persistent issues of food insecurity and hunger in Africa. On the one hand, there is a well‐established literature that argues that the intensification of smallholder production is the most effective way of initiating sweeping beneficial changes in predominantly agrarian societies. One the other hand, there is a growing belief that massive constraints in African smallholder production and marketing systems make it improbable for very small farms to be engines of agricultural‐led capital accumulation, land consolation, farm expansion, and significant production gains. For them a strategy that seeks to stimulate large‐scale agriculture can more effective address the constraints to African food production. |
| Keywords: | Africa, Poverty Reduction, Food Security and Poverty, |
| Date: | 2012–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:midcwp:140907&r=agr |
| By: | Mirzabaev, Alisher; Tsegai, Daniel W. |
| Abstract: | Higher weather volatility may be reflected in higher incidences of weather shocks. Weather shocks could potentially affect the supply of agricultural commodities and their prices. In this study, the effects of weather shocks on agricultural commodity prices in Central Asia are investigated at the provincial scale using monthly data for the period of 2000-2010. The study uses an innovative estimation method, where the idiosyncratic components of the variables are analyzed using Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) panel regression in the presence of cross-sectional dependence and serial autocorrelation. The analysis indicates that weather volatility and, especially, the fluctuations in the availability of irrigation water have statistically significant effects on wheat and potato prices in Central Asia. Negative shocks, involving lower than usual temperatures and precipitation amounts, could create favorable conditions for higher wheat prices in the region. Lower availability of irrigation water may encourage irrigation-dependent countries of the region to aggressively raise wheat stocks to face expected supply shortfalls, thus leading to higher regional wheat prices. This effect could be further aggravated by negative impacts of lower irrigation water availability on wheat yields. In order to counteract such developments, it is necessary to devise effective grain storage policies. Regional free trade arrangements in agricultural commodities will also be important to minimize price volatility resulting from weather shocks. For protecting agricultural producers, weather insurance schemes could be introduced. It would be also necessary to make investments into crop breeding and agronomic research for developing new crop cultivars resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses, and on promoting water-efficient crop production technologies. |
| Keywords: | weather and price shocks, Central Asia, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2012–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:140769&r=agr |
| By: | Tisdell, Clement A. |
| Abstract: | Provides some background on concerns about the sustainability of agriculture, outlines and discusses views about what constitutes sustainable agriculture and contrasts the sustainability of modern industrialised agriculture with that of traditional agriculture. Then the question is considered (taking into account the available evidence) whether organic agriculture is more sustainable than non-organic agriculture. Barriers to switching from non-organic to organic agriculture are mentioned. The development of agriculture usually has a serious negative impact on wild biodiversity. Whether or not more intensive agriculture would reduce the negative ecological footprint is unclear but many scientists believe it will do this. Globally, there has been a rapid expansion in the area planted with GM crops. Reasons are given why yields and returns from these crops may not be sustained, and why they may result in genetic losses liable to jeopardise sustainable development. Nevertheless, agriculturalists may still have an incentive to adopt unsustainable agroecosystems for reasons outlined. While genetic losses may be a threat to the long-term sustainability of agriculture, increasing scarcity of natural resources used in agriculture, such as water, and climate change may be more immediate challenges to the sustainability of agricultural production. |
| Keywords: | biodiversity loss, genetically modified crops, industrialised modern agriculture, organic agriculture, sustainable agriculture, sustainable development, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q01, Q16, Q57, |
| Date: | 2012–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uqseee:140549&r=agr |
| By: | Kimle, Kevin; Hongdong Guo |
| Abstract: | Zhang Guan liang is a Chinese agricultural entrepreneur, who lives in Fuyang, China. In 2009, he founded North Branch River Vegetable Cooperative, with a vision of creating a vegetable production and distribution entity of significant scale. He has successfully launched the venture, with more than 200 farmers producing vegetables for it. Today, he faces significant challenges to further growth; some common to entrepreneurs, others unique to agriculture, and others unique to growing an agricultural venture in China. The case charts Zhang’s efforts to increase production capacity, access growth capital, and manage food safety issues. In a larger sense, the case charts the agrifood supply chain struggles that are particularly acute in China today. |
| Keywords: | Teaching Case; China; Smallholder Agriculture; Cooperative; Agricultural Entrepreneurship |
| Date: | 2012–12–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genres:35735&r=agr |
| By: | Schierhorn, Florian; Muller, Daniel; Prishchepov, Alexander V.; Balmann, Alfons |
| Abstract: | Paper prepared for presentation at the "Annual World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty", World Bank, Washington, D.C., April 23-26, 2012 |
| Keywords: | Post-Soviet corpland change, agricultural abandonment, grain potentials, spatial model, Russia, Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miscpa:139019&r=agr |
| By: | Antonio Turrent Fernández; Timothy A. Wise; Elise Garvey |
| Abstract: | Rising agricultural prices, combined with growing import dependence, have driven Mexico’s food import bill over $20 billion per year and increased its agricultural trade deficit. Mexico imports one-third of its maize, overwhelmingly from the United States, but three million producers grow most of the country’s white maize, which is used primarily for tortillas and many other pluricultural products for human consumption. Yield gaps are large among the country’s small to medium-scale maize farmers, with productivity estimated at just 57% of potential. To what extent could Mexico close this yield gap, using proven technologies currently employed in the country, to regain its lost self-sufficiency in maize? A comprehensive review of the literature highlights the potential for achieving that goal. With a new government coming to power in Mexico, policy options are examined, identifying those most likely to increase both maize productivity and sustainable resource use while reducing import dependence. With climate change likely to constrain input-intensive agricultural productivity growth, these involve an emphasis on farmer-led extension services, the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices, and improved water management, including expanded irrigation. |
| Date: | 2012–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dae:daepap:12-03&r=agr |
| By: | Ekbom, Anders (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University); Alem, Yonas (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University); Sterner, Thomas (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University) |
| Abstract: | This paper integrates soil science variables into an economic analysis of agricultural output among small-scale farmers in Kenya’s highlands. The integration is valuable because farmers’ choice of inputs depends on both the status of the soil and socio-economic conditions. The study uses a stochastic production frontier in which the individual farm’s distance to the frontier depends systematically on individual factors. We show the importance of including key soil properties and find that phosphorus has a negative output elasticity, suggesting that farms may be using the wrong fertilizer mix. Hence, the central policy implication is that while fertilizers are generally beneficial, their application needs to be based on better soil information. This highlights the importance of strengthening agricultural extension, increased access to markets, and more diversified supply of production inputs.<p> |
| Keywords: | Soil analysis; stochastic production frontier; agricultural productivity |
| JEL: | Q02 Q12 |
| Date: | 2012–12–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0550&r=agr |
| By: | Kopecek, Petr; Kopp, Ondrej; Schmidtova, Barbora |
| Abstract: | The paper examines the development of the Czech transition agriculture through profitability without supports (R-S) and profitability with supports (R+S) of the dairy breeding, resp. milk production on the period 2002 – 2011. For this particular branch of agriculture the accession of the CR to the EU has meant an important change of the agrarian policy, which transformed from the pure national (Czech) agrarian policy into the European CAP. There was proved that profitability R+S in the pre-accession period (period I = 2002-2003) was slightly positive for dairy sector. In connection with the membership of CR in EU agricultural supports significantly increased for dairy sector as the consequence of applying of CAP on the Czech agriculture. Therefore there were monitored in the period II (2004-2008) important positive changes of the indicator R+S for milk commodity. In the connection with the volatility of producer prices and costs increasing in the period III (2009-2001) there was found important downgrade of this indicator. |
| Keywords: | Common Agricultural Policy, milk, transition economics, supports, profitability, Agricultural and Food Policy, Q12, Q18, |
| Date: | 2012–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139493&r=agr |
| By: | Raghu, P.T.; Das, S.; Ravi, S.B.; King, E.D.I.O |
