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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2008‒02‒09
27 papers chosen by |
| By: | Duncan Boughton (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University); Rui M.S. Benfica |
| Abstract: | Livelihood strategies among rural HHs in the Zambezi Valley are predominantly based on agricultural activities, but income diversification is increasingly important. Cash income from agriculture comes predominantly from tobacco and cotton production. Due to cash constraints and poor access to input and credit by farmers, and high demand from buyers to meet quality and volume requirements, contract farming (CF) is the dominant form in the organization of transactions in those cash cropping sectors. |
| Keywords: | food security, food policy, Mozambique, marketing, cash crop |
| JEL: | Q18 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msu:icpwrk:mz-minag-rr-63e&r=agr |
| By: | International Water Management Institute (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Food production/ Trade/ Water conservation |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:polbrs:p07&r=agr |
| By: | International Water Management Institute (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Irrigated farming/ Rainfed farming/ Rice/ Water harvesting/ Ethnic groups/ Farmers |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:polbrs:p06&r=agr |
| By: | Duncan Boughton (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University); Rui M.S. Benfica |
| Abstract: | Poverty is widespread in Mozambique, particularly in rural areas where the highest proportion of the population lives and work. Livelihood strategies among rural HHs in the Zambezi Valley are predominantly based on agricultural activities, but income diversification is increasingly important. Cash income from agriculture comes predominantly from tobacco and cotton production. Due to cash constraints and poor access to input and credit by farmers, and high demand from buyers to meet quality and volume requirements, contract faming is the dominant form in the organization of transactions in those cash cropping sectors. The selective nature of CF implies that not all HHs may have the chance to directly participate in these schemes; some HHs are excluded. A key question, then, is how large and widespread the indirect income effects of these schemes are, compared to the direct effects. The answer to these questions has a lot to say about the poverty reduction effects of such crops, and may generate insights about policies and programs to enhance these effects. |
| Keywords: | food security, food policy, Mozambique, marketing, cash crop |
| JEL: | Q18 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msu:icpwrk:mz-minag-rr-64e&r=agr |
| By: | Santhi Chinnisamy; Philip W. Gassman (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)); Silvia Secchi (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)); Raghavan Srinivasan |
| Abstract: | This study presents the results of comparing land use estimates between three different data sets for the Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB). The comparisons were performed between the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) National Resource Inventory (NRI), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Land Cover Data (NLCD) database, and a combined USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) Agricultural Census – NLCD dataset created to support applications of the Hydrologic Unit Model for the U.S. (HUMUS). The comparison was performed for 1992 versions of the datasets because that was the only consistent year available among all three data sources. The results show that differences in land use area estimates increased as comparisons shifted from the entire UMRB to smaller 4- and 8-digit watershed regions (as expected). However, the area estimates for the major land use categories remained generally consistent among all three data sets across each level of spatial comparison. Differences in specific crop and grass/forage land use categories were magnified with increasing refinement of the spatial unit of comparison, especially for close-grown crops, pasture, and alfalfa/hayland. The NLCD close-grown crop area estimates appear very weak relative to the NRI and HUMUS, and the lack of specific crop land use estimates limits its viability for UMRB agricultural-based modeling scenarios. However, the NLCD is a key source of non-agricultural land use data for HUMUS and supplemental wetland land use area estimates for the NRI. We conclude that comparisons between more recent versions of the data sets (i.e., 1997 NRI, 1997 or 2002 Agricultural Census, and 2001 NLCD) would not result in significant additional insights and that the 1997 NRI is a viable land use data source for current CARD UMRB water quality modeling studies. However, adoption of other land use data such as USDA-NASS remote sensing data should be investigated. |
| Keywords: | agricultural land, cropland, HUMUS, land use area estimates, NLCD, non-agricultural land, NRI, UMRB, water quality modeling. |
| Date: | 2008–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:08-tr48&r=agr |
| By: | Steven Haggblade; David Tschirley |
