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on Economics of Ageing |
| By: | Vincent Vandenberghe (UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES)) |
| Abstract: | Extensive research by demographers and economists has shown that longevity differs across socioeconomic status (SES), with low-educated or low-income people living, on average, shorter lives than their better-endowed and wealthier peers. Therefore, a pension system with a unique retirement age is a priori problematic. The usual policy recommendation to address this problem is to differentiate the retirement age by SES. This paper explores the relative merits of partial de-annuitization of public pensions as a way of addressing the (imperfectly assessed) inequality of longevity. |
| Keywords: | Pension Policy, Longevity Difference, Equity, Annuitization, Retirement Age Differentiation |
| JEL: | H55 J26 J14 |
| Date: | 2021–12–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctl:louvir:2021029&r= |
| By: | Riphahn, Regina T. (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg); Schrader, Rebecca (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the unemployment pathway to retirement in Germany and study the causal effects of two early retirement reforms. Reform 1 (NRA) increased normal retirement age stepwise from 60 to 65. Simultaneously, it became possible to use early retirement with benefit discounts. Reform 2 (ERA) increased the age of early retirement stepwise from 60 to 63. We investigate behavioral responses to the reforms using administrative data and difference-in-differences strategies. We find strong and significant causal effects of both reforms. Individuals postponed retirement, stayed employed longer, postponed unemployment, and shifted to alternative pathways into retirement. The overall use of the retirement system declined by about 1.5 and 2 months per person after each of the two reforms. Individuals with low pension wealth and those who were affected immediately by the reform responded more strongly. |
| Keywords: | difference-in-differences, causal effects, labor force participation, program substitution, early retirement, effect heterogeneity |
| JEL: | H55 J26 C21 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14908&r= |
| By: | Sefane Cetin (UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE)) |
| Abstract: | Evidence abounds to suggest the existence of retirement spillovers among spouses. Using the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), this paper not only confirms the existence of joint retirement behavior among dual-worker couples around Europe, but also shows that the intensity of retirement coordination varies a lot. The results of the paper are essentially five fold. First, among spouses there is a gender asymmetry: wives are more likely to be influenced by their husbands' decision to retire. Second, a higher labour market attachment (proxied by education, income quartile or self reported quality of work) translates into a lower propensity of retirement coordination. Especially, for men who belong to the highest income quartile or education level there is absence of joint retirement. Third, being a secondary earner increases the propensity of retirement coordination. Fourth, higher age differences between couples generally reduces joint retirement, but in interaction with eligibility rules. Five, there is evidence on the enhancing role of converging preferences in terms of activities practiced by both partners, whereas convergence in philosophical views or personality traits do not have any significant effect. Among the traditionally discussed determinants of joint retirement, leisure complementarities are important for couples' retirement incentives, nevertheless, they are mostly dominated by income effect and feasibility of joint retirement (eligibility for both partners to retire). |
| Keywords: | Retirement, pensions, labour supply of couples |
| JEL: | C23 C26 D10 H31 J14 J16 J26 |
| Date: | 2021–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctl:louvir:2021031&r= |
| By: | Klimczuk, Andrzej; van Staalduinen, Willeke; Dantas, Carina; van Hoof, Joost |
| Abstract: | The paper provides an introduction to the public discourse around the notion of smart healthy inclusive environments. First, the basic ideas are explained and related to citizen participation in the context of implementation of a “society for all ages” concept disseminated by the United Nations. Next, the text discusses selected initiatives of the European Commission in the field of intergenerational programming and policies as well as features of the COST Action NET4Age-Friendly: Smart Healthy Age-Friendly Environments (SHAFE). The following sections are focused on studying and discussing examples of projects and methodologies that have been aimed at: empowering facilitators of smart healthy inclusive environments, empowering citizens to deal with health emergencies, and supporting older people’s voices. The conclusion covers selected recommendations for entities of public policy on ageing (ageing policy) as well as potential directions for further research. |