| Abstract: | Smallholder farmers all over the world, particularly in regions of rich agro-biodiversity contribute to on-farm conservation. Past and present agricultural progress could not have happened neither without these genetic resources nor the associated farmer knowledge. Six species of minor millets are grown in India on more than 2 million hectares. The Kolli Hills in Tamil Nadu has been a region where five of these millet species have been under cultivation over the last several hundred years. These minor millets are currently under threat due to high competition from tapioca (cassava) as well as easy access to PDS rice at low cost. Over last three decades there has been decline in the millet area and number of farmers cultivating these species. It is in this context that this study attempts to examine the role of farmer incentive mechanisms to conserve minor millets in Kolli Hills. The millet varieties existing in the study area were classified either as most preferred varieties (MPVs) or least preferred varieties (LPVs) by the farmer respondents based on their yield and consumption preferences. The farmer willingness to accept compensation to participate in the conservation programme is estimated using a contingent valuation method (CVM). Seemingly unrelated bivariate probit regression was used to estimate the determinants of willing to participate in on-farm conservation of minor millets. The result shows that the impact of bid value is significant and positive to participate in the on-farm millet conservation of MPVs. The farmers participating is millet related organization are willing to accept lower compensation for MPVs and higher for LPVs compared to farmers who are not participating in such organization. |
| Keywords: | Agro-biodiversity; contingent valuation method; food security; neglected and underutilized crops; willingness to accept |
| JEL: | Q0 Q51 Q2 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:43348&r=agr |
| By: | Ifft, Jennifer; Nickerson, Cynthia J.; Kuethe, Todd H.; You, Chengxia |
| Abstract: | Since 2003, direct payments have accounted for a signifi cant portion of farm program payments. If direct payments were eliminated, many agricultural producers would be affected, both through the loss of income and potential declines in land values and rental rates. This report considers the potential contribution of direct payments to farm revenues and land values across farm commodities and regions and estimates the magnitude of the financial impact on participating farms should direct payments be eliminated. Direct payments are highest relative to crop revenues in parts of the Northern Plains, Southern Plains, Mountain, Delta, and Southeast regions, and the estimated effect of direct payments on cropland values also is relatively high in many of these regions. Overall, our analysis suggests that an abrupt end to the direct payment program could reduce the number of farms with a favorable financial status (profitable farms having relatively low debt burdens) by about 11,000 nationally, or about 2 percent of farms that received direct payments in 2009. The estimated effect varies regionally and is more pronounced in the Delta and Southeast regions, where direct payments per farm tend to be higher, on average, than elsewhere. |
| Keywords: | direct payments, farm policy, farmland values, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2012–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:139809&r=agr |
| By: | Kuteya, Auckland N.; Jayne, Thomas S. |
| Abstract: | All governments require accurate information on how the economy functions in order to formulate and implement sound agricultural policies. Policies to ensure food security are no different. Efforts to keep food prices at tolerable levels require information about the competitiveness of the wholesaling, milling, and retailing stages of the food value chain. The main objective for this paper is to better inform policy discussions about the effects of alternative maize pricing and marketing policies on national food security and agricultural development. |
| Keywords: | Maize, Zambia, Food Security and Poverty, |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:midcwp:140905&r=agr |
| By: | Timothy A. Wise |
| Abstract: | The extended and widespread drought in the U.S. corn belt is straining corn supplies, raising prices to record levels. This is the third price spike in five years in a period that has come to be known as the food crisis. Roughly 40% of U.S. corn is now consumed in the production of ethanol. The United States is by far the world’s largest producer and exporter of corn, so the combination of tight supplies, low inventories, and continued high demand from the ethanol industry has prompted calls for reforms to U.S. biofuels policies. U.S. production and consumption of corn-based ethanol has been encouraged by a range of U.S. government subsidies and incentives, contributing upward pressure on food prices. The National Academy of Sciences estimated that globally biofuels expansion accounted for 20-40% of the price increases seen in 2007-8, when prices of many food crops doubled. Net-food-importing developing countries were particularly hard-hit. In an earlier paper, we estimated that from 2006-2011 U.S. ethanol expansion cost Mexico about $1.5 billion due to ethanol-related corn price increases. Here we apply the same methodology to estimate the global impacts. We estimate the six-year costs to net corn importing countries at $11.6 billion, with developing countries absorbing more than half of those costs. We examine the negative impacts on the poor in net corn exporting countries. We recommend reforms to U.S. biofuels policies. |
| Date: | 2012–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dae:daepap:12-02&r=agr |
| By: | Mary Kay Fox; John Hall |
| Keywords: | SNDA-IV, School Nutrition Dietary Assessment, Nutrition |
| JEL: | I0 I1 |
| Date: | 2012–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:7604&r=agr |
| By: | Juvancic, Luka; Travnikar, Tanja; Glavan, Matjaz; Cvejic, Rozalija; Pintar, Marina |
| Abstract: | The paper presents results of a spatial analysis of agri-environmental (A-E) measures in Slovenia. Spatial targeting and spatial patterns of A-E schemes are analyzed by a combination of exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial econometrics. Results suggest that A-E schemes in Slovenia are poorly spatially targeted against environmental priorities and needs in terms of water and biodiversity protection. This can be attributed to the fact that the most widely implemented A-E schemes in the country are implemented horizontally, with no spatially explicit criteria. Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis reveals spatial clusters of participation in A-E schemes, which is additionally confirmed by the results of the spatial econometric analysis. Participation in A-E schemes in general decreases with the average farm size of the area, and increases with per hectare CAP Pillar I payment rights and EAFRD payments. On the other hand, results of the spatial econometric analysis suggest that participation in organic farming appears to be a rational choice in areas with prevailing extensive, grassland-based farming. Results therefore suggest that farms maximize revenues from A-E schemes. Spatial clustering of areas with respect to the participation in A-E schemes occurs also in the absence of explicit spatial targeting and is closely linked with potential revenues from this source. |
| Keywords: | Rural development policy 2007-2013, Agri-environmental payments, spatial econometrics, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q180, R580, C2, |
| Date: | 2012–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139491&r=agr |
| By: | Svrznjak, Kristina; Franic, Ramona |
| Abstract: | The paper analyzes the disposal of state-owned agricultural land in the Republic of Croatia in comparison with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) that went through similar agrarian reforms. There are 890,214 ha of state-owned agricultural land in Croatia. The data shows that Croatia has not managed to accomplish the goals set by Programs for the disposal of state-owned agricultural land and only 20.6% of the state-owned agricultural land is offered for disposal by public tenders (sales, lease, concession, return and other purposes), similar to CEE. Therefore, the disposal of stateowned agricultural land is primarily important for the consolidation of farms and increasing their current average size. |
| Keywords: | state-owned agricultural land, state-owned land disposal, agricultural land consolidation, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2012–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139502&r=agr |
| By: | Timothy A. Wise |
| Abstract: | More than 40% of U.S. corn is now consumed in the production of ethanol. With the United States by far the world’s largest producer and exporter of corn, this represents an estimated 15% of global corn production. A recent survey by the National Academy of Sciences estimated that globally biofuels expansion accounted for 20-40% of the price increases seen in 2007-8, when prices of many food crops doubled. This had a dramatic impact on poor consumers and on net-food-importing developing countries. Expanding U.S. production and consumption of corn-based ethanol, which has been encouraged by a range of U.S. government subsidies and incentives, is considered one of the most important biofuel programs in putting upward pressure on food prices. Mexico now imports about one-third of its corn from the United States. Using conservative estimates from a study on U.S. ethanol expansion and corn prices, we estimate the direct impacts of U.S. ethanol expansion on Mexican corn import costs. We find that from 2006-2011, U.S. ethanol expansion cost Mexico about $1.5 billion due to ethanol-related corn price increases. Other methodologies suggest the costs could be more than twice as high, surpassing $3 billion over the period. |
| Date: | 2012–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dae:daepap:12-01&r=agr |
| By: | Huanxiu GUO (CERDI - Centre d'études et de recherches sur le developpement international - CNRS : UMR6587 - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I); Sébastien Marchand (CERDI - Centre d'études et de recherches sur le developpement international - CNRS : UMR6587 - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I) |