| Abstract: | By law, US food aid relies on commodity procurement in the US. A powerful political coalition of US farm groups, shippers and relief agencies vigorously supports these in-kind food aid donation. As an alternative, local procurement of food aid, in Africa, has attracted growing interest because of its potential to reduce landed costs and speed delivery times. For this reason, many food aid donors, other than the US, have switched to local and regional procurement of food aid commodities. This paper reviews experience with local and regional food aid procurement in Zambia. The study focuses primarily on experience of the World Food Programme (WFP), the agency with the most extensive experience conducting local and regional procurement in Africa. WFP’s experience suggests that local or regional procurement of food aid offers significant savings, in both commodity costs and delivery times. On average, maize procured in Africa costs 30% to 50% less than white maize imported from the US and arrives 1 to 2 months faster than commodity imports from the US. |
| Keywords: | food security, policy, Zambia, Africa, food aid |
| JEL: | Q18 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msu:icpwrk:zm-fsrp-wp-028&r=agr |
| By: | Ofir D. Rubin; Miguel Carriquiry; Dermot J. Hayes (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD); Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)) |
| Abstract: | Biofuel subsidies in the United States have been justified on the following grounds: energy independence, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, improvements in rural development related to biofuel plants, and farm income support. The 2007 energy act emphasizes the first two objectives. In this study, we quantify the costs and benefits that different biofuels provide. We consider the first two objectives separately and show that each can be achieved with a lower social cost than that of the current policy. Then, we show that there is no evidence to disprove that the primary objective of biofuel policy is to support farm income. Current policy favors corn production and the construction of corn-based ethanol plants. We find that favoring corn happens to be the best way to remove land from food and feed production, thus providing higher commodity prices and income to farmers and landowners. Next, we calculate two sets of alternative biofuel subsidies that are targeted to meeting income transfer objectives and either greenhouse gas emission reductions or fuel energy reductions. The first of these assumes that greenhouse gas emissions and high crop prices are joint objectives, and the second assumes that fuel independence and high crop prices are the joint objectives. Finally, we infer the social willingness to pay for biofuel services. This, in turn, allows us to propose a subsidy schedule that maintains (inferred) social preferences and provides a higher incentive for farmers to choose production of cellulosic materials. This is particularly relevant since the 2007 energy act sets a renewable fuels standard that relies heavily on cellulosic biofuel but does not specify a higher "per gallon" incentive to producers. |
| Keywords: | biofuels, biofuel subsidies, energy security, feedstock, greenhouse gas emissions, social preferences, value-added agriculture. |
| Date: | 2008–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:08-wp459&r=agr |
| By: | David Tschirley; Anne Marie del Castillo |
| Abstract: | This report discusses the potential for procurement of food aid in local/regional markets to improve the effectiveness of response to food emergency victims. The paper examines the relevance of local/regional procurement (LRP) to donors and the rationale for using it, reviews LRP’s efficiency relative to in-kind food aid and to local prices in the markets in which it occurs (focusing on Africa), proposes a classification of risks involved in LRP, discusses a range of potential LRP modalities, and closes by proposing a framework of guiding principles, information systems, and operational procedures for responsible and effective LRP. |
| Keywords: | food security, policy, Zambia, Africa, food aid |
| JEL: | Q18 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msu:icpwrk:zm-fsrp-wp-027&r=agr |
| By: | David Tschirley (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University); Stephen Kabwe (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University) |
| Abstract: | 1. Farm yields are one key indicator of the productivity of a cotton sector, and an important determinant of returns to farmers (and thus of cotton’s ability to reduce poverty) 2. Zambia’s relatively good performance on input credit provision means that it has been able to raise yields since reforms in 1994; yet the rate of increase has been slow, and yields remain well below those found in countries of West and Central Africa. 3. Average returns to farmers do not appear to be any higher in Zambia, with good performance on input credit provision, than in Tanzania, where input use and yields are low. 4. Zambia’s concentrated structure gives it the potential to substantially increase farm productivity, and for cotton to make but relatively little of this potential has yet been realized. The key challenge for sector stakeholders, once the Cotton Act is passed, is to agree on a coordinated approach to address this problem |
| Keywords: | food security, food policy, Zambia, cotton |
| JEL: | Q20 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msu:icpbrf:zm-fsrp-pb-026&r=agr |
| By: | Paul A. Dorosh; Simon Dradri; Steven Haggblade (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University) |