| Keywords: | Age-friendly cities and communities; Citizen Participation; Inclusive Environments; Intergenerational Programmes and Policies; Smart Healthy Age-Friendly Environments (SHAFE); society for all ages |
| JEL: | D19 O18 Q58 R58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111139&r= |
| By: | Meaghan A. Kennedy; Kayla E. Hatchell; Peter R. DiMilia; Stephanie M. Kelly; Heather B. Blunt; Pamela J. Bagley; Michael A. LaMantia; Charles F. Reynolds; III; Rebecca S. Crow; Tara N. Maden; S. Logan Kelly; Jacqueline M. Kihwele; John A. Batsis |
| Abstract: | The number of older adults with complex health needs is growing, and this population experiences disproportionate morbidity and mortality. |
| Keywords: | health worker interventions, older adults |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:7d56be658a1c426b8dd806abafbe7f19&r= |
| By: | Thomas Rapp (LIRAES (URP_ 4470) - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherche Appliquée en Economie de la Santé - UP - Université de Paris, LIEPP - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire d'évaluation des politiques publiques [Sciences Po] - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Jerome Ronchetti (UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 - Université de Lyon); Jonathan Sicsic (LIRAES (URP_ 4470) - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherche Appliquée en Economie de la Santé - UP - Université de Paris) |
| Abstract: | Long-term care (LTC) jobs are key to promote health aging policies. LTC workers usually are nurses and personal care workers providing care at home or in residencies. LTC workers often declare facing greater mental and physical health issues compared to other workers. Using German panel data, we estimate the impact of LTC jobs on health. Our results suggest that LTC workers tend to report a lower health compared to other workers. Following prior OECD work, we recommend to improve the working conditions in the sector. |
| Abstract: | Les métiers du grand âge sont au cœur des politiques du bien-vieillir des pays Européens. Les travailleurs du secteur apportent des soins en établissement et au domicile des personnes. Ces métiers sont pénibles et ont souvent un impact négatif sur la santé (fonctionnelle et mentale) des travailleurs. Si cet effet délétère des métiers du grand âge est souvent cité comme un frein à la rétention des travailleurs dans le secteur, il est encore mal documenté. Nous montrons à partir de données allemandes qu'il est comparable à 9 mois de vieillissement pour les travailleurs qui rejoignent le secteur. Dans le prolongement des travaux de l'OCDE, nous recommandons la mise en œuvre des politiques de bien-être au travail dans le secteur. |
| Keywords: | grand-âge,Santé,travail |
| Date: | 2021–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03464320&r= |
| By: | Hannes Schwandt; Janet Currie; Marlies Bär; James Banks; Paola Bertoli; Aline Bütikofer; Sarah Cattan; Beatrice Zong-Ying Chao; Claudia Costa; Libertad González; Veronica Grembi; Kristiina Huttunen; René Karadakic; Lucy Kraftman; Sonya Krutikova; Stefano Lombardi; Peter Redler; Carlos Riumallo-Herl; Ana Rodríguez-González; Kjell Salvanes; Paula Santana; Josselin Thuilliez (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Eddy van Doorslaer; Tom van Ourti; Joachim Winter; Bram Wouterse; Amelie Wuppermann |
| Abstract: | Although there is a large gap between Black and White American life expectancies, the gap fell 48.9% between 1990 and 2018, mainly due to mortality declines among Black Americans. We examine age-specific mortality trends and racial gaps in life expectancy in high- and low-income US areas and with reference to six European countries. Inequalities in life expectancy are starker in the United States than in Europe. In 1990, White Americans and Europeans in high-income areas had similar overall life expectancy, while life expectancy for White Americans in low-income areas was lower. However, since then, even high-income White Americans have lost ground relative to Europeans. Meanwhile, the gap in life expectancy between Black Americans and Europeans decreased by 8.3%. Black American life expectancy increased more than White American life expectancy in all US areas, but improvements in lower-income areas had the greatest impact on the racial life expectancy gap. The causes that contributed the most to Black Americans' mortality reductions included cancer, homicide, HIV, and causes originating in the fetal or infant period. Life expectancy for both Black and White Americans plateaued or slightly declined after 2012, but this stalling was most evident among Black Americans even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. If improvements had continued at the 1990 to 2012 rate, the racial gap in life expectancy would have closed by 2036. European life expectancy also stalled after 2014. Still, the comparison with Europe suggests that mortality rates of both Black and White Americans could fall much further across all ages and in both high-income and low-income areas. |