| Abstract: | In this case study, we attempt to re-evaluate the performance of organic farming in developing countries using the indicator of Environmental Efficiency (EE) within the framework of Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). A set of plot-season level panel data was collected from an NGO-led organic paddy rice project in southern China. This original dataset is used to calculate EE scores across both the organic and conventional plots. Our two-stage analysis reveals two essential points. First, in poor rural areas, organic farming doesn't systematically reduce the pure nitrogen input for paddy rice production. In order to maintain the yield, organic farmers may apply the same, or an even greater quantity of pure nitrogen than conventional farmers. Second, organic farming loses its environmental efficiency in the scaling up period due to the excessive pure nitrogen input. Therefore, we argue that beyond the simple substitution of chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer, more sustainable organic farming necessitates additional e fforts on the control of nutrient input. |
| Keywords: | Organic farming;Environmental efficiency;Stochastic frontier analysis;China |
| Date: | 2012–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-00763675&r=agr |
| By: | Nikolov, Dimitre; Manos, Basil D.; Chatzinikolaou, N.; Bournaris, Thomas; Kiomourtzi, F. |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to make a comparison between Greek and Bulgarian rural areas, in terms of social sustainability indicators. Social sustainability is related to social capital, social inclusion, social exclusion and social cohesion in rural economies, terms that can be measured by relevant social indicators. The paper focuses on the effects of farm household behaviour on social sustainability in regard to changes in employment, gender, migration and social capital. To this end two case study areas were selected; Macedonia and Thrace in Greece and South east Planning Region in Bulgaria. The data were collected by a survey carried out in the context of the European FP7 project entitled CAP-IRE (Assessing the multiple Impacts of the Common Agricultural Policy on Rural Economies). The survey included eleven case study areas in nine case study areas of the European Union. The paper also compares the results from the Greek and Bulgarian case study areas with the average results of the eleven European case study areas. |
| Keywords: | social sustainability indicators, rural areas, Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2012–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139497&r=agr |
| By: | Sakai, Yoko; Estudillo, Jonna P.; Fuwa, Nobuhiko; Higuchi, Yuki; Sawada, Yasuyuki |
| Abstract: | This paper illustrates the sharp contrast in welfare impacts between the rich and the poor caused by typhoon Milenyo in a Philippine village. Fish price dropped sharply after a large volume of cultured fish was set loose due to the damage caused to fish pens near the village, leading to positive net welfare gains among the wealthy. Among the poor, however, the negative effects of food (other than fish) price increase outweighed the positive benefit of the fish price decrease, and the poor non-agricultural households (who receive their income by cash rather than by rice) were the most severely hit. |
| Date: | 2012–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:primdp:31&r=agr |
| By: | Lubungu, Mary; Chapoto, Antony; Tembo, Gelson |
| Abstract: | Livestock production and associated products offer significant opportunities for economic growth and poverty reduction, especially among the rural farmers in Zambia and other developing countries. However, smallholder livestock producers are characterized by low levels of market participation (Negassa, Rashid, and Gebremedhin 2011). Among many reasons cited in the literature, smallholder farmers do not participate in livestock markets because of remoteness of livestock producers from the main urban market centers, and poor road infrastructure that result in high transport costs. Understanding the determinants and livestock marketing behavior of smallholder farmers will contribute to the knowledge gap in the country regarding why poverty remains high even among households owning livestock. |
| Keywords: | Livestock Markets, Zambia, Livestock Production/Industries, |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:midcwp:140902&r=agr |
| By: | Kotevska, Ana; Martinovska-Stojcheska, Aleksandra; Ohlmer, Bo; Dimitrievski, Dragi |
| Abstract: | Macedonia is a candidate-country for EU membership since 2005. The EU integrative process, without doubt, will have impact on the Macedonian economy and particularly on the agricultural sector, as being one of the most significant in terms of GDP contribution and workforce employer. So far, farmer's attitudes and intentions with regard to the EU integration and accession were not much investigated. In this sense, the objective of the paper is to provide understanding of the Macedonian farmers' attitude and behavioural intentions in the context of the EU accession and the potential policy and market changes. Furthermore, another issue is to observe whether there are significant discrepancies among farmers and their attitudes towards EU accession. The results revealed that the farmer community in the country is rather heterogeneous in terms of farm and farmer’ profiles and farm management practises. The cluster analysis suggests four clusters between which the variables explaining attitudes were significantly different, provisionally labelled as "optimist ", "moderate", "restrained" and "sceptic". |
| Keywords: | cluster analysis, EU accession, farmers' attitude, Agricultural and Food Policy, Q19, |
| Date: | 2012–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139494&r=agr |
| By: | Toth, Orsolya |
| Abstract: | After the political, economic and social transformation in 1989-1990 the farm structure in Hungary became undoubtedly more diverse than earlier and many unfavourable features have appeared such as: fragmented holding and bipolar property structure, low technical, technological, educational and living standards, and high unemployment rate especially in the rural areas. These disadvantageous points currently exist permanently although a modest improvement has started. The new farm structure is radically different from the characteristics of the main competitors, mainly to other EU Member States. The past two decades after the political and economic transition have been enough time to appreciate the characteristics and the main changes in the farm structure so current relevance of the topic is unquestionable. Viability, subsistence and competitiveness are significant concepts which could be measured by the profitability of the agricultural holdings. It is very important to define the main criteria of viability, subsistence and competitiveness but we should not forget the multifunctional role of agriculture as this could solve very important challenges especially in maintaining the rural population, helping their livelihoods, providing moral and mental support, and maintaining the landscape. It should be emphasised that this research is only a first to step in examining the main changes in the Hungarian farm structure and in the future the study will be extended. |
| Keywords: | transformation, farm structure, competitiveness, profitability, sustainability, Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use, Q15, |
| Date: | 2012–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139504&r=agr |
| By: | King, John L.; Toole, Andrew A.; Fuglie, Keith O. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uerseb:138925&r=agr |
| By: | Mason, Nicole M.; Jayne, Thomas S.; Myers, Robert J. |
| Abstract: | Only a small percentage of well-capitalized smallholders are able to sell maize to the Food Reserve Agency (FRA) and take advantage of the maize price support. For example, in the 2007/08 marketing year, only 10% of smallholders sold maize to the FRA and these households had larger landholdings, more farm assets, and higher education levels than smallholders that did not sell maize to the FRA. 2. An increase in the FRA farmgate maize price influences smallholder behavior by increasing the farmgate maize price that smallholders expect to receive at the next harvest. |
| Keywords: | Zambia, Smallholder, Food Security and Poverty, |
| Date: | 2012–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:midips:140910&r=agr |
| By: | Nikolov, Dimitre; Radev, Teodor; Borisov, Petar |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to make an evaluation of CAP contribution to landscape management in Bulgarian economy of rural areas. To sum up, landscape is a non-commodity output produced as direct or indirect outcome of the activities operating in a particular area and it is valued by society for its functions (use and non use values, ecological, recreational, cultural etc). Due to this complex nature, it produces second-order effects that are captured by the stakeholders in rural areas (farmers or others), and that generate potential markets for new activities. Therefore, through the generation of these effects, landscape contributes to boosting the economy of rural areas and is an important driver for the whole regional economy. The research reported in this paper was funded by the European Commission within the project “ Supporting the role of the Common agricultural policy in Landscape valorisation: Improving the knowledge base of the contribution of landscape Management to the rural economy” (CLAIM), 7th Framework Programme, contract n. 222738 (www.claimproject.eu). The Rural Development Programmes of the current period (2007-2013) support measures that can have an added value for this new perspective of the policy. Some of them such as the agrienvironmental payments and the measures designed for less favoured areas can have direct and indirect effects in the provision of landscape. Additionally they have effects in delivering landscape as environmental public good, playing also an important role in terms of financial allocation in the current Rural Development Programme. The analysis of existing specific measures targeted at local level connected to the landscape allow to distinguish supporting potential landscape-related activities and it’s role at the economy of rural areas. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2012–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139498&r=agr |
| By: | Linda Kleemann; Awudu Abdulai |