| Abstract: | • Maize production varies widely from year to year, given Zambia’s heavy dependence on rainfed cultivation. Thus consumers face wide swings in availability of their primary food staple. • Typical public responses include increased food aid inflows, government commercial imports and stock releases, and tight controls on private sector trade. While intended to improve domestic supply, these public responses can inadvertently exacerbate price instability and food insecurity for Zambian consumers. • Two key private sector responses – private cross-border maize trade and consumer substitution of alternate food staples (such as cassava) for maize - can also help to moderate food consumption volatility. • Together, private imports and increased cassava consumption could fill roughly two-thirds of the maize consumption shortfall facing vulnerable households during drought years. • But policy changes – including more open borders and greater transparency in public import and pricing decisions – will be required to induce the private sector to expand imports, storage and production of key staples and, in turn, improve food security for the poor consumers in Zambia. |
| Keywords: | food security, food policy, Zambia |
| JEL: | Q20 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msu:icpbrf:zm-fsrp-pb-024&r=agr |
| By: | Nicole M Mason (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University); Antony Chapoto (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University); T.S Jayne (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University); Robert J. Myers (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University) |
| Abstract: | 1. Consistent with the New Variant Famine (NVF) hypothesis, the negative impact of drought on crop output and output per hectare is further exacerbated where HIV prevalence rates are relatively high, particularly in the low- and medium rainfall zones of the country (agro-ecological regions I and II). 2. HIV prevalence rates and AIDS-related mortality rates in Zambia are highest in the lowest rainfall and most drought-prone zone of the country (agro-ecological region I). 3. Only for districts in agro-ecological region I do we find evidence of a robust negative effect of HIV/AIDS on agrarian livelihood indicators. Relatively stable food production zones and/or areas with relatively low HIV prevalence rates appear to be less vulnerable to the adverse effects predicted by the NVF hypothesis, which suggests that HIV/AIDS exacerbates the effects of drought and other shocks on agrarian communities. 4. HIV/AIDS reduces the crop production gains associated with fertilizer subsidy increases in the highest rainfall areas. 5. Increases in the percentage of female-headed households in a district are related to declines in agricultural production indicators, but these effects do not appear to worsen when the HIV/AIDS epidemic is severe. 6. Only in districts whose borders encompass both agro-ecological regions II and III do we consistently find weak evidence that HIV/AIDS reduces the contribution of productive assets to crop output and output per unit of land as would be expected under the NVF hypothesis. |
| Keywords: | food security, food policy, Zambia, HIV/AIDS |
| JEL: | Q20 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msu:icpbrf:zm-fsrp-pb-023&r=agr |
| By: | Stephen Kabwe (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University); David Tschirley (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University) |
| Abstract: | 1. Smallholder farmers in Africa require reliable access to purchased production inputs and credit to take advantage of export opportunities from production of cotton. 2. Unregulated and poorly coordinated markets for cotton, production inputs and credit have too often failed to deliver sustainable production finance to farmers for cotton production resulting in a variety of different approaches to these problems among African countries. 3. Among the countries studied, approaches have varied from State monopolies to private markets with several large firms managing to achieve temporary duopolies. 4. Zambia has been relatively successful in dealing with the input-credit needs of cotton farmers for periods of time but the system has been unsustainable, breaking down from time to time. 5. Currently the Zambia government and private sector participants are proposing highly collaborative regulation of the sector driven by all stakeholders. The revised Cotton Act provides a framework under which this may be able to happen in Zambia and recent activities of ZACOP, in collaboration with CAZ are very much in this spirit. |
| Keywords: | food security, food policy, Zambia, cotton |
| JEL: | Q20 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msu:icpbrf:zm-fsrp-pb-028&r=agr |
| By: | Dorward, Andrew; Kydd, Jonathan; Poulton, Colin; Bezemer, Dirk |
| Abstract: | This paper addresses issues relevant to a critical problem in economic development: how to get rapid pro-poor economic growth in poor rural areas in Africa and South Asia where most of the world’s dollar a day poor live. It examines constraints to the development of coordinated exchange systems in poor rural areas, focusing on the core problem of thin markets and low density of economic activity in these areas. Transaction cost and risk analysis is integrated into a conventional neoclassical production economics framework to describe the existence of low level equilibrium traps in transactions and supply chains and to generate important insights for development policy. |
| Keywords: | Development; agriculture; market liberalization; coordination problem |
| JEL: | O13 Q12 |
| Date: | 2007–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:7028&r=agr |
| By: | Cynthia Donovan (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University); David Mather (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University) |