| Date: | 2021–09–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-03359290&r= |
| By: | Julian Diaz Saavedra (Department of Economic Theory and Economic History, University of Granada.); Ramon Marimon (European University Institute, UPF - Barcelona GSE, CEPR and NBER.); Joao Brogueira de Sousa (Nova School of Business and Economics.) |
| Abstract: | In an overlapping generations economy with incomplete insurance markets, the introduction of an employment fund – akin to the one introduced in Austria in 2003, also known as ‘Austrian backpack’– can enhance production efficiency and social welfare. It complements the two classical systems of public insurance: pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pensions and unemployment insurance (UI).We show this in a calibrated dynamic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents of the Spanish economy in 2018. A ‘backpack’ (BP) employment fund is an individual (across jobs) transferable fund, which earns the economy interest rate as a return and is financed with a payroll tax (a BP tax). The worker can use the fund when becomes unemployed or retires. In Spain, as an open economy, to complement the existing PAYG pension and UI systems with a welfare maximising 6% BP tax would raise welfare by 0.96% of average consumption at the new steady state, and would be preferred to the status quo by most economic and demographic groups. We also analyze, as a reference, Spain as a closed economy. There are important general equilibrium effects and, as a result, the social value of introducing the backpack is substantially greater; 16.14%, with a BP tax of 18%. Our model also provides a framework where to study reforms of existing social protection systems supported by the introduction of the BP. |
| Keywords: | Computable general equilibrium, welfare state, social security reform, retirement. |
| JEL: | C68 H55 J26 |
| Date: | 2021–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gra:wpaper:21/16&r= |
| By: | Tavares, Aida Isabel |
| Abstract: | This study contributes to the discussion about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the working hours and on the workplace by older workers, aged between 55 and 64. Our aim is to find the factors associated with working more and less hours during the first wave of the pandemic among older workers in Europe. We use data collected by SHARE Corona Survey during the summer of 2020. We estimate two logistic regressions on working more and less hours using a set of individual controls, workplace and a country lockdown control. Our findings show that male workers are less likely to work more hours; older workers are more likely to work less hours; more educated workers work more hours and not less; people with difficulty to meet ends are more often working less hours; worsening of health during the pandemic is associated with working more hours; working home or both home and usual work place are correlated with working more and working less hours. The contribution of this work comes from additional knowledge about the profile of older workers and their changed hours of work during a first wave of COVID-19 in Europe. |
| Keywords: | working hours, older workers, logistic regression, Europe, pandemic COVID-19 |
| JEL: | J01 |
| Date: | 2021–12–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111263&r= |
| By: | Kelly Bishop; Nicolai V. Kuminoff; Sophie Mathes; Alvin Murphy |
| Abstract: | We provide the first evidence that spatial variation in all-cause mortality risk is capitalized into US housing prices. Using a hedonic framework, we recover the annual implicit cost of a 0.1 percentage-point reduction in mortality risk among older Americans and find that this figure is both relatively low and decreasing in age, from $1,346 for a 67 year old to $246 for an 87 year old. These estimates are one-fifth of the size of comparable estimates found in the labor market, suggesting that the housing market provides an alternative, substantially cheaper channel to reducing mortality risk. |
| JEL: | H0 I0 Q0 R0 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29622&r= |
| By: | Ewa Balcerowicz; Michał Myck; Joanna Tyrowicz; Paweł Wojciechowski; Kajetan Trzciński |