| Abstract: | The recent empirical literature on economic sustainability of certified export crops shows that certification standards that enhance yields are important for improving farm revenues and farmer welfare. However, limited evidence exists on the impact of organic certification on the adoption of agro-ecological practices. In this study, we use unique farm-level data from Ghana to examine the impact of organic certification on the use of agro-ecological practices to improve environmental conditions, as well as how using these measures affect farm outcomes such as return on investment. In the former, we utilize an endogenous switching regression approach to account for selection bias due to unobservable factors. Our empirical results reveal that organic certification increases agro-ecological practice use, although from a very low starting point. Using a generalized propensity score approach, we show that there is a nonlinear relationship between the intensity of agro-ecological practice use and return on investment |
| Keywords: | organic agriculture, certification, agro-ecological practices, return on investment, impact assessment |
| JEL: | O13 Q13 Q17 Q56 |
| Date: | 2012–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kie:kieliw:1816&r=agr |
| By: | Zuniga Gonzalez, Carlos Alberto; Toruño, Pedro Jose; Flores, Marina Ruiz |
| Abstract: | The study is focused into measure as the CCM-N program has impacted where the sustainable forest model and environmental are considered in the analysis. The Balance Carbon tool was used for measuring the climate change mitigation and the approach of the systematization experience for understanding and interpreting the learned lessons. The results show a positive impact on the carbon footprint for mitigating the of greenhouse emissions, however the experiences analyzed on the survey choice indicate that is necessary to make greater organizational efforts for improving the productive process where the forest system will be an axis for the economic activities. |
| Keywords: | Mitigation, Climate Change, Experiences Systematization, Sustainable Forest Management, Climate-Smart Agriculture, Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, F:18, Q:51, Q:56, O:13, |
| Date: | 2012–12–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naunwp:140547&r=agr |
| By: | Cvijanović, Drago; Subić, Jonel; Andrei, Jean |
| Abstract: | International Scientific Meeting „Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development in Terms of The Republic of Serbia Strategic Goals Realization within The Danube Region“ (preservation of rural values), which be held in period 6-8th December 2012 on mountain Tara (Republic Serbia), through major number of presented papers provides an overwiew of results of scientific research on the integrated and interdisciplinary project „Sustainable agriculture and rural development in terms of the Republic of Serbia strategic goals realization within the danube region“. International Scientific Meeting „SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN TERMS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA STRATEGIC GOALS REALIZATION WITHIN THE DANUBE REGION“ (preservation of rural values), gathered major number of scientific and experts researchers from about the countries. Besides the authors from Republic Serbia in papers are represented and authors from Romania, Bulgaria, Russian Federation, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Netherland and Macedonia, Poland. In frame of the Proceedings, is positively evaluated by the reviewer and presented on the Scientific Meeting 91 paper and it is published in the Proceeding. Publisher is Institute of Agricultural Economics, Belgrade, together with 38 eminent scientific and educational Institution from Serbia and foreing. In the Plenary section was presents three (3) papers which stand out with their contributions to our Scientific Meeting. Rest of the paper are systematized in three (3) sections. Represent and published papers are systematized in three (3) thematic section: I SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AS A MODERN DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH IN PRESERVATION OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL VALUES (in this section represented 41 papers); II STRATEGIC PLANNING AND INSTITUTIONAL-POLITICAL DIMENSION OF AGRARIAN AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT (in this section represented 13 papers); III AGRIBUSINESS OF RURAL AREAS, DIVERSIFICATION AND COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF RURAL ECONOMY (in this section represented 34 papers). |
| Keywords: | agricultural economics; rural economy; agricultural investments and business; agricultural policy |
| JEL: | J43 Q0 N5 Q01 P32 |
| Date: | 2012–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:43195&r=agr |
| By: | Marc Pourroy (Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne); Benjamin Carton (CEPII); Dramane Coulibaly (EconomiX-CNRS - Université de Paris Ouest) |
| Abstract: | The two episodes of food price surges in 2007 and 2011 have been particularly challenging for developing and emerging economies' central banks and have raised the question of how monetary authorities should react to such external relative price shocks. We develop a new-keynesian small open-economy model and show that non-food inflation is a good proxy for core inflation in high-income countries, but not for middle-income and low-income countries. Although, in these countries we find that associating non-food inflation and core inflation may be promoting bably-designed policies, and consequently central banks should target headline inflation rather than non-food inflation. This result holds because non-tradable food represents a significant share in total consumption. Indeed, the poorer the country, the higher the share of purely domestic food in consumption and the more detrimental lack of attention to the evolution in food prices. |
| Keywords: | Monetary policy, commodities, food prices, DSGE models. |
| JEL: | E32 E52 O23 |
| Date: | 2012–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mse:cesdoc:12087&r=agr |
| By: | Mary Kay Crepinsek; Elizabeth Condon; Mary Kay Fox |
| Keywords: | SFPS, School Food Purchase Study, Nutritional Characteristics, School Food Acquisitions |
| JEL: | I0 I1 |
| Date: | 2012–07–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:7616&r=agr |
| By: | Markovic, Todor; Martinovska-Stojcheska, Aleksandra; Ivanovic, Sanjin |
| Abstract: | Since the late 1990s scientists have discussed the use of weather derivatives to hedge weather conditioned yield volatility in the agricultural sector. The hedging efficiency is depending on the contract design (Weather-Index, Strike-Level, Tick-Size). The basis risk consisting of the basis risk of production and the basis geographical risk, however, remain with the farmer. In this paper we quantify the risk reducing effect of rainfall put-options by applying a stochastic simulation. For this simulation we analyzed the yield data we obtained from corn producing farm located in the central part of Srem, Serbia. A nearby weather station contributed the meteorological data. |
| Keywords: | Basis risk of production, corn, geographical basis risk, revenue, weather put option, Farm Management, |
| Date: | 2012–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139496&r=agr |
| By: | Wittenberg, Eric; Wolf, Christopher A. |
| Abstract: | Land is a natural resource that is valued for many reasons. Farmers utilize land to earn their livelihood and as a store of wealth for future retirement. Rural residents have increasingly sought open space for home sites and pursuit of a lifestyle. Developers seek financial opportunities to invest in and develop land for non-farm uses. For some, land is viewed as an investment and a hedge against inflation. This myriad of demands for land combined with its fixed supply continually alters its market price. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Farm Management, Financial Economics, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Agribusiness, Farm Management, Financial Economics, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, |
| Date: | 2012–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:midaae:140027&r=agr |
| By: | Esa Eslami; Joshua Leftin; Mark Strayer |
| Keywords: | SNAP, Participation Rates, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, Fiscal Year 2010 |
| JEL: | I0 I1 |
| Date: | 2012–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:7602&r=agr |
| By: | Fitzpatrick, Natalie Bess |
| Abstract: | This paper looks at the experiences of agricultural input retailers in Malawi as a result of the Agricultural Input Subsidy Program. In particular, it focuses on the impact of excluding private sector retailers from participation in the subsidy program. Using a difference-in-difference approach to modeling fertilizer sales, it attempts to evaluate how retailers who were allowed to participate for part of the duration of the program but were then excluded experienced this policy change in comparison to retailers who were not allowed to participate at any point in the program. Furthermore, by looking at survey attrition over a two-year period, this paper looks at the evidence for and against the case that the subsidy program is driving private sector retailers out of business entirely. Due to known problems with the data and the results of testing done in the process of this research, this paper goes on to discuss the ideal methods that could produce the data needed to more accurately and comprehensively address the questions discussed in the first parts of the paper. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:midagr:141117&r=agr |
| By: | AfDB |
| Date: | 2012–12–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adb:adbwps:441&r=agr |
| By: | David Berre (IESEG School of Management (LEM-CNRS) and University of Lille, CIRAD, UMR SELMET, Lille); Jonathan Vayssières (CIRAD, UMR SELMET, Dakar, Sénégal); Jean-Philippe Boussemart (University of Lille 3 and IESEG School of Management (LEM-CNRS)); Hervé Leleu (CNRS-LEM and IESEG School of Management); Emmanuel Tillard (CIRAD, UMR SELMET, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France) |
| Keywords: | Simulation model, Optimization model, Data Envelopment Analysis, efficiency, dairy farming systems |
| Date: | 2012–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ies:wpaper:e201216&r=agr |
| By: | Philip Verwimp (ECARES and Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management, Université Libre de Bruxelles) |