| Abstract: | Using a three-year panel of 4,058 Mozambican households surveyed in 2002 and 2005, we measure how prime-age (PA) adult mortality due to illness affects rural household size and number of adults, crop and non-farm income, total household income, and asset levels. 1) Effects of PA mortality vary considerably by the gender and household position of the deceased individual as well as by region. Results show that when PA males die, households are less able to bring in new adult members, are more likely to lose access to livestock and landholdings, and to suffer income effects. Households in the North/Center with a PA male head death average 25% loss in crop income; in the South, PA male death is associated with an 88% reduction in non-farm income. 2) In spite of these income reductions, net income per adult equivalent (AE) among households with a PA death is not significantly different from those households without a death. Households with a death are also not any more likely than other households to have net income in 2005 below the expenditure-based poverty line. 3) Nevertheless, asset losses, demographic and income shifts all point to vulnerability to future income and asset shocks, especially households with a PA male death. |
| Keywords: | food security, food policy Mozambique, HIV/AIDS |
| JEL: | Q18 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msu:icpbrf:mz-minag-rl-49e&r=agr |
| By: | Bezemer, Dirk; Headey, Derek |
| Abstract: | Throughout history, agriculture-led development strategies with state support programs have been essential to achieving rapid economy-wide growth, poverty reduction and structural transformation at early stages of development. Yet over the last three decades, the domestic and international policy environments have continued to discriminate against agricultural development in the poorest countries. This paper studies the causes and manifestations of this ‘urban bias’, including discrimination in domestic pricing policies and in the international trade regime, decreasing financial support from LDC governments and aid donors, and increasing neglect of agriculture in development theory and economic research. The authors conclude that urban bias remains a persistent and paramount obstacle to sustained growth and poverty reduction in the least developed countries. |
| Keywords: | agricultural development; urban bias; agricultural policies; foreign aid. |
| JEL: | O13 Q18 |
| Date: | 2007–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:7026&r=agr |
| By: | Duncan Boughton (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University); David Tschirley; Danilo Abdula |
| Abstract: | As indicated by the title, this paper is an update of Research Paper 60E. While some of the wording and material are very similar to that paper, this new paper updates nearly all figures, and also deals in more detail with selected topics. Of special focus in this paper is demonstrating, explaining the reasons for, and assessing the importance of the very high prices of food staples in Mozambique. Mozambique’s food production and marketing system faces a huge set of challenges now and over the next decade, driven by structural constraints, population and income growth, and a rapidly rising urban share of population. We examine this challenge through the lens of the country’s primary staple, maize, focusing primarily on the central and southern regions of the country. |
| Keywords: | food security, food policy, Mozambique, marketing, trade |
| JEL: | Q18 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msu:icpwrk:mz-minag-rr-62e&r=agr |
| By: | Klaus Abbink (CREED, University of Amsterdam,); T.S. Jayne (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University); Lars C. Moller (the World Bank) |
| Abstract: | • Strategic interaction between market players affects the performance of grain markets and the risk of food crises. Strategic dilemmas can arise if traders don’t trust government announcements on future maize purchases or if the government does not trust stock estimates provided by the private sector. • Government “pre-commitment” (announcing in advance how and when it will operate in the market and then behaving in a consistent manner) is found to produce superior welfare outcomes to “discretionary intervention” whereby the government operates in an unpredictable and ad hoc manner in markets. Situations of food shortage and over-supply were much more frequent under a discretionary policy environment because of the risk of poor coordination between the government and the private sector. • Exploring mechanisms that can support more predictable and rules-based policy responses may therefore be beneficial to the Government of Zambia and the country as a whole. |
| Keywords: | food security, food policy, Zambia, maize, marketing |
| JEL: | Q20 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msu:icpbrf:zm-fsrp-pb-029&r=agr |
| By: | Raghav Gaiha; Katsushi Imai |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:man:sespap:0705&r=agr |
| By: | International Water Management Institute (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Rivers/ Ecology/ Hydrology/ Environmental effects/ Indicators |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:polbrs:p05&r=agr |
| By: | David Tschirley (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University); Stephen Kabwe (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University) |
| Abstract: | 1. Zambia has paid among the best nominal seed cotton prices to farmers in SSA since 1995. 2. By a more refined measure (share of FOT), during 1995-1999, Zambia paid prices comparable to those in Tanzania (a very competitive sector), and substantially higher than in Mozambique and WCA. However, from 2000-2005, Zambia's pricing performance fell, and exceeded only Zimbabwe and Mozambique in our sample 3. The recently announced reference price for 2008 of ZKW 1,200/kg of seed cotton was negotiated and jointly announced by ginners and farmers. It amounts to about 53% of FOT at current exchange rates and Index A prices; about equal to recent shares received by farmers in Zambia, but well below levels in WCA and Tanzania. 4. What “rules of the game” are needed for farmers and ginners to continue working together so that the costs and benefits in Zambia’s cotton sector are shared equitably? |