| Abstract: | In this publication, which was created based on the 170th mBank-CASE Seminar, we analyze one of its parts: the far-reaching proposals for changes in the tax system. The analysis we present here isn’t comprehensive, which would require a broad report, but partial: it covers potential economic effects, in selected areas. One of the goals of the Polish Deal is “the fastest possible return to the path of economic growth,” but the document contains no analysis of whether and how the changes in taxes will affect medium- and long-term growth. Nor are there any estimates of how they will affect the labor market, the propensity to invest (leaving aside the question of special tax relief for investors and the plan for huge government investment in infrastructure). |
| Keywords: | Polish Deal, tax, tax reform, pension, retirees, investments, Poland |
| JEL: | H2 K34 J14 J26 D25 E2 |
| Date: | 2021–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sec:mbanks:0170&r= |
| By: | Mary D. Naylor; Karen B. Hirschman; Kathleen McCauley; Elizabeth C. Shaid; Alexandra L. Hanlon; Christina R. Whitehouse; Arkadipta Ghosh; Randall Brown; Brianna Sullivan; Mark V. Pauly |
| Abstract: | In the U.S., older adults hospitalized with acute episodes of chronic conditions often are rehospitalized within 30 days of discharge. Numerous studies reveal that poor management of the complex needs of this population remains the norm. |
| Keywords: | Older adults, Transitional care, Rehospitalization, Intervention protocol, Outcomes |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:3e9ad9ed6a2944de96779ae37a847936&r= |
| By: | Cristina Elisa Orso (University of Verona); Matija Kovacic (European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the evolution of inequality of opportunity in the prevalence ofchronic diseases along the life cycle and across different birth cohorts for individualsaged 50 or older and residing in 13 European countries. We adopt an ex-ante parametric approach and rely on the dissimilarity index as our reference inequality metric. Inaddition to a commonly used set of circumstances, we pay particular attention to therole of adverse early-life conditions, such as the experience of harm and the quality ofthe relationship with parents. In order to quantify the relative importance of each circumstance, we apply the Shapley inequality decomposition method. Our results suggestthat inequality of opportunity in health is not stable over the life cycle - it is generallylower at younger ages and then monotonically increases. Moreover, it varies betweendifferent birth cohorts and is generally higher for younger individuals than for olderage groups. Finally, the contribution of adverse early life conditions ranges between25% and 45%, which is comparable to the share of socio-economic circumstances butsignificantly higher than the relative contribution of other demographic characteristics,especially at younger ages. |
| Keywords: | Inequality of opportunity, health, life cycle, adverse early-life conditions, decomposition |
| JEL: | I14 D63 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inq:inqwps:ecineq2022-598&r= |
| By: | Katherine E. Reeder-Hayes; Stephanie B. Wheeler; Anne Marie Meyer; Christopher D. Baggett; Xi Zhou; Ke Meng; Jason Rotter; Timothy Zagar |
| Abstract: | Recent clinical trials support de-escalation of adjuvant radiation therapy following lumpectomy in some older women with low-risk HR+ breast cancers planning to take endocrine therapy. |
| Keywords: | Breast cancer, Comparative effectiveness, Geriatric oncology, Radiation therapy, Endocrine therapy |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:d53c894610994e5aa943df7fef56d543&r= |
| By: | Andrés Alvarez; Marta Juanita Villaveces |
| Abstract: | ¿Qué podemos aprender de la evolución del sistema de seguridad social y de las instituciones del mercado laboral para los futuros procesos de reforma en Colombia? Contestamos este interrogante desde una perspectiva histórica y de análisis institucional la evolución de las reglas y las instituciones que han definido la protección social y las reglas del juego que definen el mercado laboral colombiano, desde inicios del siglo XX hasta 2019. El análisis es a través de un enfoque institucionalista tomando tres conceptos claves. Primero, la dependencia del sendero que ha marcado la rigidez y las dificultades para implementar cambios verdaderamente estructurales en el sistema y que han llevado al país a insistir muchas veces en perspectivas de ajustes menores y desarticulados, en cambio de adoptar un cambio importante de enfoque. Segundo, una mirada integral a los diferentes componentes del sistema, de manera que nos permite mostrar cómo interactúan algunos elementos que muchas veces se consideran independientes. Tercero, inconsistencia dinámica de las reformas que conduce a permanentes reformas que generan cambios comportamentales en los agentes en algunos casos contrarios a los objetivos de las mismas, obligando a sucesivos ajustes parciales sin una solución integral de los problemas. |
| Keywords: | seguridad social, mercado laboral, salario mínimo, informalidad, pensiones, costos laborales, seguro de desempleo. |
| JEL: | N36 J46 E02 H55 J58 J65 |
| Date: | 2021–12–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:019933&r= |