| Abstract: | Civil wars often force people to leave their homes. Displaced populations run higher risk in terms of disease, hunger and death, something that is well-documented. They leave their land, cattle and other assets behind for an uncertain existence in a refugee camp or depend on relatives or friends. But what happens when they return back home? This paper investigates the food security and poverty of formerly displaced persons and their household. Using the 2006 Core Welfare Indicator Survey for Burundi we compare their food intake and their level of expenses with that of their non-displaced neighbours. We test whether it is the duration of displacement that matters for current welfare or the time lapsed since returning. We use log-linear and ordered probit models as well as propensity score matching. We find that the individuals and households who returned home just before the time of the survey are worse off compared to those who returned several years earlier. It takes 8 to 10 years after return before the level of welfare of the displaced converges to that of the non-displaced. The duration of displacement seems not to matter. On average, the formerly displaced have 20% lower expenses per adult equivalent compared to the non-displaced, 15% lower food expenses but only 6 % lower calorie intake, showing that the formerly displaced consume relatively more high calorie products. The formerly displaced also report more children with a smaller size at birth. Despite international, government and NGO assistance, the welfare of recent returnees is lagging seriously behind in comparison with the local non-displaced populations. |
| Keywords: | Forced Displacement, Food Security, Nutrition, Poverty, Burundi |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hic:wpaper:123&r=agr |
| By: | Petrovska, Marina; Martinovska-Stojcheska, Aleksandra; Ohlmer, Bo; Kotevska, Ana |
| Abstract: | The economic transition and market globalization processes has triggered structural changes in the Macedonian agriculture. Pig producers face challenges to meet the new market requirements and regulations which cause inefficient and less competitive production compared to foreign markets. This paper aims to identify the level of technical efficiency on pig farms in the Republic of Macedonia. Data Envelopment Analysis approach is used to measure the exact quantity of inputs used in the production in relation to a given quantity of output. Furthermore, the data are analysed by making comparative analyses of the managerial behaviour and other non-measurable variables that influence the efficiency. The results determine what managerial activities influence on the efficiency. They indicate the type and level of inputs that need to change and the quantity of output that need to increase for the farms to reach the same technical efficiency as the most successful farmers. |
| Keywords: | Data Envelopment Analysis, Technical efficiency, Macedonian pig farms, Farm Management, C81, D57, Q12, |
| Date: | 2012–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139500&r=agr |
| By: | Quinn Moore; Nancy Cole; Elizabeth Potamites |
| Keywords: | NSLP, National School Lunch Program, High Risk Indicators, Certification Error |
| JEL: | I0 I1 |
| Date: | 2012–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:7609&r=agr |
| By: | Bogdanov, Natalija; Rodic, Vesna; Vittuari, Matteo |
| Abstract: | The systemic and structural reform of the agribusiness sector in Serbia began following the political changes in 2000, after a decade of isolation and economic disruption. In the meantime, the competitive advantages of Serbian agriculture in comparison with the other countries in the region were lost. Serbia’s path to reform, its dynamic and the achieved results show a strong similarity with the CEECs, but due to differences in resource availability and in initial market conditions there are also differences between the countries. In this paper the main features of structural changes in the Serbian agricultural sector, in comparison with other transition countries in the region, has been described, the basic factors which have contributed to these changes have been identified and explained, and the key consequences of this process and the related aspects have been examined. |
| Keywords: | structural changes, transition, agriculture, Serbia, Agricultural and Food Policy, Q10, |
| Date: | 2012–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139490&r=agr |
| By: | Jan Fałkowski (Faculty of Economic Sciences and Centre for Economic Analyses of Public Sector (CEAPS), University of Warsaw); Alessandro Olper (Università degli Studi di Milano and LICOS) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates whether political competition plays an important role in determining the level of agricultural protection. In order to do so, we exploit variation in political and economic data from 74 developing and developed countries for the post-war period. We use two measures of political competition: one that captures the extent to which political power can be freely contested regardless of election results and one based on vote share at last parliamentary elections. Our results, based on static and dynamic panel estimators, show unambiguously that the level of support for agriculture is the higher, the higher is the level of political competition. |
| Keywords: | political competition, constitutional rules, agricultural distortions |
| JEL: | D72 D78 F13 O13 P16 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2012-18&r=agr |
| By: | Prowse, Martin; Weldegebriel, Zerihune Berhane |
| Abstract: | Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change due to its limited development and dependence on agriculture. Social protection schemes like the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) can play a positive role in promoting livelihoods and enhancing households’ risk management. This article examines the impact of the PSNP by using Propensity Score Matching to estimate the effect on income diversification. The results show receiving transfers from the PSNP, on average, increases natural resource extraction (one component of off-farm income). While these results should be treated with caution, they suggest the PSNP may not be helping smallholders diversify income sources in a positive manner for climate adaptation. The article concludes by arguing for further investigation of the PSNP’s influence on smallholders’ adaptation strategies. |
| Keywords: | Ethiopia; climate change |
| Date: | 2012–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iob:wpaper:2012011&r=agr |
| By: | Janeska Stamenkovska, Ivana; Dimitrievski, Dragi; Erjavec, Emil; Zgajnar, Jaka; Martinovska-Stojcheska, Aleksandra |
| Abstract: | The aim of the paper is to develop an optimization model to support the analysis of decision-making on Macedonian family farms. For this purpose, normative linear programming paradigm is applied, utilising its optimization potential. The model is tested and presented on vegetable farm level. Hence, the model provides optimal vegetable productions plan, taking into consideration relevant technological and resource limitations faced by the farm. The results are given in base scenario format and are compared with the optimum production plans within the alternative model scenarios. The optimal production structure in all scenarios indicates that the optimal solution is given on production of tomato, pepper, cabbage, carrot and bean, thus corresponding to the most frequent types of vegetables in the Macedonian agriculture. The optimal production plan also confirms the diversification as a characteristic of the Macedonian agriculture. The base scenario reveals a total net return over the variable costs of 17,924 € which is highest compared to other scenarios. The working capital available is a binding constraint in second and third scenario, where the optimal solution reveals that the land resource is not exhausted i.e. an arable land of about 3 ha remains. Furthermore, the analysis of the crop rotation reflects the seasonal character of the vegetable production. Gross margin sensitivity was examined using the working capital parameterisation. The model is quite flexible thus enabling different crop enterprises to be added additionally. |
| Keywords: | linear programming, vegetable farms, production planning, Farm Management, Q12, |
| Date: | 2012–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139492&r=agr |
| By: | Quinn Moore; Kevin Conway; Brandon Kyler |
| Keywords: | NSLP, National School Lunch Program, State Implementation, School Year 2011-2012 |
| JEL: | I0 I1 |
| Date: | 2012–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:7614&r=agr |
| By: | Steven T. Berry; Michael J. Roberts; Wolfram Schlenker |
| Abstract: | Corn prices increased sharply in the summer of 2012 due to expected production shortfalls in the United States, which produces roughly 40% of the world’s corn. A heat wave in July adversely affected corn production. We extend earlier statistical models of county-level corn yields in the Eastern United States by allowing the effect of various weather measures to vary in a flexible manner over the growing season: Extreme heat is especially harmful around a third into the growing season. This is the time when the 2012 heat wave hit the Corn Belt. Our model predicts 2012 corn yields will be 23% below trend. While extreme heat was significantly above normal, climate change scenarios suggest that the 2012 outcomes will soon be the new normal. |
| JEL: | Q11 Q5 |
| Date: | 2012–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:18659&r=agr |
| By: | Mélanie Jaeck (Montpellier Business School (CEROM)); Robert Lifran (Montpellier Business School (CEROM)); Hubert Stahn (Aix Marseille University (Aix Marseille School of Economics), CNRS & EHESS) |
| Abstract: | This article explores the economic conditions for the viability of organic farming in a context of imperfect competition. While most research dealing with this issue has adopted an empirical approach, we propose a theoretical foundation. Farmers have a choice between two technologies, the conventional one using two complementary inputs, chemicals and seeds, and the organic one only requiring organic seeds. The upstream markets are oligopolistic and the firms adopt Cournot behavior. The game is solved backward. The equilibrium repartition of the farmers between both sectors is obtained by a free entry condition. Since multiple equilibria could exist, including the non emergence of organic farming, we spell out viability conditions for organic farming. Then, using an "infant industry" argument, we propose several public policy instruments able to support the development of organic farming, and assess their relative efficiency. Results could be useful to assess the conditions of emergence and viability of agricultural innovations in analogous contexts. |
| Keywords: | agricultural inputs, organic farming, imperfect competition, technological choice, free entry, policy design. |