| Keywords: | food security, food policy, Zambia, cotton |
| JEL: | Q20 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msu:icpbrf:zm-fsrp-pb-027&r=agr |
| By: | Nicole M. Mason; Antony Chapoto; T.S. Jayne; Robert J. Myers |
| Abstract: | Since the southern African food crisis of 2001/02, the ‘new-variant famine’ (NVF) hypothesis first proposed by de Waal and Whiteside (2003) has become an important part of the conventional wisdom surrounding the relationship between HIV/AIDS and food crises in the region. The NVF hypothesis suggests that HIV/AIDS is eroding agrarian livelihoods and exacerbating the effects of drought and other shocks on agrarian communities. These concepts have begun to shape the HIV/AIDS mitigation and food security policies and programs of governments and development agencies. To date, however, there is a dearth of empirical evidence to support the NVF hypothesis, and there have been no studies specifically designed to tests its predictions. |
| Keywords: | food security, policy, Zambia, Africa, HIV/AIDS |
| JEL: | Q18 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msu:icpwrk:zm-fsrp-wp-030&r=agr |
| By: | David Tschirley (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University); Stephen Kabwe (Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University) |
| Abstract: | 1. Changes in spinning technology have increased the premium on high quality lint in the world market and increased the discount for lint contaminated with non-vegetative matter 2. The inherent characteristics of most African lint, plus the fact that it is hand-picked, should give it a substantial premium in the world market. However, because so much African lint is highly contaminated by world standards, much of it trades at a discount to Index A. 3. Zambia has been the outstanding success among a sample of nine SSA countries in improving quality; this achievement is directly attributable to the efforts of Dunavant and Cargill, made possible by company culture and by the concentrated structure of Zambia's industry 4. Quality (and input supply) can be quickly undermined as a sector becomes more competitive. Continued collaboration among ZACOPA and CAZ within the framework of the Cotton Act, facilitated by a non-partisan government role, will be crucial to maintain good performance. |
| Keywords: | food security, food policy, Zambia, cotton |
| JEL: | Q20 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msu:icpbrf:zm-fsrp-pb-025&r=agr |
| By: | Berrone, Pascual (IESE Business School); Gelabert, Liliana (Universidad Carlos III); Fosfuri, Andrea (Universidad Carlos III); Gomez-Mejia, Luis R. (Arizona State University) |
| Abstract: | We examine institutional pressures as antecedents of environmental innovation. Drawing on institutional theory and a resource-based view of the firm, we argue that regulatory and normative forces influence companies' propensity to innovate in environment-related projects. Furthermore, we suggest that this relationship is contingent on the availability and specificity of the companies' resources. These relationships were tested using environmental patents and citations of 340 publicly-traded companies from polluting industries in the U.S. Results suggest that institutional pressures can be a source of competitive advantage, and regulatory forces are becoming more strongly associated with environmental innovations as the intensity of companies' R&D activities increase. |
| Keywords: | environmental innovation; institutional theory; resource-based view; |
| Date: | 2007–11–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ebg:iesewp:d-0723&r=agr |
| By: | Pasquale Scandizzo; Raghav Gaiha; Katsushi Imai |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:man:sespap:0706&r=agr |
| By: | Madhavan, Harilal |
| Abstract: | The analysis brings forth the major issues in medicinal plant sector, taking Kerala as a case. The analysis, basically use the supply chain framework, focuses on the Southern Western Ghats part of Kerala, gives the picture of the lopsided sharing of income and hence the side-streamed tribal collectors in the medicinal plant chain. In the existing two types of chains, first one dominated by largely unequal distribution of income because of the existence of a large number of mediators while the second supply chain network, where the major player is tribal co-operatives and include less number of players, seems relatively efficient. The latter is less visible in Kerala because of some specific internal and external factors. The study proposes the need for a move towards the second type of chain and initiation of more and more tribal medicinal plant co-operatives. This will lead to better linkage with co-operatives and Ayurvedic manufacturing firms, and a well defined contract to be enforced for both environmentally sustainable collection through avoiding the information asymmetry, high bargaining power. This can work as a better economic incentive structure and hence can bring more efficiency from the view of both firms and rural collectors. |
| Keywords: | Rural Livelihood; Tribal Co-operatives; Supply Chain; Medicinal Plants; Sustainable Development. |
| JEL: | Q13 Q01 P48 |
| Date: | 2008–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:6954&r=agr |
| By: | Raghav Gaiha; Ganesh Thapa; Katsushi Imai; Vani S. Kulkarni |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:man:sespap:0723&r=agr |
| By: | Cees A. Withagen; Raymond J.G.M. Florax; Abay Mulatu |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:man:sespap:0701&r=agr |