| Date: | 2012–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:1239&r=agr |
| By: | Fioriti, Linda; Marchini, Andrea; Diotallevi, Francesco; Pampanini, Rossella |
| Abstract: | After a deep review of the main economic studies and applications about the emerging problem of obesity, this paper focuses on a particular aspect of the issue: the improvement of fruit and vegetable purchasing in retailing sector. First of all it has been analyzed the actual presence of strategies aimed at improving fruit and vegetable consumption in the main retailing companies operating in Italy. Then the study investigates the role of price in consumers’ purchasing choices. High price elasticity of F&V products could suggest the implementation of lower prices to consumers instead of implementing other policy interventions. The methodology is based on qualitative and quantitative research methods. In particular, in depth interviews to retailing sector experts have been run to gather useful insights about retailers’ management of F&V department. Then quantitative analysis on IRI data about F&V consumption in Italy has been conducted to evaluate the influence of price on consumers’ attitude towards F&V. The results obtained provide meaningful insights to formulate marketing strategies and policy interventions. |
| Keywords: | Obesity; fruit and vegetables; consumer behaviour; food promotion |
| JEL: | Q13 Q18 |
| Date: | 2012–02–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:43279&r=agr |
| By: | Marshall, Elizabeth P.; Weinberg, Marca |
| Abstract: | Over the past few decades, conservation programs have provided incentives to farmers to make production decisions that place a priority on environmental improvements in addition to production of commodities (Claassen et al., 2007). More recently, markets have been developed or proposed that allow farmers to sell “credits” for environmental improvements in water quality, carbon sequestration, wetlands restoration, and other areas. These markets use an environmental baseline to help determine whether the proposed improvements qualify for market credits, and, if so, the number that should be awarded. Selection of a baseline emissions level is often a critical and contentious element of program design for carbon or water-quality credit markets. Baselines help ensure that credits generated for sale through markets are “additional” (i.e., the environmental improvements qualifying for offset credits would not have taken place in the absence of the market or program incentive). Additionality is frequently cited as a requirement in defining the integrity of environmental improvement credits (Three-Regions Offsets Working Group, 2010). Giving credits or payments for changes that have already been implemented, or are likely to be implemented soon even in the absence of the program, can undermine the environmental gains expected from the program. Due to the complexity and costs associated with defining, measuring, and verifying environmental baseline levels across heterogeneous landscapes, program managers may face a tradeoff between the precision with which changes in environmental performance can be estimated and the cost of refining those estimates. Balancing these two considerations is often the motivation behind selection of a particular baseline in environmental market design. Other market design considerations include those related to program eligibility restrictions, scope of measurement (i.e., accounting for leakage), offset permanence, and measurement uncertainty.1 This brief focuses exclusively on baselines to clarify their role in the larger context of offset market design. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2012–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uerseb:138922&r=agr |
| By: | Shipekesa, Arthur M.; Jayne, Thomas S. |
| Abstract: | Because gender roles and relations are dynamic, programs built on a solid up-to-date understanding of how men and women share labor responsibilities and the proceeds from their agricultural activities have the potential to bring forth positive outcomes. Better information on gender-based constraints and intra-household power dynamics form the foundation for programs that can enhance gender equity. |
| Keywords: | Gender Control, Zambia, Food Security and Poverty, Labor and Human Capital, |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:midcwp:140904&r=agr |
| By: | Michael Grossman; Erdal Tekin; Roy Wada |
| Abstract: | We examine the effects of fast-food restaurant advertising on television on the body composition of adolescents as measured by percentage body fat (PBF) and to assess the sensitivity of these effects to using conventional measures of youth obesity based on body-mass index (BMI). We merge measures of body composition from bioelectrical-impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with individual level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and data on local fast-food restaurant advertising on television from Competitive Media Reporting. Exposure to fast-food restaurant advertising on television causes statistically significant increases in PBF in adolescents. These results are consistent with those obtained by using BMI-based measures of obesity. The responsiveness to fast-food advertising is greater for PBF than for BMI. Males are more responsive to advertising than females regardless of the measure. A complete advertising ban on fast-food restaurants on television would reduce BMI by 2 percent and PBF by 3 percent. The elimination of the tax deductibility of food advertising costs would still leave a considerable number of youth exposed to fast-food advertising on television but would still result in non-trivial reductions in obesity. |
| JEL: | I10 I18 |
| Date: | 2012–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:18640&r=agr |
| By: | Simonovska, Ana; Gjosevski, Dragan; Campos, Monica |
| Abstract: | Asymmetries between the emerging capital and credit market in the Republic of Macedonia in addition to the restructure of the agricultural sector limit the agricultural companies’ financial decisions and their possibilities to profit. Considering capital market imperfections typically for transition economies this paper attempts to identify empirical evidences for structural determinants on Macedonian agricultural companies’ financial performance and to explain the financial strategy of these companies to earn profit. The relationship between the ratio on assets return is used to measure financial performance and structural determinants of capital, earnings and financial business. The relationship is econometrically tested by the specification of a fixed-effect model. Following previous studies relaying on the pecking-order theory and the trade-off theory, the analysis applies on a dynamic panel data consisting of 26 Macedonian agricultural companies originating from the former agrokombinates, during the period 2006-2010. The agricultural companies’ capital structure determinant is tested by the specification of two different models: the first model uses debt-to-equity ratio as a capital structure indicator and the second one uses the debt ratio. Results suggest that Macedonian agricultural companies in the short run are limited by pricing flexibility undertaking different strategies to increase profitability. More efficient strategies are undertaken by growing agricultural companies operating on their fixed assets. However these agricultural companies are confronting with inefficiencies in the use of working capital reducing the ability to supply at an increase market demand. Statistical evidences do not support the hypothesis of that high-levered agricultural companies in Macedonia have higher opportunities to profit. Probably due to asymmetries between the national capital and credit markets and agricultural companies, increasing risk exposure. Hence, Macedonian agricultural companies prefer more assets than debt, considering financial risk in the long run decisions. This strategy seems to be a good financial strategy for growing agricultural companies with the ability to generate sufficient liquidity to meet exogenous market conditions. |
| Keywords: | Financial agricultural companies’ performance, capital determinants, fixed effect model, econometrics, Agricultural Finance, Financial Economics, |
| Date: | 2012–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139501&r=agr |
| By: | Kuhar, Ales; Erjavec, Emil; Borovsak, Katarina |
| Abstract: | The main objective of this article is to present an overview of the Slovenian food industry economic development in the period before the Slovenian EU accession and the first five years of the EU membership. The accession to the EU was certainly the most comprehensive change of economic environment since the state gained its independence. Nevertheless, already during the pre-accession period the changes intensified restructuring processes and increased pressures to the business performance of the sector. The agro-food industrial complex, however, is among the sectors of the acceding economies for which EU enlargement traditionally brings the most radical changes. Price level and cost differences, hardly comparable production structures, but mostly disparities in types and comprehension of the economic policies required large adjustments and caused notable economic pressures. Based on a framework of economic indicators the paper tries to answer some of the most recurrent questions related to the restructuring process of Slovenian food industry in the last decade. First we present past sectoral business performance using the appropriate mezzo-economic accountancy indicators, whereas in the central part of the paper four key restructuring determinants are analysed and commented. The determinants are formulated into the four relevant questions dealing with cost-price developments, relations in the Slovenian agro-food chain, developments of the international trade and trends in the budgetary transfers to support competitiveness. Results confirm that the economic restructuring which had been hindered in the Slovenian food industry during the last decade has been triggered radically after EU accession. This brought to the termination of favourable economic conditions in the highly protected domestic market and deteriorated radically the business performance, and only those food companies which will restructure proactively will sustain in the EU markets. |
| Keywords: | EU accession, restructuring, Slovenia, food processing industry, Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2012–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139495&r=agr |
| By: | Laura Castner; Amy Wodarek O'Reilly; Kevin Conway; Maura Bardos; Emily Sama-Miller |
| Keywords: | SNAP, Performance Measurement, Modernization Initiatives, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program |
| JEL: | I0 I1 |
| Date: | 2012–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:7599&r=agr |
| By: | Aguilar Ibarra, Alonso; Sanchez Vargas, Armando; Martinez Lopez, Benjamin |
| Abstract: | This paper has a two-fold objective. First, to estimate the changes in landings value by 2030 of two Mexican coastal fisheries: shrimp and sardines as a consequence of climate change. And second, to discuss the implications for food security of such impacts. We estimated output equations using a dynamic panel model for the Mexican fisheries sector with data from 1990 through 2009. Scenarios were generated for the expected changes in fish production. Our results suggest that shrimp production will be negatively affected in about 1.1% in decreasing catch for every 1% of temperature increase by 2030. In contrast, the sardine fishery would benefit by approximately a 4% increase in production for every 1% increase in temperature. For the shrimp fishery, losses amount from US$ 95 million (discount rate = 4%) to US$ 444 million (discount rate = 1%). For the sardine fishery, gains range from US$ 46 million (discount rate = 4%) to US$ 184 million (discount rate = 1%). Most losses/gains would be observed in the NW Mexican Pacific, where the fishing sector has an important role in the local economy and represents therefore a risk to food security on a local basis. -- |
| Keywords: | monetary estimation,climate change,Mexico,shrimp fishery,sardine fishery,food security |
| JEL: | Q51 C23 Q22 Q54 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwedp:201264&r=agr |
| By: | Jean-Marie Baland (Center for Research in the Economics of Development, University of Namur); François Libois (Center for Research in the Economics of Development, University of Namur); Dilip Mookherjee (London School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | A household panel data set is used to investigate the effects of economic growth on firewood collection in Nepal between 1995 and 2010. Results from preceding crosssectional analyses are found to be robust: (a) rising consumptions for all but the top decile were associated with increased firewood collections, contrary to the Poverty- Environment hypothesis; (b) sources of growth matter: increased livestock was associated with increased collections, and falling household size, increased education, non-farm business assets and road connectivity with reduced collections. Nepal households collected 25% less firewood over this period, mostly explained by falling livestock, and rising education, connectivity and out-migration. |
| Keywords: | deforestation, growth, Environmental Kuznets Curve, Nepal |
| JEL: | D12 O1 Q2 |
| Date: | 2012–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nam:wpaper:1215&r=agr |
| By: | Bruce A. Babcock (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)) |
| Abstract: | The US ethanol industry faces numerous challenges over the next two years. The 2012 drought sharply increased corn prices, so profit margins will be low until least the 2013 corn crops are harvested. A saturated ethanol market means that ethanol mandates that are scheduled to be implemented in the next two years can possibly be met only if ethanol prices are heavily discounted. Thus, profit margins will continue to be low even if production costs fall after the next crop is harvested. In addition, buyers of ethanol can draw on blending credits they have accumulated over the last few years in lieu of ethanol to meet their obligations under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). These banked credits are called RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) and allow the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) track how much renewable fuels are being used. When domestic consumption of ethanol exceeds mandated levels, the surplus RINs can be banked to meet future mandates. This policy brief provides insights into how the next two years will unfold in the ethanol market by focusing on whether the supply of banked RINs will be used in 2013 to help offset current high production costs or in 2014 to help offset low ethanol prices. The guiding principle of the analysis is that owners of banked RINs will use them when they have the greatest value. This principle implies that RINs will be used in 2013 until their 2013 value is equal to their expected value in 2014. The analysis indicates that because of the E10 blend wall and high ethanol production costs, a significant portion of banked RINs will be used in 2013. If, as seems likely, imported sugarcane ethanol is used to meet the portion of the advanced biofuels mandate that is not met by biodiesel meeting its own mandate, then almost all the banked RINs should be used in 2013. This result assumes that corn yields return to trend-line levels in 2014. If sugarcane ethanol is not imported to meet the advanced mandate, then fewer banked RINs will be needed in 2013 to offset heavily discounted ethanol prices. Whether sugarcane ethanol is used or not, the fundamental market forces indicate that RIN prices will be low in both 2013 and 2014. The ability to use banked RINs increases the feasibility of meeting the 2013 and 2014 mandates and is what keeps expected RIN prices low in both years. Low future prices are why conventional biofuel RIN prices are so low today. This result, though, depends on the assumption that heavily discounted ethanol will incentivize significant amounts of additional ethanol consumption from owners of flex fuel vehicles or by an unexpectedly large and rapid movement to use of E15. If this additional consumption does not materialize, then it seems that EPA will have no choice but to waive conventional ethanol mandates in 2014 because mandated consumption will exceed the ability of consumers to use ethanol as a fuel. Such a waiver, were it to occur, would also validate current low RIN prices. |
| Date: | 2012–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:12-pb9&r=agr |
| By: | Eugenio Figueroa B.; Roberto Pasten C. |
| Abstract: | This brief paper proposes an analytical method for estimating the economic value of forest ecosystems in supplying climate regulation. If, as argued by several authors, forests ecosystems serve as hedging against climatic risk, then natural ecosystems may act as substitutes for market insurance. This ecosystem service of climate regulation can be economically valued by the marginal reduction in the willingness of risk-averse individuals to pay to avoid risk. We formally develop this novel methodology. As an illustration, we provide an estimate of the insurance value of climate regulation provided by forests using data on insurance premiums paid by local Chilean farmers. The insurance value of climate regulation is estimated to be approximately USD 0.0733 per hectare of forest. The framework that is proposed in this paper is useful and relevant for the cost-benefit analysis of natural resource conservation investments. |
| Date: | 2012–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udc:wpaper:wp372&r=agr |
| By: | Adamski, Marcin; Sobierajewska, Jolanta; Zielinski, Marek |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is the economic and financial condition of the test group of Agricultural Property Agency companies. We used horizontal and vertical analysis of profit and loss accounts and in-depth indicator analysis. We focus on the period 2001-2009, in view of the fact that it was a specific period for APA companies, mainly due to the implementation of a broad restructuring, including through substantial investments. In the analysed eight-year period (which covers the time before and after Polish accession to the EU), APA plant and animal breeding companies were characterised by a positive ratio of profitability of business activity. In respect of APA companies, an analysis of the return on equity showed that in the whole discussed period, it was characterised by a positive level. The animal breeding companies had the highest return on equity (ROE) (average of 6.1%), subsequently, plant companies had a 3.6% average, while the so-called ‘horse’ companies (horse and stallion studs) had a 0.7% average. |
| Keywords: | breeding companies, economic efficiency, Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139489&r=agr |
| By: | Vergara, Oscar; Zuba, Gerhard |
| Abstract: | This article describes the meteorological factors that caused the extent of the 2012 US drought event and its financial impact on the crop insurance industry |
| Keywords: | Drought, MPCI, crop insurance, AWI, Crop Production/Industries, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Risk and Uncertainty, Q14, Q54, |
| Date: | 2012–11–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:awwcac:138949&r=agr |
| By: | Tocco, Barbara; Davidova, Sophia; Bailey, Alastair |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the process of structural change in the post-transition Romania. A multinomial logit provides the technique to investigate the determinants of labour adjustments in the period 2003-06.The results suggest that male, younger and better educated individuals are more likely to leave agriculture and flow to industry and services, whereas self-employed farmers and family workers are less inclined to leave the agricultural sector. The findings are important from a policy point of view, suggesting the need for investments in human capital specifically in education with the purpose of enhancing the mobility of labour and facilitating a more efficient labour allocation. At the same time favourable labour market conditions need to be in place to sustain job creation and a smooth transition across activities. |
| Keywords: | labour adjustments, inter-sectoral movements, agriculture, multinomial logit, Romania, Labor and Human Capital, J24, J43, J62, O13, Q12, |
| Date: | 2012–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139503&r=agr |
| By: | Pierre-Philippe Combes (Aix-Marseille University (Aix-Marseille School of Economics), CNRS & EHESS.); Gilles Duranton (University of Pennsylvania); Laurent Gobillon (http://www.amse-aixmarseille.fr/sites/default/files/_dt/2012/wp_2012_-_nr_35.pdf) |
| Abstract: | We develop a new methodology to estimate the elasticity of urban costs with respect to city population using French land price data. Our preferred estimate, which handles a number of estimation concerns, stands at 0.041. Our approach also yields a number of intermediate outputs of independent interest such as a distance gradient for land prices and the elasticity of unit land prices with respect to city population. For the latter, our preferred estimate is 0.72. |
| Keywords: | urban costs, land prices, land use, agglomeration. |
| JEL: | R14 R21 R31 |
| Date: | 2012–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:1235&r=agr |
| By: | Nacka, Marina; Georgiev, Nenad; Dabovic Anastasovska, Jadranka |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is: (a) to emphasize the importance of the industrial property rights for countries in transition economy, (b) to analyze the international trade and competitiveness of Republic of Macedonia and EU countries and (c) to present geographical indications as a powerful marketing strategy for competitiveness of the wine sub-sector in Republic of Macedonia. The paper includes qualitative and quantitative approach. Regarding the qualitative approach, we have performed a descriptive analysis to make a relation between industrial property, marketing and competitiveness of wine sub-sector. Quantitative methods include comparative analyzes with three countries of the European Union (Bulgaria, Slovenia and France). In order to present the current competitiveness, several calculations were preformed such as: the international trade indicators for trade balance and coverage ratio, trade openness, trade performance and specialization of countries’ wine sector, issued by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The results show that in the Macedonian agricultural sector, there is a low degree of awareness for the economic benefits of industrial property rights. Macedonia has a competitive wine sector, as result of the factor conditions, and in particularly tradition, geographic and climate conditions. Significant result is the positive degree of specialization of Macedonian wine in exporting the product, but unfortunately the bulk wine has the largest share in export of 87%. The process of reaching higher competitiveness of agro-food products, supported by strong marketing strategy, should be considered as a risky process, if the legal protection of industrial property rights, is neglected. The consequences could lead to misappropriation and information asymmetry, which can influence on losing the market position of the producers or unsuccessful promotion and export orientation of the products. |
| Keywords: | Geographical indications, marketing, competitiveness, wine sub-sector, trade indicators, International Relations/Trade, Marketing, Q17, |
| Date: | 2012–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139506&r=agr |
| By: | Tisdell, Clement A. |
| Abstract: | Summarises some of the predicted natural consequences of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Changes in temperature, climates, physical and chemical impacts on the biosphere as well as biodiversity loss are considered. Then some of the expected social and economic consequences of global warming are discussed. Subjects considered are the impacts of global warming on bio-industries and social conditions, the economic costs of greenhouse gas emissions and the effects of climate change. Attention subsequently turns to the environmental Kuznets curve and the inappropriate use of the relationship. For example, it is stressed that reducing the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions in relation to GDP does not necessarily reduce total greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, even if they are reduced, greenhouse gases can continue to accumulate in the atmosphere. Some suggestions are then made about how the global warming problem might be addressed. |
| Keywords: | adaptation to global warming, biodiversity loss, bio-industries, climate change, economics costs of global warming, environmental Kuznets curve, global warming., Environmental Economics and Policy, Q01, Q54, Q57, |
| Date: | 2012–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uqseee:140867&r=agr |
| By: | Sylvie Démurger (GATE Lyon Saint-Etienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - CNRS : UMR5824 - Université Lumière - Lyon II - École Normale Supérieure - Lyon); Haiyuan Wan (Department of Social Development, National Development and Reform Commission - National development and reform commission) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the impact of the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) on rural labor migration in China. We use recent survey data from Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and a difference-in-difference approach to assess the impact of the policy on labor migration decision. We find a significant effect of the policy: the migration probability increase due to the SLCP policy amounts to 17.5 percentage points in 2008. Furthermore, we highlight the role of policy duration in strengthening the impact of the program on migration. We also find that young, male and Hui nationality individuals are more likely to be impacted by the policy. |
| Keywords: | Sloping Land Conversion Program; Labor migration; Policy evaluation, China |
| Date: | 2012–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-00763147&r=agr |
| By: | Tisdell, Clement A. |
| Abstract: | After touching on the concerns of natural scientists about biodiversity loss, this article argues that it is a mistake to believe that there are only losses of biodiversity. The process of changes in the stock of biodiversity is more complex. Furthermore, it is pointed out that not all genetic material is an economic asset. Also, it is contended that not all genetic material is natural. Some of the genetic stock is of a heritage type and a portion has recently been developed by human beings. Improved conceptualisation of the stock of biodiversity is needed. Some of the ways are listed in which economics is relevant to issues involving biodiversity conservation. General economic factors, such as market extension and economic growth, which result in loss of genetic diversity among domesticated organisms are outlined. China’s recent experience with biodiversity loss highlights the importance of these factors. Some important reasons why economic factors result in biodiversity loss in the wild are identified and reasons are given why economic systems conserve less biodiversity than is ideal. Before concluding, the subject is discussed of what genetic material and other components of biodiversity should be conserved given economic constraints on what can be conserved. |
| Keywords: | agricultural biodiversity, biodiversity change, biodiversity economics, biological extinction, China, economics of biodiversity loss, genetic diversity as an asset., Environmental Economics and Policy, Q57, Q10, |
| Date: | 2012–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uqseee:140863&r=agr |
| By: | Ognjenovic, Dragana; Bajramovic, Sabahudin; Nikolic, Aleksandra |
| Abstract: | Research within this paper was aimed to give picture of economic performance of the dairy industry based upon commonly used indicators calculated for each dairy plant in Bosnia and Herzegovina.In order to understand state of sector transition micro-level analysis was conducted on the basis of balance sheet and income statement, two main financial records, of all dairies in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Documents were obtained from agencies in charge of collecting annual financial reports of both entities in order to assure reliable data for analysis. Research was conducted for three years period (2009-2011). Analysis encompassed horizontal and vertical analysis of balance sheet and income statement. Indicators of financial stability (liquidity and indebtedness ration) and operating successfulness (efficiency, activity, productivity and profitability ratios) we calculated as well. All diaries were classified and analysed by entity and size. The analysis shown that BH dairies operate under very hard circumstances that negatively affects their operating performances. Low liquidity and profitability indicates both financial instability and poor business success. Situation is unsatisfactory in the whole countries, although slightly better in FBH than in RS. So, sector transition is far from completion, and its future characteristic will strongly depend on entrepreneurship (spirit and skills) as well as on ability to change and re-develop institutions both formal and informal (values, culture etc). |
| Keywords: | economic performance, dairy industry, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Agricultural Finance, |
| Date: | 2012–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa132:139499&r=agr |
| By: | Tisdell, Clement A. |
| Abstract: | The importance of taking account of the total economic value of ecosystems is stressed and the possible reasons why the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) emphasised the importance of ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation is discussed. It is suggested that the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment does not give enough attention to the disservices association with some ecosystems nor to the comparisons of the value of alternative ecosystems. Reasons why it is important to estimate the total economic value of ecosystems are outlined. It is argued that the economic valuation of ecosystems is of little value unless it compares the economic value of alternative ecosystems or forms of land use. Most published economic valuations of ecosystems fail to do this or only do it to a very limited extent. The cost of replacing ecosystem services if an ecosystem is lost is sometimes used to value its services. In most cases (but not all cases), this tends to over value the loss. This is illustrated using some simple graphs. There is also the further complication that if one type of ecosystem is replaced by another form of land or aquatic use, some ecosystem services may continue to be supplied, possibly in reduced quantities or qualities. In such cases, assuming that the pre-existing services are totally lost and need to be replaced completely overstates the economic value lost, or in other words, the value of retaining an existing ecosystem. |
| Keywords: | biodiversity conservation, cost of replacement method of valuation, economic valuation of ecosystems, ecosystem services, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, total economic valuation, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q01, Q51, Q57, |
| Date: | 2012–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uqseee:140550&r=agr |